WO1987003172A1

WO1987003172A1 - Rumen-stable pellets

Info

Publication number: WO1987003172A1
Application number: PCT/US1986/002460
Authority: WO
Inventors: Stephen Hong-Wei Wu; Edward Gifford Miller, Jr.
Original assignee: Eastman Kodak Company
Priority date: 1985-11-25
Filing date: 1986-11-17
Publication date: 1987-06-04
Also published as: US4717567A; JPS63501403A; EP0246320A1; ES2002920A6; CA1276553C; EP0246320B1

Abstract

Coatings for protecting pellet cores from environmental conditions of predetermined pH conditions. The coatings have a pH sensitive portion and a pH insensitive portion. The pH sensitive portion allows the cores to be protected by the coating under certain pH conditions and disintegrates under other pH conditions to allow exposure of the cores.

Description

Description Rumen-Stable Pellets

Technical Field This invention relates in general to pellets adapted to be orally administered to ruminants and which are beneficial to ruminants after passing the rumen and reaching the abomasum and/or intestines. More particularly, this invention relates to pellets having, in terms of structure, a core material such as a nutrient or medicament, and a coating over the core material which protects the core in the environment of the rumen, but which loses continuity under the more acidic conditions of the abomasum to render the core material available for utilization by the animal.

Background of the Invention

In ruminants, ingested feed first passes into the rumen, where it is pre-digested or degraded by fermentation. During this period of fermentation the ingested feed may be regurgitated to the mouth where it is salivated and masticated. After a period of fermentation regulated by natural processes and variable depending on the animal and the feedstuff, absorption of digested nutrients starts and continues in the subsequent sections of the digestive tract by the ruminant animal. This process is described in detail by D. C. Church, "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants", Vol. 1, O.S.U. Book Stores, Inc.. of Corvallis, Oregon.

The rumen serves as an important location for metabolic breakdown of ingested foodstuffs through the action of microorganisms which are present therein. Ingested food is typically retained in the rumen for from about 6 to 30 hours during which time it is subject to metabolic breakdown by the rumen microorganisms.

In preparing nutrients and medicaments intended for administration to ruminants, it is important to protect the active ingredients against the environmental conditions of the rumen, i.e., microbial degradation and the effects of a pH of about 5.5, so the active substance will be saved until it reaches the particular location where absorption takes place. It is well known that the rate of meat, wool and/or milk production can be increased if sources of growth limiting essential amino acids, and/or medicaments, are protected from alteration by microorganisms residing in the rumen and become available for direct absorption by the animal later in the gastrointestinal tract.

Materials which protect the core against degrada¬ tion by the rumen contents should be resistant to attack by the rumen fluid which contains enzymes or microorganisms but must make the active ingredient available rapidly in the more acidic fluid of the abomasum at a pH within the normal physiological range of about 2 to about 3.5. To more easily coat or encapsulate active ingredients in protective materials, the protective materials should be soluble in certain organic solvents for coating purposes.

Because proteins are subject to breakdown in the rumen, it has been suggested that protein-containing nutrients fed to ruminants be treated so as to permit passage without microbial breakdown through the rumen to the abomasum. Suggested procedures have included coating the protein material, for example, with fats and vegetable oils; heat treating of the protein material; reacting the protein material with various compounds such as formaldehyde, acetylenic esters. polymerized unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydrides and phosphonitrilic halides, etc.

It is well-known that medicaments are more effective when they are protected from the environment of the rumen. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,041,243 and 3,697,640.

Of interest is U.S. Patent 4,177,255 which discloses a polymeric matrix having a substance dispersed therein which is stable in the rumen but leachable from the matrix postruminally. This patent discloses that the matrix is continuous. From this, it is concluded that there is no alignment of the dispersed substance forming a continuous path entirely through the coating. Also of interest is published European Application No. 77,264 which discloses a coating obtained by combining a copolymer sensitive to variations in pH with a polymer insensitive to variations in pH and optionally an organic acid, the second polymer improving the liberation of the active substance at a pH between 1 and 2.5 and decreasing its extractability in aqueous media.

Other U.S. patents of interest which disclose rumen stable coating compositions comprising a polymer having basic amino groups and one or more substances dispersed therein include 4,181,708, 4,181,709 and 4,181.710. The present invention provides a coating for protecting a core of a material beneficial to ruminants (e.g., nutrients, medicament, etc.). The coating consists of a pH insensitive portion and a pH sensitive portion, allowing the core to be exposed in a predetermined environment.

Sometimes. pH sensitive coating materials are more expensive than pH insensitive, and the present invention therefore provides a more economical coating. Also, pH sensitive coatings are sometimes more subject to mechanical damage during processing of animal feed materials which obviously destroys their utility. The present invention therefore provides for a more versatile coating which may result in a more economical coating which is more resistant to mechanical damage from processing equipment.

Disclosure of Invention According to the present invention, there is provided a capsule suitable for oral administration to ruminant animals characterized as having a) a core comprising a substance beneficial to ruminant animals postruminally, and b) a shell enclosing said core, said shell comprising 1) a first portion of a physiologically acceptable film-forming material having at least one area of discontinuity, said first portion being resistant to mechanical damage by conventional handling and processing techniques and stable in the environment of the rumen for a period of at least 30 hours, and 2) a second portion occupying the dis¬ continuity in the first portion, said second portion comprising a substance different from said first portion which is also stable in the environment of the rumen for a period of at least 30 hours, but which loses its integrity postruminally within about 6 hours. The core is of a material beneficial to the ruminant upon passing the rumen and reaching the abomasum and/or intestine. Normally, the core is a solid material which has been formed into particles, such as by pelletizing. The cores may then be rounded if desired, by conventional means, such as by tumbling. The core should have sufficient body or consistency to remain intact during handling, particularly during the coating operation. Suitable core materials include various medicaments and nutrients such as. for example, antibiotics, relaxants. drugs, anti-parasites, amino acids, proteins, sugars, carbohydrates, mixtures thereof, etc. The core may also contain inert filler material such as clay.

Some amino acids suitable for use as a core material, their pH and solubility are as follows: lysine, alanine, asparagine, arginine, cystine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.

Proteins from various sources are valuable for practice of the invention. Generally, proteins are polymers derived from various combinations of amino acids. Proteins are amphoteric substances which are soluble or suspendable in aqueous media either more acidic or more basic than the particular protein being considered.

The core material may be made ready for coating by the following method. The nutrient, medicament or the like is mixed with water, binder, and sometimes inert inorganic substances added to adjust the specific gravity of the pellet and the resulting plastic dough¬ like mass is extruded or rolled to obtain suitable size particles. Adhesive binders may be added to strengthen the pellet and can be nontoxic vegetable gums, starches, cellulose derivatives, animal gums and other similar substances well-known in the art of food thickening and tablet making. Inorganic additives used to adjust the pH or the specific gravity of the pellet include such substances as insoluble, nontoxic pigment-like materials such as metal sulfates, silicates, oxides and carbonates having a relatively high density. The final desirable range of specific gravity for the rumen protected pellets is from 1.05 to 1.6. After creating suitable size pellets by extrusion, rolling or other suitable means, the pellets are dried to remove the water. The pellets are then coated. The invention is illustrated in the drawings, wherein:

Figure 1 illustrates a generally spherical capsule according to this invention;

Figure 2 illustrates a generally cylindrical capsule having rounded ends according to this invention; and

Figure 3 illustrates another shape of a capsule according to this invention wherein a preformed cup-like member is filled with core material and capped with a layer of pH sensitive material.

In Figures 1 and 2, the shell of the capsule 10, includes a first portion 12 of a physiologically acceptable material which has at least one area of discontinuity, that is, which has at least one hole or area exposing a portion of the core 14. This first portion is rumen stable, i.e., has the ability to remain intact in the environment of the rumen for a period of at least 30 hours and may be stable in the environment of the entire digestive tract. It also is resistant to mechanical damage (breakage, crushing, etc.) by conventional handling and processing techniques (mixing, packaging, etc.).

The second portion 16 of the shell occupies the discontinuity in the first portion, and comprises a ^"substance different from the first portion and which is stable in the environment of the rumen at a pH above about 5 for 6 to 30 hours, but which loses its integrity in the environment of the abomasum or intestines (postruminally) at a pH below about 3.5 within about 6 hours. Thus, the second portion is effective to form a passageway directly to the core from the outside upon losing its integrity.

In Figure 3, a preformed cup-like structure 20 is of a pH insensitive material (first portion) having a filling of core material 22. The core material in this embodiment may be loose and powder-like. A cover layer, or second portion 24 is of a pH sensitive material as described herein. The cup-like structures may be produced by, for example, thermoforming. then filled and covered with the second portion 24 by apparatus known in the art.

The useful substances for the first portion of the shell include at least one polymer, copolymer. or blend of polymers selected from polystyrene, poly- (methyl methacrylate), poly(vinylchloride), copolymers of vinylidene chloride, ρoly(dimethylsiloxane) , cellulose esters, polyesters made from dicarboxylic acids having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and glycols of about 4 to about 16 carbon atoms, poly- amides from amino acids having from about 8 to about

22 carbon atoms or from dicarboxylic acids having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms condensed with diamines having from about 4 to about 16 carbon atoms and polymethacrylates having silicone or fluorine substituted alcohol moieties or from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) are preferred.

The acid-sensitive, organic or inorganic substances useful as a material for the second portion of the shell include nontoxic ultivalent cation salts of phosphoric and phosphorous acids such as magnesium phosphate, basic magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, magnesium phosphite, ferrous phosphate, ferric phosphate and calcium phosphate. Useful organic materials include the general categories of polymers containing from 3 to 14% nitrogen as basic amino groups, particles of polyelectrolyte complexes wherein a polymer containing basic amino groups is linked to a high molecular weight acid and preferably an acidic polymer to form an insoluble, pulverizable composition, particles of polyelectrolyte complexes wherein an acidic polymer is linked to a high molecular weight amine and preferably an amino group containing polymer, and a multivalent cationic salt of an acidic polymer. This portion of the shell may also contain plasticizers, inert fillers, etc.

More specifically, the polymers useful in forming the second portion of the shell include basic nitrogen-containing polymers, copolymers, or blends of polymers selected from cellulose derivatives such as cellulose propionate morpholinobutyrate; polymers containing addition-type monomeric moieties such as acrylonitrile; vinylated derivatives of pyridine; amides of methacrylic acid or acrylic acid such as a dialkyl ino ethyl acrylate or methacrylate in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; vinyl substituted heterocyclic ring or condensed ring compounds containing basic nitrogen conf gurations such as vinyl carbazole. vinyl quinoline, N-vinylpyrrole and 5-vinyl pyrozoline; polyamide-type polymers containing basic nitrogen not reacted in the polymerization process; and other basic nitrogen containing polymers such as preformed polymers which have been formed by reacting an existing polymer with a nitrogen-containing organic or inorganic moiety such as polybutadiene to which ammonia has been reacted with the remaining double bond. Especially preferred are poly(vinylpyridine) , polymeric derivatives of vinylpyridine, and the copolymers of the various isomers and derivatives of vinylpyridine copolymerized with one or more of the above-mentioned addition type monomers.

Also, especially preferred as the material for the second portion are copolymers of 2-vinylpyridine and styrene, and in particular, the copoly er of about

75-85% by weight 2-vinylpyridine and about 15-25% by weight styrene, as well as the copolymer of 55-65% by weight 2-vinylpyridine and about 35-45% by weight acrylonitrile. These copolymers are commercially available or may be produced by conventional techniques well known in the art. The substances described above preferably have dispersed therein hydrophobic substances and/or certain inert materials. The hydrophobic substances include waxes. resins, polymers, fatty acids having from 12 to 32 carbon atoms, aluminum salts of fatty acids having from 12 to 32 carbon atoms, and polyfunctional carboxylic acids having a ratio of from 10 to 22 carbon atoms per carboxyl group and a molecular weight of from 400 to 1000.

The inert materials include metal flake, mineral flake, crosslinked organic polymer, etc. (e.g.. aluminum flake, talc, graphite and ground mica). Such materials should have a size range of about 100 micron to 1 micron. Suitable coating compositions comprising polymers, hydrophobic substances and flake materials are described in U.S. Patents No. 4,181.708; 4,181.709; and 4,181,710, which are incorporated herein by reference. The shell may be applied to the cores by any convenient means. For example, the cores may be partially coated by electrostatic powder coating, spraying from solvent solution, application of molten shell material, etc. The second portion of the shell may be applied in a separate operation, by the same means. Alternately, a sheet of material suitable for use as the first portion may be thermoformed such that a multiplicity of cavities are formed therein. Subsequently, these cavities may be filled with core material, and the second portion of the shell applied as a coating to complete the encapsulation of the core material. Subsequently, the individual capsules or pellets may be separated by cutting, breaking apart, etc.

The following examples are submitted for a better understanding of the invention. In the examples, the cores consist of methionine and sufficient binder for the pellets to be self-supporting during handling and the coating operation.

EXAMPLE 1

This example illustrates a capsule which is coated over about one-half its surface with cellulose acetate butyrate (first portion) and over the remainder of its surface with 2-vinyl pyridine/styrene (80/20) copolymer, which is a pH sensitive polymer.

The cellulose acetate phthalate is ground cryogenically to a very small particle size. Cores to be coated are placed on an electrically grounded screen. Cellulose acetate butyrate powder is sprayed onto about half of the surface of the cores. The partially coated cores are exposed to solvent vapor (ethanol/trichloroethylene). Within 5 seconds, a continuous film is formed. The film dries quickly. The cores are then turned over to the side which is not coated with cellulose acetate butyrate. The second portion of the cores is sprayed with 2-vinylpyridine/styrene copolymer (80/20, I.V. = 1.0) powder which has generally the same particle size as the cellulose acetate butyrate. The coated cores are again exposed to the same solvent. Thus, the cores are coated with one pH-sensitive polymer and a pH insensitive polymer. The coating is continuous so that adhesion is adequate. The cores are found to be protected against pH conditions of about 5.5 for 24 hours, and are released by the pH sensitive coating dissolving in pH environment of about 2.9 after about 1 hour.

EXAMPLE 2

Example 1 is repeated except that cellulose acetate (CA-400-25 marketed by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.), a pH insensitive polymer, is used in place of the cellulose acetate butyrate. Cores coated with this combination are found to have similar protection-release characteristics to those of Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3

Example 1 is repeated, except that the first portion of the shell occupies about 95% of the surface area of the pellets and the second portion of the shell occupies about 5% of the surface area of the pellets. The second portion of the shell, however, extends entirely to the surface of the core, thereby forming a continuous path to the core when it dissolves. These cores are found to have similar protection-release characteristics as the half-and half shell of Example 1. EXAMPLE 4 (Comparative Example)

Example 1 is repeated, except the entire surface of the cores is covered with 2-vinylpyridine/styrene copolymer (80/20). Coating weight is 14% of the total weight of the pellets. These pellets are found to be stable in the environment of the rumen (pH of 5.5) for 24 hours, but release the core material in the environment of the abomasum (pH of 2.9) in about 1 hour. This example illustrates that the shells of Examples 1-3 having only an area of pH sensitive shell, but which extends entirely to the surface of the core, have comparable protection-release characteristics to cores coated entirely with the pH sensitive material.

EXAMPLE 5

Example 1 is repeated using as the second portion of the shell, a mixture of about 30 wt. % 2-vinylpyridine copolymer (80-20), about 5 wt. % stearic acid, and about 65 wt. % talc. These shells resulted in protection at pH 5.5 for about 30 hours and releases at pH 2.9 within about 2 hours for about 90% of the pellets.

The fluid used to simulate environmental condi- tions of the rumen (at pH 5.5) is prepared by mixing 11.397 grams of sodium acetate with 1.322 grams of sodium acetate with 1.32 grams of acetic acid and diluting this mixture with demineralized water to 1 liter. The fluid used to simulate environmental conditions of the abomasum (at pH 2.9) is prepared by mixing 7.505 grams glycine with 5.85 grams sodium chloride and diluting this mixture with demineralized water to 1 liter. Eight parts of this solution are mixed with 2 parts of 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid for the test fluid. The fluids are found to give reliable results in testing the pellets, according to similar experiments using actual rumen and abomasum fluid withdrawn from a ruminant. I.V. (inherent viscosity) herein is measured at 25°C using 0.5 gram polymer per 100 ml of a solvent consisting of 60 wt. % phenol and 40 wt. % tetrachloroethane.

Unless otherwise specified, all ratios, per- centages, etc., are by weight.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A capsule suitable for oral administration to ruminant animals characterized as having (a) a core comprising a substance beneficial to ruminant animals postruminally, and (b) a shell enclosing said core, said shell comprising

(1) a first portion of a physiologically acceptable film-forming material having at least one area of discontinuity, said first portion being resistant to mechanical damage by conventional handling and processing techniques and stable in the environment of the rumen for a period of at least 30 hours, and

(2) a second portion occupying the discontinuity in said first portion, said second portion comprising a substance different from said first portion which is also stable in the environment of the rumen for a period of at least 30 hours, but which loses its integrity postruminally within 6 hours.

2. A capsule according to Claim 1 characterized in that said second portion comprises a vinylpyridine polymer.

3. A capsule according to Claim 1 characterized in that said second portion comprises a 2-vinylpyridine/styrene copolymer having about 60 to about 75% repeat units from 2-vinylpyridine and about 40 to about 25% repeat units from styrene.

4. A capsule according to Claim 3 characterized in that said second portion comprises said copolymer and a hydrophobic substance.

5. A capsule according to Claim 4 characterized in that said second portion comprises an inert material selected from metal flake, mineral flake, crosslinked organic polymer, aluminum flake. graphite and mica.

6. A capsule according to Claim 1 characterized in that said first portion comprises a cellulose ester.

7. A capsule according to Claim 1 characterized in that said core comprises at least one amino acid.

8. A capsule according to Claim 1 characterized in that said second portion extends over 50% or less of the surface of the core.

9. A capsule according to Claim 1 characterized in that said second portion extends over 5% or less of the surface of the core.