WO1991000358A1 - A method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into plant cells - Google Patents

A method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into plant cells Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991000358A1
WO1991000358A1 PCT/DK1990/000166 DK9000166W WO9100358A1 WO 1991000358 A1 WO1991000358 A1 WO 1991000358A1 DK 9000166 W DK9000166 W DK 9000166W WO 9100358 A1 WO9100358 A1 WO 9100358A1
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plant cells
cells
molecules
genetic material
ultrasound treatment
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PCT/DK1990/000166
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French (fr)
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Morten JØRSBOE
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Danisco A/S
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8201—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation
    • C12N15/8206—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by physical or chemical, i.e. non-biological, means, e.g. electroporation, PEG mediated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N13/00—Treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/64—General methods for preparing the vector, for introducing it into the cell or for selecting the vector-containing host
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for introducing molecules / particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells.
  • introducing molecules such as genetic material, for instance plasmid DNA, RNA, vira or fragments thereof, into animal cells and protoplasts.
  • Such known methods include inter alia chemical methods, electroporation and microinjection. It has been shown that such known methods could be implemented in both transient and stable transformation. In general all methods disclosed for obtaining transient expression have turned out to be usable for obtaining stable transformation.
  • polyethylene glycol polyethylene glycol
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • polyethylene glycol usually 40% polyethylene glycol 6000, is added to plant protoplasts and genetic material ( rens et al., Nature, 296, 72-74, 1982).
  • Polyethylene i ine or poly-L-ornithin can be used correspondingly.
  • Electroporation In this case a suspension of animal cells or plant protoplasts is exposed to a short electric pulse of high field strength in the presence of genetic material (Neuman et al., EMBO J., 1, 841-845, 1982; Fromm et al., Nature, 319, 791-793, 1986).
  • WO Publication No. 89/02464 discloses the transformation of animal cells with DNA fragments by subjecting the cells to ultrasound treatment sufficient to traumatize the cells without killing them. Due to the similarities between animal cells and plant protoplasts mentioned above it has to be considered obvious that this method can also be used to introduce DNA fragments in plant protoplasts.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells, in an inexpensive and effective way.
  • the method according to the invention is a useful alternative to previously known introduction methods.
  • the method provides a new approach involving only moderate costs, said method being carried out quickly and simply. Based on introduction experiments already conducted it can be predicted that the method will also turn out to be superior when used for a great number of other biological materials, where known methods are insufficient.
  • the plant cells are subjected to an ultrasound treatment considerably milder than the ultrasound treatment used for homogenizing or lysing cells. It is important that the treatment is suitably mild so that a sufficient number of plant cells remain viable.
  • the plant cell suspension can advantageously be exposed to ultrasonic waves of a frequency range of from 5 kHz to 10 MHz, particularly from 10 to 100 kHz, and an electric output power (i.e.
  • Examples of molecules introducable into plant cells by the method according to the invention include DNA, plasmid DNA, RNA, vira, proteins, lipids, pharmaceutical compositions, small molecules, organelles or fragments of such materials.
  • the method according to the invention has advantageously been used to introduce molecules into cells of sugar beet and tobacco plants.
  • a particularly suitable medium for plant cells and molecules during ultrasound treatment is CPW comprising from 21 to 28% sucrose.
  • the mild ultrasound treatment of the method according to the invention is advantageously carried out using a sound-emitting means having an acute point, said means being only immersed in the upper portion of the medium.
  • the method according to the invention is advantageously carried out by using a device comprising a sound-emitting means capable of emitting ultrasound in a medium for a period of up to 10.000 ms.
  • a device comprising a sound-emitting means capable of emitting ultrasound in a medium for a period of up to 10.000 ms.
  • Such a device is advantageously provided in such a way that it emits ultrasonic waves of a frequency in the range of from 10 to 100 kHz.
  • the device according to the invention can be equipped so that the electric power supplied to the sound-emitting means can be adjusted to any given value in the range of from 5 to 300 W and so that the duration of the ultrasou ⁇ treatment can be adjusted within a range of from 100 to 10.000 ms.
  • the sound source of the device is advantageously formed in such a way that said device can be immersed in a medium in a suitable vessel, for instance an Eppendorf tube.
  • a suitable vessel for instance an Eppendorf tube.
  • the present invention has been developed using a device for lysing cells, said device being commercially available from Branson, Eagle Road, Danbury, Connecticut, USA, under the name of Sonifier B 15.
  • the device can emit ultrasound of a frequency of 20 kHz.
  • the electric power values expressed in watts mentioned in the present specification with claims are electric output powers as read from the output control of the electric power supply unit.
  • the ultrasound-emitting means was immersed for approx. 2 to 3 mm measured from the surface.
  • Preliminary experiments with a calorimeter have shown that the ultrasonic power imparted to the liquid during experimental procedure is approx. 5 to 10% of the given electric output power.
  • the genetic material in question is especially DNA or fragments thereof, such as plasmid DNA.
  • the method is also suitable for introducing RNA or fragments thereof as well as vira, for instance for pathological tests.
  • the method according to the invention is probably also suitable for introducing proteins, lipids, pharmaceutical compositions, small molecules as well as organelles and virus particles into cells.
  • the medium can be any suitable, conventional medium for cells or protoplasts.
  • the method according to the invention uses a technique presumbably resulting in a temporary moderate weakening of both the cell membrane and the cell wall, which is shown in intact plant cells in the following examples. The examples thus show that plasmid DNA can penetrate plant cells having been treated with ultrasound.
  • a cell suspension culture of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) of the genotype Ml (available from DANISCO A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) is prepared from callus obtained from embryos.
  • the cell suspension is cultured in darkness at 25°C on a rotary shaking table.
  • the cells are maintained by sub-culturing in a medium according to Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant., 15, 473-497, 1962) to which 5.7 ⁇ M indol acetic acid and 4.4 ⁇ M benzyladenine was added.
  • CPW is an aqueous solution of a mixture of inorganic salts comprising i.a. approx. 10 mM Ca , described by Frearson et al., (Dev. Biol., 33, 130-137, 1973).
  • a cell suspension for ultrasound treatment is prepared by removing cells 3 to 4 days after sub-culturing and washing them twice with CPW 13S (i.e. CPW containing 13% sorbitol), finally suspending said cells in CPW 13S at a ratio of 1 part by volume cells to 4 parts by volume CPW 13S. Then plasmid DNA is added to the suspension in 0.35 ml CPW containing 21% sucrose and plant cells (500.000/ml) in an Eppendorf tube, the final plasmid concentration being 45 ⁇ g/ml.
  • CPW 13S i.e. CPW containing 13% sorbitol
  • the plasmid DNA used is a plasmid coding for the marker enzyme chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase (CAT) , in this case the plasmid pCaMVCN having the code 27-4909, available from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • CAT chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase
  • the cells treated by ultrasound are then transferred to petri dishes containing a MS-medium (Murashige and Skoog, cf. above) and are incubated for 2 days at 23°C.
  • the presence of CAT-activity is shown by adding ⁇ C-marked chloramphenicol to an extract obtained from the treated cells, whereupon the sample is heated to 60°C for 6 min. After cooling acetyl-coenzyme A is added to the sample, the final concentration of acetyl-coenzyme A being 0.71 mM.
  • the introduction of plasmids is assessed by measuring the percentage transformation of chloramphenicol (CA).
  • the method used is a modification of the method described by Gorman et al. (Mol. Cell. Biol., 2, 1044-1051, 1982).
  • the present example illustrates the introduction of plasmid DNA into intact sugar beet cells of the genotype Ml.
  • the suspension culture of sugar beet cells is maintained by sub-culturing as described above and is treated with ultrasound, cultured and analysed in the manner described.
  • the results of the measured CAT-activity appear from Table 1.
  • the present example illustrates the introduction of plasmid DNA into intact tobacco cells.
  • a suspension culture of tobacco cells is maintained by sub-culturing in the manner described above for sub-culturing of cell suspensions with sugar beets, the culture medium, however, being a medium according to Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant. 15, 473-497, 1962), to which were added 0.2 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 0.1 mg/1 kinetin, 0.9 mg/1 thiamin hydrochloride and 0.2 g/1 H2PO4, pH 6.0.
  • the cells are removed 3 to 4 days after sub-culturing and washed twice with CPW 13S (i.e. CPW containing 13% sorbitol), finally suspending said cells in CPW 13S at a ratio of 1 part by volume cells to 4 parts by volume CPW 13S.
  • Samples of 0.35 ml each are taken out and the plasmid pCaMVCN is added to each sample, the final plasmid concentration being 100 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the cells are then subjected to ultrasound treatment under the conditions appearing from Table 2. After culturing for 2 days in the above-mentioned medium the cells are extracted and their CAT-activity is measured. The results appear from Table 2.
  • the method according to the invention can be used to introduce molecules into intact plant cells.

Abstract

A method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells, whereby a medium comprising said plant cells and said molecules is subjected to mild ultrasound treatment.

Description

Titlet A method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into plant cells
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for introducing molecules/ particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells.
Background Art
Several methods are known for introducing molecules, such as genetic material, for instance plasmid DNA, RNA, vira or fragments thereof, into animal cells and protoplasts.
Such known methods include inter alia chemical methods, electroporation and microinjection. It has been shown that such known methods could be implemented in both transient and stable transformation. In general all methods disclosed for obtaining transient expression have turned out to be usable for obtaining stable transformation.
Concerning the introduction of genetic material, plant protoplasts and animal cells have the one important common feature that both are separated from the environment by a plasma membrane only. Intact plant cells, on the other hand, do not only have a plasma membrane but also a cell wall impenetrable for high molecular compounds, said cell wall being a tight network of cellulose fibrilles, pectin and often also lignin.
The similarity between plant protoplasts and animal cells is further emphasized by the fact that known methods for introducing genetic material into plant protoplasts can usually also be used for animal cells. Such methods comprise:
Calcium phosphate precipitation of plasmid DNA with formation of a crystalline product. This product can be absorbed by animal cells (Graham and van der Eb, Virology, 52, 456-457, 1973) and by plant protoplasts (Hain et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199, 161-168, 1985).
Encapsulation of plasmid DNA with liposomes and subsequent fusion with plant protoplasts (Deshayes et al., EMBO, 4, 2731-2737, 1985) or with animal cells (Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7413, 1987), said fusion being induced by polyethylene glycol.
Use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). In this method polyethylene glycol, usually 40% polyethylene glycol 6000, is added to plant protoplasts and genetic material ( rens et al., Nature, 296, 72-74, 1982). Polyethylene i ine or poly-L-ornithin can be used correspondingly.
Electroporation. In this case a suspension of animal cells or plant protoplasts is exposed to a short electric pulse of high field strength in the presence of genetic material (Neuman et al., EMBO J., 1, 841-845, 1982; Fromm et al., Nature, 319, 791-793, 1986).
Microinjection. In this case the genetic material is introduced into plant protoplasts (Crossway et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 20, 179, 1986) or into animal cells (Cappechi, Cell, 22, 479-488, 1980) by means of an ultra-fine micropipette. WO Publication No. 89/02464 discloses the transformation of animal cells with DNA fragments by subjecting the cells to ultrasound treatment sufficient to traumatize the cells without killing them. Due to the similarities between animal cells and plant protoplasts mentioned above it has to be considered obvious that this method can also be used to introduce DNA fragments in plant protoplasts. Since none of the above-mentioned methods turned out to be suitable for introducing plasmid DNA into intact plant cells, a person skilled in the art reading the WO publication will come to the conclusion that this method can probably also be implemented with protoplasts. He will, however, hardly consider using said method for intact plant cells difficult to penetrate. It is thus generally accepted among those skilled in the art that the walls of plant cells are in general impenetrable for larger molecules such as DNA and proteins.
To solve this problem it was therefore necessary to first remove the cell walls of the plant cells, usually by enzymatic hydrolysis, to subsequently introduce genetic material in the resulting protoplasts. Usually this causes difficulties, as it is normally even more difficult to regenerate an entire plant from protoplasts than from intact plant cells. There is thus a great need to find a method to introduce genetic material directly into intact plant cells to avoid the problems connected with creating protoplasts as well as problems connected with regeneration from protoplasts.
Recently, a method was developed to introduce plasmid DNA into intact plant cells. This method is based on bombarding intact plant cells with small particles coated with plasmid DNA at high velocity (Klein et al., Nature, 327, 70-73, 1987). This method, however, requires very expensive equipment which in turn demands considerable expert knowledge to be operated correctly.
There is thus a need for a more simple and inexpensive method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells.
It has been found that the introduction of molecules, particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells can be achieved by means of mild ultrasound treatment using a method requiring comparatively inexpensive and easily available equipment while being quite effective.
Description of Invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells, in an inexpensive and effective way.
This is accomplished by the method according to the invention, characterized by a medium comprising said plant cells and said molecules being subjected to mild ultrasound treatment.
The method according to the invention is a useful alternative to previously known introduction methods. The method provides a new approach involving only moderate costs, said method being carried out quickly and simply. Based on introduction experiments already conducted it can be predicted that the method will also turn out to be superior when used for a great number of other biological materials, where known methods are insufficient.
According to the inventive method the plant cells are subjected to an ultrasound treatment considerably milder than the ultrasound treatment used for homogenizing or lysing cells. It is important that the treatment is suitably mild so that a sufficient number of plant cells remain viable. To ensure viability the plant cell suspension can advantageously be exposed to ultrasonic waves of a frequency range of from 5 kHz to 10 MHz, particularly from 10 to 100 kHz, and an electric output power (i.e. the electric output power as read from the "output control" of the electric power supply unit and supplied to the sound-emitting means) of up to 600 W, such as from 5 to 300 W, preferably from 30 to 90 W, for a period of up to 10.000 ms, such as from 100 to 3.000 ms, preferably from 400 to 1.000 ms.
Examples of molecules introducable into plant cells by the method according to the invention include DNA, plasmid DNA, RNA, vira, proteins, lipids, pharmaceutical compositions, small molecules, organelles or fragments of such materials.
The method according to the invention has advantageously been used to introduce molecules into cells of sugar beet and tobacco plants.
When introducing genetic material, such as plasmid DNA, into plant cells of sugar beets and tobacco, particularly good results are obtained by using ultrasonic waves of a frequency range of from 10 to 30 kHz at an electric output power of from 75 to 100 W for a period of from 500 to 1.000 ms.
A particularly suitable medium for plant cells and molecules during ultrasound treatment is CPW comprising from 21 to 28% sucrose.
When introducing plasmid DNA by the method according to the invention, particularly favourable results are obtained, when the concentration of plasmid DNA in the medium is at least 10 μg/ml.
The mild ultrasound treatment of the method according to the invention is advantageously carried out using a sound-emitting means having an acute point, said means being only immersed in the upper portion of the medium.
It was shown that molecules have been introduced into plant cells of dicotyledons such as sugar beet and tobacco plants by means of the method according to the invention. Presumably the method is just as suitable for introducing molecules into plant cells of monocotyledons.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The method according to the invention is advantageously carried out by using a device comprising a sound-emitting means capable of emitting ultrasound in a medium for a period of up to 10.000 ms. Such a device is advantageously provided in such a way that it emits ultrasonic waves of a frequency in the range of from 10 to 100 kHz.
To perform a variety of tasks the device according to the invention can be equipped so that the electric power supplied to the sound-emitting means can be adjusted to any given value in the range of from 5 to 300 W and so that the duration of the ultrasou Λ treatment can be adjusted within a range of from 100 to 10.000 ms.
The sound source of the device is advantageously formed in such a way that said device can be immersed in a medium in a suitable vessel, for instance an Eppendorf tube. Such an embodiment, where the sound-emitting means is situated at the end of a thin rod, is known from conventional ultrasound devices for degrading or lysing cell material.
Experiments have shown that such conventional ultrasound devices are usable for the method according to the invention. The present invention has been developed using a device for lysing cells, said device being commercially available from Branson, Eagle Road, Danbury, Connecticut, USA, under the name of Sonifier B 15. The device can emit ultrasound of a frequency of 20 kHz. The electric power values expressed in watts mentioned in the present specification with claims are electric output powers as read from the output control of the electric power supply unit. During experiments the ultrasound-emitting means was immersed for approx. 2 to 3 mm measured from the surface. Preliminary experiments with a calorimeter have shown that the ultrasonic power imparted to the liquid during experimental procedure is approx. 5 to 10% of the given electric output power. When other devices are used, a person skilled in the art is able to determine a suitable adjustment in the same way as described in the examples hereinafter, said adjustment resulting in a mild ultrasound treatment and an effective introduction of molecules, while maintaining sufficient viability. In other words the adjustment results in a power of the ultrasound treatment corresponding to that of the experiments performed according to the examples. For comparative purposes it may be noted that when the device mentioned, Sonifier B 15, is used to lyse or homogenize cells under otherwise the same conditions, it is adjusted to an electric output power of from 80 to 100 W and a treatment period of from 30.000 to 250.000 ms when treating intact cells.
As mentioned above, several methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells are known, where said plant cells are first transformed to plant protoplasts, as the amount of introduced genetic material into protoplasts is higher, since said protoplasts do not have cell wall barriers. On the other hand, it is difficult to regenerate protoplasts of a number of plant species, particularly monocotyledons, to entire plants. Although favourable results have been obtained using protoplasts of certain plant species, there are other plant species, where it will be more suitable to use intact plant cells, plant embryos or other morphogenous material instead of protoplasts. Experiments have shown that it is possible and advantageous to introduce genetic material directly into intact cells using mild ultrasound treatment by means of the method according to the invention, as this is a less complicated method allowing a considerable increase in the number of plant species successfully submitted to genetic manipulation.
The genetic material in question is especially DNA or fragments thereof, such as plasmid DNA. Presumably the method is also suitable for introducing RNA or fragments thereof as well as vira, for instance for pathological tests. The method according to the invention is probably also suitable for introducing proteins, lipids, pharmaceutical compositions, small molecules as well as organelles and virus particles into cells.
The medium can be any suitable, conventional medium for cells or protoplasts. The method according to the invention uses a technique presumbably resulting in a temporary moderate weakening of both the cell membrane and the cell wall, which is shown in intact plant cells in the following examples. The examples thus show that plasmid DNA can penetrate plant cells having been treated with ultrasound.
Best Mode for Carrying out Invention
Examples
General experimental conditions
Cell suspension culture
A cell suspension culture of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) of the genotype Ml (available from DANISCO A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) is prepared from callus obtained from embryos. The cell suspension is cultured in darkness at 25°C on a rotary shaking table. The cells are maintained by sub-culturing in a medium according to Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant., 15, 473-497, 1962) to which 5.7 μM indol acetic acid and 4.4 μM benzyladenine was added.
CPW
CPW is an aqueous solution of a mixture of inorganic salts comprising i.a. approx. 10 mM Ca , described by Frearson et al., (Dev. Biol., 33, 130-137, 1973).
Ultrasound treatment
A cell suspension for ultrasound treatment is prepared by removing cells 3 to 4 days after sub-culturing and washing them twice with CPW 13S (i.e. CPW containing 13% sorbitol), finally suspending said cells in CPW 13S at a ratio of 1 part by volume cells to 4 parts by volume CPW 13S. Then plasmid DNA is added to the suspension in 0.35 ml CPW containing 21% sucrose and plant cells (500.000/ml) in an Eppendorf tube, the final plasmid concentration being 45 μg/ml. The plasmid DNA used is a plasmid coding for the marker enzyme chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase (CAT) , in this case the plasmid pCaMVCN having the code 27-4909, available from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden.
Subsequent to quick shaking the microtip of a Sonifier B 15 (available from Branson, Eagle Road, Danbury, Connecticut, USA) is immersed in the upper half of the cell suspension (i.e. 2 to 3 mm measured from the surface). An ultrasound pulse of a frequency of 20 kHz is supplied. The power values mentioned in the experiments are determined on the basis of the output control, where one unit corresponds to 15 W electric power. At 10 W electric power the effective acoustic power measured is 0.22 W/cm2. The duration of the treatment is adjusted by means of the scale for per cent duty circle, where an adjustment to 10% ensures that each ultrasound pulse has a duration of 110 ms. The number of such pulses of 110 ms can be controlled by the on/off switch.
The cells treated by ultrasound are then transferred to petri dishes containing a MS-medium (Murashige and Skoog, cf. above) and are incubated for 2 days at 23°C. The presence of CAT-activity is shown by adding ^C-marked chloramphenicol to an extract obtained from the treated cells, whereupon the sample is heated to 60°C for 6 min. After cooling acetyl-coenzyme A is added to the sample, the final concentration of acetyl-coenzyme A being 0.71 mM. The introduction of plasmids is assessed by measuring the percentage transformation of chloramphenicol (CA). The method used is a modification of the method described by Gorman et al. (Mol. Cell. Biol., 2, 1044-1051, 1982).
Example 1
The present example illustrates the introduction of plasmid DNA into intact sugar beet cells of the genotype Ml.
The suspension culture of sugar beet cells is maintained by sub-culturing as described above and is treated with ultrasound, cultured and analysed in the manner described. The results of the measured CAT-activity appear from Table 1.
Table 1
Figure imgf000013_0001
The present example illustrates the introduction of plasmid DNA into intact tobacco cells.
A suspension culture of tobacco cells is maintained by sub-culturing in the manner described above for sub-culturing of cell suspensions with sugar beets, the culture medium, however, being a medium according to Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant. 15, 473-497, 1962), to which were added 0.2 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 0.1 mg/1 kinetin, 0.9 mg/1 thiamin hydrochloride and 0.2 g/1 H2PO4, pH 6.0.
The cells are removed 3 to 4 days after sub-culturing and washed twice with CPW 13S (i.e. CPW containing 13% sorbitol), finally suspending said cells in CPW 13S at a ratio of 1 part by volume cells to 4 parts by volume CPW 13S. Samples of 0.35 ml each are taken out and the plasmid pCaMVCN is added to each sample, the final plasmid concentration being 100 μg/ml. The cells are then subjected to ultrasound treatment under the conditions appearing from Table 2. After culturing for 2 days in the above-mentioned medium the cells are extracted and their CAT-activity is measured. The results appear from Table 2.
Table 2
Tobacco
Figure imgf000014_0001
As is apparent the method according to the invention can be used to introduce molecules into intact plant cells.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

Claims
1. A method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into intact plant cells, c h a r a c - t e r i s e d by a medium comprising said plant cells and said molecules being subjected to mild ultrasound treatment.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r - i s e d by the mild ultrasound treatment being carried out by supplying a sound-emitting means with an electric power of up to 600 W over a period of up to 10.000 ms.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r - i s e d by the mild ultrasound treatment being carried out by supplying the sound-emitting means with an electric power of from 5 to 300 W over a period of from 100 to 3000 ms.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the mild ultrasound treatment being carried out by supplying the sound-emitting means with an electric power of from 30 to 90 W over a period of from 400 to 1000 ms and by the frequency of the sound waves lying in the range of from 10 to 100 kHz.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the molecules being selected from a group comprising DNA, plasmid DNA, RNA, vira, proteins, lipids, pharmaceutical compositions, small molecules, organelles and fragments of such materials.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the concentration of plasmid DNA in the medium being at least 10 μg/ml.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the mild ultrasound treatment being carried out using a sound-emitting means having an acute point, said means being only immersed in the upper portion of the medium.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the plant cells being monocotyledons.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the plant cells being dicotyledons.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the plant cells being cells of sugar beet or tobacco plants.
PCT/DK1990/000166 1989-06-29 1990-06-28 A method for introducing molecules, particularly genetic material, into plant cells WO1991000358A1 (en)

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US5712134A (en) * 1990-05-09 1998-01-27 The Biological Research Center Of The Hungarian Academy Of Sciences Method of producing a cell carrying an excess of mammalian centromeres
US5851984A (en) * 1996-08-16 1998-12-22 Genentech, Inc. Method of enhancing proliferation or differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells using Wnt polypeptides
EP0904362A1 (en) * 1996-03-01 1999-03-31 The Ohio State Research Foundation Method for transforming plant tissue
US5990281A (en) * 1996-09-30 1999-11-23 Genentech, Inc. Vertebrate smoothened proteins
US6025155A (en) * 1996-04-10 2000-02-15 Chromos Molecular Systems, Inc. Artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods for preparing artificial chromosomes
WO2000008195A1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2000-02-17 Dornier Medtech Holding International Gmbh Method and device for the transfer of oligonucleotides in cells
US6030945A (en) * 1996-01-09 2000-02-29 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
US6077697A (en) * 1996-04-10 2000-06-20 Chromos Molecular Systems, Inc. Artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods for preparing artificial chromosomes
US6114603A (en) * 1998-03-27 2000-09-05 John Innes Center Genetic engineering of sugarbeet plants
US6159462A (en) * 1996-08-16 2000-12-12 Genentech, Inc. Uses of Wnt polypeptides
US6195936B1 (en) * 1999-02-22 2001-03-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Method for uptake of a substance into a seed
DE19962904A1 (en) * 1999-12-23 2001-08-09 Dornier Medizintechnik Apparatus continuously introducing molecules into cells, avoiding their total disruption, focuses controlled acoustic pulses at axis of duct passing carrier fluid
US6291643B1 (en) 1997-06-05 2001-09-18 Board Of Reports, The University Of Texas System Apaf-1 an activator of caspase-3
US6342369B1 (en) 1997-05-15 2002-01-29 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2-receptor
US6462176B1 (en) 1996-09-23 2002-10-08 Genentech, Inc. Apo-3 polypeptide
US6469144B1 (en) 1996-04-01 2002-10-22 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2LI and Apo-3 polypeptides
EP1382679A2 (en) 1995-09-08 2004-01-21 Genentech, Inc. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Related Protein (VRP) Antagonists
US6740739B1 (en) 1998-01-15 2004-05-25 Genentech, Inc. Substitutional variants of APO-2 ligand
US6746668B2 (en) 1996-01-09 2004-06-08 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
EP1666052A1 (en) 2000-02-16 2006-06-07 Genentech, Inc. Uses of agonists and antagonists to modulate activity of TNF-related molecules
US7267659B2 (en) 2002-05-24 2007-09-11 Dornier Medtech Systems Gmbh Method and apparatus for transferring medically effective substances into cells
EP1958965A2 (en) 1997-08-25 2008-08-20 Genentech, Inc. Agonist antibodies to a musk receptor, and their therapeutic uses
GB2452543A (en) * 2007-09-07 2009-03-11 Wei Huang Nucleic acid transfer techniques
EP2083079A1 (en) 1997-06-18 2009-07-29 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2DcR
EP2233149A1 (en) 2007-10-16 2010-09-29 ZymoGenetics, Inc. Combination of BLYS inhibition and anti-CD20 agents for treatment of autoimmune disease
EP2272868A2 (en) 2003-06-05 2011-01-12 Genentech, Inc. Combination therapy for B cell disorders
WO2011019619A1 (en) 2009-08-11 2011-02-17 Genentech, Inc. Production of proteins in glutamine-free cell culture media
EP2311956A1 (en) 1999-06-28 2011-04-20 Genentech, Inc. Methods for making APO-2 ligand using divalent metal ions
EP2311960A2 (en) 2001-08-29 2011-04-20 Genentech, Inc. Bv8 nucleic acids and polypeptides with mitogenic activity
EP2322165A1 (en) 2001-11-13 2011-05-18 Genentech, Inc. Apo2 ligand/TRAIL formulations
EP2348043A1 (en) 2001-10-02 2011-07-27 Genentech, Inc. APO-2 ligand variants and uses thereof
EP2390256A1 (en) 2001-05-30 2011-11-30 Agrisoma, Inc. Plant artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods of preparing plant artificial chromosomes
EP2500032A1 (en) 2002-06-24 2012-09-19 Genentech, Inc. APO-2 ligand/trail variants and uses thereof
WO2012151317A1 (en) 2011-05-03 2012-11-08 Genentech, Inc. Vascular disruption agents and uses thereof
EP2526960A1 (en) 2003-03-12 2012-11-28 Genentech, Inc. Use of BV8 and/or EG-VEGF to promote hematopoiesis
US8669085B2 (en) 2009-02-05 2014-03-11 Ut-Battelle, Llc Transformation of gram positive bacteria by sonoporation
US9060915B2 (en) 2004-12-15 2015-06-23 Dornier MedTech Systems, GmbH Methods for improving cell therapy and tissue regeneration in patients with cardiovascular diseases by means of shockwaves
WO2016182336A1 (en) * 2015-05-11 2016-11-17 대한민국(농촌진흥청장) Method for delaying fruit maturation using sound waves

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US5891691A (en) * 1990-05-09 1999-04-06 The Biological Research Center Of The Hungarian Academy Of Sciences Method of producing a cell carrying an excess of mammalian centromeres and the cell line carrying an excess of mammalian centromeres
US5712134A (en) * 1990-05-09 1998-01-27 The Biological Research Center Of The Hungarian Academy Of Sciences Method of producing a cell carrying an excess of mammalian centromeres
EP1382679A2 (en) 1995-09-08 2004-01-21 Genentech, Inc. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Related Protein (VRP) Antagonists
US6746668B2 (en) 1996-01-09 2004-06-08 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
US7285533B2 (en) 1996-01-09 2007-10-23 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
US6998116B1 (en) 1996-01-09 2006-02-14 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
US6030945A (en) * 1996-01-09 2000-02-29 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
EP0904362A4 (en) * 1996-03-01 2001-09-26 Ohio State Res Found Method for transforming plant tissue
EP0904362A1 (en) * 1996-03-01 1999-03-31 The Ohio State Research Foundation Method for transforming plant tissue
US6469144B1 (en) 1996-04-01 2002-10-22 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2LI and Apo-3 polypeptides
EP2314708A1 (en) 1996-04-10 2011-04-27 Chromos Molecular Systems, Inc. Artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods for preparing artificial chromosomes
US6743967B2 (en) 1996-04-10 2004-06-01 Chromos Molecular Systems Inc. Artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods for preparing artificial chromosomes
US6077697A (en) * 1996-04-10 2000-06-20 Chromos Molecular Systems, Inc. Artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods for preparing artificial chromosomes
US6025155A (en) * 1996-04-10 2000-02-15 Chromos Molecular Systems, Inc. Artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods for preparing artificial chromosomes
US6159462A (en) * 1996-08-16 2000-12-12 Genentech, Inc. Uses of Wnt polypeptides
US5851984A (en) * 1996-08-16 1998-12-22 Genentech, Inc. Method of enhancing proliferation or differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells using Wnt polypeptides
US6462176B1 (en) 1996-09-23 2002-10-08 Genentech, Inc. Apo-3 polypeptide
US5990281A (en) * 1996-09-30 1999-11-23 Genentech, Inc. Vertebrate smoothened proteins
US6407216B1 (en) 1996-09-30 2002-06-18 Genentech, Inc. Vertebrate smoothened antibodies
US7750118B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2010-07-06 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 receptor polypeptides
US6342369B1 (en) 1997-05-15 2002-01-29 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2-receptor
US7749755B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2010-07-06 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 receptor polynucleotides
US7807153B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2010-10-05 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 receptor agonist antibodies
US7939631B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2011-05-10 Genentech, Inc. APO-2 receptor polypeptides
US7595046B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2009-09-29 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of cancer using anti-Apo-2 antibodies
US8092799B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2012-01-10 Genentech, Inc. Antibodies to Apo-2 receptor polypeptides
US7314619B2 (en) 1997-05-15 2008-01-01 Genentech, Inc. Inducing apoptosis using anti-Apo-2 antibodies
US6291643B1 (en) 1997-06-05 2001-09-18 Board Of Reports, The University Of Texas System Apaf-1 an activator of caspase-3
EP2083079A1 (en) 1997-06-18 2009-07-29 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2DcR
EP1958965A2 (en) 1997-08-25 2008-08-20 Genentech, Inc. Agonist antibodies to a musk receptor, and their therapeutic uses
EP2017341A2 (en) 1998-01-15 2009-01-21 Genentech, Inc. Apo-2 ligand
US6740739B1 (en) 1998-01-15 2004-05-25 Genentech, Inc. Substitutional variants of APO-2 ligand
US6114603A (en) * 1998-03-27 2000-09-05 John Innes Center Genetic engineering of sugarbeet plants
DE19834612A1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2000-02-24 Dornier Medtech Holding Int Gmbh Method for intracellular transfer of oligonucleotides and device for carrying out the same
WO2000008195A1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2000-02-17 Dornier Medtech Holding International Gmbh Method and device for the transfer of oligonucleotides in cells
US6195936B1 (en) * 1999-02-22 2001-03-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Method for uptake of a substance into a seed
EP2311956A1 (en) 1999-06-28 2011-04-20 Genentech, Inc. Methods for making APO-2 ligand using divalent metal ions
EP2339003A2 (en) 1999-06-28 2011-06-29 Genentech, Inc. APO-2 ligand substitutional variants
DE19962904A1 (en) * 1999-12-23 2001-08-09 Dornier Medizintechnik Apparatus continuously introducing molecules into cells, avoiding their total disruption, focuses controlled acoustic pulses at axis of duct passing carrier fluid
EP1666052A1 (en) 2000-02-16 2006-06-07 Genentech, Inc. Uses of agonists and antagonists to modulate activity of TNF-related molecules
EP2390256A1 (en) 2001-05-30 2011-11-30 Agrisoma, Inc. Plant artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods of preparing plant artificial chromosomes
EP2311960A2 (en) 2001-08-29 2011-04-20 Genentech, Inc. Bv8 nucleic acids and polypeptides with mitogenic activity
EP2348043A1 (en) 2001-10-02 2011-07-27 Genentech, Inc. APO-2 ligand variants and uses thereof
EP2322165A1 (en) 2001-11-13 2011-05-18 Genentech, Inc. Apo2 ligand/TRAIL formulations
EP2332531A1 (en) 2001-11-13 2011-06-15 Genentech, Inc. Apo2 ligand/TRAIL formulations
US7267659B2 (en) 2002-05-24 2007-09-11 Dornier Medtech Systems Gmbh Method and apparatus for transferring medically effective substances into cells
EP2500032A1 (en) 2002-06-24 2012-09-19 Genentech, Inc. APO-2 ligand/trail variants and uses thereof
EP2526960A1 (en) 2003-03-12 2012-11-28 Genentech, Inc. Use of BV8 and/or EG-VEGF to promote hematopoiesis
EP2272868A2 (en) 2003-06-05 2011-01-12 Genentech, Inc. Combination therapy for B cell disorders
US9060915B2 (en) 2004-12-15 2015-06-23 Dornier MedTech Systems, GmbH Methods for improving cell therapy and tissue regeneration in patients with cardiovascular diseases by means of shockwaves
GB2452543B (en) * 2007-09-07 2012-07-25 Wei Huang Nucleic acid transfer techniques
GB2452543A (en) * 2007-09-07 2009-03-11 Wei Huang Nucleic acid transfer techniques
EP2233149A1 (en) 2007-10-16 2010-09-29 ZymoGenetics, Inc. Combination of BLYS inhibition and anti-CD20 agents for treatment of autoimmune disease
US8669085B2 (en) 2009-02-05 2014-03-11 Ut-Battelle, Llc Transformation of gram positive bacteria by sonoporation
WO2011019619A1 (en) 2009-08-11 2011-02-17 Genentech, Inc. Production of proteins in glutamine-free cell culture media
US8512983B2 (en) 2009-08-11 2013-08-20 Martin Gawlitzek Production of proteins in glutamine-free cell culture media
US9714293B2 (en) 2009-08-11 2017-07-25 Genentech, Inc. Production of proteins in glutamine-free cell culture media
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US10982003B2 (en) 2009-08-11 2021-04-20 Genentech, Inc. Production of proteins in glutamine-free cell culture media
WO2012151317A1 (en) 2011-05-03 2012-11-08 Genentech, Inc. Vascular disruption agents and uses thereof
WO2016182336A1 (en) * 2015-05-11 2016-11-17 대한민국(농촌진흥청장) Method for delaying fruit maturation using sound waves

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JPH05500304A (en) 1993-01-28
AU6043290A (en) 1991-01-17
EP0480971A1 (en) 1992-04-22
DK325189D0 (en) 1989-06-29
AU645260B2 (en) 1994-01-13
DK325189A (en) 1990-12-30
DK168302B1 (en) 1994-03-07

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