WO1992010064A1 - Amelioration du signal video dans un systeme d'analyse de mouvement a semi-conducteurs - Google Patents

Amelioration du signal video dans un systeme d'analyse de mouvement a semi-conducteurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992010064A1
WO1992010064A1 PCT/US1991/008644 US9108644W WO9210064A1 WO 1992010064 A1 WO1992010064 A1 WO 1992010064A1 US 9108644 W US9108644 W US 9108644W WO 9210064 A1 WO9210064 A1 WO 9210064A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
image frame
image
change
solid state
signal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/008644
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English (en)
Inventor
Douglas Edward Palm
Original Assignee
Eastman Kodak Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eastman Kodak Company filed Critical Eastman Kodak Company
Publication of WO1992010064A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992010064A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
    • G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras
    • G08B13/19602—Image analysis to detect motion of the intruder, e.g. by frame subtraction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
    • G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras
    • G08B13/19665—Details related to the storage of video surveillance data
    • G08B13/19669—Event triggers storage or change of storage policy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/222—Studio circuitry; Studio devices; Studio equipment
    • H04N5/262—Studio circuits, e.g. for mixing, switching-over, change of character of image, other special effects ; Cameras specially adapted for the electronic generation of special effects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
    • H04N5/765—Interface circuits between an apparatus for recording and another apparatus
    • H04N5/77—Interface circuits between an apparatus for recording and another apparatus between a recording apparatus and a television camera
    • H04N5/772—Interface circuits between an apparatus for recording and another apparatus between a recording apparatus and a television camera the recording apparatus and the television camera being placed in the same enclosure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
    • H04N5/907—Television signal recording using static stores, e.g. storage tubes or semiconductor memories

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to a motion analysis system which records images of an event at a fast frame rate and plays back the images of the event at a slower frame rate so that the event may be analyzed. More particularly, this invention relates to a solid state motion analysis system having a video enhancement/trigger circuit for changing the mode of operation of the motion analysis system in response to a change in an image characteristic of selected images of the event and for enhancing the region of image which is changed.
  • Motion analysis systems are useful for analyzing rapidly changing events.
  • One type of motion analysis system records a great number of images during an event at a high or fast image frame rate and reproduces the image frames more slowly at a lower frame rate. Thus, any movement occurring during the event may be analyzed in a step by step progression.
  • Applications for a motion analysis system include, malfunctions in high speed machinery, movements of an athlete, testing of safety equipment, shattering of an object, etc.
  • One type of motion analysis system is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent 4,496,995 issued January 29, 1985. As disclosed in the latter patent, the motion analysis system/fast frame recorder includes a video camera, a variable speed processor and a video display monitor.
  • the camera is read out in block format so that, a plurality of lines of video information that correspond to rows of photosites in the camera solid state imager, are simultaneously recorded on magnetic tape in parallel longitudinal tracks.
  • the magnetic tape is played back at a reduced tape speed.
  • a plurality of parallel video signals reproduced from parallel tracks on the tape are processed into a serial video signal which may be used with standard video monitors.
  • a magnetic tape motion analysis system is advantageous, because of the ability to record a large number of image frames and because of the nonvolatility of the image storage.
  • magnetic tape motion analysis systems tend to be costly, since, in recording and reproducing a plurality of parallel video signals, separate record and reproduce signal processing circuitry must be provided for each video signal channel.
  • the video signals are recorded directly on magnetic tape in an analog format, picture quality is degraded significantly due to induced flutter and other noise, due to reduced bandwidth and increased phase distortion and due to imprecisely recorded pixel signal values.
  • the event to be analyzed may occur after a long period of static activity in the scene under analysis. Due to the inherent recording length constraints of a magnetic tape motion analysis system, such a system's ability to capture randomly occurring events may require the recording of a large number of image frames which are unnecessary for the analysis of the event. During playback, the unwanted images must be scanned before images relating to the event can be analyzed, resulting in a waste of time, money and recording tape.
  • certain events may be incapable of being recorded due to the length of elapsed time between recordable events.
  • a motion analysis system which minimizes the limitation of magnetic tape motion analysis systems.
  • a motion analysis system includes solid state memory for storing a plurality of image frames produced by a solid state imager, wherein, picture degradation produced by flutter in a magnetic tape motion analysis system is eliminated and wherein dropouts are minimized to single pixel events.
  • video information representing image frames are stored in digital format in the solid state memory.
  • a solid state motion analysis system includes video enhancement/trigger circuitry, which compares selected image frames produced by a solid state imager, to determine when a change in an image characteristic occurs between the selected image frames. If a change in image characteristic is determined, the changed region of the image is enhanced and/or a trigger signal is produced to alter the mode of operation of the motion analysis system in order to capture a desired event.
  • the trigger signal causes the solid state memory to either begin or stop recording image frames 5 produced by said solid state imager.
  • a changed image is enhanced by means of grey scale enhancement or psuedo color enhancement.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the solid state motion analysis system of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a functional block schematic diagram of a block readable image sensor
  • FIG. 3 is a functional block schematic diagram of the solid state memory of the embodiment of Fig. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a block schematic diagram of a video enhancement/trigger circuit of the embodiment of Fig. 1;
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B are respective diagramatic showings useful in illustrating the video enhancemen /trigger function of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a signal diagram useful in illustrating the operation of the present invention.
  • motion analysis system 10 includes solid state imager 12 which images an event such as scene 14 by means of a solid state area image sensor 16.
  • Imager 12 is controlled by system controller 24. Controller 24 supplies suitable timing and control signals to imager 12 over bus 28 as a function of operator selectable parameters, such as frame rate and exposure time, among others.
  • Imager 12 may operate for example at frame rates of 1 to 1,000 frames per second.
  • Image sensor 16 is preferrably a block readable area image sensor.
  • the basic concept of a block readout of a solid state area image sensor and the timing and control thereof is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,322,752 in the name of James A. Bixby. Although the referenced patent provides detailed information, a brief description of the concept of block readout may be illustrated with respect to Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 2 shows an area image sensor 16 that includes an array of photosites (not individually shown) arranged in rows and columns.
  • sensor 16 may include an array of 192 rows of 256 photosites in each row.
  • Each photosite represents a picture element (pixel) of an image projected onto sensor 16.
  • sensor 16 is schematically shown as being formated into 12 blocks of 16 photosite rows in each block.
  • Block readout of sensor 16 is not limited to readout of parallel rows of photosites.
  • Block readout includes parallel readout of any group of subsets of photosites which may or may not be contiguous to each other. For example, parallel columns can be read out simultaneously, photosites from different sensor regions can be read out in parallel, etc.
  • the parallel lines of analog video signals from imager 12 are supplied to imager digitizer .26.
  • Imager digitizer 26 amplifies and conditions the parallel analog signals for preparation to be digitized.
  • Digitizer 26 includes an analog to digital converter on each parallel signal line in order to convert each analog signal into a digital signal. Each analog-to-digital converter will output a digital signal having a digital value of a predetermined number of bits, such as eight.
  • Digitizer 26 takes the bit information from each analog-to-digital converter and converts the information into a bit serial format on an output line.
  • System control 24 supplies control and timing signals to digitizer 26 over control and timing bus 28.
  • External data signals from a source may be temporally associated with an image frame by interleaving the external data with the image data in digitizer 26.
  • Memory controller 30 receives the parallel lines of serialized digital information from digitizer 26 and stores it in image memory 32.
  • Memory 32 is made up of a number of solid state random access memory devices, such as DRAMS or SRAMS. Inherently, to store information in a random access memory, a location needs to be addressed and then the information written to their input port.
  • Memory controller 30 is used to give order to the random access capability of the solid state memory. When recording, controller 30 generates the address signals to the RAM in a known fixed sequential format.
  • Motion analysis system 10 may be operated in several recording modes. In one recording mode, once
  • image memory 32 is full up, no more images from imager 12 are stored in memory 32.
  • the storing of image frames in memory 32 is circular so that once memory 32 is full (i.e. cannot store another 5 image frame in a unique location) the newest image frame is recorded over the oldest image frame. In this manner, image frames from imager 12 are continuously recorded in memory 32 over older images frames until a stop signal is applied by system controller 24.
  • stop signal may be the result of a signal generated by the operator from keypad 34 or by a trigger signal.
  • a trigger signal may be produced by an external trigger source or by the video trigger circuit of the present invention.
  • Memory 32 may have a storage capacity of any size but should be large enough to store a sufficient number of image frames to capture an event in totality for later analysis. As shown in Fig. 3, memory 32 includes M image frame locations numbered M prohibit 1 to Min. As
  • each image frame stored in memory 32 occupies approximately 65 kilobytes of memory. If 1,000 image
  • memory 32 must have approximately 65 megabytes of solid state memory storage.
  • Image frames stored in memory 32 are displayed on display device 34.
  • Memory controller 30
  • Interface 38 reformats the digital video received from memory 32 via controller 30 and stores it in frame buffer 40 by way of video bus
  • the video bus interface 38 also receives header data relating to each image frame, deinterleaves the header information and stores it in a reserved section of each frame stored in frame buffer 40.
  • Frame buffer 40 has the capacity to store several frames of video data.
  • motion analysis system 10 includes a video enhancement/trigger circuit 46.
  • Video enhancement/trigger circuit 46 alters the mode of operation of motion analysis system 10 when there is a change in an image characteristic between two selected (e.g., successive) image frames and also enhances the region of the image which changes.
  • the changed image characteristic may, for example, be a change in the gray scale value of an image frame or a change in the color of an image frame.
  • a change in image characteristic is indicative of a change in a static scene which is being imaged by imager 12, thus identifying an event to be recorded for later analysis.
  • the trigger signal produced by video trigger 46 is used to stop recording.
  • image frames before and after the triggering event may be stored in the memory 32.
  • the trigger signal produced by video trigger circuit 46 can also be used to start the recording of image frames produced by imager 12. Enhancement is effected by comparing each frame of video with the previous frame of video on a pixel-by-pixel basis. If any pixel's grey level value has changed by more than a set amount, that pixel would be displayed in an accented mode for that frame.
  • each frame shows the user exactly which sections of the scene have changed from the previous frame.
  • the amount of accented area is an accurate measure of the displacment per frame, which can be used to calculate the velocity of each object.
  • video enhancement/trigger circuit 46 includes comparator 48 and counter 50.
  • Comparator 48 compares the digital signal of an old image frame from frame buffer 40 with the digital signal of a new image frame from video bus 42. The comparison may be a pixel-by-pixel comparison or a multiple pixel-to-multiple pixel comparison. If the old and new image frame signals are, for example, black and white signals, the comparison may be of the grey scale value of each pixel. If the image frame signals are color signals, the comparison may be of the luminance characteristic of the color signal or of one of the color characteristics of the color signal.
  • comparator 48 determines a difference in the signal value between the old and new image frames, it produces a signal which is supplied to counter 50.
  • Counter 50 may be programmed to produce a trigger signal when a predetermined number of pixel differences between the old and new image frames are determined by comparator 48.
  • the trigger signal is supplied to system controller 24 which causes motion analysis system 10 to change its operating mode. For example, if motion analysis system 10 operates in a non- recording mode, the trigger signal causes system controller 24 to effect the start of storing image frames produced by imager 12 in image memory 32. If motion analysis system 10 operates in a continuous record mode, this trigger signal causes controller 24 to effect the end of storing image frames in memory 32.
  • the signal from comparator 48 is also applied to graphics module 44 which enhances the changed pixel.
  • Enhancement may be effected by displaying all of the unchanged pixels in shades of grey, while a changed pixel is displayed in a different range of grey-or at the correct shade of grey but with a noticable color change.
  • the eighth bit could be used as a flag bit to notify graphics module 44 that this pixel should be accented.
  • a subregion of an image frame may be monitored for a change in image characteristic.
  • the size of the monitored subregion is variable and is controlled by the operator from keypad 34.
  • the subregion to be monitored includes a pixel array which is 20 pixels wide by 15 pixels high.
  • this subregion is bounded by corner pixels having values X k , Y ⁇ _, ] ⁇ +20 . Yi . , Xj ⁇ , Y ⁇ +15 , and j ⁇ +20 - ⁇ ⁇ + i 5 -
  • the scene is shown as blank.
  • Fig. 5A the scene is shown as blank.
  • a projectile has entered into the monitored subregion.
  • a pixel-by-pixel comparison by comparator 48 (Fig. 4) of the monitored subregion of the new image frame shown in Fig. 5B with the old image frame shown in Fig. 5A produces a number of pixel characteristic differences which are counted by counter 50. If the number of pixel differences exceed a predetermined value, then counter 50 produces a trigger signal. This predetermined value is programmable from keypad 34 by the operator as a sensitivity signal.
  • Each pixel which has a changed image characteristic can also be enhanced, as described above.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown a graph of the change in signal value of a scan line Y ⁇ +8 which includes 9 pixels X k+6 to Xj ⁇ +1 which exceed the threshold pixel value of the image of Fig. 5A.
  • counter 50 produces a count of 9 during monitoring of line 1 + 8. If this count, added to the counts from -11-
  • a trigger signal is produced by trigger circuit 46 which effects a change in the mode of operation of system 10.
  • the motion analysis system has applicability in the analysis of rapidly changing events, such as, malfunctions in high speed machinery, testing of safety equipment, movements of an athlete and shattering of an 10 object by a high speed projectile.

Abstract

Un système d'analyse de mouvement à semi-conducteurs (10) mémorise des images d'un événement (14) à une fréquence d'image rapide et reproduit ces images à une fréquence d'image plus lente afin de faciliter l'analyse de l'événement. Ce système d'analyse de mouvement comporte un imageur à semi-conducteurs (12) qui s'utilise au choix à différentes fréquences d'image, et comporte également une mémoire à semi-conducteurs (32) pour mémoriser une pluralité de fréquences d'image. Un circuit d'amélioration/déclenchement du signal vidéo (46) renferme un circuit de comparaison (48) destiné à comparer des images choisies produites par l'imageur (12) afin de déterminer entre les images une variation de la valeur d'une caractéristique d'image. Lorsqu'une variation est déterminée, le circuit d'amélioration du signal vidéo (46) améliore la région de l'image qui varie et peut également produire un signal de déclenchement en vue de modifier le mode de fonctionnement du système d'analyse de mouvement (10). Ainsi, la mémorisation de fréquences d'image peut être déclenchée ou arrêtée lorsqu'une différence de luminance ou de couleur apparaît entre les fréquences d'image successives, une telle différence indiquant une variation de l'événement. Le circuit d'amélioration du signal vidéo comprend une échelle de gris améliorée et une pseudo-amélioration chromatique.
PCT/US1991/008644 1990-11-26 1991-11-21 Amelioration du signal video dans un systeme d'analyse de mouvement a semi-conducteurs WO1992010064A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US61828090A 1990-11-26 1990-11-26
US618,280 1990-11-26

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DE2219330A1 (de) * 1972-04-20 1973-11-08 Peter Binder Anordnung zum beobachten gefaehrdeter orte (ueberfallsicherung)
US3885090A (en) * 1973-03-20 1975-05-20 Richard W Rosenbaum Continuous automatic surveillance system
US4081830A (en) * 1974-09-30 1978-03-28 Video Tek, Inc. Universal motion and intrusion detection system
US4322752A (en) * 1980-01-16 1982-03-30 Eastman Technology, Inc. Fast frame rate sensor readout
WO1982001454A1 (fr) * 1980-10-22 1982-04-29 Mahoney Trevor W Detecteur de mouvements video
US4496995A (en) * 1982-03-29 1985-01-29 Eastman Kodak Company Down converting a high frame rate signal to a standard TV frame rate signal by skipping preselected video information
US4631676A (en) * 1983-05-25 1986-12-23 Hospital For Joint Diseases Or Computerized video gait and motion analysis system and method
GB2182224A (en) * 1985-10-24 1987-05-07 Videoscan Ltd Methods and apparatus for monitoring events
US4679077A (en) * 1984-11-10 1987-07-07 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Visual Image sensor system
EP0261917A2 (fr) * 1986-09-20 1988-03-30 Sony Corporation Détection de changements dans des données vidéo
WO1988004082A1 (fr) * 1986-11-25 1988-06-02 Zone Technology Pty. Limited Systeme d'acquisition d'images numeriques
WO1991007053A2 (fr) * 1989-11-02 1991-05-16 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistrement avant evenement et apres evenement dans un enregistreur rapide d'images, a semiconducteurs
WO1991008644A2 (fr) * 1989-11-20 1991-06-13 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistreur d'images rapide a semi-conducteurs, a cadence et exposition d'images selectionnables independamment
WO1991010322A1 (fr) * 1990-01-03 1991-07-11 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistrement a synchronisation variable pour enregistreur rapide d'images a semi-conducteurs
US5034811A (en) * 1990-04-04 1991-07-23 Eastman Kodak Company Video trigger in a solid state motion analysis system
WO1991011881A1 (fr) * 1990-01-29 1991-08-08 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistrement sur ordre dans un enregistreur d'images rapide a semiconducteur

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2219330A1 (de) * 1972-04-20 1973-11-08 Peter Binder Anordnung zum beobachten gefaehrdeter orte (ueberfallsicherung)
US3885090A (en) * 1973-03-20 1975-05-20 Richard W Rosenbaum Continuous automatic surveillance system
US4081830A (en) * 1974-09-30 1978-03-28 Video Tek, Inc. Universal motion and intrusion detection system
US4322752A (en) * 1980-01-16 1982-03-30 Eastman Technology, Inc. Fast frame rate sensor readout
WO1982001454A1 (fr) * 1980-10-22 1982-04-29 Mahoney Trevor W Detecteur de mouvements video
US4496995A (en) * 1982-03-29 1985-01-29 Eastman Kodak Company Down converting a high frame rate signal to a standard TV frame rate signal by skipping preselected video information
US4631676A (en) * 1983-05-25 1986-12-23 Hospital For Joint Diseases Or Computerized video gait and motion analysis system and method
US4679077A (en) * 1984-11-10 1987-07-07 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Visual Image sensor system
GB2182224A (en) * 1985-10-24 1987-05-07 Videoscan Ltd Methods and apparatus for monitoring events
EP0261917A2 (fr) * 1986-09-20 1988-03-30 Sony Corporation Détection de changements dans des données vidéo
WO1988004082A1 (fr) * 1986-11-25 1988-06-02 Zone Technology Pty. Limited Systeme d'acquisition d'images numeriques
WO1991007053A2 (fr) * 1989-11-02 1991-05-16 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistrement avant evenement et apres evenement dans un enregistreur rapide d'images, a semiconducteurs
WO1991008644A2 (fr) * 1989-11-20 1991-06-13 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistreur d'images rapide a semi-conducteurs, a cadence et exposition d'images selectionnables independamment
WO1991010322A1 (fr) * 1990-01-03 1991-07-11 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistrement a synchronisation variable pour enregistreur rapide d'images a semi-conducteurs
WO1991011881A1 (fr) * 1990-01-29 1991-08-08 Eastman Kodak Company Enregistrement sur ordre dans un enregistreur d'images rapide a semiconducteur
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