WO1992018517A1 - Method of treating or preventing hepatitis b virus - Google Patents

Method of treating or preventing hepatitis b virus Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992018517A1
WO1992018517A1 PCT/US1992/003144 US9203144W WO9218517A1 WO 1992018517 A1 WO1992018517 A1 WO 1992018517A1 US 9203144 W US9203144 W US 9203144W WO 9218517 A1 WO9218517 A1 WO 9218517A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
dideoxycytidine
thia
active compound
formula
administered
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/003144
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Yung-Chi Cheng
Chung K. Chu
Hea O. Kim
Kirupathevy Shanmuganathan
Original Assignee
Yale University
The University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Yale University, The University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. filed Critical Yale University
Publication of WO1992018517A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992018517A1/en
Priority to US08/301,298 priority Critical patent/US5817667A/en
Priority to US10/646,980 priority patent/US7262213B2/en
Priority to US10/656,889 priority patent/US20050192299A1/en

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/04Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D317/00Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D317/08Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
    • C07D317/10Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
    • C07D317/32Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D317/34Oxygen atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D411/00Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D411/02Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D411/04Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07HSUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/06Pyrimidine radicals

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns (-)3'-thia-2'3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, a method for preparing the same and the use of the same or ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or ( ⁇ )5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine in a method for
  • the present invention also relates to dioxolanecytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine and its use in a method for treating patients having hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection.
  • HBV Hepatitis B virus
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • the rationale for a chemotherapeutic treatment for hepatitis B is the inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase.
  • HBV DNA polymerase has a common evolutionary origin with the reverse transcriptase from retroviruses (Miller, R.H., and Robinson, W.S., "Common Evolutionary Origin of Hepatitis B Virus and Retroviruses,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83: 2531-2535, 1986).
  • Inhibitors for reverse transcriptase of oncogenic RNA viruses suppress the polymerase from HBV (Matthes, E.,
  • ddC 2'3-Dideoxycytidine
  • ddC 2'3-Dideoxycytidine
  • ddC was also shown to have potent antiviral activity against duck hepatitis B virus both in vitro (Lee, B., Luo, W. , Suzuk, S., Robins, M.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • ARC AIDS-related complex
  • PDL lymphadenopathy
  • AIDS-related neurological conditions such as dementia
  • Kaposi's sarcoma thrombocytopenia purpurea
  • BCH-189 ( ⁇ )-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine
  • dioxolane-T as anti HIV agents are discussed in Chu et al, J. Org. Chem., 56, 6503-6505, (1991); Jeong et al.
  • BCH-189 was reported as a racemic mixture in J.A.
  • (+) OddC (+)-D-ß-dioxolane-cytosine or (+)D-ß- dioxolane-C
  • An object of the present invention is to provide (-)3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine and a method of preparing the same.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide ß-dioxolane cytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolanecytosine.
  • It is another object of the present invention is to treat patients suffering with the hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in a patient.
  • the present invention concerns (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the following formula:
  • the present invention also relates to (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the following formula:
  • the instant invention is also directed to a method of separating (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine from ( ⁇ )3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • the method comprises contacting ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine with deoxycytidine
  • the present invention also concerns a method of
  • hepatitis B virus infection or preventing hepatitis B virus infection in a patient, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a substituted-1,3-oxathiolane compound selected from the group consisting of (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and ( ⁇ )5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, preferably (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (-) 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, or a salt or ester thereof, either alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention also concerns ß-dioxolanecytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine of the formula
  • the present invention also concerns a method of treating hepatitis B virus infection or preventing hepatitis B virus infection in a patient, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a ß-dioxolane-cytosine, particularly (-)-L-ß- dioxolane cytosine, or a salt or ester thereof, either alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a patient e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human
  • a ß-dioxolane-cytosine particularly (-)-L-ß- dioxolane cytosine
  • a salt or ester thereof either alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Fig. 1 depicts a Southern blot analysis of the
  • Fig. 2 is a Southern analysis of intracellular HBV
  • Lanes 10, 11, 12 DNAs from cells untreated (lane 10) or treated with 2 ⁇ m 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine (lane 11) and 3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lane 12) for 12 days and further incubation in the absence of drugs for 12 more days.
  • RC Relaxed circular episomal HBV DNAs; I: Integrated HBV DNAs.
  • Fig. 3 is a Southern blot depicting the reversibility of 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • 2.2.15 cells untreated or treated with 2 ⁇ M of 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine for 12 days were incubated with drug-free medium for 6 or 12 more days.
  • HBV specific DNAs in the medium were analyzed as described in Fig. 1.
  • RC
  • Fig. 4 is a Northern blot analysis of RNAs.
  • Total RNAs were extracted from 2.2.15 cells untreated (lane 1) or treated with 2.0 ⁇ m 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lane 2) and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lane 3) for 12 days.
  • Each lane represents 20 ⁇ g total RNAs.
  • Fig. 5 is a Southern blot depicting the comparative potency of various analogs of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine as inhibitors of HBV replication.
  • 2.2.15 cells were treated with various analogues at 1.0 ⁇ M for 12 days. Media were analyzed for the presence of HBV DNAs as described in Fig.l.
  • Fig. 6A depicts a HPLC profile of a mixture of ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine before a deamination.
  • Fig. 6B depicts a HPLC profile 16 hours after
  • Fig. 7A depicts a HPLC profile of a control having only (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine before deamination.
  • Fig. 7B depicts a HPLC profile of a UV spectrum 16 hours after deamination of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • Fig. 8A depicts a HPLC profile of (-)3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine before a deamination.
  • Fig. 8B depicts a HPLC profile of (-)3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine 16 hours after a deamination.
  • Fig. 9A depicts a HPLC profile of ⁇ -SddC before a deamination.
  • Fig. 9B depicts a HPLC profile of ⁇ -SddC 16 hours after a deamination.
  • Fig. 10 is a UV spectrum for 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • Fig. 11 is a UV spectrum for 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine.
  • Figs. 12A and Fig. 12B each depict a Southern analysis of intracellular HBV DNA wherein 2.215 cells are untreated (control) or treated.
  • Fig. 13 is a Southern blot analysis of the comparative potency of several compounds as inhibitors of intracellular HBV DNA after a one week incubation with HBV 2.2.15 cells. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the rationale for a chemotherapeutic treatment for hepatitis B virus is the inhibition of the viral DNA
  • HBV specific transcripts were not affected by drug treatment.
  • interruption of drug treatment resulted in a return of HBV virus to both intra- and extracellular populations.
  • 3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine analogs were found not to be active against HBV replication. There was concern that cytidine analogs can be deaminated intracellularly to
  • cyd/dcyd deaminase inhibitor suggests that catabolic inactivation by deaminase may not be important.
  • the present invention concerns a method involving the administration of one or more of (-) 3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine, ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5- fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine or ( ⁇ )5-fluoro-3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (referred to herein as "the compounds of formula (I)”) or a salt or ester thereof, alone or in
  • admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in order to treat patients suffering from hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection.
  • Formula (I) includes the following:
  • R is selected from the group consisting of H and F.
  • formula (I) refers to (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or ( ⁇ ) 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or combinations thereof.
  • the present invention also concerns a method involving the administration of ß-dioxolane-cytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine of the formula
  • ß-dioxolane- ⁇ ytosine or (-)-L- ß-dioxolane-cytosine are hereinafter referred to as the compounds of formula (I').
  • Preferred esters of the compounds for use in the invention of formula (I) include the compounds in which H of
  • R HOCH 2 is replaced by R - C in which the non-carbonyl moiety R of the ester grouping is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, t- butyl, n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (e.g., methoxymethyl), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (e.g., phenoxymethyl), aryl (e.g., phenyl optionally substituted by halogen, C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 alkoxy); substituted dihydro pyridinyl (e.g., N- methyldihydro pyridinyl); sulphonate esters such as alkyl or arakylsulphonyl (e.g., methanesulphonyl); sulphate esters; amino acid esters (e.g., L-
  • esters derived from polyfunctional acids such as carboxylic acids containing more than one carboxyl group, for example, dicarboxylic acids HO 2 C(CH 2 ) n CO 2 H where n is an integer of 1 to 10 (for example, succinic acid) or phosphoric acids.
  • esters are derived from such acids, each acidic group is preferable esterified by a compound for use in the invention or other nucleosides or analogues and derivatives thereof to provide esters of the formula (II)
  • R is H or F
  • W is and n is an integer of 1 to 10 or - J is any nucleoside
  • nucleosides and nucleoside analogues are 3'-azido-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-thymidine, and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroxytidine and ribavirin.
  • any alkyl-moiety present advantageously contains 1 to 16 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms and could contain one or more double bonds.
  • Any aryl moiety present in such esters advantageously comprises a phenyl group.
  • the esters may be a C 1-16 alkyl ester, an unsubstituted benzoyl ester or a benzoyl ester substituted by at least one halogen (bromine, chlorine, fluorine or iodine), saturated or unsaturated C 1-6 alkyl, saturated or unsaturated C 1-6 alkoxy, nitro or trifluoromethyl groups.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids and bases.
  • Suitable acids include hydrochloric,
  • benzenesulfonic acids Other acids such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be useful in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium, calcium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium, magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium
  • the amount of the compound of formula (I) or formula (I') for use in the present invention will vary not only with the particular compound selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will be ultimately determined by the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
  • a suitable dose will be in the range from about 1 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, such as 2 to about 50 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, preferably in the range of 2 to 10 mg/kg/day.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, at two, three, four or more sub- doses per day.
  • unit dosage conveniently administered in unit dosage; for example, containing 0.5 to 50 mg, conveniently 20 to 1000 mg most conveniently 50 to 700 mg, of active ingredient (compound of formula (I) or formula (I')) per unit dosage form.
  • the active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 1 to 75 ⁇ M, preferably about 2 to 50 ⁇ M, most preferably about 3 to about 30 ⁇ M. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of 0.1 to 5% solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or administered as a bolus containing about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg of the active ingredient.
  • the compound of formula (I) or formula (I') may be administered as the raw chemical, it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the invention thus further provides for the use of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (I') or a pharmaceutically acceptable
  • compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sub- lingual), vaginal or parenteral (including intramuscular, sub-cutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
  • the formulations may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete dosage units and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration are provided.
  • administration may conveniently be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution; as a suspension; or as an emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents.
  • the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils) or preservatives.
  • the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') may also be formulated for parental administration (e.g., by
  • injection for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion
  • unit dose form in
  • compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • the compounds according to formula (I) or formula (I') may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents,
  • stabilizing agents suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising an active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth;
  • pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art, and the suppositories may be conveniently formed by admixture of the active compound with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be used as a liquid spray or dispersible powder or in the form of drops.
  • Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base comprising one or more dispersing agents, solubilizing agents or suspending agents. Liquid sprays are conveniently delivered from pressurized packs.
  • the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer or a pressurized pack or other
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example, a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be
  • unit dosage form in, for example, capsules or cartridges or, e.g., gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • compositions for use according to the invention may also contain other active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents or preservatives.
  • the compounds of formula (I) of formula (I') may also be used in combination with other therapeutic agents, for example, other anti-infective agents.
  • the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') may be employed together with well known antiviral agents, e.g., adenine arabinoside or ulcererferon ⁇ .
  • the invention thus provides, in a further aspect, a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (I') or a physiologically acceptable derivative thereof together with another therapeutically active agent, in particular, an anti-HBV agent.
  • each compound may be either the same or different from that when the compound of formula (I) or formula (I') is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') and their pharmaceutically acceptable derivations may be prepared by any method known in the art for the preparation of compounds of analogous structure.
  • R 1 is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group as defined herein and the anomeric group L is a displaceable atom or group and is reacted with an appropriate base.
  • Suitable groups L include alkoxy carbonyl groups such as ethoxy carbonyl or halogens, for example, iodine, bromine or chlorine or -OR' where R' is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated alkyl group, e.g., a C 1-4 -alkyl group such as methyl, or R' is a substituted or
  • unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic acyl group e.g., a C 1-6 - aliphatic acyl group such as acetyl and an aromatic acyl group such as benzoyl.
  • hexamethyldisilazine in a compatible solvent such as methylene chloride using a Lewis acid (such as titanium tetrachloride or stannic chloride) or trimethylsilytriflate.
  • a compatible solvent such as methylene chloride using a Lewis acid (such as titanium tetrachloride or stannic chloride) or trimethylsilytriflate.
  • the 1,3-oxathiolanes of formula (III) may be prepared, for example, by reaction of an aldehyde of formula (IV) with a mercaptoacetal of formula (V) in a compatible organic solvent, such as toluene, in the presence of an acid
  • catalyst as a para-toluene sulfonic acid or a Lewis acid, e.g., zinc chloride.
  • the mercaptoacetals of formula (IV) may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, G. Hesse and I.
  • the aldehydes of formula (V) may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, E.G. Halloquist and H.
  • one compound of formula (I) is converted to another compound of formula (I) by base interconversion.
  • base interconversion may be effected either by simple chemical transformation (e.g., the
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VI)
  • P is a protecting group, followed by removal of the protecting group.
  • the compounds of formula (VI) may be prepared for reaction by a suitable epoxide (IX)
  • hydroxyl protecting groups include groups selected from alkyl (e.g., methyl, t- butyl or methoxymethyl), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl,
  • heterocyclic groups such as tetrahydropyranyl, acyl, (e.g., acetyl or penzoyl) and silyl groups such as trialkylsilyl (e.g., t- butyldimethylsilyl).
  • acyl e.g., acetyl or penzoyl
  • silyl groups such as trialkylsilyl (e.g., t- butyldimethylsilyl).
  • alkyl, silyl, acyl and heterocyclic groups may be removed by solvolysis, e.g., by hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions.
  • Aralkyl groups such as benzyl may be cleaved, for example, by treatment with BF 3 etherate and acetic anhydride followed by removal of acetate groups so formed at an appropriate stage in the synthesis.
  • Silyl groups may also conveniently be removed using a source of fluoride ions such as tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.
  • the compounds of formula (I) are generally obtained as a mixture of the cis and trans isomers.
  • 1,6-Anhydro-L-gulose was prepared in one step from L- gulose by the treatment of L-gulose with an acid, e.g., 0.5N HCl in 60% yield (Evans, M.E., Earish, F. W., Carbohydr. Res. (1973), 28., 359). Without selective protection as was done before (Jeong, L. S.; Alves, A. J.; Carrigan, S. W.; Kim, H. O.; Beach, J. W.; Chu, C. K. Tetrahedron Lett.
  • pyrimidines e.g., silylated thymine and N-acetylcytosine
  • Inorganic basis salts may be prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable base such as an alkoxide (e.g., sodium methoxide) optionally in the presence of a solvent such as an alcohol (e.g., methanol).
  • a suitable base such as an alkoxide (e.g., sodium methoxide) optionally in the presence of a solvent such as an alcohol (e.g., methanol).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be prepared from other salts, including other
  • a compound of formula (I) may be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable phosphate or other ester by reaction with a phosphorylating agent, such as POCl 3 or a suitable esterifying agent, such as an acid halide or anhydride, as appropriate.
  • a phosphorylating agent such as POCl 3
  • a suitable esterifying agent such as an acid halide or anhydride, as appropriate.
  • An ester or salt of a compound of formula (I) may be converted to the parent compound, for example, by hydrolysis.
  • Resolution of the final product or an intermediate or starting material therefore may be effected by any suitable method known in the art: see, for example. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, by E.L. Eliel (McGraw Hill, 1962) and Tables of Resolving Agents, by S.H. Wilen.
  • the present invention is also directed to a novel methodology to prepare (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine from ( ⁇ )-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or ( ⁇ )5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, respectively.
  • the method takes advantage of the stereospecificity of the action of deoxycytidine deaminase (from either mammalian or bacteria sources) which converts deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine, and the separation of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and SddU.
  • the deamination is carried out at 37°C for 16 hours.
  • the ID 50 of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine against HBV were found to be approximately > 0.5 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m and 0.02 ⁇ m respectively, which indicates that (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the primary form responsible for the anti HBV effect.
  • virus DNA polymerase is able to interact with the unnatural (-)- configuration. It can be expected that the therapeutic index of (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine should be better than the (+)- or ( ⁇ )-form of 3 '-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or its analogues.
  • a 10L, 3-neck flask was flame dried under vacuum and filled with argon. A positive flow of argon was maintained while the flask was fitted with a dried mechanical stirrer and charged with 100 g (0.15 eq) of DMAP, 3200 ml (39.7 moles, 7 eq) of anhydrous pyridine, and 500 g (5.67 moles, 1.00 eq) of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol. The flask was fitted with a septum. The contents were stirred at 0oC under continuous flow of argon.
  • the solution was decanted from the solids and the pyridine was evaporated in vacuo.
  • the remaining material was dissolved in ether and washed once with saturated CuSO 4 solution, twice with saturated NaHCO 3 solution and twice with water.
  • the ethereal solution was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, evaporated, and placed on a vacuum pump overnight.
  • the solid residue was dissolved in water and the resulting solution was extracted twice with ether.
  • the ether solution was washed, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, evaporated, and further dried in vacuo.
  • the reaction can be performed using two different methods:
  • the acetate In order to obtain reasonable results, the acetate must be at least 80% pure by GC. An amount of 92.1g of an oil containing 85.3% of acetate by GC, and 64.62g of
  • the quenched mixture was then filtered through 1-2 inches of silica gel (using a 3000 ml fritted funnel).
  • Silylated glycolaldehyde (141.41 g, 0.474 mol) is dissolved in toluene (2200 ml) in a three neck, 3000 ml round bottom flask.
  • the flask was equipped with a stir bar, glass stopper, rubber septa, and a Dean-Stark trap to remove water during the reflux.
  • Thioglycolic acid (33.93 ml, 0.488 mol) was added to the solution, and then heat was applied. The reaction usually takes approximately two hours to go to completion, and can be monitored by TLC (3:1 hexane:ether).
  • ⁇ 310oC is performed.
  • the ratio of ⁇ :ß-isomers present may be more accurately determined by HPLC analysis of the product on a Rainin
  • a dry appropriate size flask was charged with 8.20 ml diol (0.996 mols, 1 eq), 2.44g DMAP (0.020 mols, 0.2 eq), and 500 ml methylene chloride (0.2 molar solution; can be done at elevated concentrations up to 0.5 molar). This solution was reduced in temperature to 0oC then 41.8 ml triethyl amine (0.300 mols, 3 eq) was added via addition funnel. The mixture needed to be shaken by hand
  • 2.2.15 cells were inoculated at a density of 3 X 10 5 cells/ 5ml in 25 cm 2 flask. Drugs were added to the medium 3 days after the inoculation. Cells were grown in the presence of drugs for 12 days With changes of medium every 3 other days. At end of the incubation, the medium was centrifuged (10 minutes, 2,000 X g) and the supernatant was subjected to a final concentration of 10% (wt/vol) PEG 8,000. The virus was pelleted (10 minutes 10,000 X g). The pellet was
  • TNE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA).
  • the suspension was adjusted to 1 % SDS and 0.5 mg/ml proteinase K and incubated for 2 hours at 55°C.
  • the digest was extracted with phenol, chloroform and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol.
  • the DNA pellet was dissolved in TE 80 (10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA) and electrophoresed in a 0.8% agarose gel, followed by blotting onto Hybond-N membrane (Amersham).
  • the filter was hybridized with 32 P-labeled HBV DNA probe, washed with 2 X SSC containing 0.2 % SDS at room temperature for 1 hour, 0.1 X SSC containing 0.2 % SDS at 55oC for 1/2 hour and
  • Drug-treated cells were lysed with a buffer containing 10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl and 1% SDS.
  • the cell lysate was digested with 100 ⁇ g/ml proteinase K at 55oC for at least 2 hours and deproteinized by extraction with phenol.
  • Nucleic acids were precipitated with 2 volumes of ethanol.
  • the pellet of nucleic acid was redissolved in 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA followed by 100 ⁇ g per ml RNase treatment at 37°C for 1 hour. Concentrated ammonium acetate was added to the aqueous phase to yield a final 0.4 M ammonium acetate solution.
  • the nucleic acids were
  • RNA (20 ⁇ g per lane) was electrophoresed through 1% agarose gel containing 1.1 M formaldehyde and transferred to Hybond-N membrane. The immobilized RNA was hybridized with 32 P-labeled HBV DNA probe and the membrane was autoradiographed as described above.
  • CEM T lymphoblastoid cells
  • RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum at a concentration of 2 X 10 3 cells per ml.
  • the cells were incubated with different concentrations of compounds for 4 days. At day 4, the cell number was determined by a coulter counter or a hemocytometer.
  • the CEM cells (5 X 10 4 ) cells were collected and freeze-thawed three times.
  • the cell lysate was incubated with RNase (10 ⁇ g/ml) at 37°C for 30 minutes.
  • the sample was treated with proteinase K (100 ⁇ g/ml) at 55°C for 1 hour.
  • a 0.8 volume of supersaturated Nal (2.5 gNal in 1 ml hot water) was added to the sample and heated at 90°C for 10 minutes.
  • the DNA was immobilized on nitrocellulose paper by using a slot blot apparatus (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, NH).
  • the mtDNA on the nitrocellulose paper was detected with a mtDNA specific probe as described previously (Chen, C.H., Cheng, Y.C., "Delayed Cytotoxicity and Selective Loss of Mitochondria DNA in Cells Treated with the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Compound 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine," J. Biol. Chem. 264: 11934-11937, 1989).
  • the antiviral effects were measured by analysis of extracellular HBV DNA (Fig.1). The experiment revealed that the amount of extracellular HBV DNA decreased in a dose dependent manner.
  • the inhibitory concentration for a 50% decrease in viral replication (HBID 50 ) of these compounds are presented in Table 1. At concentration of 2 ⁇ M, both 5- fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia 2',3'- dideoxycytidine completely inhibited the replication of HBV, approximately 50% inhibition by 3'-FddC, whereas neither ddC nor D4C had any impact effect.
  • Episomal HBV DNAs in 2.2.15 cells treated with different concentrations of 5-fluoro-3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine were also traced.
  • Cellular DNAs were digested with Hind III that does not cleave within HBV genome, and subjected to Southern analysis using P 32 -labeled HBV DNA as a probe.
  • the chromosomally integrated HBV DNA genome and the episomal DNA can be separated in the gel and can be differentially quantified. While episomal DNA decreased in a dose dependent manner as extracellular HBV DNAs, both the amount and the restriction enzyme pattern of the chromosomally integrated HBV genome were unaltered (Fig.2).
  • Mitochondria DNA content was measured by slot blot
  • MtID50s concentration of compounds which caused a 50% reduction in mitochondria DNA content
  • Table 1 Both 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxycytidine inhibited HBV replication at concentrations hundreds or thousands fold lower than concentrations which induced cytotoxicity in CEM cells.
  • ddC a potent polymerase gamma inhibitor
  • D4C had a lower value of MtID 50 (2.0 ⁇ M) than HBID 50 (2.4 ⁇ M).
  • HBID 50 2.4 ⁇ M.
  • D4C would be expected to have a mitochondria effect before the anti-HBV effect was achieved as the same phenomenon observed in treatment with ddC.
  • 3'-FddC had a greater selective index than both ddC and D4C.
  • the ED 50 versus the MTID 50 ratio is about the same as ddC, suggesting 3'-FddC is not the drug of choice either.
  • HBV RNA transcripts Three major transcripts of approximately 3.5, 2.5, and 2.1 Kb were detected in the total cellular RNA extract. The HBV specific transcripts were not affected at all by 2.0 ⁇ M 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine treatment (Fig. 4).
  • ( ⁇ )3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine can be deaminated only up to approximately 50%; no further deamination has been observed. After HPLC separation, (-)3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was resubjected to deaminase and showed no sign of deamination at all (Figs. 8A and 8B).
  • ⁇ -3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine has a different retention time from (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine on HPLC ( ⁇ -3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine has a retention time of approximately 6.9 minutes compared with (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine which has a retention time of approximately 8.3 minutes using no salt solvent system under the same condition as the one used in the case of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine). However, no deamination occurred (Fig. 9A and Fig. 7B) under the same condition that
  • (+) 3 ' -thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was completely deaminated.
  • (+)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and (-)5-fluoro-3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was confirmed using the chemically synthesized 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine as a
  • Example 18 Assay Condition .HPLC Analysis.
  • the 2.2.15 cells (clonal cells derived from Hep G2 cells that were transfected with a plasmid containing HBV DNA) that secrete hepatitis B virions were used.
  • the 2.2.15 cells were maintained in minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine seirum. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a moist atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 in air.
  • the 2.2.15 cells were inoculated at a density of 3 X 10 5 cells/ 5 ml in 25 cm 2 flask. The compounds studied were added to the medium three days after inoculation. Cells were grown in the presence of drugs for 12 days with changes of medium every three days.
  • the medium was centrifuged (10 minutes, 2,000 X g) and polyethylene glycol (M r 8,000) was added to the supernatant to a final concentration of 10% (wt/vol.)
  • the virus was pelleted (10 minutes 10,000 X g).
  • the pellet was resuspended at 1/100th the original volume in TNE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA).
  • the suspension was adjusted to 1% SDS and 0.5 mg/ml proteinase K and incubated for 2 hours at 55°C.
  • the digest was extracted with phenolchloroform and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol.
  • the DNA pellet was dissolved in TE 80 (10 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA) and then electrophorsed in a 0.8% agarose gel followed by blotting onto Hybond-N membrane (Amersham, Arlington,
  • the filter was hybridized with
  • HBV DNA 32 P-labeled HBV DNA (Bam HI insert from plasmid Pam6 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland) probe, washed with 2 X SSC containing 0.2% SDS at room temperature for 1 hour, 0.1 X SSC containing 0.2% SDS at 55°C for 1/2 hour and then autoradiographed. The intensity of the autoradiographic bands was quantitated by a scanning densitometer. The amount of HBV-specific DNAs was similar in separate experiments performed in duplicate. HBID 50 was defined as the drug
  • the 2.2.15 cell line was used to evaluate the antiviral activities of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • the antiviral effects were measured by analysis of
  • the anti-HBV effect of each of the two racemic 3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was examined as described above.
  • the ID 50 of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine are approximately > 0.5 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m and 0.02 ⁇ m, respectively, which indicates that (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the primary form responsible for the anti-HBV effect observed for ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • (+) -form may even interfere with the (-)- form based on the observation that the (-)- form is approximately 5 fold more active than the ( ⁇ ) form of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine at the same dose (if there is no interference, it should be only 2-fold). A similar observation was also made for 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
  • Example 21 CEM Growth in 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
  • CEM were seeded at 3.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells per ml onto Corning 6-well dishes at 5 ml per well in RPMI 1640 + 5% dialized FBS + kanamycin at 100 mg/ml.
  • Cell number was determined on days 2, 4 and 6 after seeding. The cells were pipetted to break clumps, and then 1 ml was removed from each well and diluted into 9 ml saline. The saline + cells were pipetted well to break clumps and counted via a coutler counter.
  • (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was seen to be very toxic to the cells with an ID 50 of 1.26 ⁇ m.
  • ( ⁇ )3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was less toxic with an ID 50 of 7.2 ⁇ m.
  • the therapeutic index for -OddC should be equal or better than -SddC, in fact, from an economical point of view, -OddC may be even more valuable than -SddC due to its low ID 50 (anti HBV).

Abstract

Anti-hepatitis B virus compounds (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (±) β-dioxolane cytosine and (-)-L-β-dioxolane cytosine. A method of treating a patient suffering from hepatitis B virus or preventing hepatitis B virus infection comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of an active compound selected from the group consisting of (a) (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (b) (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (c) (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (d) (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2,3-dideoxycytidine, (e) (±) β-dioxolane cytosine and (f) (-)-L-β-dioxolane cytosine, or a salt or an ester thereof, either alone or in admixture within a diluent.

Description

METHOD OF TREATING OR PREVENTING HEPATITIS B VIRUS
GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
This invention was made with United States Government support under Grant CA-44358 from the National Cancer
Institute (NIH). Accordingly, the United States Government has certain rights in this invention.
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation-in-part application of
application Serial No. 07/785,545, filed on October 31, 1991, which in turn is a continuation-in-part application of Serial No. 07/718,806, filed June 21, 1991, which in turn is a continuation-in-part application of application Serial No. 07/686,617, filed April 17, 1991, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns (-)3'-thia-2'3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, a method for preparing the same and the use of the same or (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine in a method for
treating patients having hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection.
The present invention also relates to dioxolanecytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine and its use in a method for treating patients having hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection. Background Information
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute or chronic
hepatitis which affects nearly 300 million people worldwide (Ayoola, E.A., Balayan. M.S., Deinhardt, F. Gust, I.
Kureshi, A.W., Maynard, J.E., Nayak, N.C., Bordley, D.W., Ferguson, M. Melnick, J., Purcell, R.H. and Zuckerman, A.J., Bull. World Health. Orσ.. 66: 443-455, 1988). Chronic infection with HBV has been associated with a high risk for the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma
(Beasley, R.P., Hwang, L.Y., Lin, C.C., and Chien, C.S., "Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis B Virus," Lancet ii: 1129-1133, 1981; Di Bisceglei, A.M., Rustgi, V.K.,
Hoofnagle, J.H., Dusheik, G.M., and Lotze, M.T.,
"Hepatocellular Carcinoma," Ann. Intern. Med. 108: 390-401, 1988).
Effective antiviral therapy against HBV infection has not been fully developed. It has been hampered by the extremely narrow host range and limited access to
experimental culture systems. Lately, Hepadnaviruses have been propagated in tissue culture (Sureau, C.,
Romet-Lomonne, J.L., Mullins, J.I., and Essex, M.,
"Production of Hepatitis B Virus by a Differentiated Human Hepatoma Cell Line after Tranfection with Cloned Circular HBV DNA," Cell 47:37-47; 1986; Chang, C., Jeng, K.S., Hu, C.P., Lo, S.J., Su, T.S., Ting, L.P., Chou, C.K., Han, S.H., Pfaff, E., Salfeld, J., and Schaller, H., "Production of Hepatitis B Virus in Vitro by Transient Expression of Cloned HBV DNA in a Hepatoma Cell Line," EMBO J. 6: 675-680, 1987; Tsurimoto, T. , Fujiyama, A., and Matsubara, K., "Stable
Expression and Replication of Hepatitis B Virus Genome in an Integrated State in a Human Hepatoma Cell Line Transfected with the Cloned Viral DNA," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84: 444-448, 1987; and Sells, M.A., Chen, M.L., and Acs, G., "Production of Hepatitis B Virus Particles in Hep G2 Cells Transfected with Cloned Hepatitis B Virus DNA, " Proc. Natl. Sci. USA. 84: 1005-1009, 1987, making it
possible to study various aspects of the viral life cycle and screening for antiviral drugs.
Hepadnaviruses replicate through a ribonucleic acid (RNA) template that requires reverse transcriptase activity (Ganem, D., and Varmus, H.E., "The Molecular biology of the hepatitis B viruses," Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56: 651-693, 1987). The rationale for a chemotherapeutic treatment for hepatitis B is the inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase. HBV DNA polymerase has a common evolutionary origin with the reverse transcriptase from retroviruses (Miller, R.H., and Robinson, W.S., "Common Evolutionary Origin of Hepatitis B Virus and Retroviruses," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83: 2531-2535, 1986).
Inhibitors for reverse transcriptase of oncogenic RNA viruses suppress the polymerase from HBV (Matthes, E.,
Langen, P., von Janta-Lipinski, M., Will, H. Schroder, H.C., Merz, H., Weiler, B.E., and Muller, W.E.G., "Potent
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Production in Vitro by
Modified Pyrimidine Nucleosides, " Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 34: 1986-1990, 1990; Lee, B., Luo, W., Suzuk, S., Robins. M. J., and Tyrrell, D.L.J., "In Vitro and in Vivo Comparison of the Abilities of Purine and Pyrimidine 2',3'-Dideoxynucleosides to Inhibit Duck Hepadnavirus,"
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 33: 336- 339, 1989). Several 2'3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs have been used as potential antiretroviral agents. 2'3-Dideoxycytidine (ddC) has been shown to be the most potent inhibitor of HIV replication in cell culture (Mitsuya, H., Yarchoan, R., and Broder, S., "Molecular Targets for AIDS Therapy," Science. 249: 1533-1544, 1990). ddC was also shown to have potent antiviral activity against duck hepatitis B virus both in vitro (Lee, B., Luo, W. , Suzuk, S., Robins, M. J., and Tyrrell, D.L.J., "In Vitro and in Vivo Comparison of the Abilities of Purine and Pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides to Inhibit Duck Hepadnavirus, " Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 33: 336-339, 1989) and in vitro (Kassianides, L., Hoofnagle, J. H., Miller, R.H., Doo, E., Ford, H., Broder, S., and Mitsuya, H., "Inhibition of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Replication by 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine,"
Gastroenterology. 97: 1275-1280, 1989).
Studies have indicated that elimination of mitochondria DNA by treatment of ddC is related to delayed cytotoxicity and possibly resulted in peripheral neuropathy observed in clinics (Chen, CH., Cheng, Y.C., "Delayed Cytotoxicity and Selective Loss of Mitochondria DNA in Cells Treated with the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Compound
2',3'-Dideoxycytidine, " J. Biol. Chem., 264: 11934-11937, 1989).
EP 382 526, the entire contents of which are
incorporated by reference herein, concerns substituted 1,3- oxathiolanes which are said to have antiviral properties. However, only retroviruses are specifically discussed and the only specific viral disorders described are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (AIDS), AIDS related conditions such as AIDS-related complex (ARC), persistent
lymphadenopathy (PGL), AIDS-related neurological conditions (such as dementia), Kaposi's sarcoma and thrombocytopenia purpurea.
The use of BCH-189 ((±)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine) and dioxolane-T as anti HIV agents are discussed in Chu et al, J. Org. Chem., 56, 6503-6505, (1991); Jeong et al.
Tetrahedron Letters. 33, 595-598, (1992); Chu et al,
Tetrahedron Letters. 32, 3791-3794 (1991) and B. Belleau et al V International Conference on AIDS. Montreal, Canada, June 4-9 (1989), paper No. T.C.O.1.
BCH-189 was reported as a racemic mixture in J.A.
Coates et al, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36. 202 (1992) and W.-B. Choi et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 113. 9377 (1991).
In summary, there is currently no effective treatment for human hepatitis B virus infections. Antiviral therapy and a variety of experimental drugs have had no clear benefit and some may be harmful. Recently, a variety of 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine analogues have been asserted to have anti-HBV activity in vitro, yet none have reached clinical usefulness. In general, guanosine analogues of this type may interfere with critical enzymes in humans.
Figure imgf000007_0001
Figure imgf000008_0001
Figure imgf000009_0002
Figure imgf000009_0001
SddU: deaminate form of SddC
(3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine)
5-FSddC: 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2'3'-dideoxycytidine
SddC: 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
5-MeSddC: 5-methyl-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
5-ClSddC: 5-chloro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
5-BrSddC: 5-bromo-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
5-ISddC: 5-iodo-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
(+) OddC: (+)-D-ß-dioxolane-cytosine or (+)D-ß- dioxolane-C
(-) OddC: (-)L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine or (-)L-ß- dioxolane-C
Unless indicated to the contrary, whenever 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine without a plus or minus sign before it is stated herein, it is understood that such means (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and whenever 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine without a plus or minus sign before it is stated herein, it is understood that such means (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. Furthermore, unless indicated to the contrary, whenever ß-dioxolane-cytosine without a plus or minus sign before it is stated herein, it is understood that such means (±) ß-dioxolane-cytosine. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide (-)3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine and a method of preparing the same.
A further object of the present invention is to provide ß-dioxolane cytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolanecytosine.
It is another object of the present invention is to treat patients suffering with the hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in a patient.
The above stated objects, and other objects, aims and advantages are provided by the present invention.
The present invention concerns (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the following formula:
Figure imgf000010_0001
The present invention also relates to (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the following formula:
Figure imgf000010_0002
The instant invention is also directed to a method of separating (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine from (±)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The method comprises contacting (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine with deoxycytidine
deaminase, subjecting the resultant reaction mixture to column chromatography, for example, HPLC, and separating out (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The above method is also applicable for separating (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine from (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
The present invention also concerns a method of
treating hepatitis B virus infection or preventing hepatitis B virus infection in a patient, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a substituted-1,3-oxathiolane compound selected from the group consisting of (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, preferably (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (-) 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, or a salt or ester thereof, either alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The present invention also concerns ß-dioxolanecytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine of the formula
Figure imgf000011_0001
The present invention also concerns a method of treating hepatitis B virus infection or preventing hepatitis B virus infection in a patient, e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a ß-dioxolane-cytosine, particularly (-)-L-ß- dioxolane cytosine, or a salt or ester thereof, either alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 depicts a Southern blot analysis of the
comparative potency of deoxycytidine analogs as inhibitors of HBV 2.2.15 cells which were incubated with the various concentrations of drugs for 12 days. Media were harvested. Virions were precipitated with PEG. Nucleic acids were extracted from PEG precipitates and analyzed by Southern blot analysis. RC: Relaxed circular HBV DNAs. SS: single stranded HBV DNAs. D4C: 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'- dideoxycytidine. 3'-FddC: 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. SddC: 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. 5-FSddc:
5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine; ddC:
2',3'dideoxycytidine.
Fig. 2 is a Southern analysis of intracellular HBV
DNAs. 2.2.15 cells were untreated (lanes 1,10), treated with 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lanes
2,3,4,5,and 11) and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lanes 6,7,8,9,and 12) for 12 days. Total cellular DNAs were extracted as described in hereinbelow. DNAs were digested with Hind III and electrophoresed in 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond-N membrane and hybridized with
32P-labeled HBV probe. Each lane represents 20 μg total cellular DNAs. Lanes 10, 11, 12: DNAs from cells untreated (lane 10) or treated with 2 μm 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine (lane 11) and 3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lane 12) for 12 days and further incubation in the absence of drugs for 12 more days. RC: Relaxed circular episomal HBV DNAs; I: Integrated HBV DNAs.
Fig. 3 is a Southern blot depicting the reversibility of 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. 2.2.15 cells untreated or treated with 2 μM of 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine for 12 days were incubated with drug-free medium for 6 or 12 more days. HBV specific DNAs in the medium were analyzed as described in Fig. 1. RC:
Relaxed circular HBV DNAs. SS: Single stranded HBV DNAs.
Fig. 4 is a Northern blot analysis of RNAs. Total RNAs were extracted from 2.2.15 cells untreated (lane 1) or treated with 2.0 μm 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lane 2) and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (lane 3) for 12 days. Each lane represents 20 μg total RNAs.
Fig. 5 is a Southern blot depicting the comparative potency of various analogs of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine as inhibitors of HBV replication. 2.2.15 cells were treated with various analogues at 1.0 μM for 12 days. Media were analyzed for the presence of HBV DNAs as described in Fig.l.
Fig. 6A depicts a HPLC profile of a mixture of (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine before a deamination.
Fig. 6B depicts a HPLC profile 16 hours after
deamination of the mixture.
Fig. 7A depicts a HPLC profile of a control having only (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine before deamination. Fig. 7B depicts a HPLC profile of a UV spectrum 16 hours after deamination of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
Fig. 8A depicts a HPLC profile of (-)3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine before a deamination.
Fig. 8B depicts a HPLC profile of (-)3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine 16 hours after a deamination.
Fig. 9A depicts a HPLC profile of α-SddC before a deamination.
Fig. 9B depicts a HPLC profile of α-SddC 16 hours after a deamination.
Fig. 10 is a UV spectrum for 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
Fig. 11 is a UV spectrum for 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine.
Figs. 12A and Fig. 12B each depict a Southern analysis of intracellular HBV DNA wherein 2.215 cells are untreated (control) or treated.
Fig. 13 is a Southern blot analysis of the comparative potency of several compounds as inhibitors of intracellular HBV DNA after a one week incubation with HBV 2.2.15 cells. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The rationale for a chemotherapeutic treatment for hepatitis B virus is the inhibition of the viral DNA
polymerase. Many nucleoside analogs have been tested both in a tissue culture system and an animal model with varying success (Matthes, E., Langen, P., von Janta-Lipinski, M., Will, H. Schroder, H.C., Merz, H. , Weiler, B.E., and Muller, W.E.G., "Potent Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Production in Vitro by Modified Pyrimidine Nucleosides, " Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 34: 1986-1990, 1990; Lee, B. , Luo, W. , Suzuk, S., Robins, M. J., and Tyrrell, D.L.J., "In Vitro and in Vivo Comparison of the Abilities of Purine and
Pyrimidine 2',3'-Dideoxynucleosides to Inhibit Duck
Hepadnavirus, " Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 33: 336-339, 1989; Kassianides, L., Hoofnagle, J. H., Miller, R.H., Doo, E., Ford, H., Broder, S., and Mitsuya, H.,
"Inhibition of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Replication by
2',3'-Dideoxycytidine, " Gastroenterology. 97: 1275-1280, 1989; Price, P.M., Banerjee, R., and Acs, G., "Inhibition of the Replication of Hepatitis B Virus by the Carbocyclic Analogue of 2'-Deoxyguanosine, " Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 86: 8541- 8544, 1989; Yokota, T., Konno, K., Chonan, E., Mochizuki, S., Kojima, K. , Shigeta, S., and de Clercq, E., "Comparative Activities of Several Nucleoside Analogues Against Duck Hepatitis B Virus in Vitro," Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 34: 1326-1330, 1990; and Ueda, K., Tsurimoto, T., Nagahata, T., Chisaka, O., and Matsubara, K., "An in Vitro System for Screening Antihepatitis B Drugs," Virology 169: 213-216, 1989).
Applicants discovered that 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and its 5-fluoro analog were potent compounds against HBV replication. It was further
discovered that with respect to the anti-HBV effects of (±) 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and its racemic forms, namely (±) 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-) 3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, that (-) 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the primary active form responsible for the anti-HBV effect and the (+) 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the major component causing the cytotoxicity at the concentration wherein the anti-HBV effect was observed.
In contrast to the effectiveness in inhibiting HBV replication, 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 5-fluoro-3'- thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine were not found to affect the integrated HBV DNAs. Since the RNA replicative
intermediates are being transcribed from the integrated DNA, it is not surprising that HBV specific transcripts were not affected by drug treatment. Thus, interruption of drug treatment resulted in a return of HBV virus to both intra- and extracellular populations.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular
operability, the mechanism of action of 3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine is probably (1) inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and/or (2) chain termination due to
incorporation into elongated DNA strand.
3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine analogs were found not to be active against HBV replication. There was concern that cytidine analogs can be deaminated intracellularly to
inactive uracil analog. The facts that 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is very potent against HBV replication in 2.2.15 cells and that the anti-HBV activity is not
enhanced by cyd/dcyd deaminase inhibitor suggests that catabolic inactivation by deaminase may not be important.
The present invention concerns a method involving the administration of one or more of (-) 3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine, (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5- fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine or (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (referred to herein as "the compounds of formula (I)") or a salt or ester thereof, alone or in
admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in order to treat patients suffering from hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection.
Formula (I) includes the following:
or
Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000017_0002
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of H and F.
As referred to herein, formula (I) refers to (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (±) 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or combinations thereof.
The present invention also concerns a method involving the administration of ß-dioxolane-cytosine and particularly (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine of the formula
Figure imgf000017_0003
or a salt or ester thereof, alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in order to treat patients suffering from hepatitis B virus or to prevent hepatitis B virus infection, ß-dioxolane-σytosine or (-)-L- ß-dioxolane-cytosine are hereinafter referred to as the compounds of formula (I').
Preferred esters of the compounds for use in the invention of formula (I) include the compounds in which H of
HOCH2 is replaced by R - C in which the non-carbonyl moiety R of the ester grouping is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, t- butyl, n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (e.g., methoxymethyl), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (e.g., phenoxymethyl), aryl (e.g., phenyl optionally substituted by halogen, C1-4 alkyl or C1-4 alkoxy); substituted dihydro pyridinyl (e.g., N- methyldihydro pyridinyl); sulphonate esters such as alkyl or arakylsulphonyl (e.g., methanesulphonyl); sulphate esters; amino acid esters (e.g., L-valyl or L-isoleucyl) and mono-, di- or tri-phosphate esters.
Also included within the scope of such esters are esters derived from polyfunctional acids such as carboxylic acids containing more than one carboxyl group, for example, dicarboxylic acids HO2C(CH2)nCO2H where n is an integer of 1 to 10 (for example, succinic acid) or phosphoric acids.
Methods for preparing such esters are well known. See, for example, Hahn et al., "Nucleotide Dimers as Anti Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Agents," Nucleotide Analogues, pp.156-159 (1989) and Busso et al., "Nucleotide Dimers
Suppress HIV Expression in Vitro," AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 4(6), pp.449-455 (1988). Where esters are derived from such acids, each acidic group is preferable esterified by a compound for use in the invention or other nucleosides or analogues and derivatives thereof to provide esters of the formula (II)
Figure imgf000019_0001
where R is H or F, W is
Figure imgf000019_0002
and n is an integer of 1 to 10 or - J is any nucleoside
Figure imgf000019_0003
or nucleoside analog or derivative thereof. Preferred nucleosides and nucleoside analogues are 3'-azido-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-thymidine, and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroxytidine and ribavirin.
With regard to the above described esters, unless otherwise specified, any alkyl-moiety present advantageously contains 1 to 16 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms and could contain one or more double bonds. Any aryl moiety present in such esters advantageously comprises a phenyl group. In particular, the esters may be a C1-16 alkyl ester, an unsubstituted benzoyl ester or a benzoyl ester substituted by at least one halogen (bromine, chlorine, fluorine or iodine), saturated or unsaturated C1-6 alkyl, saturated or unsaturated C1-6 alkoxy, nitro or trifluoromethyl groups.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids and bases.
Examples of suitable acids include hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycollic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene- p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic and
benzenesulfonic acids. Other acids such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be useful in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g.,
magnesium), ammonium and NR4+ (where R is C1-4 alkyl) salts.
The amount of the compound of formula (I) or formula (I') for use in the present invention will vary not only with the particular compound selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will be ultimately determined by the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian. In general, however a suitable dose will be in the range from about 1 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, such as 2 to about 50 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, preferably in the range of 2 to 10 mg/kg/day. The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, at two, three, four or more sub- doses per day.
The compound of formula (I) or formula (I') is
conveniently administered in unit dosage; for example, containing 0.5 to 50 mg, conveniently 20 to 1000 mg most conveniently 50 to 700 mg, of active ingredient (compound of formula (I) or formula (I')) per unit dosage form.
Ideally, the active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 1 to 75 μM, preferably about 2 to 50 μM, most preferably about 3 to about 30 μM. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of 0.1 to 5% solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or administered as a bolus containing about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg of the active ingredient.
While it is possible that, for use in therapy, the compound of formula (I) or formula (I') may be administered as the raw chemical, it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation.
The invention thus further provides for the use of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (I') or a pharmaceutically acceptable
derivative thereof together with one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefor and,
optionally, other therapeutic and/or prophylactic
ingredients. The carrier(s) must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient therefor. Pharmaceutical formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sub- lingual), vaginal or parenteral (including intramuscular, sub-cutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation. The formulations may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete dosage units and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for oral
administration may conveniently be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution; as a suspension; or as an emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art. Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils) or preservatives.
The compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') may also be formulated for parental administration (e.g., by
injection, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in
ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
For topical administration to the epidermis, the compounds according to formula (I) or formula (I') may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a
transdermal patch. Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents,
stabilizing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising an active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth;
pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for rectal
administration, wherein the carrier is a solid, are most preferably represented as unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art, and the suppositories may be conveniently formed by admixture of the active compound with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
Compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') or formulations containing the same can also be applied on condoms (on the inner surface thereof, outer surface thereof or both of said surfaces) to prevent the transmission of HBV during
intercourse.
For intra-nasal administration, the compounds of formula (I) may be used as a liquid spray or dispersible powder or in the form of drops.
Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base comprising one or more dispersing agents, solubilizing agents or suspending agents. Liquid sprays are conveniently delivered from pressurized packs.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer or a pressurized pack or other
convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as
dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Alternatively, for administration by inhalation or insufflation, the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example, a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The powder composition may be
presented in unit dosage form in, for example, capsules or cartridges or, e.g., gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
When desired, the above described formulations adapted to give sustained release of the active ingredient may be employed.
The pharmaceutical compositions for use according to the invention may also contain other active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents or preservatives.
The compounds of formula (I) of formula (I') may also be used in combination with other therapeutic agents, for example, other anti-infective agents. In particular, the compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') may be employed together with well known antiviral agents, e.g., adenine arabinoside or iriterferon α.
The invention thus provides, in a further aspect, a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (I') or a physiologically acceptable derivative thereof together with another therapeutically active agent, in particular, an anti-HBV agent.
The combinations referred to above may conveniently be presented for use in the form of a pharmaceutical
formulation and thus the use of pharmaceutical formulations comprising a combination as defined above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor comprise a further aspect of the invention.
The individual components of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical formulations.
When the compound of the formula (I) or formula (I') or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof is used in combination with a second therapeutic agent active against the same virus, the dose of each compound may be either the same or different from that when the compound of formula (I) or formula (I') is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
The compounds of formula (I) or formula (I') and their pharmaceutically acceptable derivations may be prepared by any method known in the art for the preparation of compounds of analogous structure.
Four processes ((A) to (D)) for producing compounds of formula (I) are set forth as follows:
In one such process (A) a 1,3-oxathiolane of formula (III)
Figure imgf000026_0001
wherein R1 is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group as defined herein and the anomeric group L is a displaceable atom or group and is reacted with an appropriate base.
Suitable groups L include alkoxy carbonyl groups such as ethoxy carbonyl or halogens, for example, iodine, bromine or chlorine or -OR' where R' is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated alkyl group, e.g., a C1-4-alkyl group such as methyl, or R' is a substituted or
unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic acyl group, e.g., a C1-6- aliphatic acyl group such as acetyl and an aromatic acyl group such as benzoyl.
The compound of formula (III) is conveniently reacted with the appropriate purine or pyrimidine base R2-H
(previously silylated with a silyating agent such as
hexamethyldisilazine) in a compatible solvent such as methylene chloride using a Lewis acid (such as titanium tetrachloride or stannic chloride) or trimethylsilytriflate.
The 1,3-oxathiolanes of formula (III) may be prepared, for example, by reaction of an aldehyde of formula (IV) with a mercaptoacetal of formula (V) in a compatible organic solvent, such as toluene, in the presence of an acid
catalyst as a para-toluene sulfonic acid or a Lewis acid, e.g., zinc chloride.
HSCH2CH(OC2H5) 2 (IV)
C6H5COOCH2CHO (V)
The mercaptoacetals of formula (IV) may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, G. Hesse and I.
Jorder, "Mercaptoacetaldehyde and dioxy-1,4-dithiane, " Chem. Ber. 85 pp. 924-932 (1952).
The aldehydes of formula (V) may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, E.G. Halloquist and H.
Hibbert, "Studies on Reactions Relating to Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides, Part XLIV: Synthesis of Isomeric Bicyclic Acetal Ethers," Can. J. Research 8, pp. 129-136 (1933). In a second process (B) one compound of formula (I) is converted to another compound of formula (I) by base interconversion. Such interconversion may be effected either by simple chemical transformation (e.g., the
conversion of uracil base to cytosine) or by an enzymatic conversion using, for example, a deoxyribosyl transferase. Such methods and conditions for base interconversions are well known in the art of nucleoside chemistry.
In a third process (C) the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VI)
Figure imgf000028_0001
with a compound of formula (VII)
Figure imgf000028_0002
where P is a protecting group, followed by removal of the protecting group.
The compounds of formula (VI) may be prepared for reaction by a suitable epoxide (IX)
Figure imgf000028_0003
with an appropriate sulphur-containing compound, e.g., sodium thioacetate. Compounds of formula (IX) are either known in the art or may be obtained by analogous processes.
In a fourth process (D) a compound of formula (X)
Figure imgf000029_0001
may be converted to a compound of formula (I) by conversion of the anomeric NH2 group to the required base by methods well known in the art of nucleoside chemistry.
Many of the reactions described hereinabove have been extensively reported in the context of purine nucleoside synthesis, for example, in "Nucleoside Analogues - Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications," R.T. Walker et al., Eds. Plenum Press, New York (1979) at pages 193-223, the text of which is incorporated by reference herein.
It will be appreciated that the above reactions may require the use of, or conveniently may be applied to, starting materials having protected functional groups, and deprotection might thus be required as an intermediate or final step to yield the desired compound. Protection and deprotection of functional groups may be effected using conventional means. Thus, for example, amino groups may be protected by a group selected from arakyl (e.g., benzyl), acyl or aryl (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenyl); subsequent removal of the protecting group being effected when desired by hydrolysis or hydrogenolsis as appropriate using standard conditions. Hydroxyl groups may be protected using any conventional hydroxyl protecting group, for example, as described in "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry," Ed. J.F.W. McOmie (Plenum Press, 1973) or "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" by Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley and Sons, 1981). Examples of suitable hydroxyl protecting groups include groups selected from alkyl (e.g., methyl, t- butyl or methoxymethyl), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl,
diphenylmethyl or triphenylmethyl), heterocyclic groups such as tetrahydropyranyl, acyl, (e.g., acetyl or penzoyl) and silyl groups such as trialkylsilyl (e.g., t- butyldimethylsilyl). The hydroxyl protecting groups may be removed by conventional techniques. Thus, for example, alkyl, silyl, acyl and heterocyclic groups may be removed by solvolysis, e.g., by hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions. Aralkyl groups such as benzyl may be cleaved, for example, by treatment with BF3 etherate and acetic anhydride followed by removal of acetate groups so formed at an appropriate stage in the synthesis. Silyl groups may also conveniently be removed using a source of fluoride ions such as tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.
In the above processes, the compounds of formula (I) are generally obtained as a mixture of the cis and trans isomers.
These isomers may be separated, for example, by
aσetylation, e.g., with acetic anhydride followed by
separation by physical means, e.g., chromatography on silica gel and deacetylation, e.g., with methanolic ammonia or by fractional crystallization.
With respect to the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I'), reference is made to Scheme 2 hereinafter which describes a synthesis for producing L-isomers of a dioxolane nucleoside analog. 1,6-Anhydro-L-gulose was prepared in one step from L- gulose by the treatment of L-gulose with an acid, e.g., 0.5N HCl in 60% yield (Evans, M.E., Earish, F. W., Carbohydr. Res. (1973), 28., 359). Without selective protection as was done before (Jeong, L. S.; Alves, A. J.; Carrigan, S. W.; Kim, H. O.; Beach, J. W.; Chu, C. K. Tetrahedron Lett.
(1992), 33, 595 and Beach, J. W.; Jeong, L. S.; Alves, A. J.; Pohl, D; Kim, H. o.; Chang, C.-N.; Doong, S.-Li.;
Schinazi, R. F.; Cheng, Y.-C; Chu, C. K. J. Org. Chem.
1992, in press) (2) was directly converted to dioxolane triol (3) by oxidation with NaIO4, followed by reduction with NaBH4, which without isolation, was converted to isopropylidene derivative (4). Benzoylation to (5),
deprotection to (6), and oxidation of diol (6) gave the acid (7). Oxidative decarboxylation of (7) with Pb(OAc)4 in dry THF gave the acetate (8), the key intermediate in good yield. The acetate was condensed with the desired
pyrimidines (e.g., silylated thymine and N-acetylcytosine) in the presence of TMSOTf to afford an α,ß-mixture, which was separated on a silica gel column to obtain the
individual isomers (9-12). Debenzoylation with methanolic ammonia gave the desired cytosine derivative 14 and the thymine derivative 13.
All key intermediates in Scheme 2 gave correct
elemental analyses (± 0.4%).
In summary, the asymmetric synthesis of (-)-L-ß-dioxolane-C was accomplished via 8 steps from a chiral template 2.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention may be prepared as described in United States Patent No. 4,383,114, the disclosure of which is
incorporated by reference herein. Thus, for example, when it is desired to prepare an acid addition salt of a compound of the formula (I), the product of any of the above
procedures may be converted in a salt by treatment of the resulting free base with a suitable acid using conventional methods. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared by reacting the free base with an
appropriate acid optionally in the presence of a suitable solvent such as an ester (e.g., ethyl acetate) or an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol or isopropanol). Inorganic basis salts may be prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable base such as an alkoxide (e.g., sodium methoxide) optionally in the presence of a solvent such as an alcohol (e.g., methanol). Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be prepared from other salts, including other
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the formula (I) using conventional methods.
A compound of formula (I) may be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable phosphate or other ester by reaction with a phosphorylating agent, such as POCl3 or a suitable esterifying agent, such as an acid halide or anhydride, as appropriate. An ester or salt of a compound of formula (I) may be converted to the parent compound, for example, by hydrolysis.
Where the compound of formula (I) is desired as a single isomer, it may be obtained either by resolution of the final product or by stereospecific synthesis from
isomerically pure starting material or any convenient
intermediate.
Resolution of the final product or an intermediate or starting material therefore may be effected by any suitable method known in the art: see, for example. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, by E.L. Eliel (McGraw Hill, 1962) and Tables of Resolving Agents, by S.H. Wilen.
The present invention is also directed to a novel methodology to prepare (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine from (±)-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, respectively. The method takes advantage of the stereospecificity of the action of deoxycytidine deaminase (from either mammalian or bacteria sources) which converts deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine, and the separation of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and SddU. Preferably, the deamination is carried out at 37°C for 16 hours.
(-)3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (±) 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine were examined for their HBV effect. The ID50 of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine against HBV were found to be approximately > 0.5 μm, 0.1 μm and 0.02 μm respectively, which indicates that (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the primary form responsible for the anti HBV effect.
Cytotoxicity studies using CEM cells and dialyzed serum showed that (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is more toxic than (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, indicating that the cytotoxicity of (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine observed previously is primary due to the (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, thus the therapeutic index of (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine against HBV should be much better than that of (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
It was unexpected that the (-) forms of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine would be more active than the respective (+) forms, since the naturally existing sugar moieties have the (+)
configuration.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory of operability, it is possible that virus DNA polymerase is able to interact with the unnatural (-)- configuration. It can be expected that the therapeutic index of (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine should be better than the (+)- or (±)-form of 3 '-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine or its analogues.
The invention will be further described by the
following examples which are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Cis-and trans-2-hydroxymethyl-5- (cytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolanes
Figure imgf000034_0001
(a) Trans-: 375 mg of the trans-(XI)
Figure imgf000034_0002
was dissolved in 100 ml of methanolic ammonia at 24°C and after stirring for 16 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue crystallized with ether. It was recrystallized from ethanol-ether to yield 174 mg of pure product, m.p.>220º (dec). It was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR.
1H NMR δ (ppm in DMSO-d6);
7.57 (d. 1H; C6-H)
7.18 (d. 2H; C4-NH2)
6.30 (dd. 1H; C5-H)
5.68 (d. 1H; C5-H)
5.48 (t, 1H; C2-H)
5.18 (t, 1H; C2-CH2-OH)
3.45 (m. 3H; C2-CH2OH +C4H)
3.06 (dd. 1H; C4-H)
U.V. : (CH3OH) λ max: 270 mm
3C NMR (DMSO-d6, Varian XL-300); δ in ppm:
Figure imgf000035_0001
(b) Cis-: treating 375 mg. of cis-(XII) by the same preceding procedure led to 165 mg of pure product after recrystallization from ethanol-ether, m.p. 171-173º. It was characterized by 1H and 3C NMR. 1H NMR: δ (ppm in DMSO-d6) :
7.80 (d, 1H; C6-H)
7.20 (d, 2H; C4-NH2)
6.18 (t, 1H; C5-H)
5.70 (d, 1H; C5-H)
5. 14 (t, 1H; C2-CH2OH)
3 .71 (m, 2H; C2-CH2OH)
3 .40 (dd, 1H; C4-H)
2 .99 (dd, 1H; C4-H) .
U.V. : (CH3OH) δ max: 270 nm
Example 2: Preparation of Bis-Pivaloyl Protected
Cis-2-Buten-1,4-Diol
A 10L, 3-neck flask was flame dried under vacuum and filled with argon. A positive flow of argon was maintained while the flask was fitted with a dried mechanical stirrer and charged with 100 g (0.15 eq) of DMAP, 3200 ml (39.7 moles, 7 eq) of anhydrous pyridine, and 500 g (5.67 moles, 1.00 eq) of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol. The flask was fitted with a septum. The contents were stirred at 0ºC under continuous flow of argon.
1500 ml (2.15 eq) of pivaloyl chloride was added slowly, via a cannula, (in 100-200 ml portions) maintaining a low temperature and limiting gas evolution. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for an additional hour at 0ºC under argon, and was subsequently quenched by the addition of crushed ice.
The solution was decanted from the solids and the pyridine was evaporated in vacuo. The remaining material was dissolved in ether and washed once with saturated CuSO4 solution, twice with saturated NaHCO3 solution and twice with water. The ethereal solution was dried over MgSO4, filtered, evaporated, and placed on a vacuum pump overnight. The solid residue was dissolved in water and the resulting solution was extracted twice with ether. The ether solution was washed, dried over MgSO4, filtered, evaporated, and further dried in vacuo.
Product mol. wt. = 256.341 (C14H24O4)
Theoretical yield = 1,453 g
Actual yield = 1,439 g
% yield = 99.0%
Example 3: Coupling of Pivalate Acetate with
Bis(silylated)-5-Fluoro-Cytosine
An appropriate size dry flask was charged with 199 ml methylene chloride (dried in a still) and 6.61g
(corresponding to 0.0224 mols pure acetate, 1 eq) of an 88.841% (by GC analysis) of acetate under nitrogen. A second dry appropriate size flask was charged with 24 ml methylene chloride (dried in a still) and 7.67 g (0.0278 mols, 1.25 eq) of bis-silylated-5-fluorocytosine under nitrogen. After cooling the fluorocytosine mixture to 0°C, a 1.0M solution of Lewis acid in methylene chloride was added via a syringe. This mixture was then brought up to room temperature and subsequently cannulated into the acetate mixture over a 20 minute period. The reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography using an anisaldehyde stain (anisaldehyde stain: 5% anisaldehyde, 5% concentrated H2SO4, 90% absolute ethanol) for visualization;
disappearance of starting materials using hexane: ether, 4:1 indicated completion (45 minutes). The yellow mixture was quenched by diluting with 250 ml methylene chloride (1.5 times the total reaction solvent volume) then 47 ml
concentrated ammonium hydroxide was added slowly with the addition of ice pieces to control temperature. The solution separated into two layers, the top aqueous layer which contains some solid and the bottom organic layer which is a yellow solution. The organic layer was divided into three portions. Each portion was filtered through 1 inch of silica gel using a 300 ml fritted funnel (fresh silica gel for each portion). The silica gel layers were then washed with 6:1 ethyl acetate: absolute ethanol. The organic layers were combined and the solvents were evaporated by rotary evaporation. The product was precipitated out by adding ether and a drop or two of methylene chloride.
Filtration of the product and subsequent drying in vacuo gave a 51% pure product yield (100% ß). Repeating the precipitation process allowed for the isolation of a second crop of material, bringing the total yield to 59%. The solid is a white powder.
The reaction can be performed using two different methods:
(1) Adding a Lewis acid to an acetate/silylated base mixture.
(2) Pre-mixing a Lewis acid and silylated base and adding to this mixture the acetate.
In order to obtain reasonable results, the acetate must be at least 80% pure by GC. An amount of 92.1g of an oil containing 85.3% of acetate by GC, and 64.62g of
bis(trimethylsilyl)-5-fluorocytosine were dissolved in 1270 ml of dry CH2Cl2, all under an argon atmosphere. Next, 430 ml of a 1M Lewis acid/CH2Cl2 solution was added in 60 ml portions over 25 minutes. The resulting mixture was stirred for an additional 90 minutes, during which time the color changed from yellow to orange, and finally turning brown. This mixture was then diluted with 2000 ml of CH-Cl2 and quenched slowly with 400 ml of concentrated NH4OH (small amounts of ice were added to regulate the exothermicity). Upon quenching, a precipitate formed, gradually the cloudy solution separated into two layers; an aqueous layer
containing some suspended solid (upper) and an organic layer (lower).
The quenched mixture was then filtered through 1-2 inches of silica gel (using a 3000 ml fritted funnel).
During this process, the silica was changed 3 times due to hydration. All silica gel layers were then washed 4 times with 700 ml of a 6:1 EtoAc/EtOH mixture. The solvent was then evaporated from both the CH2Cl2 and EtOAc layers in vacuo.
The solid residue from the CH2Cl2 layer was partially dissolved with Et2O, filtered, and the undissolved solid was washed with additional ether to give 44.46g (49%) of a white solid. The same procedure for the residue from the EtOAc layer resulted in 21.76g (24%) of an off-white powder.
Example 4: Monitored Preparation of 2-t-Butyldiphenyl- silyloxymethyl-5-Oxo-1,3-Oxathiolane
Silylated glycolaldehyde (141.41 g, 0.474 mol) is dissolved in toluene (2200 ml) in a three neck, 3000 ml round bottom flask. The flask was equipped with a stir bar, glass stopper, rubber septa, and a Dean-Stark trap to remove water during the reflux. Thioglycolic acid (33.93 ml, 0.488 mol) was added to the solution, and then heat was applied. The reaction usually takes approximately two hours to go to completion, and can be monitored by TLC (3:1 hexane:ether). By TLC the aldehyde (Rf approximately 0.3) appears just below the lactone product using a UV lamp for visualization, and when its trailing "tail" disappears, the reflux can be stopped. GC analysis (30 m SPB-5 on fused silica cap. col) program 80ºC/5 minutes ╌ 10ºC/minutes
╌ 310ºC is performed. The aldehyde peak appears at approximately 22.13 minutes, the lactone at approximately 27.94 minutes. This can be used to determine the final amount of aldehyde left in the reaction mixture.
When the amount of aldehyde left is negligible, cool the solution to room temperature and transfer to a
separatory funnel. Wash two times with water, then extract the water layers with ether to remove residual product.
Wash the combined organic layers with water once more, then dry over MgSO4, filter, and concentrate. A colorless oil results, which will almost all solidify under vacuum
(usually left on pump for two days).
Example 5: Standardized Procedure for the Desilylation
of 1"-O-(tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl)-3'-thia- 5-fluorocytidine to 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3- dideoxycytidine
Figure imgf000040_0001
Procedure: 1"-O- (tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl) -3 ' -thia-5-fluorocytidine (1) 44.46 g; 91.54 mol) was dissolved in 250 mL of dry THF. Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (105 mL; 105 mmol) was added dropwise over a period of 3-5 minutes as a 1.0 M solution in THF. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC using 6:1 EtOAc-EtOH; visualization was accomplished by UV as well as staining with PMA following by charring. TLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed four spots: at a baseline; at Rf0.3 (corresponding to (1));
oblong-shaped spot); at Rf 0.75 (corresponding to (2)); at the solvent front (presumably TBDPS-F). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature; all the starting material was consumed after 45 minutes. The mixture was treated with 20 mL of saturated NH4Cl followed by stirring for 1 hour. It was then filtered through a bed of silica gel (3 inch depth in a 350 mL fritted funnel); the silica gel was washed with 600 mL of 2:1 EtOAc-EtOH. The filtrate was reduced to a volume of approximately 100 mL by rotary evaporation during which precipitation of a white solid was observed. Filtration of the mixture gave a white powder which was a mixture of the desired product contaminated with ammonium salts. The crude solid was recrystallized from EtOH-CH2Cl2 to give 18.15 g (80% yield) of product. A second crop (2.09 g; 9% yield) of crystals was obtained, giving a total of 20.24 g (89% total yield) of 3'-thia-5-fluorocytidine (2): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6; 300 MHz) 8.20 (d,J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (br s, 1H), 7.58 (br S, 1H), 6.15-6.12 (m, 1H), 5.41 (t,J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.44 (AB dd, J = 5.4 Hz, J = 5.4 Hz, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (AB dd, J = 4.3 Hz, J = 4.3 Hz, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H); a-isomer: 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6; 300 MHz) 7.83 (br d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (br s, 1H), 6.29-6.27 (m, 1H), 5.59 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19-5.16 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.12 (m, 2H).
The ratio of α:ß-isomers present may be more accurately determined by HPLC analysis of the product on a Rainin
Dynamax Phenyl column using a 97 : 3H2O-CH3CN isocratic solvent system. The analysis was performed on a Shimazu LC- 6A liquid chromatography system fitted with a Rainin Dynamax Phenyl column (column length: 25 cm; internal diameter: 4.6 mm; particle size 8 μm; pore size: 6k) and linked to a UV- vis spectrophotometric detector (λobs = 265 nm). Elution was accomplished using an isocratic solvent system of 97.3 water-CH3CN at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute. Under these conditions the ß-isomer elutes first with a retention time (RT) = 45.5 minutes while the α-isomer has RT = 54.00
minutes.
Example 6: Diprotection of 1,4-Butenediol with
t-Butyl Diphenylsilyl Chloride
A dry appropriate size flask was charged with 8.20 ml diol (0.996 mols, 1 eq), 2.44g DMAP (0.020 mols, 0.2 eq), and 500 ml methylene chloride (0.2 molar solution; can be done at elevated concentrations up to 0.5 molar). This solution was reduced in temperature to 0ºC then 41.8 ml triethyl amine (0.300 mols, 3 eq) was added via addition funnel. The mixture needed to be shaken by hand
occasionally due to viscosity and was stirred for three hours (monitoring by thin layer chromatography (4:1 hexane; ether; UV lamp for visualization) for completion. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation.
The residue was taken up in ether and washed twice with 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl), twice with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and once with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated via rotary evaporation to yield 57.26 g of diprotected product.
2',3'-Dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiauridine: 1HNMR (DMSO-d6)
11.89 (1H, broad, NH), 8.33 (1H, d, H6, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.15 (1H, t, H, J = 3.9 HZ), 5.44 (1 H, t, OH, J = 5.7 Hz) 5.19 (1H, t, H4, J = 3.6 Hz), 3.75 (2H, m, 2H5), 3.43 (1H, dd, 1H2, J = 5.7 and 12.0 Hz), 3.25 (1H, dd, 1H2, J = 4.2 & 12.0 Hz); mp 158-159°C; Anal. Calc. for C8H9O4N2SF:C138.71; H, 3.65; N, 11.29; S, 12.92.
Found: C, 38.79: H, 3.68; N, 11.23; S, 12.82.
2',3'-Dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine: 1H NMR (DMSO d6) 8.18 (1H, d, H6, J = 8.4 Hz) 7.81 and 7.57 (2H, broad NH2), 6.12 (1H, dd, H1, J = 5.7 and 4.2 Hz), 5.40 (1H, t, OH, J = 5.7 Hz), 5.17 (1H, t, H4, J = 3.6 Hz), 3.74 (2H, M, 2H5), 3.41 (1H, dd, 1 H2, J = 5.7 and 11.7 Hz), 3.11 (1H, dd, 1H2, J = 4.2 and 11.7 Hz); mp 195-196°C; Anal. Calc. for
C8H10O3N3SF:C, 38.86; H, 4.08; N, 17.00; S, 12.97. Found: C, 38.97; H, 4.07; N, 16.93; S, 12.89.
Example 7: In Vitro Assay for Antiviral Activity
2.2.15 cells were inoculated at a density of 3 X 105 cells/ 5ml in 25 cm2 flask. Drugs were added to the medium 3 days after the inoculation. Cells were grown in the presence of drugs for 12 days With changes of medium every 3 other days. At end of the incubation, the medium was centrifuged (10 minutes, 2,000 X g) and the supernatant was subjected to a final concentration of 10% (wt/vol) PEG 8,000. The virus was pelleted (10 minutes 10,000 X g). The pellet was
resuspended at 1/100th the original volume in TNE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA). The suspension was adjusted to 1 % SDS and 0.5 mg/ml proteinase K and incubated for 2 hours at 55°C. The digest was extracted with phenol, chloroform and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol. The DNA pellet was dissolved in TE80 (10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA) and electrophoresed in a 0.8% agarose gel, followed by blotting onto Hybond-N membrane (Amersham). The filter was hybridized with 32P-labeled HBV DNA probe, washed with 2 X SSC containing 0.2 % SDS at room temperature for 1 hour, 0.1 X SSC containing 0.2 % SDS at 55ºC for 1/2 hour and
autoradiographed.
Example 8: Isolation and Characterization of DNA
Drug-treated cells were lysed with a buffer containing 10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl and 1% SDS. The cell lysate was digested with 100 μg/ml proteinase K at 55ºC for at least 2 hours and deproteinized by extraction with phenol. Nucleic acids were precipitated with 2 volumes of ethanol. The pellet of nucleic acid was redissolved in 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA followed by 100 μg per ml RNase treatment at 37°C for 1 hour. Concentrated ammonium acetate was added to the aqueous phase to yield a final 0.4 M ammonium acetate solution. The nucleic acids were
precipitated with ethanol.
Example 9: Isolation of RNA
Total cellular RNA was isolated according to
Chomσzyndki et al. (Chomczynsk, P., and Sacchi, N., "Single Step Method for RNA Isolation by Acid Guanidinium
Thiocyanate- Phenol- Chloroform Extraction, " Analytical Biochemistry. 162: 156-159, 1987). The RNA (20 μg per lane) was electrophoresed through 1% agarose gel containing 1.1 M formaldehyde and transferred to Hybond-N membrane. The immobilized RNA was hybridized with 32P-labeled HBV DNA probe and the membrane was autoradiographed as described above.
Example 10: Cytotoxicity
CEM (T lymphoblastoid cells) cells were inoculated in 5 ml RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum at a concentration of 2 X 103 cells per ml. The cells were incubated with different concentrations of compounds for 4 days. At day 4, the cell number was determined by a coulter counter or a hemocytometer.
Example 11: Determination of mtDNA
Content by Quick Blot Procedure
The CEM cells (5 X 104) cells were collected and freeze-thawed three times. The cell lysate was incubated with RNase (10 μg/ml) at 37°C for 30 minutes. The sample was treated with proteinase K (100 μg/ml) at 55°C for 1 hour. A 0.8 volume of supersaturated Nal (2.5 gNal in 1 ml hot water) was added to the sample and heated at 90°C for 10 minutes. The DNA was immobilized on nitrocellulose paper by using a slot blot apparatus (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, NH). The mtDNA on the nitrocellulose paper was detected with a mtDNA specific probe as described previously (Chen, C.H., Cheng, Y.C., "Delayed Cytotoxicity and Selective Loss of Mitochondria DNA in Cells Treated with the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Compound 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine," J. Biol. Chem. 264: 11934-11937, 1989).
Example 12: Comparative Potency of Deoxycytidine
Analogs as Inhibitors of HBV In Vitro
2.2.15 cell lines was used to evaluate the antiviral activities of modified dideoxycytidine analogs ╌ ddC
(obtained from Pharmacia, Inc.), D4C, 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (3'-FddC), 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2'3-dideoxycytidine (5-FSddC) and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (SddC). The formulas for ddC, d4C and 3'-FddC are as follows:
Figure imgf000046_0002
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000046_0003
The antiviral effects were measured by analysis of extracellular HBV DNA (Fig.1). The experiment revealed that the amount of extracellular HBV DNA decreased in a dose dependent manner. The inhibitory concentration for a 50% decrease in viral replication (HBID50) of these compounds are presented in Table 1. At concentration of 2 μM, both 5- fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia 2',3'- dideoxycytidine completely inhibited the replication of HBV, approximately 50% inhibition by 3'-FddC, whereas neither ddC nor D4C had any impact effect. Episomal HBV DNAs in 2.2.15 cells treated with different concentrations of 5-fluoro-3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine were also traced. Cellular DNAs were digested with Hind III that does not cleave within HBV genome, and subjected to Southern analysis using P32-labeled HBV DNA as a probe. The chromosomally integrated HBV DNA genome and the episomal DNA can be separated in the gel and can be differentially quantified. While episomal DNA decreased in a dose dependent manner as extracellular HBV DNAs, both the amount and the restriction enzyme pattern of the chromosomally integrated HBV genome were unaltered (Fig.2).
Example 13: Comparative Cytotoxicity and Effect on
Mitochondria DNA Content of Deoxycytidine Analogs
ED50s (concentration of compounds which caused a 50% reduction in cell density) are shown in Table 1.
Mitochondria DNA content was measured by slot blot
hybridization analysis. MtID50s (concentration of compounds which caused a 50% reduction in mitochondria DNA content) are also shown in Table 1. Both 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxycytidine inhibited HBV replication at concentrations hundreds or thousands fold lower than concentrations which induced cytotoxicity in CEM cells. Moreover, at concentrations which caused cessation of HBV replication, no effect on mitochondria DNA synthesis was observed. This contrasts with ddC (a potent polymerase gamma inhibitor) which had a HBID50 of 3.8 μM but a low
MtID50 at 0.022 μM. D4C had a lower value of MtID50 (2.0 μM) than HBID50 (2.4 μM). Thus, D4C would be expected to have a mitochondria effect before the anti-HBV effect was achieved as the same phenomenon observed in treatment with ddC. 3'-FddC had a greater selective index than both ddC and D4C. However, the ED50 versus the MTID50 ratio is about the same as ddC, suggesting 3'-FddC is not the drug of choice either.
Figure imgf000048_0001
Example 14: Reversibility of 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3- dideoxycytidine and 3'thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
To determine whether the antiviral effect was reversible, 2.2.15 cells that were treated with a 2.0 μM concentration of 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine for 12 days were incubated for additional 6 or 12 days in the absence of the compound. After 6 days of drug-free incubation, HBV DNA could again be identified extracellularly (Fig.3), though not as much as those in control untreated cells. After 12 days of drug-free
incubation, both extracellular (Fig.3) and intracellular episomal HBV DNAs (Fig.2) bounced back.
Example 15: Detection of HBV-specific RNAs in Both
Control and Drug Treated 2.2.15 Cells.
Northern blot analysis was performed to analyze HBV RNA transcripts. Three major transcripts of approximately 3.5, 2.5, and 2.1 Kb were detected in the total cellular RNA extract. The HBV specific transcripts were not affected at all by 2.0 μM 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine treatment (Fig. 4).
Example 16: Comparative Potency of Pyrimidine
3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside Analogs as
Inhibitors of HBV In Vitro
Various analogs (Table 2) of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine were tested in 2.2.15 cells for anti-HBV activity. At 1.0 μM, none of the 3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxyuridine analogs was active against HBV replication (Fig.5). Among the 3'-thia 2',3'-dideoxycytidine analogs tested, both 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (Rg=H) and 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3-dideoxycytidine (R5=F) had the most potent
inhibitory effect on HBV replication. At 1.0 μM, 5-Br, 5-Cl, and 5-CH3 analogs are not active, whereas the 5-1 analog reduced the HBV production by at least 2 fold.
Figure imgf000050_0001
Example 17
Preparation of (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
from (±)-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
Since the (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was not available by chemical synthesis and the (+)-3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine and (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine cannot be separated by conventional methods, applicants developed a novel methodology to separate (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine from (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine by taking the advantage of the deoxycytidine (structure <1>) deaminase (from either bacteria or mammalian sources). (+)3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine can be selectively deaminated by dCdR
(deoxycytidines deaminase), based on HPLC retention time and UV spectrum and leave (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine intact from (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine mixture. The reaction mixture which contains (+)-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
(retention time 8.46 minutes, UVmax 260 nm) and (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (retention time 7.05 minutes, UVmax 270 nm) can then be separated by HPLC (Fig. 6A and Fig. 6B, using 100 mM NH4Ac to achieve better separation). A control reaction which has only (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine proved that (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the substrate of CdR deaminase and can be almost 100% deaminated (Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B). (±)3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine can be deaminated only up to approximately 50%; no further deamination has been observed. After HPLC separation, (-)3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was resubjected to deaminase and showed no sign of deamination at all (Figs. 8A and 8B). α-3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine has a different retention time from (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine on HPLC (α-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine has a retention time of approximately 6.9 minutes compared with (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine which has a retention time of approximately 8.3 minutes using no salt solvent system under the same condition as the one used in the case of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine). However, no deamination occurred (Fig. 9A and Fig. 7B) under the same condition that
(+) 3 ' -thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was completely deaminated.
A similar pattern of deamination of (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was also observed and the product,
(+)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and (-)5-fluoro-3'- thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was confirmed using the chemically synthesized 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxyuridine as a
standard.
Example 18: Assay Condition .HPLC Analysis.
The reaction mixture contained 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 0.2 unit of human cytidine deaminase (unit definition = the amount of enzyme which converts 1 n mole of cytidine to uridine per minute at 37ºC) in a total volume of 50 μl. After each time point, 100 μl of acetonitrile were added to the reaction mixture and agitated. The precipitated proteins were removed by
centrifugation, and the supernatent was lyophilized to
dryπess. The samples were reconstituted with 200 μl of HPLC mobile phase buffer and analyzed on an Alltech RP-18 column. 3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and SddU were detected at a UV absorption wavelength of 270 nm. The mobile phase was 10% acetonitrile/water unless specified otherwise, and the flow rate was 0.8 ml/minutes.
Example 19: In Vitro Assay for Antiviral Activity
The 2.2.15 cells (clonal cells derived from Hep G2 cells that were transfected with a plasmid containing HBV DNA) that secrete hepatitis B virions were used. The 2.2.15 cells were maintained in minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine seirum. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a moist atmosphere containing 5% CO2 in air. The 2.2.15 cells were inoculated at a density of 3 X 105 cells/ 5 ml in 25 cm2 flask. The compounds studied were added to the medium three days after inoculation. Cells were grown in the presence of drugs for 12 days with changes of medium every three days. After incubation, the medium was centrifuged (10 minutes, 2,000 X g) and polyethylene glycol (Mr 8,000) was added to the supernatant to a final concentration of 10% (wt/vol.) The virus was pelleted (10 minutes 10,000 X g). The pellet was resuspended at 1/100th the original volume in TNE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA). The suspension was adjusted to 1% SDS and 0.5 mg/ml proteinase K and incubated for 2 hours at 55°C. The digest was extracted with phenolchloroform and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol. The DNA pellet was dissolved in TE80 (10 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA) and then electrophorsed in a 0.8% agarose gel followed by blotting onto Hybond-N membrane (Amersham, Arlington,
Illinois). The filter was hybridized with
32P-labeled HBV DNA (Bam HI insert from plasmid Pam6 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland) probe, washed with 2 X SSC containing 0.2% SDS at room temperature for 1 hour, 0.1 X SSC containing 0.2% SDS at 55°C for 1/2 hour and then autoradiographed. The intensity of the autoradiographic bands was quantitated by a scanning densitometer. The amount of HBV-specific DNAs was similar in separate experiments performed in duplicate. HBID50 was defined as the drug
concentration that inhibited HBV viral DNA yield in the medium by 50%. The values were obtained by plotting percentage inhibition compared with control versus the drug
concentration. Example 20:
Comparative Potency of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (±)3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine as Inhibitors of HBV In Vitro
The 2.2.15 cell line was used to evaluate the antiviral activities of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The antiviral effects were measured by analysis of
extracellular HBV DNA (Fig. 12). The experiment revealed that the amount of extracellular HBV DNA decreased in a dose dependent manner. At a concentration of 0.5 μm (±)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine completely inhibited the replication of HBV, whereas there was approximately only 50% inhibition by (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The HBID50 of (-)3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was estimated to be 0.02 μm which is significantly lower than that of (±)3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine (HBID50 = 0.1 μm).
Summary of the Biological Activity
The anti-HBV effect of each of the two racemic 3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was examined as described above. The ID50 of (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine and (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine are approximately > 0.5 μm, 0.1 μm and 0.02 μm, respectively, which indicates that (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is the primary form responsible for the anti-HBV effect observed for (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. Furthermore, the (+) -form may even interfere with the (-)- form based on the observation that the (-)- form is approximately 5 fold more active than the (±) form of 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine at the same dose (if there is no interference, it should be only 2-fold). A similar observation was also made for 5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. Example 21: CEM Growth in 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
CEM were seeded at 3.5 × 104 cells per ml onto Corning 6-well dishes at 5 ml per well in RPMI 1640 + 5% dialized FBS + kanamycin at 100 mg/ml.
Two wells were treated for each of the following
conditions:
3, 10, 30, 100 μm + SddC
3, 10, 30, 100 μm ± SddC.
Six wells were seeded as controls. These wells were untreated.
Cell number was determined on days 2, 4 and 6 after seeding. The cells were pipetted to break clumps, and then 1 ml was removed from each well and diluted into 9 ml saline. The saline + cells were pipetted well to break clumps and counted via a coutler counter.
To determine ID50 cell number was plotted versus days in culture. (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was seen to be very toxic to the cells with an ID50 of 1.26 μm. (±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine was less toxic with an ID50 of 7.2 μm.
The cytotoxicity studies using CEM cells and dialyzed serum showed that (+)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine is more toxic (ID50: 1.3 μm) than (±) 3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ID50: 7.2 μm) suggesting that the (-)-form is less toxic than (+)-form and the (±)-form. Examples 22-26
The numbers in parentheses in Examples 22-26 refer to the compound numbers in Scheme 1.
Example 22:
(-)-1,6-Anhydro-α-L-gulopyranose (3)
A mixture of (2) (33 g, 0.127 mol) and 0.5 N HCl (330 mL, 0.165 mol) was refluxed for 20 hours and the mixture was cooled and neutralized to pH 6 by a resin (Dowex-2, HCO3-form) with air bubbling. The resin was recycled by washing with 10% HCl, water, methanol, water and saturated NaHCO3 solution. The reaction mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with water (500 mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated to dryness and dried in vacuo overnight. The residue was purified over a column (5 cm depth, silica gel, mesh, CHCl3-MeOH, 10:1) to give a slightly yellow solid, which was
recrystallized from absolute alcohol to give a colorless solid (3) [Rf = 0.43 (CHCl3-MeOH, 5:1),7.3g, 35.52%]. The L-gulose (Rf=0.07, 11g) obtained was recycled to give (3) (5g, total yield 60%) :mp 142.5-145ºC; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 3.22-3.68(m, 4H, H-2, -3, -4 and -6a), 3.83 (d,J6b,6a= 7.25 Hz, 1H, Hb-6), 4.22 (pseudo t, J5,6a= 4.61 and 4.18 Hz, H, H-5), 4.46 (d, J2-OH,2=6.59 Hz, 1H, 2-OH, exchangeable with D2O), 4.62 (d, J3-OH,3= 5.28 Hz, 1 H, 3-OH, exchangeable with D2O), 5.07 (d, J4-OH4=4.84 Hz, 1H, 4-OH, exchangeable with D2O), 5.20 (d, J1,2=2.19 Hz, 1H,H-1) .[α]D 25-50.011 (C, 1.61, MeOH). Example 23:
(-)-(1'S,2S,4S)-4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl-1,2-0-Isopropylidene)-2- hydroxymethyl)-dioxolane (5)
To a solution of (3) (11.3 g, 0.07 mol) in methanol (350 mL) was added dropwise a solution of NaIO4 (22.36 g, 0.1 mol) in water (300 mL) for 10 minutes at 0ºC and the mixture was stirred mechanically for 15 minutes. NaBH4(7.91 g, 0.21 mol) was added to this mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 0°C. The white solid was filtered off and the solid was washed with methanol (300 mL). The combined filtrate was neutralized by 0.5 N HCl (~200 mL) and
concentrated to dryness. The residue was dried in vacuo
overnight. The syrupy residue was triturated with methanol-acetone (1:5, 1200 mL) using a mechanical stirrer (5 hours) and the white solid (1st.) was filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in acetone (500 mL) and followed by p-TsOH (6.63 g, 0.035 mol). After stirring for 6 hours, the mixture was neutralized by Et3N and the solid (2nd.) was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (350 mL) and washed with water (500 mL X 2), dried (MgSO4), filtered, evaporated to give crude (5) (3.6 g) as a yellowish syrup. The water layer was concentrated to dryness and dried in vacuo. The solid obtained (1st and 2nd) was combined with the dried water layer and recycled using 10% methanol-acetone (900 mL), p-TsOH (16 g, 0.084 mol) by 1 hour stirring to yield crude (5)(5.6g). The crude product obtained was purified by a dry column over silica gel (MeOH-CHCl3, 1%-5%) to give (5) [Rf= 0.82 (CHCl3-MeOH, 10:1), 8.8 g, 61.84%] as a colorless oil. 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.26 and 1.32 (2 X s, 2 X 3 H, isopropylidene), 3.41 (dd, JCH2OH,OH = 6.04 Hz, JCH2OH,2=3.96 Hz, 2H, CH2OH), 3.56-4.16 (m, 6H, H-4, -5, -1' and -2'), 4.82 (t, JOH,CH2 = 6.0 Hz, 1 H, CH2OH, exchangeable with D2O), 4.85 (t, J2OH CH2OH = 3.96 Hz , 1H, H-2) . [α]D 25-12.48 (c, 1.11, CHCl3) , Anal , Calcd for C9 H16O5: 0, 52.93 ; H,7.90. Found: C, 52.95 ; H, 7.86.
Example 24 :
(+) - (1'S,2S,4S)-4-(1,2-Dihydroxymethyl-1,2-O-Isopropylidene)- 2-(O-benzoyloxymethyl)-dioxolane (6)
To a solution of (5) (8.5 g, 0.042 mol) in pyridine-CH2Cl2 (1:2- 120 mL) was added dropwise benzoyl chloride (6.5 mL, 0.056 mol) at 0°C and the temperature was raised to room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours, the reaction was quenched with methanol (10 mL) and the mixture was
concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (300 mL) and washed with water (100 mL X 2), brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered, evaporated to give a yellowish syrup, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc- Hx, 4% -30%) to yield (6) [Rf = 0.45 (Hx-EtOAc, 3:1), 10.7 g, 83.4%] as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.35 and 1.44 (2 X s, 2 X 3H, isopropylidene) 3.3-4.35 (m 6H, H-4, -5, -1' and - 2'), 4.44 (d, J=3.96 Hz, 2H, CH2-OBz), 5.29 (t, J=3.74 Hz, 1H,H-2), 7.3-7.64, 8.02-8.18 (m, 3H, 2H,
-OBz) . [α]D 25+10.73(c,1.75,MeOH). Anal. Calcd for
C16H20O6:C,62.33;H,6.54. Found: C,62.39; H, 6.54.
Example 25
(+) - (1'S,2S,4S.-4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)-2-(O-benzoyloxymethyl)-dioxolane (7)
The mixture of (6) (5.7 g. 0.018 mol) and p-TsOH (1.05 g. 0.0055 mol) in methanol (70 mL) was stirred at room
temperature for 2 hours. But the reaction was not completed, so the solvent was evaporated to half volume and were added methanol (50 mL) and p-TsOH (0.7 g, 3.68 mmol). After
stirring for one more hour, the reaction mixture was
neutralized by Et3N and the solvent was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Hx-EtOAC, 10%-33%) to give (7) [Rf=0.15(Hx-EtOAc, 1:1), 4.92 g, 99.2%] as a colorless syrup 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.43 (m, 2H, H-2'), 3.67-4.1 (m, 4H, H-4, -5 and -1'), 4.32 (d, J= 3.73 Hz, 2H, CH2-OBz), 4.60 (t,J=5.72 Hz, 2'-OH, exchangeable with D2O) , 5.23 (t, J= 3.96 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.45-7.7,7.93-8.04 (m, 3H, 2H, -OBz), [α]D 25 + 9.16 (c,1.01, CHCl3). Anal. Calcd for
C13H16O6:C,58.20; H,6.01. Found: C,58.02; H.6.04.
Example 26:
((-)-(2S,4S) and (2S,4R)-4-Acetoxy-2-(O-benzoyloxymethyl -dioxolane (9)
To a solution of (7) (3.04 g, 0.011 mol) in CCl4-CH3CN (1:1, 160 mL) was added a solution of NaI04 (10.18 g, 0.048 mol) in water (120 mL) and then Ru02-hydrate (0.02g). After the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours, the solid was removed by filtration over Celite and the filtrate was
evaporated to 1/3 volume. The residue was dissolved in
CH2Cl2(100 mL) and the water layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL X 2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, evaporated to dryness and dried in vacuo for 16 hours to give crude (8) (2.6 g, 91%).
To a solution of crude (8) (2.6 , 0.01 mol) in dry THF (60 mL) were added Pb(OAc)4(5.48 g, 0.0124 mol) and pyridine (0.83 mL, 0.0103 mol) under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 45 minutes under N2 and the solid was removed by filtration. The solid was washed with ethyl acetate (60 mL) and the combined organic layer was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Hx-EtOAc, 2:1) to yield (9) [Rf = 0.73 and 0.79 (Hx-EtOAc, 2:1), 1.9 g, 69.34%] as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.998, 2.11 (2X s, 3H, -OAC), 3.93-4.33 (m, 2H, H-5), 4.43, 4.48 (2 X d, J= 3.73 , 3.74 Hz , 2H, CH2OBz) , 5.46, 5.55 (2 X t, J= 4. 18 , 3 .63 HZ , 1H, H-2) , 6.42 (m, 1H, H-4) , 7. 33-7.59 , 8. 00-8.15 (m, 3H, 2H, -OBz) . [α]D 25-12.53 (c, 1.11, CHCl3) . Anal . Calcd for C13H14O6; C, 58.64 ; H, 5.30. Found: C, 58.78 ; H, 5.34.
Examples 27-29
The numbers in parentheses in Examples 27-29 refer to compound numbers in Scheme 2.
Example 27: (-)-(2S,4S)-1-[2-(benzoyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]cytosine(2), (+) - (2S,4R)-1-[2-(benzyloxy)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) cytosine(3)
A mixture of N4-acetylcytosine (1.24 g, 7.52 mmol) in dry dichloroethane (20 mL), hexamethyldisilazane (15 mL), and ammonium sulfate (cat.amount) was refluxed for 4 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting clear solution was cooled to room temperature. To this silylated acetylcytosine a solution of (1) (1.0 g, 3.76 mmol) in dry dichloroethene (10 mL) and TMSOTf (1.46 mL 7.55 mmol) were added and stirred for 6 hours, then saturated NaHCO3 (10 mL) was added and stirred for another 15 minutes and filtered through a Celite pad. The filtrate was evaporated and the solid was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with water and brine, dried, filtered and
evaporated to give the crude product. This crude product was purified on a silica column (5% MeOH/CHCl3) to yield a pure α,ß mixture of (2) and (3) (0.40 g, 30%) and the α,ß mixture of (4) and (5) (0.48 g, 40%). The mixture of (4) and (5) was reacetylated for separation, the combined α,ß mixture was separated by a long silica column (3% MeOH/CHCl3) to yield (2) (0.414g, 30.7%) and (3) (0.481 g, 35.6%) as foams. These foams were triturated with MeOH to obtain white solids. 2: UV (MeOH) λ max 298 nm; Anal. (C17H17N3O8) C, H, N. 3: UV (MeOH) λ max 298 nm. Example 28:
(-)-(2S,4S)-1-(2-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cytosine(6)
A solution of (2) (0.29g, 0.827) in MeOH/NH3 (50 mL, saturated at 0ºC) was stirred at room temperature for
10 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the crude was purified on preparative silica plates (20% MeOH/CHCl3) to give an oil. This was crystallized from CH2Cl2/hexane to give (6) (0.136 g, 77.7%) as a white solid. UV λ max 278.0 nm (e
11967) (pH 2), 270.0 nm (e 774) (pH 7), 269.0 nm (e8379) (pH 11); Anal. (C8H11N3O4)C,H,N.
Example 29:
(+)-(2S,4R)-1-(2-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cytosine(7)
A solution of (2) (0.35 g, 0.991) in MeOH/NH3 (50 mL), saturated at O'C was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the crude was purified on preparative silica plates (20% MeOH/CHCl3) to give an oil.
This was crystallized from CH2Cl2/hexane to give (7) (0.135 g, 64.3%) as a white solid. UV λ max 278.0 nm (e 13241) pH 2), 270.0 nm (e 13241) (pH 2), 270.0 nm (e 8780) (pH 7), 269.0 nm (∊ 9071) (pH 11); Anal. (C8H11N3O4)C, H, N.
Example 30:
Results of Biological Testing
Compounds - OddC and - SddC were tested following the same procedure as in Example 20 using the 2.2.15 cell line.
Compound HBVID50 Toxicity (Anti CEM cell ID50)
Figure imgf000061_0001
As can be seen the therapeutic index for -OddC should be equal or better than -SddC, in fact, from an economical point of view, -OddC may be even more valuable than -SddC due to its low ID50 (anti HBV).
Figure imgf000063_0001
Figure imgf000064_0001
It will be appreciated that the instant specification is set forth by way of illustration, and that various
modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims

What Is Claimed Is:
1. (-)3'-Thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the following formula:
Figure imgf000066_0001
2. (-)5-Fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the following formula:
Figure imgf000066_0002
3. A method of treating a patient suffering from hepatitis B virus or preventing hepatitis B virus infection comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of an active compound selected from the group consisting of (a) a compound having the formula (I)
Figure imgf000067_0001
wherein R is H or F, and (b) ß-dioxolane-cytosine, or a salt of said active compound or an ester of said active compound, either alone or in admixture within a diluent.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said active compound is the compound of formula (I) and is in admixture with a compound of the following formula (I"):
Figure imgf000067_0002
wherein R is H or F, or a salt or ester thereof either alone or in admixture with a diluent.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein R is H.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein R is F.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the active compound is (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the formula
Figure imgf000068_0001
8. The method of claim 3, wherein the active compound is (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine of the formula
Figure imgf000068_0002
9. The method of claim 3, wherein the active compound is (-)L-ß-dioxolane-cytosine.
10. The method of claim 3, wherein an ester of said active compound is administered.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein an ester of said active compound is administered.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein an ester of said active compound is administered.
13. The method of claim 3, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
14. The method of claim 3, wherein said active compound of formula is administered in a dose of 2 to 50 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
15. The method of claim 3, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 2 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
16. The method of claim 7 , wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
17. The method of claim 7, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 2 to 50 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
18. The method of claim 7, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 2 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
19. The method of claim 8, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
20. The method of claim 8, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 2 to 50 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
21. The method of claim 8, wherein said active compound is administered in a dose of 2 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
22. The method of claim 4, wherein said compound of formula (I") is administered in a dose of 1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
23. The method of claim 4, wherein said compound of formula (I") is administered in a dose of 2 to 50 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
24. The method of claim 4, wherein said compound of formula (I") is administered in a dose of 2 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day and said patient is a human.
25. The method of claim 3, wherein said active compound is administered in combination with an anti-viral effective amount of adenine arabinoside or interferon α.
26. A method for preparing (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine according to claim 1 comprising contacting
(±)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine with deoxycytidine deaminase, subjecting the resultant mixture to column chromatography and separating out said (-)3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein the column chromatography is HPLC.
28. A method for preparing (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'- dideoxycytidine according to claim 2 comprising contacting (±)5-fluoro-3'-thia-2',3'-dideoxycytidine with deoxycytidine deaminase, subjecting the resultant mixture to column chromatography and separating out said (-)5-fluoro-3'-thia- 2',3'-dideoxycytidine.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein the column
chromatography is HPLC.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein said contacting is carried out at a temperature of 37ºC for 16 hours.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein said contacting is carried out at a temperature of 37ºC for 16 hours.
32. (±)ß-Dioxolane-cytosine.
33. (-)-L-ß-Dioxolane-cytosine.
34. A compound of the formula
Figure imgf000071_0001
wherein Bz is a benzoyl group and Ac is an acetyl group.
35. A method of producing an L-isomer of a dioxolane nucleoside analog comprising (a) contacting L-gulose with an acid,
(b) oxidizing and then reducing the product from step (a) without selective protective to form a dioxolane triol having two adjacent hydroxyl groups,
(c) contacting the dioxolane triol from step (b) with protecting groups to selectively protect the two adjacent hydroxyl groups to form an isopropylidene compound,
(d) contacting the isopropylidene compound from step (c) with a benzoylating group and then conducting hydrolysis,
(e) oxidizing the product from step (d),
(f) subjecting the product from step (e) to an oxidative decarboxylation to form an acetate,
(g) contacting the product (f) with a silylated base and
(h) conducting debenzoylation on the product from
step (g).
36. The method of claim 35, wherein in step (a), L-glucose is contacted with HCl at a temperature of 100ºC; in step (b), the oxidation is carried out with NaIO4 and the reduction is carried out with NaBH4; in step (c) the protecting group is provided by p-toluene sulfonyl; in step (d), the benzoylating group is provided by benzoylchloride and the hydrolysis is carried out with sulfonyl p-toluene; in step (e) the oxidation is carried out with NaIO4 and RuO2; in step (f), the oxidative decarboxylation is carried out with Pb(OAc)4 and in step (g) the silylated base is trimethylsilyltriflate.
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