WO1992022777A2 - A full-range, high-efficiency liquid chiller - Google Patents
A full-range, high-efficiency liquid chiller Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1992022777A2 WO1992022777A2 PCT/CA1992/000238 CA9200238W WO9222777A2 WO 1992022777 A2 WO1992022777 A2 WO 1992022777A2 CA 9200238 W CA9200238 W CA 9200238W WO 9222777 A2 WO9222777 A2 WO 9222777A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- cooler
- conduit means
- water
- supercooled
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
- F28F9/027—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes
- F28F9/0275—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes with multiple branch pipes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
- F25B39/02—Evaporators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
- F25B47/006—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass for preventing frost
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C1/00—Producing ice
- F25C1/04—Producing ice by using stationary moulds
- F25C1/06—Producing ice by using stationary moulds open or openable at both ends
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C3/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
- F25C3/04—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow for sledging or ski trails; Producing artificial snow
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D31/00—Other cooling or freezing apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
- F28F19/006—Preventing deposits of ice
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/0229—Double end plates; Single end plates with hollow spaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
- F25B2339/02—Details of evaporators
- F25B2339/024—Evaporators with refrigerant in a vessel in which is situated a heat exchanger
- F25B2339/0242—Evaporators with refrigerant in a vessel in which is situated a heat exchanger having tubular elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
- F25C2303/048—Snow making by using means for spraying water
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/85—Food storage or conservation, e.g. cooling or drying
Definitions
- This invention relates to methods of, and apparatus for, cooling any liquid, said cooling being performed for any purpose, including the extraction of energy from said iiquid for heating purposes. More particularly, this invention is concerned with a simple and efficient method of obtaining and handling very cold liquids, down to and below their solid-liquid equilibrium temperature.
- a cooler is a component of a liquid-chilling system in which a liquid, usually an aqueous liquid (e.g. water or brine), is cooled by a refrigerant, in a conventional system, the coo ⁇ ling effect comes from the evaporation of said refrigerant.
- a liquid usually an aqueous liquid (e.g. water or brine)
- a refrigerant in a conventional system, the coo ⁇ ling effect comes from the evaporation of said refrigerant.
- the most common cooler types are: direct expansion and flooded (1990 ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration Systems and Applications).
- the refrigerant evaporates inside tubes, while the fluid to be cooled is channeled throughout the shell by a series of baffles.
- the fluid, flowing through the tubes gives its heat to the boiling liquid refrigerant on the shell side.
- These coolers are usually mounted horizontally. They are normally found in larger systems using screw or centrifugal compressors. In very large diameter shells, the heat transfer at the bottom can be adversely affected by the head of the refrigerant. This problem can be solved by spraying the liquid refrigerant all over the tubes instead of flooding them.
- Freezing of the fluid can cause considerable damage to coolers therefore some freeze protection must be provided.
- Two methods are used. Suction pressure can be held above the one corresponding to the freezing point of the fluid; or the system can be shut down when the fluid temperature gets too close to the freezing point.
- an evaporator-outlet temperature of 5°C is often considered as a safe lower limit.
- a freeze-up will occur: the freezing process will start at a location where the wall tem ⁇ perature is well below phase-equilibrium temperature and where the fluid velocity is low.
- the flow of water in the tubes does not exhibit any low velocity region; except maybe at the inlet where the flow might be detached for a certain distance inside: a low velocity bubble is then created where freezing might start.
- the real problem is in the cooler heads, where low-velocity water is exposed to the cold tubesheets.
- the freezing process will start there if the tubesheet is at a temperature below freezing.
- a direct-expansion cooler several low water velocity regions exist in the shell, which is crossed by cold tubes containing the evaporating refrigerant.
- the cooler outlet on the fluid side will usually be kept at 7°C. Since the inlet is at about 13°C, a ⁇ T (temperature differential) of only 6°C is thus available for energy absorption. This is an important limitation. If the ⁇ T could be doubled (e.g. by using a cooler capable of generating 1°C fluid outlet tempe ⁇ ratures), the system capacity could be doubled without even having to increase the size of the distribution system (pumps, piping and heat exchangers).
- the ⁇ T between the entering fluid and the refrigerant would then be about 17°C: this large value of the ⁇ T increases the irrever- sibility of the heat transfer and causes a significant decrease in the COP of the chilling system. d) The COP / capacity dilemma
- the invention provides a method of cooling liquids inside a liquid cooler, said cooler being connected to a liquid supply circuit including one or more conduit means through which said liquid flows; said conduit means passing through and being in contact with a cold medium in said cooler, said cooler and or said conduit means being straight or smoothly curved; said cooler being characterized by the fact that it is capable of cooling liquids down to very low temperatures, including the phase-equilibrium tempe ⁇ rature as well as supercooling temperatures, without inducing freezing of said liquid in said conduit means; said capability being obtained by one, two or all of the following three ways; the first of said ways being preventing the contact of the said liquid with a cold surface in locations where said liquid is stagnant or has a low velocity as compared to the average liquid velocity inside said conduit means passing through said cooler; the second of the said ways being the elimination of all said stagnant regions or said low velocity regions near said cold surfaces; the third of said ways being the elimination of the cold surfaces themselves.
- the invention also provides a method of handling supercooled liquids generated by a cooler in which outlet ends of individual supercooled-iiquid conduit-means of said cooler are provided with extensions, said extensions being capable of transferring said supercooled liquid to a remote location, said extensions being made out of any conve ⁇ nient material, e.g. metal, plastic, etc., said extensions being connected to said outlet ends, said connections being of any type, including the simple press-fit type.
- the invention also provides a method of handling supercooled liquids
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET generated by a cooler in which outlet ends of individual liquid conduit means of said coo ⁇ ler or extensions of said individual outlet ends of said liquid conduit means of said cooler, or outlet ends of main liquid conduit means, from which said supercooled liquid flows, are equipped in such a way as to prevent the formation of ice crystals at said outlet ends; said formation provoking a rapid blockage of said extensions or said main conduit means by inducing a phase change of part of said supercooled water, said phase change pro ⁇ ducing ice crystals, formation of said ice crystals being caused by said outlet ends being colder than ambiance; said ambiance being any liquid, including water, or any humid atmosphere; said atmosphere containing any gas or mixture of gas, including air, humi ⁇ dity in said humid atmosphere condensing on said outlet ends and eventually changing to ice crystals.
- Said supercooled liquid being stored in a reservoir for later use; or said supercooled liquid being used for any purpose, including, in the case of water, the cooling of meat, fruits and vegetables.
- the invention also provides an extremely efficient method for heating liquids initially at or near their solid-liquid equilibrium temperature; said heating being performed using very little outside energy; said heating being performed using thermal energy still present in rejected liquid; said rejected liquid being still warm; most of said heating being performed in a passive way using a liquid-liquid HX; said heating also being partly performed by the HSHE of a heat pump; said heat pump also having a CSHE, said CSHE being capable, when necessary, to supercool said rejected liquid.
- the invention also provides a method of cooling liquids com ⁇ prising a cooler, said cooler being the CSHE of a heat pump, said heat pump being used for heating or cooling purposes, or for any other purposes; said heat pump being of the vapor-compression (VCHP) type, the refrigerant circulating in said heat-pump circuit being of the non-azeotropic mixture type, said heat pump being characterized by the presence in the cycle of a reformer LPR; said reformer being a reservoir capable of containing said refrigerant in liquid and vapor phases; said vapor from the top of said reformer being entrained, compressed, condensed, and expanded within the hot-side por ⁇ tion of said circuit; said liquid from the bottom part of said reformer being entrained, circulated and evaporated within the cold-side portion of said heat-pump circuit; said cir ⁇ culation in said cold-side portion being produced by a refrigerant pump P; said pump being capable of producing an overfeeding of said cooler EV; said cycle
- VCHP
- the invention also provides methods of making artificial snow.
- a continuous flow of supercooled liquid water is changed to a flow of su ⁇ percooled droplets using any method, each of said supercooled droplets then rapidly changing into droplets containing a mixture of dendritic ice and water at 0°C, said dro ⁇ plets then being sent into cold ambiant air where they evolve to become snowflakes; or said droplets are used as seeders for larger droplets which will then grow into larger snowflakes.
- the invention provides a method of generating ice with a liquid cooler, said cooler possibly being the CSHE of a liquid chiller, said chiller being capable of cooling any liquid; said liquid being cooled by said cooler to supercooling temperatures; said exiting supercooled iiquid being made to partially change phase; said phase change providing a mixture of solid and cold liquid at the phase-equilibrium temperature; said change of phase being provoked by any convenient method; said mixture, and/or said solid, and or said cold liquid being used for any purpose.
- a liquid cooler possibly being the CSHE of a liquid chiller, said chiller being capable of cooling any liquid; said liquid being cooled by said cooler to supercooling temperatures; said exiting supercooled iiquid being made to partially change phase; said phase change providing a mixture of solid and cold liquid at the phase-equilibrium temperature; said change of phase being provoked by any convenient method; said mixture, and/or said solid, and or said cold liquid being used for any purpose.
- a solid-liquid water mixture said solid part being
- the invention provides a method of removing a slurry from within a reservoir and bringing said slurry, via conduit means, towards another location where it is needed; said method using a Coanda-effect wall-jet ejector, said ejector being characterized by the fact that said wall jet, having a relatively high speed, is capable, because of the Coanda effect, of following bellmouth-shaped entrance to said conduit means, its turbulent eddies thus being capable of breaking agglomerations of solid particles near said entrance, said wall jet being also capable of entraining said slurry into said conduit means, thus helping liquid pump in moving said slurry to said other loca ⁇ tion.
- the invention also provides a method of breaking up crystal agglo ⁇ merations inside a reservoir containing a liquid and said crystals; said breaking up being performed for any reason, including improving entrainment of said crystals into an outlet towards slurry conduit means; said method being characterized by the installation, in said outlet, of a "self-propelled" rotor, said rotor being made in such a way that it can be partly located inside conduit means and partly inside reservoir; the part of said rotor
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET located inside said conduit means acting as a turbine capable of driving any device, said device being the part of said rotor protruding inside said reservoir; the purpose of said device being mainly the breaking-up of ice-crystal agglomerations and also the entrain ⁇ ment of crystals towards said outlet; said turbine being designed approximately like one of the well known types of hydraulic turbines (e.g. axial type; or mixed flow type); said device being made approximately like a propeller or an axial flow pump or any component that can at the same time break-up said agglomerations and entrain said crystals; said method using relatively little external energy.
- hydraulic turbines e.g. axial type; or mixed flow type
- the invention provides another method of breaking up crystal agglomerations inside a reservoir for the purpose of improving entrainment of said crystals into an outlet, said breakup being performed by the action of several liquid jets, said jets preferably generating a vortex inside said reservoir, axis of rotation of said vortex passing through (or close to) said outlet; said vortex being generated because axes of said jets are not parallel to one another and do not meet at a point, the path of every individual jet crossing said axis of said vortex at approximately identical angles much smaller than 90°, preferably of the order of 30°; said crossings being made at a small and preferably identical distance from said axis of said vortex; said crossings all being approximately in the same plane; said plane being approximately perpendicular to said axis of said vortex; said jets creating entrainment of said agglomerations towards said outlet; said jets also creating rotation of said agglomerations; said jets then acting as so many jet saws capable of cutting through said
- the invention also provides still another method of breaking up crystal agglomerations inside a reservoir, said breakup being performed by the action of a giant "egg-beater" type of device, said device being preferably installed close to the re ⁇ servoir outlet in such a way as to direct resulting slurry towards said outlet.
- the invention provides a method of generating artificial snow independently of weather conditions, in which a continuous flow of supercooled li ⁇ quid water at about -0,8°C is changed into a mixture of ice crystals and water by any convenient method, said ice crystals being separated from mixture and accumulated by any convenient method, said crystals having the look and feel of natural snow.
- the invention provides a method of conditioning water in fish hatcheries and other similar applications in which heating (or cooling, in summer) is mostly performed passively in a heat exchanger HX and also partly by the HSHE (or CSHE, in summer) of a heat pump, said heat pump being of any type, including the VCHP type; in winter, cold fresh water at 0°C (or more) being circulated into said heat ex ⁇ changer HX where it picks up energy, said warmed water then going through HSHE of said heat pump where it picks up more energy and from which it exits at the proper temperature and enters fish reservoir; overflowing warm gray water then flowing out of fish reservoir, being circulated through said HX where it loses most of its energy to incoming fresh water; colder gray water out of said HX then going through CSHE of said heat pump; coming out of said CSHE and then being disposed of; said gray water then being at about the same temperature (0°C or more) as when it first came in as fresh water; with system in normal operating
- the invention provides a method of solid/liquid separation whereby slightly supercooled liquid inside a reservoir is forced through a porous mem ⁇ brane of any type, ice then starting to build up all over said membrane, said membrane then acting as a crystallizer.
- the invention provides a method of joining flows of supercooled liquid from two or more conduit means in order to create a larger flow of supercooled liquid inside a larger conduit means, by making sure that said flows of su ⁇ percooled liquid; between said small and said larger conduit means, do not endure any im ⁇ portant mechanical or thermal perturbation, including large changes in velocity (i.e. speed and direction).
- the invention provides a method of cooling liquids down to or below their phase equilibrium temperature using a hybrid multiple-cascade heat- pumping system comprising preferably 3 absorption heat pumps (AHP-j to AHP3), said AHPs using any working pair, including LiBr-H2 ⁇ ; said system also preferably using 2 vapor-compression heat pumps (VCHP2 and VCHP3); said AHPs being normally unable to attain the very low temperatures necessary for providing desired final state, said AHPs being helped here by VCHPs in cascade; warm liquid coming from load first being cooled by AHP-) ; then chilled liquid out of AHP-) entering VCHP2 where it is cooled a few more degrees, cold-liquid circuit of said VCHP2 being installed in series with cold-liquid circuit of said AHP-j ; said liquid out of VCHP2 finally entering VCHP3, cold-liquid circuit of said VCHP3 being installed in series with cold-liquid circuit of said VCHP2; fully cooled li ⁇ quid, out
- This method of generating very cold or supercooled liquids is characterized by the fact that the system, while remaining essentially an absorption system (most of its driving power still coming in as heat energy), permits the use, as main components, of conventional AHPs which would normally be unable by themselves of deeply cooling liquids.
- This method is further characterized by the fact that, despite the low working temperatures, the resulting COP is almost as good as the one obtained normally with AHPs working at much higher temperatures.
- Figures 1 and 2 show schematic diagrams of one-pass and two-pass flooded shell-and-tube coolers based on the present invention.
- Figures 3, , 5 and 6 show several alternative designs also ba ⁇ sed on the present invention.
- Figures 7 and 9 show schematic diagrams of improved refrigeration cycles permitting an efficient generation of very cold liquid flows.
- Figures 8 and 10 show true counterflow coolers based on the present invention and capable of using, to the fullest, the non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures.
- Figure 11 shows a sim ⁇ plified atomizer for supercooled liquids, the probable main application being the genera ⁇ tion of "artificial" snow.
- Figure 12 shows a heat-pump arrangement permitting a very efficient conditioning of water, one application being in fish aquaculture installations.
- the invention provides simple methods of yielding very cold liquid flows, down to tem ⁇ peratures heretofore impossible to attain with any machine. It also proposes improved thermody ⁇ amic cycles permitting attaining these low temperatures in a very efficient manner. a) A low temperature cooler
- FIG. 1 shows a modified flooded cooler (9) designed according to the present in ⁇ vention. It features double tubesheets (7a, 7b and 7'a, 7'b), the spaces (13, 13') between the latter being filled with insulation, e.g. polyurethane foam, air, etc. The width of that space (13, 13') should be sufficient to provide a good heat barrier, e.g.
- Preventing the cold medium (e.g. refrigerant R) from getting into the spaces (13, 13') between the tubesheets (7a, 7b and 7'a, 7'b) is easy; for example by expanding the tube (10) diameter into said tubesheets by means of an expander.
- Many expansion methods are available (see “Heat Exchangers; Selection, Design and construction", a book by E.A.D. Saunders; John Wiley and Sons, New York).
- FIG. 2 shows another cooler (9) designed according to the present invention. It features two tubeside passes (that is, the fluid goes twice through the shell, e.g. once from left to right, in the lower part of the shell, and back from right to left in the higher part), which reduce the length of said cooler (9) for a given fluid temperature difference between inlet (5) and outlet (6). It also features the above described double tubesheets and smooth fluid-tube inlets (3a). An optional baffle (1) is also added for separating the outlet (2) and inlet (3) flows, said baffle extending far enough inside the cooler right-hand head (14) to effectively prevent one fluid flow (2) from disrupting the other (3). A baffle length equivalent to about 10 tube diameters should be sufficient.
- the insulating material (16) could also be installed on the liquid side of the tubesheets, i.e. between the liquid to be cooled and the tubesheet (7a), thus eliminating the cold sur ⁇ face itself.
- tubesheet (7a) could also be actively heated in some way. Although this active heating normally would not be done, it is possible to imagine instances in which it could become desirable, ther- modynamicaliy speaking.
- subcooling of the iiquid refrige ⁇ rant from condenser, before its entrance into the expansion device provides improved cycle efficiency. Said subcooling could be performed by sending said liquid refrigerant into the space (13) between tubesheets (7a, 7b). Care should be taken as the final tempe ⁇ rature of said subcooled liquid refrigerant should not fall below entering-liquid (5) temperature.
- a cooler (9) like the one in figure 4a, having the proper length and the proper coolant-to-liquid ⁇ T, will give an outlet temperature of 0°C.
- the same cooler (9) would have the capability of providing an outlet temperature of about -3°C. If the liquid were pure water, that outlet temperature would correspond to a supercooled state.
- a liquid is said to be supercooled if it is at a temperature well below the phase-equilibrium temperature while still in the liquid phase.
- the supercooled state is a metastable state. In such a state, a substance has a certain phase stability; but if disturbed, it will try to acquire a greater stability, i.e.
- phase equilibrium temperature e.g. 0°C for pure water
- sources of perturbations mechanical, thermal, etc.
- cooler (9) When fitted with longer conduit extensions (21), cooler (9) will also be capable of deli ⁇ vering said supercooled liquids to a nearby (or remote) reservoir (26) (fig. 4c).
- Said ex ⁇ tensions (21) can be of any length and made out of any convenient material, including plastic.
- Connection (51) between said extension (21) and said extended fluid tube (20) can be of any type, including using soft-plastic unions, e.g. press-fitted in place.
- liquid (5) entering individual tubes in figure 4b will normally come from a distribution chamber located at some distance upstream, said chamber being in any con ⁇ venient position (e.g. above) relative to shell (9). Said chamber thus replaces the inlet head (4) of cooler (9), being in effect a cooler head (4) separated from shell (9) by a large space (13), said space being completely open to atmosphere.
- the reservoir (26) does not have to be open to atmosphere: the system will work just as well, for example, with reservoir (26) under high inert gas pressure. It should be stressed also that supercooled liquids can be stored in a reservoir (26) almost as easily as any conventional liquid, the only condition being a careful handling (minimum of perturbations). That can be done, for example, by guiding jet(s) of super ⁇ cooled liquids so that it hits container walls at an angle much smaller than 90° (preferably 30° or less). It is also possible to deliver supercooled liquids to a reservoir through an inlet located below liquid surface. Instead of being stored, supercooled liquids
- SUBSTITUTE S EET can also be delivered to locations far from the cooler (9), provided said liquids are handled according to the principles given in the present invention.
- figure 5a shows one of several possible designs for a one-tube- side-pass cooler capable of generating supercooled liquids: connectors (31) are used to connect the tube extensions (20), inside the cooler head (14), to the main conduit means (33).
- said connectors (31) can be joined in different ways. For example, they can be glued or soldered to one another, side by side, and press fitted inside an extension (32) of the head (14). Said head (14) could be made in 2 parts one of which could be removed for inspec ⁇ tion.
- FIG. 5b shows a 3-tubeside-pass cooler designed according to the present invention, perfectly smooth flow being maintained bet ⁇ ween inlet (5') and outlet (32) of said cooler (9).
- the 180° elbows (34) in figure 5b could be located inside the shell (9), if desired, instead of inside the heads (4, 14): this, however, would prevent easy cleaning of the inside of conduit means (10).
- said 180° elbows (34) can exhibit relatively sharp turning radiuses. For example, mean radiuses as small as 0,7 times the tube outside dia ⁇ meter have been used successfully.
- figure 5c shows a liquid cooler that can easily be transformed into a liquid "supercooler" of the type shown in figure 5a, said transformation being obtained by the addition of extensions (connectors) (31) to individual liquid conduit-means (20), said ex ⁇ tensions (31) then permitting the creation of a large flow in a large conduit means (33). It is also possible to transform the cooler of figure 5c into the "supercooler" of figure 4 c by the addition of individual extensions (21) and by the removal of the head (14).
- Said outlet ends or tips (22', 22, 36) are sometimes in a very humid atmosphere, for example in the space above the liquid level inside a reservoir (26). Said outlet ends or tips (22', 22, 36) also tend to be very cold, at about the same temperature as the supercooled liquid. Humidity will thus con ⁇ dense on said cold tips. Being at a temperature below phase equilibrium temperature, the condensed humidity will eventually freeze and ice crystals will touch the flow of super ⁇ cooled water (23). Ice will then rapidly accumulate on said tips, thus preventing the liquid from flowing. This in turn will provoke freezing inside the conduit means (10).
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET The problem can be solved by preventing the freezing of said condensation on said tips (22', 22, 36), or by preventing said condensation itself. There are many ways of doing this. For example, constructing said tips using certain materials like urethanes helps a lot. Depositing on said tips an anti-fogging material can also prevent condensation. Another method is simply the local heating of the surfaces of said tips. Said heating can be done by any of the known heating means, using conduction and/or convection and/or ra ⁇ diation as the basic heat-transfer methods. Local surface heating using resistive paper or conductive paints as a heating element is a possibility. Using chemical (exothermic) paints is another.
- Circulation of a warm liquid in a small conduit means (36') at or near the tip (36) of the main conduit means (33) is another possibility (fig. 5a).
- Simply heating said tips with a flow of warm room air using a small fan was also found to be effective in the case when the reservoir is open to atmosphere. Many other methods could be imagined.
- FIG. 6b shows an element (60) of a plate type cooler featuring internal channels (61). Both types (fig. 6a, 6b) can be desi ⁇ gned to cool liquids down to and below the freezing point if the fundamental concepts ex ⁇ plained above are applied. In both cases, regions of low velocities near cold surfaces have simply been eliminated. In the latter case, the plates (e.g.
- roll-bonded aluminium could be stacked-up, the space (62) between plates (60) being used for the circulation of the cold medium, the individual flows (2) of cold liquid merging in a manifold designed according to the present invention.
- the individual flows (2) of cold liquid merging in a manifold designed according to the present invention By properly directing the fluid and the cold medium flows (in a fashion similar to what is done in the case of shell-and-tube coolers), it is possible to design plate-type coolers capable of countercurrent heat exchange. Other de ⁇ signs of plate-type HX capable of supercooling liquid are possible.
- An example of such a system would be composed of 4 subsystems of equal capacities installed in series, each one being capable of cooling the liquid by about 3°C, this small fluid ⁇ T across each cooler helping in maintaining good efficiency.
- the fluid would enter the lead subsystem at about 12°C, go through each subsystem, one after the other, and leave the lag unit at about 0°C.
- the condenser water would enter the lag unit at, say, 26°C, in turn go through each condenser, and leave the lead unit at 38°C. Since the ⁇ T between the fluid and the refrigerant would be uniformly small, in the CSHE as well as in the HSHE, the overall heat-transfer efficiency would be good and the system COP would be nearer its theoretical maximum.
- the arrangement would also have the advantage that in case of a decrease in the load, one or more of the subsystems could be shut down.
- AHP absorption heat pump
- CHP chemical heat pump
- Figure 7a shows an example of what we could call a hybrid multiple-cascade system, ca ⁇ pable of generating very cold liquids (e.g. 0°C water) or supercooled liquids efficiently if large quantities of cheap, low-grade heat are available.
- AHP be arranged in series fashion (along the liquid circuit) with one (or more) VCHP, in order to bring, in two or more steps, the liquid temperature down to its desired low final value.
- one (or more) AHP (or CHP) is also coupled in cascade fashion with one (or more) VCHP heat pump.
- AHP-j with a capacity of 4 MW (about 1100 tons) is capable of bringing the 12°C water (80), coming from load, down to 6°C (81).
- the cascade sub ⁇ system AHP2 VCHP2 (2 MW capacity) is installed in series (in the liquid circuit) with AHP1 in order to bring water (81) from 6 °C to 3 °C (82).
- AHP 2 would not be capable of bringing the water (81) temperature down from 6°C to 3°C. It is merely used here as a source of cooling water (CW ) at about 6°C for the condenser of VCHP2.
- VCHP 3 (2 MW) is capable, with the help of AHP 3 (about 2,2 MW) as a source of cooling water (CW3), of bringing the water (82) to its final temperature of 0°C
- the overall system capacity is 8 MW.
- the sources of power could be: about 12 MW of low grade heat, and about 0,5 MW of mechanical power, assuming a typical COP of 0,75 for the AHPs.
- this mechanical power does not have to be provided by an electric motor; a diesel engine (or any convenient driver) could be used, the fuel being oil, natural gas or any other convenient fuel.
- the evaporator of AHP could be used directly as the condenser of VCHP2: the re ⁇ frigerant in the VCHP2 circuit would then condense, in indirect contact with the refrige ⁇ rant evaporating in AHP2. Same thing for AHP3 and VCHP3. Two HX would thus be saved and the COP of the system would be even greater than in the above described case.
- the above-described cascade arrangements are of course capable of supercooling water and generating either solid ice, snow or ice slurries.
- the system shown in figure 7c is capable of delivering supercooled water at -2°C directly.
- ice could be made during off-peak hours, for later daytime use.
- a night-operation scheme could then look like the one shown in figure 7d; in such a case, the AHP would operate at part load, generating cooling water both for the condenser of said VCHP and for the nighttime (reduced) building load., said building then being cooled using 6°C water
- NARM non- azeotropic refrigerant mixtures
- phase changes are not constant temperature processes; it is thus possible to keep a small and constant ⁇ T between the fluid and the refrigerant.
- the evaporation in the CSHE can induce a 10, 20 or even 30°C temperature increase (or glide). A corresponding decrease in temperature will happen in the HSHE, during condensation.
- the first is that the temperature glide of the refrigerant during phase change be the same as the temperature glide of the fluid, in the evaporator as well as in the condenser.
- the other criterion is that both the evaporator and the condenser be counter-flow heat exchangers.
- the conven ⁇ tional flooded shell-and-tube HX (cooler) is thus inappropriate for such an application.
- the best type of HX for real counterflow heat exchange is the basic double-pipe or tube-in-tube element. For large systems, however, other arrangements have to be found.
- FIG 8 A real counterflow HX suitable both for secondary refrigerants and for non-azeotropic phase-change fluids, and designed according to the present invention, is shown in figure 8: it is what we might call a one-tubeside-pass "shell-and-multi-double- tube” cooler featuring three tubesheets (7a, 7b, 7c) at each end. It provides full coun ⁇ terflow without presenting any limit to the maximum capacity. It can be built with any convenient number of passes, both on the fluid side and on the refrigerant side. If modi ⁇ fied according to the general principles explained above, it can also be used to generate supercooled liquids.
- Figure 9a shows an improved VCHP cycle featuring a low-pressure receiver, LPR, acting as a reformer (i.e. a partial distiller), capable of partially separating the components of the NARM: the liquid at the bottom, rich in high-boiling-temperature ( less volatile, more dense) component(s) (70) leaves, going towards the pump P and the evaporator EV, while the vapor (71), being rich in the low-boiling-temperature component(s) (more volatile) leaves, going towards the compressor C.
- a fresh flow of partially evaporated refrigerant mixture (72) comes from an overfed evaporator EV, appearing here as a two-shell HX (EV-j , EV2).
- Said fresh flow (72) provides the reservoir LPR with vapor (71) for the compressor (C) as well as with new liquid (70) for the evaporator, said liquid and vapor having roughly the needed composition.
- Liquid refrigerant also comes at a smaller rate through valve FL from condenser CR (appearing here as a two-part HX, CR-
- the liquid (5) to be chilled flows counter-current to the flow of refrigerant in evaporator EV and leaves at (6).
- Condenser cooling water also flows counter-current to the refrigerant in condenser CR.
- refrigerant mixture is partly dependant on the temperature dif ⁇ ferential needed in the evaporator, on the fluid side.
- An almost infinite number of NARM can be used.
- Another possibility is the pair R22/R114.
- Many other binary or ternary mixtures are possible. It should be noted that if the overfeed rate
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET is large, the refrigerant (R) will behave in the cooler (9) almost like a (non-evaporating) highly subcooled fluid.
- the design of the coolers- (9) can then be simplified, as will be seen below.
- the pump P is capable of providing us with that large flow. In a way, the cycle is thus similar to the well known liquid-overfeed system, which has many well known advantages: smaller sized components, high system efficiency and well reduced operating costs (ASHRAE Handbook: op. cit.).
- This basic cycle can be modified and/or improved upon in different ways; what is impor ⁇ tant is the presence here of a reformer LPR which permits sending mixtures of different composition to the hot side and the cold side of the heat pump circuit. How different these compositions will be, depends in a large part upon the overfeed rate through the eva ⁇ porator. It also depends upon the NARM chosen.
- the denser component can represent more than 75% of the total mass flow in compressor C, but less than 50% in evaporator EV; i.e. the concentration of the dense component can thus go from 1 :1 in the evaporator to 3:1 in the compressor (C). The higher the density of the vapor going to the compressor (C), the greater the capacity of the system.
- the capacity of such a system can also be modulated by using methods similar to the ones used in more "conventional" systems.
- the extraction system shown in figure 9b can change the average level of pressure and density in the system, permitting a modulation of the capacity (dayly, weekly or seasonal modulation). This is done by re ⁇ moving from circulation (extracting and temporarily storing) some refrigerant extrac ⁇ ted from either one of two points: at or near the condenser exit, for example at the top (73) of the high-pressure receiver HPA; or along the condenser itself, immediately after the point where the desuperheating is complete (about one fourth to one third of the way along the condenser), using separator reservoir SR-j .
- Vapor at the top of HPA is rich in the low-boiler, volatile, higher-density component(s): removing this vapor from the circuit (via valve V3), by condensing it and storing it in the extraction receiver ER, will give a decrease in system capacity. Extracting the liquid (rich in the high-boiler, non-volatile components) from the bottom of SR- ) (via valve V ) will have the opposite effect.
- the valves V-jto V3, which control the extraction process, can be made to respond automatically to a change in demand.
- a subcooler S can be installed: the liquid (75) from condenser CR and/or high pressure accumulator HPA is subcooled by giving up heat to the cold liquid (76) coming from pump P. Said subcooling of said liquid refrigerant (75) can also be ob ⁇ tained by putting it in indirect contact (75) with cool liquid about to enter (5) the cooler EV (fig. 9c).
- Removing the already vaporized refrigerant at the exit of EV-j (77) (fig. 9c) and sending it (78) directly to reformer LPR will also ensure a still larger concentration of non-vo ⁇ latile components in cooler EV and more of the dense vapor at the top of reformer LPR, thus improving cycle capacity and efficiency.
- extracting some iiquid from the bottom of SR2 and sending it to the reformer LPR will ensure that the mixture entering CR2 is rich in volatile component(s), thus improving on the heat-transfer properties on the refrigerant side in CR .
- figure 9d shows a cycle featuring a low-pressure reformer LPR, an over ⁇ fed evaporator EV within a low-pressure circuit L-j , an overfed condenser CR within a high-pressure circuit L3, and, in between, a compression circuit L2.
- Said high-pressure circuit L3 also comprises a high-pressure reformer HPR for partially separating the re ⁇ frigerant mixture (79) into its components.
- and L2 are thus connected via LPR; L2 and L3 are connected via HPR.
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET rich in dense compo ⁇ ent(s) will be re-routed to the condenser CR by the blower B.
- Said blower B is capable of overfeeding said condenser CR, the overfeed rate having any va ⁇ lue, including 1.
- Said blower B and said pump P will thus have very similar functions.
- the cycle in figure 9d can also be used with advantage with pure refrigerants or with azeotropic mixtures of refrigerants.
- HPR and LPR will simply become li ⁇ quid-vapor separators.
- Said overfeeding in CR and/or EV will still be very useful because of its potential for improving system COP and decreasing costs.
- Said condenser overfee ⁇ ding can be used independently of said evaporator overfeeding.
- a condenser overfeeding system would be perfect in an application like the one shown in figure 7b, where calculations show that AHP2's evaporator will normally be unable to completely condense the refrigerant circulated in circuit VCHP2; the same thing being said for AHP3.
- Figure 10 schematically shows a countercurrent cooler designed according to the inven ⁇ tion and having one shell-side pass and one tube-side pass.
- the number of liquid conduit means (10) in the shell (9) can be as large as needed.
- such a cooler is capable of providing whatever fluid ⁇ T is needed, assuming the shell (9) is long enough.
- the relative volume-flow rate of vapor generated will be small and the cooler will behave almost like a true countercurrent liquid-to-liquid HX, the closeness of the fluid tubes providing the guiding walls needed by the refrigerant for an orderly coun ⁇ tercurrent flow: the tube-in-tube arrangement of figure 8 is thus unnecessary here.
- Still more orderly flow could be obtained with conduit means (10) featuring longitudinal fins.
- Figure 10 shows quite clearly how the mere presence of 2 longitudinal fins per conduit means (10) could provide very good flow guidance as well as improved heat transfer. Of course, many other fin arrangements could be used.
- the cooler (9) of figure 10 could be further improved upon with the installation of a tu ⁇ besheet (37) made out of a porous material or out of any material providing a small pressure drop, for the purpose of improving the crosswise evenness of the refrigerant flow in the cooler.
- a second porous tubesheet (37') could also be installed in a similar fa ⁇ shion at the other end of the cooler.
- Such a cooler (9) will give the same good results as the one shown in figure 8, being particularly useful with liquid-overfeed systems and/or with non-azeotropic refrigerants, but with reduced size, complexity and cost.
- the said porous tubesheet (37) could also perform part of the "expansion" of the liquid refrigerant exiting from the hot side of the heat pump.
- Liquid "expansion" from high to low pressure inside the cooler (9) itself could be per ⁇ formed in many other ways.
- one of the fluid conduit means (10) inside said cooler (9) could be replaced by a capillary tube extending between tubesheet 7'b and tu ⁇ besheet 7b; the iiquid refrigerant under pressure would, for example, enter space 13', where it would be partly subcooled, go through said capillary tube while being cooled (countercurrent) by neighbouring evaporating refrigerant mixture R.
- said liquid refrigerant After going through cooler EV, said liquid refrigerant would have a reduced pressure and would be sent di ⁇ rectly to reservoir LPR (valve FL then being superfluous).
- the single shell of cooler (9) in figure 10 would have to be quite long, its length could be cut in half by installing two shorter shells in series. Building each one of said shorter shells with two shell-side passes and two tube-side passes would further reduce the length of said shorter shells for a given fluid ⁇ T. Many such combina ⁇ tions could be imagined.
- the counterflow cooler (9) of figure 10 and all of its possible adaptations can be made to handle supercooled liquids by applying the general principles explained above.
- the full-range chiller has obvious applications in the field of space cooling. It also has many other applications in very diversified fields. Following are more details on some of these applications.
- the liquid chillers described above can be used in a large number of cooling applications, especially space cooling.
- the (SUPERPAC) full-range chiller can be installed in series with a conventional chiller to obtain water at any tempe ⁇ rature between 6°C and 0°C (using one SUPERPAC unit or, preferably, two SUPERPAC units in series, for better efficiency).
- a final temperature of 0°C would give an increase in system capacity of more than 100% without any change in the size of the main chilled- water line.
- ⁇ i ' - U i fc water can be made to partially change phase: the ice crystals are accumulated while the liquid is recirculated to obtain more ice.
- the floating ice crystals can be used for short or long term energy storage.
- the water at the bottom of the reservoir can be circulated in the building and used as the energy transport fluid.
- the slurry itself can also be used as the energy transport fluid.
- Another possible arrangement for obtaining an ice slurry for energy storage purposes would be the following: during off-peak hours, the lag unit (used normally for generating very cold water, e.g. at 0°C), could be used to obtain supercooled water and ice crystals. During day time, this ice could be used to shave the peak load, while said lag unit would come back to its normal use, e.g. the cooling of water from 3°C to 0°C.
- the crystallization of supercooled liquids can be obtained by a mechanical or thermal perturbation; for example, an abrupt change in direction, a vibra ⁇ tion of any frequency (e.g. from a sonic or ultrasonic generator); by a cooling element (e.g. of the thermo-electric type) touching the liquid (e.g. partly under and partly above liquid level), etc.; or by seeding the supercooled liquid with ice crystal or a piece of ice obtained elsewhere.
- a mechanical or thermal perturbation for example, an abrupt change in direction, a vibra ⁇ tion of any frequency (e.g. from a sonic or ultrasonic generator); by a cooling element (e.g. of the thermo-electric type) touching the liquid (e.g. partly under and partly above liquid level), etc.; or by seeding the supercooled liquid with ice crystal or a piece of ice obtained elsewhere.
- the ice slurry accumulating in the reservoir is probably the ideal energy transport fluid, in new installations as well as in retrofit situations: at the proper solids concentration (e.g. 20%), it will circulate in pipes, pumps and heat exchangers. Its energy absorption capability being more than 4 times that of iiquid water at 6°C, mass flows in main lines will be 4 times less, pumping power will be about 5 times less, line diameters about 50% smaller, etc.
- Different storage strategies can be- utilized depending on the application, the main advantage always being that pure water can be used instead of solutions containing glycol or other environmentally sensitive freezing-point depressants.
- ho ⁇ wever, additives can be added to the slurry to further improve its characteristics: anti ⁇ friction and anti-corrosion additives, dispersants that will prevent the agglomeration of the crystals, etc.
- ice slurry (24') i.e. a mixture of ice crystals (24) and cold liquid (25)
- ice slurry (24') i.e. a mixture of ice crystals (24) and cold liquid (25)
- dispersants will prevent crystal agglomeration and ensuing blockage of outlet (42) with ice crystals (24).
- Said dispersants will also im ⁇ prove slurry flow inside conduit means (28), said flow being provided by slurry pump (SP).
- SP slurry pump
- a special design of the reservoir outlet (42) can also help ice crystals (24) to en ⁇ ter the ice-slurry conduit means (28).
- Figure 4c shows one possible design, based on the ejector principle, with the added feature of a "Coanda” inlet.
- the pump (29) removes li ⁇ quid (25) from reservoir (26) and sends it (43) to distribution chamber (44) from where it is pushed through thin slot (45); because of the "Coanda effect” (and of the pump SP, here), the resulting wall jet (46) (having, in this example, a circular symmetry) "sticks" to the wall of bellmouth-shaped outlet (27) (see any good book on fluid mechanics for an explanation) and enters into conduit (28).
- Liquid (25) and ice crystals (24) from reser ⁇ voir are entrained very efficiently by said wall-jet (46) into conduit (28), agglomera ⁇ tions close to outlet (27) being easily broken-up by turbulent wall jet (46).
- agglomera ⁇ tions close to outlet (27) being easily broken-up by turbulent wall jet (46).
- Many varia ⁇ tions of the same theme are possible; for example, two co-axial jets could be used, one helping the other. What is new here is the efficient combination ejector/wall jet(s)/"Coanda effect".
- the ice crystals (24) would move more easily towards said outlet (42) if large ice- crystal agglomerations were broken down into smaller agglomerations by one or more jets (49) of liquid, said liquid (47) flowing through pipe (48) having been pumped from the bottom of reservoir (26) by a pump similar to pump (29).
- jets (49) could also be arranged in such a way as to produce a vortex having its axis going through outlet (42), all axes of said jets (49) being at an approximately identical angle (e.g. 30°) with said axis of said vortex, said axes of said jets (49) all passing at a small and approxima ⁇ tely identical distance fror ⁇ said axis of said vortex.
- Said large ice agglomerations would then be broken down by said multiple jets (49), said jets acting like so many water-jet saws.
- Outlets of pipes (48) should preferably be located above liquid level. Entrainment of small agglomerations towards said outlet (42) would also be very efficient. Other phy- sical arrangements are possible. What is new here is the combination of sawing action and entrainment action, resulting in moving and cutting said large agglomerations at the same time.
- a simpler way of destroying ice-crystal agglomerations, using relatively little external energy, is the installation, inside said reservoir outlet (42), of a "self-propelled" rotor, said rotor being made in such a way that it can be partly located inside conduit means (28) and partly inside reservoir (26), the part of said rotor located at least partly inside said conduit means (28) acting as a turbine capable of driving any device, said device being the part of said rotor protruding inside said reservoir (26), the purpose of said device being mainly the breakup of ice-crystal agglomerations and also the entrainment of crystals towards said outlet (42); said turbine being designed approximately like one of the well known types (e.g. axial (Kaplan) type; or mixed flow type); said device being made approximately like a propeller, an axial flow pump or any component that can at the same time break up said agglomerations and entrain said crystals.
- Kaplan axial
- mixed flow type mixed flow type
- the coolers constructed according to the present invention can also be used as CSHE for liquid-source heat pumps, using conventional cycles as well as the new improved cycles described above.
- a CSHE design such as the one in fig. 1
- water cooled to about 2°C or 3°C can be used as a source of heat, for space heating as well as for many other uses.
- the temperature of the source can be as low as 0°C. This cannot be done with other types of CSHE now on the market.
- CSHE designs such as the ones shown in fig. 4, 5, etc., liquids at the freezing point (e.g. from a lake, during the winter period) can be used as a heat source.
- the supercooled water coming out of the machine is simply returned to the large body of water where it will tend, being lighter than water at 4 °C (and at 0 °C), to rise to the surface and mix with the ambiant water; if ice is generated by this mixing process, it will tend to float on the surface.
- Such heat pumps can be used for space heating. They can also be used in many special si- tuations, e.g. snow-melting plants, mine heating systems, etc.
- a possible ar ⁇ rangement could be the following: a large pit similar to a very large swimming pool is dug in the ground. Its walls are then covered with a large number of pipe loops in which the warm fluid (e.g. a brine heated with the energy from the heat-pump HSHE) will circulate. Said loops are then covered with several cm of earth. When trucks dump their load of snow into the pit, the bottom and the sidewalls of the pit being warm, the snow will melt and drain down into the soil.
- the warm fluid e.g. a brine heated with the energy from the heat-pump HSHE
- the melted snow can also be sent to a water treatment plant; in this case, an impermeable sheet (e.g. a plastic sheet) would have to be layed down over the bottom and side-walls of the pit (e.g. after covering said pipe loops with earth). Many improvements to such an installation could be imagined.
- an impermeable sheet e.g. a plastic sheet
- the arrangement could be the following.
- the quantity of water which has to be pumped out is specific to each site, but is normally quite large, say of the order of 5 LVs and more. This water is normally at a temperature of about 7°C all year long. It is thus a good source of energy for a heat pump intended for heating ventilation air.
- the problem is that air mass flows are enormous compared to water flows. It is thus important to remove as much energy as possible from said mine water. It means that said water should exit the CSHE of the said heat pump at 0°C or less, which is only possible when using the invention. But even so, the quantity of water available is still too small for the amount of heating involved.
- One solution to this problem is the following. Let us say that a circulation of 25 IJs in said CSHE were needed to perform said air heating with the HSHE of said heat pump. Said 25 s of water could be removed from the mine shaft, pumped
- Very deep mines must be cooled because the earth gets warmer as one digs deeper: at 4000 m, it is at an approximate temperature of 60°C. Obviously, the ambiant air down below must be cooled. Since the above described full-range chiller is capable of genera ⁇ ting very cold water down to about -2°C, it becomes possible to send cold or supercoo ⁇ led water into the mine from ground level (or any underground level), being sure that it will arrive at the bottom still very cold. This could even be a more economical proposition than the circulation of ice slurries being studied for certain very deep mines. If desired, such ice slurries can also be generated by the above described invention and circulated inside the mine.
- the method used for delivering said supercooled liquid into droplet form the basic parameter being the fact that the snow is made here from liquid previously cooled or supercooled by a machine.
- the basic parameter being the fact that the snow is made here from liquid previously cooled or supercooled by a machine.
- the turbulence generated by the friction between air and said water is capable of changing the stream of supercooled water into a multitude of supercooled droplets: said changing of the type of stream is a disturbance capable of initiating the phase-change process of the metastable droplets.
- the droplets travel through cold air at high speed, they lose heat (by convection and evaporation) and thus continue to grow into full size snowflakes.
- Such a snow-making process does not need compressed air and is therefore very energy effi ⁇ cient.
- su ⁇ percooled liquid (90) flows out of a conduit (91) as a thin, wide film (93); compressed air (94) going through tube (95) and through a nozzle (96) provides a high-speed jet of air.
- said jet can be subsonic, sonic or supersonic.
- a well de ⁇ signed nozzle will produce an almost isentropic expansion; the result will be a very cold, high-speed air jet requiring relatively small upstream pressures, thus saving some energy.
- Said air jet is then blown through said thin liquid film (93) of supercooled liquid, changing the film flow into a small droplet flow (97).
- tip (92) of said tube (91) must be modified (e.g. said tip being heated) for reliable operation.
- the partly frozen droplets generated by an atomizer are very small in size, like the ones generated by an atomizer similar to that of figure 11 , they can also be used as seeders for larger droplets of cold liquid generated by more conventional methods: when the small dendritic crystal touches a larger drop of liquid which has been pre-cooled, e.g. by am ⁇ biant air, it provokes, in said larger drop, the beginning of the phase-change process.
- the air and water jets do not have to be at right angle to one another; they can be at any angle, including parallel. They can be side by side or concentric, the jet at the center being either the air jet or the supercooled-water jet. Both jets can be of any shape, e.g. circular, annular, etc.
- the air jet is used mainly for changing the liquid stream into droplets (due to the action of turbulence) but also for accelerating the cooling process, and thus the speed of the phase change.
- the supercooled water necessary for generating snow can sometimes be obtained (weather permitting) simply by circulating cold water in a properly designed air-to-wa ⁇ ter HX (v.g. a pipe loop or a plate HX located above ground in cold ambiant air).
- a properly designed air-to-wa ⁇ ter HX v.g. a pipe loop or a plate HX located above ground in cold ambiant air.
- HX would have to be designed according to the invention.
- TITUTE SHEET Water being used for generating snow normally arrives at the snow-making machine at a temperature approaching 1°C. But in certain weather conditions and/or at certain times of the year, approaching water can be at a temperature as high as 5°C or more. In order to be able to manufacture high quality snow, it is then preferable to precool said approa ⁇ ching water down to 1°C or below with a full-range chiller, i.e. with the invention, even when using conventional snow-making machines down the line.
- ambiant air for providing further cooling of water droplets and/or for completing the phase change process
- a flow of colder air could be used, said colder air having been cooled by some type of HX, e.g. the CSHE of a refrigerating system, or some other device. It would then be possible to generate snow in difficult weather conditions, e.g. when the wet-bulb temperature of the ambiant air is at or slightly above 0°C.
- the supercooled water jets can be made to crystallize on a plate, a piece of screen or any other type of support located above the liquid surface of the reservoir; after the desired thickness of crystals has accumulated on said support (say, 50 cm or 1 m), said support and crystals are removed from underneath said jets of supercooled water and liquid water remaining between crystals is left to drain for a few minutes.
- the result again is high quality snow. If said support were a slowly-moving conveyor belt, the handling of said snow would be easier, especially when large quantities of snow are needed. The quality of this snow can be further improved by removing the small amount of humidity still remaining between crystals. Different methods exist to perform this removal. Centrifugal action is one.
- a high-capacity machine fitted with a large reservoir would be capable of generating enough snow to cover a ski slope. Skiing during summertime thus becomes possible.
- the snow on the ground will last longer if insulation (preferably porous) was installed below the snow cover. Or said ground could be kept cold artificially with an underground refri ⁇ gerating system. This type of high-quality snow can also be used for many other pur ⁇ poses.
- Freeze concentration (FC) applications are divided into two categories.
- the desired product is the solvent and the degree of concentration is low because the concentrate is easily disposed of.
- Water desalination is an example: the concentrate (e.g. 50% or more of the original solution) is discharged back into the sea.
- the desired product is the concentrate.
- a relatively high concentration is needed; what is disposed of is the solvent. Examples are the concentration of acids, alkali, milk, salts, coffee extract, etc.
- the ice crystals formed from a supercooled aqueous liquid flow are absolutely pure solid water. Supercooling can thus become the basic process in a new freeze concentration method.
- An example is that of obtaining potable water from polluted water. When separated from the original solution, washed clean and melted, the crystals become pure water.
- the separation process can be very simple: indeed, crystallization and separation can be made in a single operation. For example, sending a jet of supercooled water (from a re ⁇ servoir or directly from a cooler) onto a conveyor belt (made of any convenient mate ⁇ rial, including thin perforated sheet metal) creates a mechanical shock which will initiate the crystalization process, the crystals remaining on the belt while the liquid is drained back into the reservoir. The accumulated crystals can then be moved elsewhere (v.g. into a wash column) by the belt.
- Other crystallization methods are possible, including vibra ⁇ tions from a sonic or an ultrasonic generator.
- Other separation methods are possible, in ⁇ cluding centrifugation.
- the cleaning of crystals can be done in wash columns. This is a relatively mature techno ⁇ logy and two types of systems are used: the gravity column and the pressurized column.
- the former is very tall, the height thus being sufficient to squeeze the ice bed, helping in the final cleaning process, which is done by introducing wash liquid at the top of the co ⁇ lumn. Said wash liquid is obtained from melted pure crystals.
- pressurized columns hydraulic pressure forces the wash liquid to flow down.
- EET An important advantage of the invention in FC applications is the fact that by modifying the operating conditions, the crystal size can easily be changed.
- "Deeply" supercooled li ⁇ quids e.g. -1,5°C water
- slightly su ⁇ percooled liquids e.g. -0,5°C water
- blocks of pure ice having a mass of several kg have even been obtained during experiments with supercooled water at -0,5°C.
- Such blocks are obviously very easy to clean, without the expense of wash columns.
- Different installations can be imagined permitting the fabrication of much larger blocks of pure ice. For example, one can imagine that a large flow of supercooled water at -0,5°C has been generated; directing one or more jets of such water along a large plate will permit hard ice to build up to unlimited thicknesses on the plate.
- the plate In such an installation, it would be better (but not necessary) for the plate to be slightly cooled by some type of cooling system for two reasons. First, it would be easier to in ⁇ quiz crystallization at the beginning of the process (crystallization of 0,5 °C water is relatively difficult to induce; but once started, it is self propagating); second, it would prevent the ice from slipping away from the plate, which would preferably be slanted a few degrees from a horizontal position to facilitate the draining of the liquid. Temporarily stopping the plate-cooling process would permit the block of ice to slip and be transported to a nearby reservoir where it could be melted. The entire process could easily be automated, it is important to realize here that the slight cooling of the said plate is not performed for freezing the supercooled water but to help in the handling pro ⁇ cess.
- the invention also provides another interesting solid/liquid separation process. It works like this. As said earlier, supercooled liquids can be stored in reservoirs. Moreover, if supercooling is to be obtained at the cooler (9) exit (5), crystals (24) should be preven ⁇ ted from entering the liquid cooler (9), e.g. by using a filter (52) (fig. 4c), as said in a previous patent, (op. cit.). Simple cotton filters (pieces of old bed sheets covering a perforated 40 cm length of 5 cm diameter pipingl) have been used successfully for this purpose.
- the "filter” does not have to be installed as in figure 4c; and it can have any shape; be made of any material; it could be the whole bottom of said reservoir (26); or it could be its side walls; or a large perforated plate located anywhere inside the reservoir (26), the liquid (25) being sucked from both sides of said plate.
- the harvesting of the resulting ice can easily be automated.
- Melting of ice crystals can be done with the energy from any source, including that from the HSHE of the machine; or with the energy from a building to be air conditioned: one then has a dual-purpose system capable of purifying polluted water (or desalinating sea water, or treating waste water, e.g. industrial) and cooling a building. Other dual-purpose systems could be imagined.
- the heat pump circuit will usually be of the VCHP type, and the type of evaporator used will be any of those described above. In this system, however, most of said heating is performed in a passive way by using a liquid- liquid HX, the remainder of the heating being performed by the HSHE of the heat pump, said heat pump also having a CSHE, said CSHE being capable, when necessary, to super- cool said rejected liquid.
- Fresh water (101) is drawn say from a river (100) at 0°C and sent (102) by a pump P1 through HX, where heat is absorbed. Said fresh water thus comes out (103) of HX at, say, 12 °C and goes through the HSHE where its temperature is again increased to about 14,5°C. Said fresh water (104) then enters the fish tank (105). Some evaporation exists over said tank (105) and the gray water coming out (106) of said tank (105) is at a temperature of about 14°C.
- Another pump P2 sends said gray water (107) through HX, where it gives its heat to incoming fresh water (102). Said grey water then goes (108) through said CSHE, where it loses the remainder of its energy: said gray water comes out (109) of said CSHE at a temperature of about 0°C and is sent back into the river (100).
- the above-described system of figure 12a needs a CSHE capable of supercooling water. Indeed, when said system is started up in wintertime, circulating pumps P1 and P2 are first switched on: the temperatures are then uniform at 0°C. When the heat-pump circuit is started, the water then entering (108) the CSHE is at 0°C and will remain so for a considerable length of time. The water coming out (109) of the CSHE will thus be su ⁇ percooled to about -2°C. As the temperature in said tank (105) slowly increases to 14°C, the temperature at point 108 will slowly increase to 2°C and the temperature at point 109 will slowly increase to 0°C.
- EET porated into the heat-pumping circuit in order to further improve its efficiency, e.g. the use of a refrigerant subcooling heat exchanger, installed, for example, along the gray water line (108) between HX and CSHE.
- Cold or supercooled water from a full-range chiller can be used in the fishing industry. In fishing boats, it will keep the fish fresh, these being sprayed directly with said cold or supercooled water. In the case of a supercooled water spray, some ice crystals will normally form on and around the fish. In the fish plant, said water can be used for wa ⁇ shing the fish. Said water can also be sprayed onto the fish before or after it is prepared by the workers to make sure that it stays cold and fresh.
- a full-range chiller can also be used in agriculture, the cold or supercooled water being sprayed onto fruits or vegetable before or after they have been picked up: this cleans them and increases their shelf life appreciably.
- An ice slurry can also be generated with the invention, said slurry being injected, for example, into the boxes containing fruit and/or vegetables, said boxes being normally used for transport purposes.
- a full-range chiller can also be used in slaughter houses, where jets of very cold or su ⁇ percooled water, or mists of very cold water can be used to shower carcasses of ani ⁇ mals (beef, pork, etc.): this prevents weight loss by evaporation and precools the meat before its entrance into the cold room.
- Said cold or supercooled water can also be used in the computer industry. Indeed, main ⁇ frame computers have to be cooled. Using said cold or supercooled water will permit the use of much smaller conduit means and HX, which will save space and money. Circulating an ice slurry is another possible solution.
- Said cold or supercooled water (or the ice slurry formed with the latter) can also be used for the mixing of concrete. Indeed, problems arise during the construction of dams, bridges, etc. because of the heat generated during the hardening of the thick concrete.
- a solution is the mixing of the concrete using very cold water, supercooled water or an ice slurry, all of which can be obtained with the above-described technology.
- the new cooler designs presented above have often been described as parts of VCHP sys ⁇ tems. Absorption and chemical heat pump systems were also briefly mentioned. It is worth mentioning that the new cooler designs can be used, if desired, within any of the known (and future) heat pumping cycles; even as part of far-fetched cooling "cycles" like the sound-wave cooling method. Two or more very different cycles can even be used in a cascade arrangement.
- the phase of the cold medium used in the cooler e.g. liquid, gas
- the method of circulation of the re ⁇ frigerant in the cooler e.g spray type, overfeed type, etc.
- liquid refrigerant used in the system primary (halocarbons, etc.) or secon ⁇ dary (e.g. brine, etc).
- number of components in the liquid refrigerant single component refrigerants or multi-component mixtures of refrigerants can be used.
- type of liquid chilled or supercooled acids, alkalis, coffee extracts, water, etc.
- ice crystal it can ac ⁇ tually be a crystal made out of any liquid, e.g. pivalic acid crystalizing from a methanol solution.
- water is mentioned in the above text, there is no limitation as to the purity of said water.
- cooler design can also be applied to practically any cooler type, even to the very unusual: plate type, coil in shell, flooded shell-and-tube, shell-and-multi-double-tube, etc. All of these can be designed according to the general principles outlined above. There is no limitation as to the position of the cooler, e.g. horizontal or vertical.
- the counter-flow HXs described in this inven ⁇ tion are not only for using with non-azeotropic refrigerants.
- tubesheet is mentioned in the text, there is no limitation as to the number and type of "tubes" going through said tubesheets.
- conduit means there is no limitation as to the material used for making the conduit means and/or the shell and/or parts thereof: metals, plastics, etc.
- shape of the conduit-means cross-section circular, oval, flattened, etc.
- Said conduit means can be provided with internal and/or external fins.
- the exact fin size, shape, number and arrangement except that in the case of supercooled liquid flows, the internal fins should respect the general principles stated in the invention, e.g. smooth flow, etc.
- fluid velocity and pressure inside said conduit means velocities and pressures compatible with common HX design practice are acceptable.
- the exiting fluid When supercooled, the exiting fluid can be partly changed to ice; there is no limitation as to the method of crystallization: any mechanical or thermal perturbation can be used, in ⁇ cluding vibrations, etc. Seeding with a crystal or a block of ice is another method. There is no limitation as to the type of solid-liquid separation method: conveyor belts, gravity draining, centrifugal drives, etc. There is no limitation as to the type of ice ge ⁇ nerated: depending on operating conditions, soft and fragile dendritic ice as well as hard ice can be obtained.
- Coolers built according to the present invention do not have to be used within any parti ⁇ cular heat-pumping cycle.
- said coolers can be used to obtain very cold or su ⁇ percooled liquids or an ice slurry without using any thermodynamic cycle; for example, said cooler can be simply an air-to-liquid HX, said air being ambiant air.
- Other arrange ⁇ ments could be imagined.
- SUPERPAC which stands for "SUPER Pompe A Chaleur.
- the chiller capable of generating supercooled liquids will be called a SUPERCHILLER and its evaporator will be called a SUPERCOOLER.
- Supercooled water ge ⁇ nerated with said invention will be called SUPER WATER. Ice obtained from a supercooled aqueous liquid will be called SUPER ICE. Snow obtained from the invention will be called SUPER SNOW.
- the thermodynamic cycles of figure 9 will be called SUPER CYCLES, even when said cycles are not being used to produce supercooled liquids.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR9206165A BR9206165A (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-11 | Liquid cooling system |
EP92911026A EP0603182B1 (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-11 | Liquid chiller |
DE69224646T DE69224646T2 (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-11 | LIQUID COOLER |
JP4509744A JPH06508912A (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-11 | Full range high performance liquid cooling system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002044825A CA2044825C (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1991-06-18 | Full-range, high efficiency liquid chiller |
CA2,044,825 | 1991-06-18 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1992022777A2 true WO1992022777A2 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
WO1992022777A3 WO1992022777A3 (en) | 1993-03-04 |
Family
ID=4147851
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA1992/000238 WO1992022777A2 (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-11 | A full-range, high-efficiency liquid chiller |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5435155A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0603182B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06508912A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE163751T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU1777192A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9206165A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2044825C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69224646T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2116337T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992022777A2 (en) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2674698A1 (en) * | 2012-06-14 | 2013-12-18 | Cadena Systems AG | Heat pump assembly |
WO2015162289A1 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2015-10-29 | W. Schoonen Beheer B.V. | Cooling system with pressure control |
WO2015162290A1 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2015-10-29 | W. Schoonen Beheer B.V. | Multi-stage cooling system |
AU2015250757B2 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2019-01-31 | Franke Technology And Trademark Ltd | Cooling system with pressure control |
EP3134697B1 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2020-04-01 | Franke Technology and Trademark Ltd | Cooling system with pressure control |
US10808973B2 (en) | 2014-04-25 | 2020-10-20 | Franke Technology And Trademark Ltd | Cooling system with pressure control |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5435155A (en) | 1995-07-25 |
ATE163751T1 (en) | 1998-03-15 |
WO1992022777A3 (en) | 1993-03-04 |
EP0603182B1 (en) | 1998-03-04 |
CA2044825C (en) | 2004-05-18 |
DE69224646D1 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
ES2116337T3 (en) | 1998-07-16 |
JPH06508912A (en) | 1994-10-06 |
EP0603182A1 (en) | 1994-06-29 |
AU1777192A (en) | 1993-01-12 |
DE69224646T2 (en) | 1998-10-22 |
CA2044825A1 (en) | 1992-12-19 |
BR9206165A (en) | 1994-11-08 |
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