WO1995021396A2 - Personal visual display - Google Patents

Abstract

A visual display device is provided for delivering a generated image, preferably combinable with environment light, to the eye of a user. Light from an image generator (2) such as a CRT, LED or LCD is reflected from a fold mirror (1) away from a user's eye (5) towards a combiner (4). The image is reflected from the combiner and magnified, optionally combined with light from the environment and passes back through the fold mirror towards the eye of the user. In one embodiment, an optical element (7) such as a meniscus lens or PCX lens is used to present the user with a substantially flat focal field and/or a Fresnel lens or diffractive optical element is used to aim rays from the image to the field curvature corrective lens in order to maintain maximum contrast.

Description

PERSONAL VISUAL DISPLAY This invention relates to visual displays which preferably can combine generated images with a view of the environment surrounding a user and transmit such combined visual information to the eye of the user.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is often desirable to provide visual information to a living being. Frequently, one wishes to superimpose such visual information upon the being's view of the real world. In other applications, it is desired to shield the user from a view of the environment, providing an exclusive view of the visual information..

Such displays include a number of components including, in a form known as a folded catadioptric head- mounted display, an image generator, a beam splitting fold mirror which receives the image light from the image generator, often via a series of lenses or other optical elements, and sends a fraction, designated the reflected fraction, of such image light to a reflective combiner that is either non- transmissive or both allows light from the real world to pass through such combiner and reflects the image light such that both the real-world light and the image light are transmitted through the beam splitter to the eye of the user, often via another series of lenses or other optical elements. The beam splitter will transmit a fraction, designated the transmitted fraction, of the image light reflected from the combiner. In embodiments in which the combiner is at least partially transmissive, a fraction of the real-world light is also transmitted by the beam splitter.

Previous devices included a number of additional components. Some devices have included corrective optical elements. Other devices have included a depixelator, e.g., as described in PCT/US94/01390 filed February 7, 1994 for "Depixelated Visual Display" (incorporated herein by reference) . Still other devices have included apparatus for intensifying the visual display such as those described in PCT/US94/01391, filed February 7, 1994 for "Intensified Visual Display" (incorporated herein by reference) . In general, there are certain disadvantages to including components other than an image generator, beam splitter and reflective combiner. In most cases, each such additional item will contribute to the increased weight of the display device. When the display device is intended to be mounted on the user's head, such additional weight can contribute to discomfort and detract from the ability to move the head quickly and naturally as is desired for virtual reality applications. Furthermore, such additional devices typically must be correctly and precisely aligned and the difficulty and burden of alignment, both during the original manufacture and during any repair or maintenance that may be needed, is compounded by the number of additional components which are included in the device. Furthermore, both the optical design and the mechanical design become complicated when such additional components are included. Moreover, additional components typically increase the cost of the final device.

Accordingly, it would be useful to provide a visual display apparatus which has a reduced or minimized number of components and yet provides a visual display transmitted to the eye of the user having a desirably high quality and intensity of image.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the invention is a head-mounted display (HMD) that can project an image from an image generator such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) to one of each of the eyes of the observer or both transmit such an image and combine it with a direct view of the surrounding environment. The combiner images a CRT or LCD display surface mounted above the eye with a simple metallic, dielectric or holographic fold mirror reflecting the image towards the combiner. According to one aspect of the present invention, the device simplifies the imaging optics by reducing the number of elements to three or fewer. One embodiment of the invention consists of an image generator such as a CRT or LCD, a combiner such as a spherical metallic, dielectric or holographically made combiner or collimator-combiner and a fold mirror such as a metallic, dielectric or holographically made fold mirror.

In one embodiment, no additional optical elements are needed to achieve the desired high quality image. Preferably, the visual display is simplified and made lightweight and less expensive by eliminating the need for certain optic elements such as relay lenses or additional corrective refractive optics. In one embodiment, a visual display provides for monochromatic and/or three-color display without refractive optics, such as by using reflective imaging optics only. In another embodiment, a single additional optical element is provided. In one embodiment, the additional optical element is provided to accommodate the curved reflecting surface of the combiner and provide an essentially flat focal field to the user. In another embodiment, a depixelator and/or an image intensifier can be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a side elevational schematic view of a visual display device according to one embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a side elevational schematic view of a visual display according to one embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 3 is a perspective view, showing a head-mounted display device according to one embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 is a side view, partially cut away, showing a head-mounted display device according to one embodiment of the present invention;

Figs. 5A and 5B are side schematic views showing effective viewing angles in the absence of contrast correction; and Fig. 6 is a side schematic view showing corrected viewing angles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT An embodiment of the visual display comprises, as shown in Fig. 1, an image generator 2, a fold mirror 1 positioned to receive the image light from the image generator 2 and to reflect such image light and a reflective combiner 4 situated to receive the image light from the fold mirror 1, reflect such image light, which may be combined with light rays transmitted through the reflective combiner 4 from the ambient environment and transmit the combined environmental light rays and image light through the fold mirror 1 to the eye 5 of the user. An optical path 6 of the image light from the image generator 2 to the eye 5 is depicted in Fig. 1. Preferably the present invention provides a substantially on-axis configuration. In the on-axis configuration of an embodiment of the present invention, the image light from the image generator impinges the fold mirror at an angle 102 of about 45° (preferably, plus or minus about 5°) and/or the tangent plane 104 at the centroid 106 of the combiner 4 is at an angle 108 of about 90° (preferably, plus or minus about 5°) with respect to the output plane 100 of the image generator 2. An on-axis system avoids a keystone distortion in the image (and thus avoids the requirement for additional optics if the distortion is to be corrected) . In one embodiment, the image light passes substantially directly (i.e., without passing through a intervening optical element) from the image generator to the fold mirror and/or from the fold mirror to the combiner. An embodiment illustrated in Fig. 2, includes an optical element, such as a field curvature correction lens 7, placed between the image generator 2 and fold mirror 1. In the depiction of Fig. 2, the lens 7 is a plano-convex lens with its flat surface oriented toward the image plane of the image generator. The various components of the depicted embodiments will be described below in greater detail. Preferably, separate images are generated and transmitted to each eye of the user so that, in one embodiment, there will be two sets of components, depicted in the Figs. 1 or 2, one for each eye.

The image generator 2 can be any of a plurality of imagining devices including a cathode-ray tube (CRT) , light emitting diode (LED) array, liquid crystal display (LCD) , field emissive device (FED) , monochrome image source such as a monochrome CRT, which may be used in connection with a liquid crystal color shutter, as well as laser devices such as laser diode arrays. Preferably, an LCD device includes the capability for being backlit using any of a number of backlighting devices (not shown) such as incandescent lighting, fluorescent lighting, electro-luminescent and ambient lighting. The image generator can be a monochrome or color image source. In one embodiment, a colorization element such as a liquid crystal color shutter can be used, e.g., to convert a monochrome image into a frame sequential color image. A color shutter system is provided, for example, in Tektronix EX100HD 1 inch Color Display System. In one embodiment, a color LCD such as the Seiko Epson FO7KM200, 138,000 pixel, 0.7" diagonal, backlit LCD can be used, although other devices are also operable. The image generator 2 generates an image under control of an image source 10 communicating with the image generator over a communication link 12. The image generator can receive image information from sources such as a computer, video cassette recorder (VCR) , laser disc, video camera and the like. The communication link can be a cable, optical fiber or can be a wireless link, such as an infrared or a radio communication link. In one embodiment, the image generator 2 receives image information from a portable computer, running 3- dimensionally displayed software communicating over a cable link.

In the depicted embodiment, the image generator 2 is mounted substantially above the fold mirror 1 (meaning vertically above, when the device is oriented so that the axis between the eye position 5 and combiner 4 is substantially horizontal) . With reference to this configuration, the image light travels downward from the image generator 2 towards the fold mirror 1. The image light is at least partially reflected by the fold mirror 1 in a substantially horizontal direction away from the eye of the user 5 and towards the combiner 4. At the combiner 4, the image light is at least partially reflected back towards the fold mirror 1. In an embodiment in which the user will simultaneously view the image or the environmental light, light from the environment passes through the substantially transparent combiner 4 and travels along with the image light reflected from the combiner 4 to produce combined light. In an embodiment in which the user will view only the generated image, without being able to view the environment (referred to as an "immersive" device) , the combiner is substantially fully reflective and substantially non- transmissive (so that, in this context, "combiner" is used only for convenience) . The image light and/or the combined light is at least partially transmitted through the fold mirror 1 towards the eye of the user 5. The amount of light, if any, which passes from the surrounding environment to the eyes of the observer can be at least partially controlled by the coatings placed on the surfaces of the combiner and the fold mirror.

A number of technologies can be used to form the fold mirror 1 and the combiner 4. In some devices, holographic optical elements (HOEs) can be used to make the fold mirror and/or the combiner. Various holographic and non-holographic techniques can be used for these purposes, as described more fully below and, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent application 08/150,966 filed November 12, 1993 for "Optically Corrected Helmet Mounted Display" and the parent application thereof, Serial No. 07/832,237, filed February 7, 1992, now U.S. Patent 5,303,085, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The fold mirror 1 is a flat, partial reflector. In the depicted embodiment, it is positioned at approximately 45° with respect to the optical path of the image light 6. The fold mirror reflects the projected image from the image source in a direction away from the eye 5 and towards the combiner. The fold mirror also allows at least a portion of the light reflected from the combiner to pass through the fold mirror to the eye.

Preferably, the fold mirror is configured to reflect light evenly across the visible spectrum, (approximately 450 to 650 nanometer wavelengths) . In one embodiment, the fold mirror is a 50% splitter (reflecting 50% of light and passing 50% of light) . It can be made holographically, dielectrically or metallically. The fold mirror can be formed using glass or plastic substrates, as well as other substantially transparent materials such as crystalline material, polycrystalline material, transparent ceramics and the like. The surface of the fold mirror which faces the image generator is, typically, the reflective surface. The surface which is opposite the reflective surface preferably has an anti-reflective coating. The anti-reflective coating is useful in preventing a ghosting reflection from that surface. Holographic and dielectric fold mirrors can be made to selectively reflect different polarizations at higher rates, and when used with wave retardation materials can achieve very high throughput efficiencies, such as described in patent application PCT/US94/01391.

In one embodiment, the fold mirror can be produced either from vapor deposition of metallic or dielectric materials on the reflective side, and an anti-reflective coating such as Magnesium Fluoride using the same vapor deposition process. It can also be manufactured using holographic photopolymers or dichromatic gelatin (DCG) for the reflective surface. The anti-reflective surface is vapor deposited onto the back surface of the fold mirror. The combiner 4 is a fully or partially reflective optical element. In one embodiment, it is spherically or aspherically curved preferably having a radius of curvature between about 50 mm and about 80 mm, more preferably between about 55 mm and about 70 mm and most preferably about 67 mm. Preferably, the combiner 4 serves as the primary magnification element for the image light. An optical element is referred to as being a "powered" element if it provides image magnification. Although, for convenience, this item is referred to as a "combiner", in some embodiments the combiner may be used without providing for a combination of image light with environmental light, as described more fully below. The combiner can be formed on a substrate of glass, plastic, or other transparent or partially transparent material or, when isolation from environmental light is desired, from opaque or substantially opaque substrates such as metal, non-transparent ceramics, plastics or glass and the like.

In one embodiment, the combiner can be made holographically using photopolymers, dichromated gelatin (DCG) or other similar holographic materials. As is well known in the art, holographic elements can be finely tuned to reflect specific bands of wavelengths and transmit other wavelengths. In one embodiment, the combiner is tuned to achieve high reflection of red, green and blue wavelengths which are the wavelengths output by the image generator (and which, when combined, produce full color images) . In one embodiment, the holographic combiner is a single line or multi-line holographic device, which can be tuned to reflect one or more wavelengths. For example, a three-line holographic device can be tuned to reflect wavelengths of, e.g., approximately 480, 545 and 630 nanometers (plus or minus about 20 nanometers) . Other wavelengths, such as wavelengths from the environment other than those in a narrow range around 480, 545 and 630 nanometers, will be transmitted through the combiner, towards the eye of the user with a high degree of transmissivity. Depending on the application, the hologram can be configured to reflect more, fewer or different wavelengths. Although digital holography is an operable technique, it is currently believed that this technique, which can be expensive to implement, is not needed to achieve the high-quality image of the present invention, and accordingly, a traditional (non-digital or non- synthetic) technique is presently preferred, when holograms are to be used for the combiner. Combiner can also be made using broadband dielectric technology. These combiners are made through the deposition of successive layers of dielectric material such as silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. This type of coating can be provided so as to evenly reflect across the visible spectrum, such as evenly reflecting wavelengths between approximately 450 nanometers and 650 nanometers. Such evenness of reflection is particularly useful in maintaining color integrity of the image. Combiners made with a broadband dielectric coating are less efficient and less transmissive than holographic combiners and thus are useful in applications where high transmissivity is not required (such as virtual reality applications in which environmental light is not desired) . Fully or almost fully immersive dielectric combiners can be made by dipping the combiner substrate into a light absorbing dye. The dying process can be altered to produce combiners of a given desired transmissivity specification, for example, about 1%.

A combiner can also be formed on a substrate using an aluminum or other metallic coating in order to achieve the desired reflectivity of the combiner. These materials are relatively inexpensive compared with holographic or dielectric combiners but are not as efficient. These combiners are easily made to be fully immersive and, by decreasing the thickness of the coating, can be made to be transmissive as well.

In one embodiment, the magnification provided by the combiner 4 is configured so that center of the image from the image generator appears to the user, to have an infinite focus, (i.e., appears to be in focus to the user when the user is focusing his or her eyes at a far, essentially infinite, distance) . In many configurations, portions of the image which are not at the center have a focus, perceived by the user, at some point closer than that at the center of the image. Typically, this difference will increase as one progresses farther from the center of the generated image. In many applications this difference in perceived focal distance is undesirable since, e.g., it forces the user to constantly shift his or her eye focus when viewing different portions of the generated image. In some embodiments it may be preferable to accept a certain amount of difference in focal distance across the generated image, e.g., in order to reduce or minimize the total weight of the visual display device, the cost, complexity and the like. In some applications, however, it is desired to include an additional optical element in order to correct this optical characteristic and present the user with a substantially flat focal field for the generated image. Embodiments of the invention can be used to reduce the aberrations and distortions produced by the spherical combiner such as image field curvature. The embodiment of Fig. 2 depicts one approach for achieving this correction. In these embodiments, additional optical element 7 is positioned somewhere along the optical path between the image generator and the eye of the user. In the embodiment of Fig. 2, it is placed between the image generator 2 and the fold mirror 1. In the embodiment depicted in Fig. 2, the additional optical element is a plano-convex (PCX) lens. In another embodiment, a meniscus lens, e.g., a negative meniscus lens can be used to simultaneously correct field curvature and to aim the image light in a more favorable direction. Aiming the image light can be useful for a number of purposes, including maintaining high contrast images, as described below. Image rays exiting from the image generator near normal (90° ± about 10° with respect to the image plane) often have the highest contrast ratio.

As depicted in Fig. 5A, in configurations which include only an image generator 2, fold mirror 1 and combiner 4, while the effective viewing angle 32 near the center of the image will be relatively close to normal (i.e., 90° to the image output plane) , typically departing therefrom by no more than about 10°. However, portions of the image generated near the edges of the image generator 2 have an effective viewing angle 34 which is larger, and, in many cases, will be large enough (such as about 10° or more from normal) to have a degenerated or even reverse contrast. This typically presents the greatest problem when the image generator 2 is a liquid crystal display since LCDs are often subject to loss of contrast at high viewing angles. This manifest itself in a perception of a low contrast or a reverse contrast image near the periphery or edge of the image. The problem of loss of contrast near the edge of the image is even more acute when a plano-convex lens 7 is included as depicted in Fig. 5B or when the image generator 2 has a relatively larger size such as having a diagonal size of 1 inch or more (although some loss of contrast of the periphery may still occur for smaller image generators such as 0.7 inch diagonal image generators).

According to one embodiment of the present invention, loss of contrast can be reduced or eliminated by providing an optical element which accepts light rays at normal incidence from the LCD and redirects the light so as to enter the field curvature correction lens (where present) at the required angles and so as to produce the desired magnification and/or field curvature correction. Fig. 6 depicts one such apparatus which provides a negative meniscus lens 36, preferably adjacent and/or contacting the output plane of the image generator 2. Preferably, the negative meniscus lens is formed by an upper surface 37 of device 36 while a lower surface 37 ' acts as the field curvature correction lens. As can be seen from Fig. 6 the effect of the negative meniscus lens is to provide an effective viewing angle for all portions of the image generated by the image generator 2 which is a relatively low angle (with respect to the normal direction from the output plane of the image generator) such as less than about 10°, preferably less than about 5° and more preferably less than about 3° from normal. Other optical elements which can achieve this manipulation are diffractive optical elements (DOEs) , fresnel lenses and other refractive optical elements. When a diffractive optical element is used it can be placed directly on the LCD surface or on the field curvature correction lens or on a separate element, e.g., located between the image generator 2 and the field curvature correction lens. Such a diffractive optical element would receive light rays at normal incidence from the image generator 2 and redirect the rays through diffraction, to the proper angles required by the plano-convex lens 7 used for field curvature correction. Aiming the image rays is achieved using a diffractive optical element (such as a zone plate or hologram) or a Fresnel optic acting as a negative lens to accept collimated light, at substantially normal incidence from the image source, redirect it into a divergent beam which is then recoilimated by the field curvature correction lens.

Figs. 3 and 4 depict the use of the elements of Fig. 2 in a head mounted display. In one embodiment, the optics are fully or partially protected by being enclosed in a shroud 12, preferably with separate shrouds 12a and 12b for each eye as described in PCT application PCT/US94/ , (Attorney

Docket No. 16486-6PC) for Personal Visual Display System, filed on an even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference. A covering such as visor top 14 further shields from stray light and protects the optical elements from dust or other contamination. In the depicted embodiment, the device is held in position by strap 16 and a forehead brace 18.

In view of the above description, a number of advantages of the present invention can be seen. The present invention provides for a high quality visual display which can combine a generated image with environmental light, but which is nevertheless lightweight and of reduced complexity and cost. In one embodiment, the generated image is magnified but is also presented to the user with a substantially flat focal field.

A number of variations and modifications can also be used. Although the invention provides for high quality image and a lightweight device at least partially by reducing or minimizing the number of components, certain additional optical components can be used if desired such as image intensifiers, depixelators and diffractive optical elements and Fresnel optics.

When a depixelator is used, it can be provided as a crossed diffraction grating located parallel to the pixel plane of an image generator to receive, diffract, and transmit and thereby depixelate the light image from the image generator. Preferably, the spatial frequency of the crossed diffraction grating is constructed such that this spatial frequency multiplied by the shortest wavelength of the image light that is used approximately equals the center-to-center distance between adjacent pixels in the pixel plane of the image generator divided by twice the optical distance between the crossed diffraction grating and the pixel plane of the image generator.

It is preferable that the modulation depth of the crossed diffraction grating fall within the range of 80% to 120% and that the crossed diffraction grating be sinusoidal or slightly squared.

When the additional optical component is an image intensifier, the intensifier can be provided as follows. If the light from the image generator is S polarized, a phase retarder, such as a quarter-wave plate or a polarization rotator, such as a liquid crystal device is positioned so that the S polarized image light reflected from the fold mirror is transmitted through e.g., a quarter-wave plate and retarded by one-quarter wave in order to exit the quarter-wave plate as circularly polarized image light. The reflective combiner is situated to receive the circularly polarized image light from the quarter-wave plate, reflect such circularly polarized image light, combine such circularly polarized image light with light rays transmitted through said reflective combiner from the surrounding environment, and transmit the combined environmental light rays and circularly polarized image light through the quarter-wave plate, which again retards the circularly polarized image light by one-quarter wave so that it exits the quarter-wave plate as P polarized light which then passes through the fold mirror with the environmental light rays and subsequently reaches the eye position of the user, as also do the environmental light rays with which the image light has been combined. Optionally, the quarter-wave plate is attached to the reflective combiner. The precise nature of the quarter-wave plate is not critical. It is, however, preferable to employ a single-order plate so that dependence on angle and wavelength is minimized. Quarter-wave plates are made from plastics and crystals or constructed holographically. A plastic wave plate is, however, more dispersive, and has lower optical properties than a crystalline or holographic wave plate.

If the light from the image generator is P polarized, the user-mounted display comprises a first phase retarder such as a quarter-wave plate or a polarization rotator, located so that the P polarized image light from an image generator is transmitted through said first quarter-wave plate and retarded by one-quarter wave in order to exit the first quarter-wave plate as circularly polarized image light; a second quarter- wave plate positioned so that the circularly polarized image light from the first quarter-wave plate is transmitted through said second quarter-wave plate and retarded by one-quarter wave in order to exit the second quarter-wave plate as S polarized image light. The fold mirror receives the S polarized image light from the second quarter-wave plate and reflects such S polarized image light through the second quarter-wave plate where the S polarized image light will again be retarded by one-quarter wave and, consequently, exit said second quarter- wave plate as circularly polarized image light. The reflective combiner receives the circularly polarized image light from the second quarter-wave plate, reflects such circularly polarized image light, combines such circularly polarized image light, combines such circularly polarized image light with light rays transmitted through the combiner from the surrounding environment, and transmits the combined environmental light rays and circularly polarized image light through the second quarter-wave plate, which again retards the circularly polarized image light by one-quarter wave so that it exits the second quarter-wave plate as P polarized image light which then passes through the fold mirror with the environmental light rays and subsequently reaches the eye position of the user, as also do the environmental light rays with which the image light has been combined. The second quarter-wave plate can optionally be laminated to the fold mirror. This has the advantage of reducing the number of components which must be optically aligned. Additionally, it creates fewer surfaces on which an anti-reflective coating must be placed. Although the depicted configuration is an on-axis system, the present invention can also be used in connection with an off-axis system. Although the depicted embodiment involves a binocular or biocular configuration a monocular configuration can also be used. Although the depicted embodiment shows a head-mounted display, other mounting techniques can be used such as a helmet mounted, fixed-eyepiece displays or the like.

Although the present invention has been described by way of a preferred embodiment and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications can also be used, the invention being defined by the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. Visual display apparatus for a user, comprising: an image generator which outputs image light; a fold mirror positioned to receive the image light from the image generator and to reflect at least a first portion of said image light in a first direction; a reflective combiner situated to receive said first portion of said image light from said fold mirror, reflect at least a second portion of said image light, combined with environmental light transmitted through the reflective combiner to produce combined light, wherein at least some of said combined light is transmitted through said fold mirror in a second direction to the eye position of the user, providing an optical path from said image generator to said fold mirror to said combiner, back through said fold mirror and to said eye position of the user, wherein said reflective combiner is provided without using a digital hologram.

2. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said image generator and said fold mirror define a first axis and wherein said first direction is substantially orthogonal to said first axis and away from the eye position of the user.

3. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said image generator includes at least one of a light emitting diode array, a liquid crystal display, a field emissive device (FED) , electroluminescent display (EL) and a cathode ray tube.

4. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said visual display apparatus is provided in the absence of any optically active components between said image generator and said fold mirror.

5. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said visual display apparatus is provided in the absence of any optically active components between said fold mirror and said combiner.

6. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an optical element positioned between said fold mirror and said combiner.

7. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said optical element positioned between said fold mirror and said combiner comprises a phase retarder.

8. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said visual display apparatus is provided in the absence of any optically active components between said fold mirror and the eye position of the user.

9. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reflective combiner is a powered optical element.

10. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a refractive optical element located between said image generator and the fold mirror.

11. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said refractive optical element provides a substantially flat focal field to the user.

12. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said refractive optical element is a plano-convex lens.

13. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said refractive optical element redirects at least a portion of said image light from a first direction to a second direction, wherein said first direction is a direction substantially normal to the output plane of the image generator and said second direction is different from said first direction.

14. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said refractive optical element avoids a reduction in contrast in the image.

15. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said refractive optical element is a meniscus lens.

16. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said refractive optical element is a plano-convex lens with at least one of a fresnel optic and diffractive optical element on the flat side of the plano-convex lens.

17. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein one of a fresnel optic and diffractive optical element is formed on the surface of the image source, and cooperates with one of a plano-convex lens and a meniscus lens for field curvature correction.

18. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said optical element includes a zone plate.

19. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said optical element provides image intensification.

20. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 19, wherein said optical element is one of a phase retarder and a polarization rotating device.

21. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 20, wherein said phase retarder is a quarter-wave plate.

22. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a first optical element providing a substantially flat focal plane and a second optical element providing image intensification, said first and second optical elements positioned along the optical path between said image generator and the eye position of said user.

23. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fold mirror is a holographic mirror.

24. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fold mirror is one of a metallic or dielectric coated mirror.

25. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said combiner is a holographically-made element.

26. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said combiner is one of a metallic or dielectric coated element.

27. Visual display apparatus for a user, comprising: first means for outputting image light; second means for receiving the image light substantially directly from the first means and reflecting at least a first portion of said image light in a first direction; third means for receiving said first portion of said image light substantially directly from said second means, reflecting at least a second portion of said image light, combined with environmental light transmitted through the third means to produce combined light, wherein at least some of said combined light is transmitted through said second means in a second direction to the eye position of the user.

28. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 27, further comprising: means for providing said image light to the user as a substantially flat focal field.

29. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 27, further comprising: means for image intensification.

30. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 27, further comprising means for providing a low effective viewing angle over substantially all of the surface of the image generator.

31. A method for providing a visual display to a user, comprising: outputting image light; receiving the image light and reflecting at least a first portion of said image light in a first direction substantially away from the eye position of the user; receiving said first portion of said image light, reflecting at least a second portion of said image light, combined with environmental light to produce combined light, wherein at least some of said combined light is transmitted in a second direction to the eye position of the user without the need for refractive optical elements along the optical path between said outputting of said image light and said transmitting to said eye position.

32. Visual display apparatus for a user, comprising: an image generator which outputs image light; a fold mirror positioned to receive the image light from the image generator and to reflect at least a first portion of said image light in a first direction; a second mirror situated to receive said first portion of said image light from said fold mirror, reflect at least a second portion of said image light, wherein at least some of said image light is transmitted through said fold mirror in a second direction to the eye position of the user, providing an optical path from said image generator to said fold mirror to said second mirror to said eye position of the user.

33. A head-mounted display apparatus for a user, comprising: first and second image generators which output first and second image light under direction of an image source; first and second holographic fold mirrors positioned to receive the first and second image light, respectively, from the image generator and to reflect at least first and second portions, respectively of said first and second image light in first and second, substantially parallel directions; first and second reflective combiners situated to receive said first and second portions of said first and second image light from said first and second fold mirrors, respectively, to reflect and magnify at least third and fourth portions of said first and second image light, combined with environmental light transmitted through the reflective combiners to produce first and second combined light, wherein at least some of said first and second combined light is transmitted through said first and second fold mirrors, respectively, in third and fourth substantially parallel directions to first and second eye positions of the user, providing two optical paths, respectively, from said first and second image generators to said first and second fold mirrors to said first and second combiners to said first and second eye positions of the user; and means for mounting said image generators, fold mirrors and combiners on the head of the user.

34. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 33, wherein said reflective combiner is substantially non-transmissive.

35. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 33, wherein said head-mounted display has a weight of less than about 1 pound.

36. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 33, wherein said head-mounted display has a weight of less than about 9 ounces.

37. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 33, wherein said head-mounted display has a weight of less than about 5 ounces.

38. Visual display apparatus for a user, comprising: an image generator having a first output surface, which outputs image light; an optical element configured to receive said image light from said image generator in a first direction substantially normal to said first output surface and to redirect said image light to a second direction, different from said first direction; a fold mirror positioned to receive the image light from the image generator and to reflect at least a first portion of said image light in a third direction; a reflective combiner situated to receive said first portion of said image light from said fold mirror and reflect at least a second portion of said image light, wherein at least some of said second portion of said image light is transmitted through said fold mirror in a fourth direction to the eye position of the user, providing an optical path from said image generator to said fold mirror to said combiner to said eye position of the user.

39. Visual display apparatus for a user, comprising: an image generator having a first output surface, which outputs image light; a fold mirror positioned to receive the image light from the image generator and to reflect at least a first portion of said image light in a third direction; a magnifier situated to receive said first portion of said image light from said fold mirror, reflect and magnify at least a second portion of said image light, wherein at least some of said combined light is transmitted through said fold mirror in a fourth direction to the eye position of the user, providing an optical path from said image generator to said fold mirror to said magnifier to said eye position of the user; and means for preventing loss of contrast of said image.