WO1996023240A1 - Process and device for imaging an object - Google Patents
Process and device for imaging an object Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996023240A1 WO1996023240A1 PCT/EP1996/000166 EP9600166W WO9623240A1 WO 1996023240 A1 WO1996023240 A1 WO 1996023240A1 EP 9600166 W EP9600166 W EP 9600166W WO 9623240 A1 WO9623240 A1 WO 9623240A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- image
- contrasts
- image areas
- areas
- planes
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B7/00—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements
- G02B7/28—Systems for automatic generation of focusing signals
- G02B7/36—Systems for automatic generation of focusing signals using image sharpness techniques, e.g. image processing techniques for generating autofocus signals
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for picking up an object.
- Optical confocal scanning microscopy is also used for height profile measurement.
- the laser beam focused on one level scans the object surface point by point and level by level. Only where the object surface coincides with the focus of the laser beam is the light spot imaged on a sensor using special optics and a spatial filter. This emits a corresponding electrical signal. From these signals a height profile and an overall sharp image of the surface are generated. Because of the monochromatic Character of the laser beam, the method does not allow color differentiation.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method and an apparatus for, in particular, microscopic viewing of objects, which are simple and enable a color viewing of objects and provide in-depth images of the objects in a suitable form for further electronic processing, in particular also for viewing put.
- the stated object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that a structure is projected onto the object, in that the object is recorded in several planes (sharpness planes) perpendicular to the direction of observation, and that the contrast of adjacent image areas is determined for each plane, that the contrasts of corresponding image areas of different levels are compared with one another, image areas of maximum contrasts are selected from the different levels and at least these are made available as a maximum contrast image for further processing.
- the invention provides in particular that the object is recorded in each of the planes with and without a projected structure, that these image areas have maximum contrasts in accordance with the image areas determined from the recordings of the object with the projected structure selected from the associated images of the corresponding plane without a projected structure and an image composed of these selected image areas (depth-of-field image) is made available for viewing and further processing.
- a device according to the invention is characterized in order to achieve the stated object by a device for imaging a structure on the object, a device for defocusing the structure or the image, in particular by changing the relative position of the
- a recording device for taking pictures of the object in different planes (sharp planes) and a device for determining contrasts of neighboring picture areas of each plane, for comparing the contrasts of corresponding picture areas of different planes and selecting picture areas of maximum contrasts as well to make available an image composed of these image areas of maximum contrast for further processing or viewing.
- the method according to the invention is a method for projecting a texture which enables the determination of the sharpness and topography measurement of smooth surfaces by means of lateral contrast determination and axial contrast value comparison.
- the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention are used in particular to record non-planar surfaces of microscopic, but also macroscopic objects (incident light method). But they can also be used in transmitted light to record several levels of a transparent object.
- An essential advantage of the invention lies in the possibility determining the height profile, especially of opaque objects.
- the structure projected onto the object or its surface should be one that contrasts with the surface.
- the structure to be projected will have a higher spatial frequency than the structure of the surface of the object itself, but a smaller one than that given by the periodicity of the recording sensor.
- Different structures to be projected come into consideration here, such as frequency patterns, speckle patterns, stripe patterns, grids, in particular also static grids (dither) to avoid interference.
- Illumination before taking the pictures - with or without projecting a structure - can take place in the case of fluorescent or phosphorescent objects (if appropriate prepared accordingly), so that the fluorescence or phosphorescence of the object is recorded.
- the recording is usually done using a conventional video camera.
- the device can be one that contrasts with the surface.
- the structure to be projected will have a higher spatial frequency than the structure of the surface of the object itself, but a smaller one than that given by the periodicity of the recording sensor.
- Different structures to be projected come into consideration here, such as frequency patterns, speckle patterns, stripe
- recordings are made in at least twenty different focal planes and compared with one another, or that a device is provided for adjusting the object to be examined in the direction of observation on at least twenty different planes.
- This is the preferred way to defocus or adjust different focal planes.
- the defocusing can also be done by adjusting the lens and, if necessary, the entire image recording device. If a lens in front of a semi-transparent mirror If the illumination beam path and a lens are arranged in the recording beam path after the entire mirror, then this or the lighting or recording unit can also be adjusted separately for focus adjustment. The same applies if the lens is illuminated and recorded directly without the interposition of a semi-transparent mirror.
- the focal planes of the illumination optics and / or the recording optics can be changed.
- Extremely preferred further developments of the invention provide that the recorded images are digitized and that the contrasts of the image areas of the initially recorded level are compared with the contrasts of the corresponding image areas of the subsequently recorded level and the greater contrast is selected and then selected the contrasts obtained in this way are compared with the contrasts of the corresponding image areas of the respectively subsequently recorded plane, it also being possible to assign a height value characterizing the associated recording plane to the selected contrasts of the corresponding areas.
- the invention provides in a further development that median filtering is carried out.
- sharp portions for the left stereo image above the base plane are shifted to the left and for a right stereo image above the base plane to the right, specifically higher-lying sharp areas further to the left or further to the right.
- the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention are used in the context of light microscopy. They are suitable for both with a high depth of field. The resulting, in particular microscopic, imaging of objects when taking pictures with a shallow depth of field as well as for height profile measurement, not only for diffusely reflecting objects, but also for in particular transparent objects with a glossy surface. The method and device are also suitable for obtaining transmitted light recordings with a high depth of field of the inner structures of transparent objects.
- a commercially available light microscope can be used, which is provided with a video camera on the tube.
- the method and device according to the invention have significant advantages. In this way, a sharply defined representation of rough and uneven surfaces in microscopic material examinations or a sharply defined representation of transmitted light preparations in biological, medical or material science microscopic examinations is achieved in a simple manner. Due to the invention, roughness or manufacturing tolerances can occur
- Components are measured; the quantitative assessment of the effects of corrosion on surfaces is also possible.
- the invention not only are black and white images to be taken, but also color image processing with color differentiation can be carried out on images with sharp depths. This can be of particular interest when evaluating microscopic images with polarized light or for distinguishing speci? Cally colored specimen zones.
- the invention is used in particular to record microscopic objects, the performance with regard to the axial resolution being disproportionately important the aperture used increases because the depth of field then decreases.
- the invention can be used not only with transparent objects and with reflecting surfaces reflecting the incoming light, but in particular also with glossy, ie smooth, surfaces.
- the pupil is larger than the area depicted on the object.
- the object is illuminated by the microscope objective. Light rays that do not lie on the optical axis, but rather illuminate the edge of the depicted area, can nevertheless get back into the objective pill (reflection microscopy).
- a "glossy" surface is an almost smooth surface that either reflects back 100% (metallic) or some of the incident light in a directed manner (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection). In the case of glossy object planes, the normal angle of which is greater than the opening angle (aperture angle), no light can return to the objective. These areas are shown in dark or black. If the surface is rough, the light is reflected diffusely, ie an incident light beam splits up and is reflected back in several spatial directions. There are mixed forms between these extremes. Diffusely reflecting surfaces can still reflect light in the direction of the lens pupil even with a large inclination.
- the projection of contrasting patterns works with shiny surfaces as well as with diffuse reflecting ones.
- the object is, for example, a semiconductor structure with a substrate made of silicon and a transparent insulation layer, which is the case with light sensors, the layer thickness of the insulation layer can be determined if the boundary layer between air and insulation layer is shiny. Then only part of the light is reflected by this boundary layer and the rest penetrates unhindered through the insulation layer onto the boundary layer to the silicon, where it is then also reflected.
- a local contrast maximum can be detected with the method according to the invention in the respective focal planes, because the projected pattern is imaged both on the upper and on the lower boundary layer. If the upper boundary layer (air insulation) were diffusely reflective, then the light would not be able to take the path through the transparent layer that is necessary for imaging. One would only have a contrast maximum whose position would correspond to the upper boundary layer.
- An invariant illumination depending on the magnification of the objective is achieved by projecting and imaging with one and the same objective.
- the accuracy of the measurements basically depends on the accuracy of the focusing device (for example the object table).
- a "new", interpolated position of the contrast maxima is preferably calculated from the detected contrast maxi a and the contrast values from the preceding and following layers by means of parabolic interpolation.
- the measured topography of the surface is not quantized by the distances between the recorded focus layers, but also allows intermediate values. This allows a reduction in the number of layers and one
- the layer spacings are matched to the projection grid used, the camera sensor and the microscope objective.
- the result values of the digital filtering carried out which determines the contrast, have no binary character.
- a glossy, flat object the surface points of which are all of the same height (relative to the focal plane of the microscope objective), and which is illuminated with a statistical grid in order to obtain an "artificial" texture, laterally different when properly focused Have contrasts.
- the contrast values When defocusing, the contrast values will also differ laterally, but will be lower relative to the corresponding contrast values from the focused plane. Only the axial comparison of the contrast values provides the correct focus detection.
- Regular grids can be precisely matched to the camera sensor, e.g. a checkerboard pattern that has the same periodicity of the sensor elements. A precise adjustment is then necessary so that the edges of the checkerboard rectangles are not exactly in the middle of the sensor elements, since the camera would then only see a uniformly gray area.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a sharp image composed of several image planes, including those of FIGS. 3a-d, by the method according to the invention
- Fig. 5a-c three shots of a glass ball with different levels of focus
- FIG. 6 shows a sharp image of the image composed of a large number of recordings corresponding to FIGS. 5a-c
- the device according to the invention has a light source 1.
- a light source 1 This is usually a source of white light. If necessary, it is also possible to work with monochromatic light.
- the light source 1 is followed by a collector 2 and an aperture diaphragm 3.
- a lens 7, for example a tube lens, is arranged downstream of the element 5.
- a plane glass 8 in the form of a partially transparent mirror is set at an angle of 45 ° to this axis A, which deflects the light from the light source 1 by 90 ° onto a lens 9, which directs the element 4 onto a plane of focus 11 in the area of the surface of the object 6 depicts.
- the object 6 is arranged on a height-adjustable object table 12 which can be set in the direction of the arrow Z by a drive 13.
- the drive is controlled by a controller 14.
- the light reflected from the surface of the object 6 passes through the lens 9 and is received behind the plane glass 8 by a camera 16, specifically through a tube lens 17 along an axis B which is parallel to the direction of movement Z and perpendicular to the plane of focus 11 stands.
- the camera 16 is in particular a video camera.
- the recorded images of the individual sharpness levels 11 are brought into digital form in a digitizer 18 (frame grabber).
- the digitizer 18 is followed by a processing device 19 which, for each set and recorded focus level 11 (for example FIGS. 3a-d), has gray value differences in adjacent image areas of each O 96/23240 _ 13 _
- the depth-of-field image determined in this way is in digitized form and can be reproduced on the one hand via a monitor 21 according to FIG. 4, and on the other hand can be processed further in a suitable manner.
- the drive control 14 is connected to the processing device 19, be it that the processing device 19 controls the drive control 14 or be it that the drive control 14 gives the processing device 19 a signal which Sharpness level 11 is currently set and from which sharpness level 11 the individual image just supplied to the processing device originates.
- the height values of the corresponding image areas can be assigned to the individual image areas of the deeply sharp image or sharp image, that is to say the indication of the plane from which the corresponding image area originates or the indication of the height above an initial plane in the direction of movement Z.
- the sharp image thus provided with the height profile can then be used to create two stereo images, by shifting the sharp portions to the left for a left stereo image to be created and to the right for a right stereo image to be created, the portions or image regions which originate from higher-lying focus planes or which are at a greater distance from the starting plane by a predetermined amount shift left or right than the lower levels.
- Monitor 21 are reproduced and viewed through glasses which, with this display frequency, expose the right or left eye to the right or left stereo images that are currently appearing on the monitor; a spatial sharp image is created for the viewer. This approach is particularly preferable for colored pictures.
- the images can be arranged for a viewer in such a way that each eye of the viewer can only see one of the partial images has, for example, by a partition arranged perpendicular to the forehead of the viewer; this also gives him a spatial impression of the picture.
- FIG. 2 shows the course of a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- the structure 4 is projected onto the surface of the object 6 by the lighting arrangement formed from the parts 1 to 3a (3a converging lens). Areas of the surface of the object 6 lying in the respectively set focal plane 11 and thus also the projected images of the structure 4 which are conspicuous on such areas are seen clearly by the camera 16.
- a desired focal plane is set.
- the object 6 is recorded in a first focus plane with and without a projected structure 5.
- the captured image is digitized via the digitizer 18.
- a raster image r.image and an original image of the corresponding level k are thus available. If necessary, these images (for all levels) can be stored in the processing device 19 in digital form.
- a method step 33 the gray value differences of the "neighboring" image areas of the raster image recorded in each case are determined; the contrast image formed corresponds mathematically to a contrast operator of the raster image.
- the contrast value contrast ⁇ j of each image area (i, j) is compared with an output contrast value (the 0th level, in the flow chart not shown in detail) and the from the respective preceding-level measurements and determinations Kontrast ⁇ resulting maximum contrast value m_kontr j i is compared (step 34). If the current contrast value of the image cell (i, j) is not greater than the existing maximum, the system moves on to the next pixel (to simplify matters, the loops for i, j are not shown separately).
- the current contrast value is larger, it replaces the previous maximum value Furthermore, its level number k or its height above an output level is assigned to a point z n J of a height image corresponding to the respective image cell (i, j). This therefore contains for all image areas (i, j) the indication of the plane k in which the greatest contrast m_control ⁇ - j was determined. Finally, the image areas of the image are in an in-focus image s ⁇ ⁇ Hild taken über ⁇ structure without projection, was determined for the picture from the grid of the largest contrast (step 35).
- step 35 i.e. overall in a few seconds - an adjustment or readjustment of the recording or focus plane.
- step 32 results in a renewed recording of the surface of the object 6 with the focus plane now set according to 31 (via loop 37).
- digitization takes place and, if necessary, temporary storage.
- a sharp image s.image results by combining from the images of the different sharp planes stored according to 33 those image areas which have maximum contrasts and which accordingly originate from the focal plane, the associated plane or height information of which come from the focal plane certain maximum contrast was assigned in the manner described.
- the sharp image s_image therefore only contains depth-sharp image areas from the different levels, i.e. it is composed of the sharp zones of the focus level.
- a digital sharp image of the object - in the form of a matrix - is made available in step 38 for further processing, which can optionally be reproduced on the monitor 21 (FIG. 4).
- a height profile can be determined from the height map z n (matrix of the level or height assignment) and, if necessary, also displayed. Furthermore, in the manner described there is a contrast maximum image m_kontr, which assigns each pixel the contrast filter values of the maxima, which are contained in the height image z n as the focus plane number. If necessary, contrast predecessor and successor images can also be generated which assign each image cell the contrast filter values of the predecessor or successor level to the contrast maxima (not shown in detail in FIG. 2). These can be used to determine an interpolated height profile for image areas which cannot be clearly assigned to a height by the contrast determination.
- the various recordings of a plastic surface according to step 31 for planes selected according to step 34 are shown in FIGS. 3a-d.
- FIG. 4 shows an overall image that is in-depth defined by steps 34 to 36.
- 5a-c show corresponding images of a glass ball with a diameter of approx. 600 ⁇ m in the dark field at a height of 0 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m and 170 ⁇ m.
- Fig. 6 shows a created in-depth image.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP96901281A EP0805996A1 (en) | 1995-01-27 | 1996-01-17 | Process and device for imaging an object |
JP8522591A JPH10513287A (en) | 1995-01-27 | 1996-01-17 | Method and apparatus for recording and imaging images of objects, images |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19502472.9 | 1995-01-27 | ||
DE1995102472 DE19502472A1 (en) | 1995-01-27 | 1995-01-27 | Method and device for picking up an object |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996023240A1 true WO1996023240A1 (en) | 1996-08-01 |
Family
ID=7752415
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1996/000166 WO1996023240A1 (en) | 1995-01-27 | 1996-01-17 | Process and device for imaging an object |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0805996A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH10513287A (en) |
DE (1) | DE19502472A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996023240A1 (en) |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0769159B1 (en) * | 1994-07-01 | 1999-03-10 | Jeffrey H. Price | Autofocus system for scanning microscopy |
DE102013106895A1 (en) * | 2013-07-01 | 2015-01-08 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Light microscopic method for the localization of point objects |
DE102017129519A1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-06-13 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Arrangement and method for the simultaneous measurement of the fluorescence of individual layers, for example the ocular fundus |
US11137738B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2021-10-05 | Glowforge Inc. | Calibration of a computer-numerically-controlled machine |
US11231693B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2022-01-25 | Glowforge Inc. | Cloud controlled laser fabrication |
US11249456B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-02-15 | Glowforge Inc. | Fabrication with image tracing |
US11281189B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-03-22 | Glowforge Inc. | Controlled deceleration of moveable components in a computer numerically controlled machine |
US11305379B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-04-19 | Glowforge Inc. | Preset optical components in a computer numerically controlled machine |
US11327461B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2022-05-10 | Glowforge Inc. | Safety assurances for laser fabrication using temperature sensors |
US11433477B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-09-06 | Glowforge Inc. | Housing for computer-numerically-controlled machine |
US11698622B2 (en) | 2021-03-09 | 2023-07-11 | Glowforge Inc. | Previews for computer numerically controlled fabrication |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19746575A1 (en) * | 1997-10-22 | 1999-04-29 | Zeiss Carl Fa | Optical image recording device and method for its use |
DE10359780B4 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2007-02-15 | Pentacon Gmbh Foto- Und Feinwerktechnik | Method for optical image acquisition |
JP4794902B2 (en) * | 2005-05-11 | 2011-10-19 | キヤノン株式会社 | Surface measurement method and apparatus |
DE102005032354B4 (en) * | 2005-07-08 | 2008-04-10 | Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions Gmbh | Method and device for image acquisition with extended depth of field |
DE102017009804A1 (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2019-04-25 | Vermicon Ag | Method for evaluating microscopic samples and apparatus for carrying out this method |
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JPS5875005A (en) * | 1981-10-30 | 1983-05-06 | Hitachi Ltd | Method and device for measuring thickness of plate |
WO1991018313A1 (en) * | 1990-05-21 | 1991-11-28 | Interactive Video Systems, Inc. | Projected image focus system and method of use |
US5133601A (en) * | 1991-06-12 | 1992-07-28 | Wyko Corporation | Rough surface profiler and method |
US5404163A (en) * | 1992-07-14 | 1995-04-04 | Mitutoyo Corporation | In-focus detection method and method and apparatus using the same for non contact displacement measurement |
-
1995
- 1995-01-27 DE DE1995102472 patent/DE19502472A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1996
- 1996-01-17 WO PCT/EP1996/000166 patent/WO1996023240A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-17 JP JP8522591A patent/JPH10513287A/en active Pending
- 1996-01-17 EP EP96901281A patent/EP0805996A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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JPS5875005A (en) * | 1981-10-30 | 1983-05-06 | Hitachi Ltd | Method and device for measuring thickness of plate |
WO1991018313A1 (en) * | 1990-05-21 | 1991-11-28 | Interactive Video Systems, Inc. | Projected image focus system and method of use |
US5133601A (en) * | 1991-06-12 | 1992-07-28 | Wyko Corporation | Rough surface profiler and method |
US5404163A (en) * | 1992-07-14 | 1995-04-04 | Mitutoyo Corporation | In-focus detection method and method and apparatus using the same for non contact displacement measurement |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0769159B1 (en) * | 1994-07-01 | 1999-03-10 | Jeffrey H. Price | Autofocus system for scanning microscopy |
DE102013106895A1 (en) * | 2013-07-01 | 2015-01-08 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Light microscopic method for the localization of point objects |
DE102013106895B4 (en) * | 2013-07-01 | 2015-09-17 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Light microscopic method for the localization of point objects |
US10234672B2 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2019-03-19 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Light-microscopic method of localization microscopy for localizing point objects |
US11327461B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2022-05-10 | Glowforge Inc. | Safety assurances for laser fabrication using temperature sensors |
US11880182B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2024-01-23 | Glowforge Inc. | Safety and reliability for laser fabrication |
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US11231693B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2022-01-25 | Glowforge Inc. | Cloud controlled laser fabrication |
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US11537097B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2022-12-27 | Glowforge Inc. | Visual preview for laser fabrication by assembling multiple camera images |
US11249456B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-02-15 | Glowforge Inc. | Fabrication with image tracing |
US11305379B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-04-19 | Glowforge Inc. | Preset optical components in a computer numerically controlled machine |
US11433477B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-09-06 | Glowforge Inc. | Housing for computer-numerically-controlled machine |
US11281189B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2022-03-22 | Glowforge Inc. | Controlled deceleration of moveable components in a computer numerically controlled machine |
US11860601B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2024-01-02 | Glowforge Inc. | Calibration of a computer-numerically-controlled machine |
US11860606B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2024-01-02 | Glowforge, Inc. | Fabrication with image tracing |
US11137738B2 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2021-10-05 | Glowforge Inc. | Calibration of a computer-numerically-controlled machine |
DE102017129519B4 (en) | 2017-12-12 | 2020-08-06 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Arrangement and method for the simultaneous measurement of the fluorescence of individual layers in a layer system, for example the fundus |
DE102017129519A1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-06-13 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Arrangement and method for the simultaneous measurement of the fluorescence of individual layers, for example the ocular fundus |
US11698622B2 (en) | 2021-03-09 | 2023-07-11 | Glowforge Inc. | Previews for computer numerically controlled fabrication |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0805996A1 (en) | 1997-11-12 |
DE19502472A1 (en) | 1996-08-01 |
JPH10513287A (en) | 1998-12-15 |
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