WO1996039634A1

WO1996039634A1 - Ac power outlet ground integrity and wire test circuit device

Info

Publication number: WO1996039634A1
Application number: PCT/IB1996/000714
Authority: WO
Inventors: Larry A. Virgilio
Original assignee: A. W. Sperry Instruments, Inc.
Priority date: 1995-06-01
Filing date: 1996-05-29
Publication date: 1996-12-12
Also published as: EP0774124B1; CA2195937A1; DE69633655T2; DE69633655D1; KR100459574B1; KR970705032A; JPH10513569A; EP0774124A4; EP0774124A1; US5625285A; TW297174B; CN1078948C; CN1161748A

Abstract

A self-contained, plug-in, hand-held device for testing the current carrying ability of the Hot wire (12) and the Safety Ground return (CC) of standard AC outlets (18) which have Hot connection (12), Neutral connection (16) and Ground connection (14). The test circuit device also detects common miswires and open connections in the AC outlet (18) being tested by way of flashing lights (D2, D4, D6) built into the tester circuit device. If the AC outlet (18) is wired correctly and the total resistance of the Hot line (10) and Safety Ground (CC) are below a predetermined limit, only one light 'Green' light (D4) meaning 'OK' will flash, which use of only one light to indicate everything is properly wired makes the device easy to use even by a user with little knowledge of electrical testing devices and procedures. Various other detection conditions and indications of occurrence are afforded.

Description

AC POWER OUTLET GROUND INTEGRITY AND WIRE TEST CIRCUIT DEVICE

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to devices for monitoring and testing electrical power supply devices, and more particularly to and for a standard 3-Wire 120 volt AC electrical outlet, which assures the user that the outlet has been wired properly and has acceptable grounding properties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Fop many years it has been known that the safety ground in AC outlets in important, this ground connection will shunt current which can appear on the enclosure of the tool or appliance, due to a defect in insulation, harmlessly to ground. If the enclosure were not properly grounded and the hot wiring of the power tool were to short to the case, the user could suffer injury or death if he or she were standing on a surface which had a path to earth ground or were touching a surface which was connected to earth ground. If the tool being used were to develop such a fault and the outlet wiring was proper, a large amount of current would flow from the HOT wire of the AC outlet through the tool and back through the safety ground of the AC outlet, thus exceeding the current rating of the circuit breaker or fuse which protects the wiring and tripping• the breaker or blowing the fuse. It now becomes apparent that the total resistance of the HOT and SAFETY GROUND must have a value low enough to allow a current exceeding the rating of the circuit breaker or fuse to flow thus insuring that the power to the circuit will be interrupted due to such a fault.

Most 120 VAC circuit breakers have a rating of 20 amps. Using Ohms Law only, we find that the total resistance of the wiring from the main panel to the AC outlet and the connection from the AC outlet to earth ground must not exceed 6 ohms. If this total resistance is greater than 6 ohms, the breaker may not trip during a fault and a dangerous condition in terms of fire hazard or shock will result. The potential for poor electrical connections to earth ground are the most prevalent since these connections are usually made through the metallic conduit which carries the wiring. This conduit typically has many couplings and connections through junction boxes between the AC outlets and the connection to earth ground which usually terminates at the power panel. In addition to faulty assembly of these groun_d returns, the connections over time may loosen or corrode causing the resistance to increase.

As shown in the example above, the total ^• resistance of the circuit must not be greater than 6 ohms. The most popular outlet tester on the market uses neon bulbs to indicate AC outlet miswires, these lamps requiring only 1 or 2 milliamperes to light or turn on. A faulty ground connection having a resistance as high as 120,000 ohms will light the lamp in this type of tester and the user will assume the outlet is safe to use when it is not.

It becomes apparent that more than 1 or 2 milliamperes is required to properly exercise these wiring connections, but a problem arises with ground fault interrupter outlets. These outlets will trip if more than 3 milliamperes of current flow from the HOT WIRE and through the ground return of the outlet. Thus, a tester which causes more than 3 milliamperes to flow through these wires during testing is not usable since the interrupter would trip every time it was tested. Applicant has _found that the solution to this problem is to draw high current short duration pulses, currents exceeding 20 amps may be drawn from the HOT WIRE to EARTH GROUND through the outlet without tripping the interrupter, if the duration is short enough. A total duration of 3 to 5 microseconds with peak currents of 20 amps or more will not trip these interrupters and the resistance o_f t_he wiring can now be determined by detecting the amplitude o_f t_he current pulses. If the total resistance of the circuit is _lower t_han a predetermined limit, the peak current will be _hig_h enoug_h to trigger a light indicating the outlet is safe to use .

In view of that set forth above and other known deficiencies of the prior art for testing not only that an AC outlet is properly wired but also to determine any defect in the connection of the hot, neutral and ground wire connections, and further to _detect a defective ground, the present invention provides the following advantages.

It is an object of the invention to provide a tester unit for detecting and indicating the occurrence of proper wiring of a tested AC outlet, a defective ground, an open Neutral, reverse_d Hot and Neutral connections, a connection wherein "Hot on Neutral with open Neutral" occurs, and an open Hot connection.

It is another object of the invention to assure the user that the AC outlet has been wired properly and the total resistance of the Hot wire and the Ground return is below 6 ohms.

Various other objects and advantages of the present invention will be made known upon reading and understanding the detailed description of the invention which follows.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION T_he _foregoing objects of the invention are achieved in an AC POWER OUTLET GROUND INTEGRITY AND WIRING TESTER UNIT DEVICE AND CIRCUIT having three LED's "Red" "Green" and "Yellow", which LED's are actuated or energized to indicate any occurrence of proper and improper wiring connections of the Hot, Neutral, and Ground wires of the AC outlet, such being accomplished by operative circuitry including three relaxation oscillator circuits, each incorporating therein a LED indicator device to in_dicate the occurrence of a specific wiring condition, with all t_hree of t_hese oscillator circuits being contained in the tester unit/_device and being connected between any of the Hot, Ground, an_{d N}eutra_l wiring connections of an AC outlet when the tester unit is plugged into the outlet. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself will be described with reference to the illustrative preferred embodiment depicted in the accompanying FIG. 1 drawing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With reference to the FIG. 1 drawing there is depicted the electrical AC outlet monitoring and testing circuit device of the present invention. The tester 10 has three LED's D2 "Red", D4 "Green", D6 "Yellow". Only the Green LED D4 will light or flash when the AC outlet is wired correctly and the total resistance of the HOT WIRE and Ground return is below 6 ohms. Each of the LED's, when lit or energized, will flash briefly several times a second. The chart below shows the various faults and flashing light combinations for wiring faults that may be accomplished by the present invention.

LED's FLASHING FAULT

Green All Connections Okay

Re_d Defective Ground

Yellow & Green Open Neutral

Yellow & Red Reverse Hot & Neutral

Yellow Hot On Neutral With

Open Neutral

None Open Hot or Open Ground

And Neutral

The invention circuit simplicity, as shown in FIG. 1, will allow it to fit into a small hand-held, plug-in type enclosure, not shown. It is also self-powered from the AC line (outlet) . Power is supplied from the Hot AC wire line 12 through Fuse FI through Dio_de D_l and through current limiting resistor R2 to capacitor _Cl via circuit line 13. The voltage capacitor Cl will charge to is limite_d to 15 volts which is controlled by zener diode D3 w_hic_h is connected in series with resistor R4 to circuit common CC w_hic_h is connected to the Neutral wire line 16 of the AC outlet 18 under test. The 15 volts appearing at the junction R₂, D³, and Cl is connected to a current limiting resistor R_l which is connected to LED D2 which is connected to the anode of _SCR _Ql. The cathode of Ql is connected to circuit common CC and the gate of ^Ql s connected to the junction of D3 and R4. When the unit is plugged into the AC power outlet and power is applied to the invention circuit, the voltage across Cl will cause current to flow through zener diode D3 and resistor R4. The current through R4 will cause a voltage exceeding .6 volts to be developed across it and this voltage will then cause a current to flow into the gate of SCR Ql which will cause Ql to conduct current and light or energize LED D2. LED D2 will remain on only briefly since the energy stored in capacitor Cl will be rapidly depleted and the current through Ql will fall below its holding current. When Q_l turns off, due to the lack of sufficient holding current, the voltage across capacitor Cl will again begin to rise and the cycle will repeat. The circuit described so far is a complete self-contained first relaxation oscillator which will flash or light the LED D2 at a rate determined by the applied line voltage and the predetermined values of R2, D , R4 and Cl. The operation of this first relaxation oscillator will be Inhibited if the voltage across capacitor Cl is kept below the zener voltage of D3. This brings us to the second part of the circuit: Resistor R , LED D4, and SCR Q2, which are connected in series with each other between R2 and CC. This series circuit is connected across or in parallel with capacitor Cl. If Q2 is triggered before the voltage across Cl reaches 15 volts, then LED D4 will flash (be lit or energized intermittently) rather than LED D2. Q2 is triggered by the action of a second relaxation oscillator circuit comprised o_f diode Dl, SIDAC Q3, and the parallel combination of resistor R5 and capacitor C2 which are coupled to the ground connection of the AC outlet 18 by way of a wire loop 19 around coil LI, and circuit line 20. This second relaxation oscillator wi_ll pro_duce pulses at a predetermined rate two times that of the first re_laxation oscillator mentioned above. When power is applied to the tester 10, upon plug-in to outlet 1⁸, capacitor C2 has no voltage across it. The voltage necessary to cause SIDAC Q3 to breakdown is 120 volts. Only the positive half cycles of the AC line voltage are passed by diode Dl and when the positive half of the line cycle reaches 120 volts, breakover device Q3 will become conductive causing capacitor _C2 to rapidly charge in about 4 microseconds. At this time, the curreht through Q3 will fall below its holding current and _Q3 will turn off. C2 will now begin to discharge through resistor R5 and when the voltage across C2 has fallen to a voltage low enough to allow 120 volts to again appear across Q3, the cycle will be repeated again. With the component values shown in FI_G. 1, Q3 will fire approximately six (6) times a second. Basically, the peak current that will flow is determined by the forward _drop of diode Dl, Q3 and the ESR of capacitor C2. Since these drops are very low, the main limit to the current flowing is the resistance of the AC wiring in outlet 18. The current flowing through the loop 19 around coil LI induces a voltage in coil LI which voltage is applied to the gate of Q2 "via circuit line 21" which has a variable resistor connected from the gate of Q2 to circuit common CC. This resistor R6 acts as a current shunt which controls the sensitivity of Q2, and R6 is set to prevent Q2 from triggering if the peak current pulse flowing in the loop ₁₉ around coil LI is below a predetermined level. If Q2 is not triggered due to insufficient current being sensed by coil LI, then the prior described first relaxation oscillator will become operative and the Red LED D2 will start to flash indicating a defective ground.

Open Neutral Wire Condition: This brings us to the third relaxation oscillator circuit which is configured like the first relaxation oscillator circuit except that it is connected across t_he _Neutral and Ground connections of the AC outlet under test, via wire lines 14 and 16, and comprises: D5, R7, R8, C , D7, R9, Q₄, and LED D6 (Yellow). When the AC outlet is wired properly, no potential difference exists across these two points (Neutral and Ground) and this third oscillator is inoperative. If the Neutral wire is open, the current flowing from the circuit commo CC for the first oscillator must now flow through the thir relaxation oscillator via D5 et al._r to reach ground potential. Thus, the first oscillator and the third oscillator are place in series across the outlets' Hot and Ground lines. Since the second relaxation oscillator is operational causing the first relaxation oscillator to be inactive, both the Green and Yellow LED's D4 and D6 will now flash or be lit at a predetermined rate.

Reversed Hot and Neutral wires condition: Upon detection of this condition, no potential difference will exist across the second oscillator, and Q3 will not fire or conduct which will allow the Red LED D2 to flash or be lit at a predetermined rate. The fact that Neutral is now Hot and Hot is now Neutral makes no difference to the first oscillator. The Yellow LED D6 will also flash at a pre-set rate since the third oscillator will now be connected across 120 volts AC and because the Neutral wire will now be Hot.

Hot On Neutral With Open Neutral Condition: Only the Yellow LED D6 will light or flash at a pre-set rate since only the third oscillator circuit will have 120 volts across it. Here it is assumed that the Hot part/wire of the AC outlet is open and no wire is connected to it.

No Lights Flashing Condition: For this to occur, the AC outlet 18 would have to be "dead" (no Hot connection) or both the Neutral and Ground connections would have to be "open" at the same time.

It can now be seen from the foregoing disclosure that the present invention provides numerous advantages over the known prior art, an_d t_hat t_he numerous fault detection operations of the invention unit are accomplished via a single self-contained, small hand¬ _hel_d, p_lug-in type, enclosure device which is powered from the _{AC l}ine contained in the AC outlet under test. With respect with the circuit components mentioned above and shown in FIG. 1: All resistor values are in ohms (+/- 5%) and 1/4 watt unless otherwise noted, and all capacitors are in u_fd. (+/- 1°%) .

Although the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiment, as well as alternative embodiments of the invention, will become apparent to persons of skill in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover such modifications that fall within the true scope of the invention.

Claims

I claim:

1. A self-contained, hand-held, plug-in device foir testing the current carrying ability of the Hot wire and the safety Ground return wire of a standard AC outlet having Hot, Neutral, and

Ground wire connections comprising in combination: circuit means for detecting the occurrences of any iswired connections of the Hot, Neutral and Ground connections of said

AC outlet and for visually indicating such occurrences, said circuit means having a single indicator light means actuable to indicate both a proper wiring condition of the said AC outlet and the condition wherein the total resistance of said Hot wire connection and said Ground connection is below a predetermined ohmic resistance limit, and wherein said circuit means is powered by the Hot wire connection of the AC outlet under test and eliminates any need for an internal power supply for said device.

2. The device of Claim .1 wherein said circuit means includes a first relaxation oscillator circuit connectable between the Hot and _Neutral wire connections of the AC outlet under test and said single indicator light means, and further includes a second in_dicator lig_ht means actuable to indicate the occurrence of a de_fective ground condition and also the occurrence of a reversed Hot an_d Neutral connections condition of said AC outlet under test.

₃. The _device of Claim 2 wherein said circuit means further inclu_des a second relaxation oscillator circuit connectable between sai_d Hot and Ground connections, and connected across said first re_laxation oscillator circuit, wherein said second relaxation oscillator controls the flashing pulse rate of the said single indicator light.

₄. T_he _device o_f Claim 3 wherein the said circuit means further inclu_des a t_hir_d relaxation oscillator circuit connectable _between t_he _Ground and Neutral wire connections of said AC outlet un_der test an_{d h}aving a third indicator light means actuable to indicate the occurrence of an open Neutral condition, s reversed Hot and Neutral condition, and a Hot on Neutral with open Neutral condition.

5. The device of Claim 4 wherein said circuit means and its relaxation oscillator circuits and plurality of indicator light means are inoperable upon detection of an open Hot condition, or an open Ground and an open Neutral condition, which inhibits the actuation of any of said indicator light means, thereby indicating that the AC outlet wiring under test is defective.

6. The device of Claim 5 wherein the said circuit means and its second and third relaxation oscillator circuits are operable upon detection of an open Neutral condition to actuate said single and said third indicator light means, and are further operable upon detection of said reversed Hot and Neutral condition to actuate said second and third indicator light means.

7. A method for testing the current carrying ability of the Hot wire and the safety Ground return wire of a standard AC outlet having Hot, Neutral and Ground wire connections comprising the steps of: a) detecting via circuit means the occurrences of any miswired connections of the Hot, Neutral and Ground connections of said AC outlet and visually indicating such occurrences;

b) detecting and indicating via a single indicator light means both a proper wiring condition of the said AC outlet and the condition wherein the total resistance of said Hot wire connection and said Ground wire connection is below a predetermined ohmic resistance limit; and c) powering said circuit means and said indicator light means from the Hot wire connection of the said AC outlet under test.

8. The method as defined in Claim 7 further including the steps of detecting and indicating the occurrence of a defective Ground condition, an open Neutral condition, a reversed Hot and Neutral condition, a Hot on Neutral with open Neutral condition, an open Hot condition, and an open Ground and Neutral condition, as each condition occurs in said AC outlet under test.