WO1997022024A1 - Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass - Google Patents
Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997022024A1 WO1997022024A1 PCT/US1996/019798 US9619798W WO9722024A1 WO 1997022024 A1 WO1997022024 A1 WO 1997022024A1 US 9619798 W US9619798 W US 9619798W WO 9722024 A1 WO9722024 A1 WO 9722024A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- coupler
- fiber
- cladding
- optical
- wavelength
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
- G02B6/2821—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals
- G02B6/2826—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals using mechanical machining means for shaping of the couplers, e.g. grinding or polishing
- G02B6/283—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals using mechanical machining means for shaping of the couplers, e.g. grinding or polishing couplers being tunable or adjustable
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/241—Light guide terminations
- G02B6/243—Light guide terminations as light absorbers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
- G02B6/2821—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals
- G02B6/2835—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals formed or shaped by thermal treatment, e.g. couplers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
- G02B6/2856—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers formed or shaped by thermal heating means, e.g. splitting, branching and/or combining elements
Definitions
- This invention relates in general to couplers, and, in particular, to waveguide optical fiber couplers which are tunable using photosensitive glass 5
- Optical waveguide delta-beta couplers have at least two optical fibers that couple light at from one optical fiber into the other Each fiber includes a core and a cladding In a coupler the claddings of each fiber touch each other 10 along a selected, coupling region The coupling of light from one fiber into another is more efficient when the dads of the two fibers are closer together Coupling also depends upon the relative sizes of the two cores and dads So, it is known to have cores and dads of equal sizes as well as cores and dads of unequal size depending upon the wavelengths selected for coupling l During the formation of a coupler, the core of the optical fiber is substantially reduced in size Part of the formation requires necking down the size of two or more of the coupled optical fibers to a diameter about the size of one of the fibers Methods for forming such a necked down coupler is shown and described in U S Patent Nos 4,799,949 and 5,01 1 ,251 issued to Corning, 0 Inc.
- Germania is a common dopant for increasing the index of refraction of the cores It is normally not used in the cladding where the index of refraction is less than the index of the core Germania is also a photosensitive glass and changes its index of refraction upon exposure to ultraviolet light
- the latter property of germania is useful in Bragg gratings that use optical fiber with core regions treated with ultraviolet light
- a Bragg grating has a wavelength selective core comprising alternate regions of different indexes of refraction spaced apart by half the desired filter wavelength (in the glass)
- the Bragg gratings do not couple light from one fiber to another, but rather filter one or more wavelengths of light
- Couplers are precision devices which are useless if they do not accurately couple the selected wavelength of light from one fiber to the other
- the coupling cannot be permanently changed to correct for manufacturing defects Accordingly, there is a long felt need for a coupler that can permanently correct manufacturing defects without reliance upon continuous external mechanical forces or applied electromagnetic fields
- the invention provides a wavelength tunable optical coupler that is permanently alterable
- the tunable optical coupler has at least two optical fibers Each fiber has a core and a cladding
- the fibers may have the same size core or different size cores
- One of the fibers has its cladding doped with germania Germania is present in the cladding of the fiber in the coupling region where the selected wavelength is coupled from one fiber to the other
- the germania in the coupling region is exposed to ultraviolet light in order to further alter the index of refraction in the coupling region and thereby tune the fiber to the wavelength selected for coupling
- the invention provides for a wavelength tunable optical waveguide coupler that has two inputs and two outputs
- the fibers may have cores of different diameters
- the photosensitive dopant selected for one of the claddings is preferably germania but may be another photosensitive glass selected from the group consisting of Ce 3+ , Eu + , Eu 3+ , T ⁇ O 2 and Pr 3+
- DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a partial schematic view of the tunable coupler
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the coupler taken along the line 2-2 prime of Figure 1
- Figure 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a coupler having unequal cores and claddings
- Figure 4 is a graphical view of the shift in wavelength obtained by the coupler with the cores of Figure 3
- Figure 5 is a glass preform used in one method of manufacture
- Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of the stretching of this preform of Figure 5
- Figures 7 and 8 schematically illustrate heating and stretching of a severed unit to a tapered control section
- Figure 9 is a perspective view of a coupler
- Figure 10 is a cross-section view of a capillary tube with optical fibers inserted therein
- Figures 1 1 and 12 are schematic illustrations of steps for shaping fiber ends
- Figure 13 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for collapsing and stretching a preform
- Figure 14 is an illustration of a coupler made with the apparatus of
- the coupler 10 comprises a first optical fiber 20 and a second optical fiber 30
- the two fibers 20 and 30 are brought closely together over a coupling region 12
- Light entering input port 21 has a first wavelength and is designated A
- light entering input port 31 has a different wavelength designated B
- the two wavelengths A, B travel to the coupling region 12 along the respective fibers
- Optical fiber 20 has a cladding that is doped with a photosensitive glass, such as germania
- care is taken to make sure that the relative diameter sizes of the optical fibers 20 and 30 and the length of the coupling region 12 are carefully made in order to achieve the maximum coupling of light of wavelength B from optical fiber 30 into optical fiber 20
- care is taken to make sure that the relative diameter sizes of the optical fibers 20 and 30 and the length of the coupling region 12 are carefully made in order to achieve the maximum coupling of light of wavelength B from optical fiber 30 into optical fiber 20
- the fibers have the same size core and cladding This embodiment is shown in Figure 2 where their respective cores 24 and 34 and claddings 22 and 32 are the same size
- FIG 3 there is shown an example of the invention where the fibers are of different size
- a fiber 40 has a radius of 15 ⁇ m and has a ⁇ equal to 0 208 percent
- a second fiber 50 has a radius of 12 ⁇ m and a ⁇ equal to 0 220 percent
- the two fibers are enclosed in a matrix glass and have their centers spaced apart 30 ⁇ m
- the index of refraction of fiber 50 can be as large as 1 x 10 '2 but can be 1 x 10 "5 or less to show the effect
- the effects of this exposure to ultraviolet radiation are shown in Figure 4 There one can clearly see that the tunable wavelength has shifted by approximately 5 nm
- the coupler 10 is made by one or more suitable processes as described in U S Pat No 4,799,949, assigned to Corning, Inc As shown in Figure 5 a coupler preform 110 comprises a plurality of parallel cores 112 and 113 and disposed in a boule 116 of matrix glass Preform 1 10 is drawn or stretched by tractors 17 in furnace 118 ( Figure 6) to form multicore coupler rod 120 Rod 120 is sliced into numerous units 121 of suitable length Vacuum fixture 119 may be attached to the top of preform 110 during stretching
- each unit 121 comprises cores 112' and 113' within boule 116' of matrix glass
- the central region of unit 121 is subjected to a controlled thermal environment by source 122 while it is stretched to form elongated or necked-down central region 123 of reduced diameter as shown in Figure 8
- Heat source 122 which is capable of providing a heated zone along a narrow axial region of the unit, can be a flame, laser or the like
- Heat source 122 is a ring burner capable of surrounding and directing heat radiation inwardly toward unit 121 After the unit is inserted through the ring burner, the ends thereof are clamped to stages 127 and 128 Stages 127 and 128 are vertically movable by rotating threaded shafts 129 and 130, respectively, which extend through threaded bores in those shafts Shafts 129 and 130 are connected to motors (not shown) whose speed is programmed to vary with respect to time Burner 122 is ignited and initially directs a ring of flame inwardly toward unit 121 at point C Stage 128 begins to move down (arrow 124) at a constant velocity, and stage 127 begins to move down (arrow 125) at a slightly greater velocity The faster rate of movement of stage 127 causes unit 121
- the device 10 formed by the method shown in Figures 7 and 8 functions as an optical waveguide coupler
- Light propagating in one core couples to the other core in necked down (coupling) region 12 where the cores 24, 34 are brought closer together and have reduced diameters Away from coupling region 12, light does not couple from one core to the other since the cores are separated by a distance greater than the coupling distance
- the diameter of the fibers 20, 30 in the non-necked down region is determined by the size of the fiber to be connected to ports 21 , 31 , 25, 35
- the cores must be reduced in diameter by some minimum amount in the coupling region 12 in order to obtain effective coupling
- a coupler 10 may also be formed by the method shown in Figures 10-14 and as or particularly described in U S Patent No 5,01 1 ,251 , assigned to Corning, Inc and incorporated herein by reference Coated fibers 917 and
- the fibers 917 and 918 are inserted into a glass capillary tube 910 having a 3 8 cm length, 2 8 mm outside diameter, and 270 ⁇ m longitudinal aperture diameter
- the glass capillary tube 910 is a preform for the coupler 10
- Preform 910 is made by a flame hydrolysis process and consists of silica doped with 6 percent by weight B 2 O 3 and about 1 wt percent fluorine
- Tapered aperture 912 and 913 at opposite ends are formed by flowing the gas phase etchant NF 3 through the tube while uniformly heating the end of the tube 910
- tube 910 is inserted through ring burner 934
- the opposite ends of tube 910 are clamped to draw chucks 932 and 933
- the chucks are mounted on motor controlled stages 945 and 946 which are controlled by a computer Approximately 3 2 cm of coating is stripped from the central region of a 3 meter length of fiber 917 The uncoated sections of fibers
- Coated fiber 917 is inserted through aperture 91 1 until its uncoated portion is situated below tube end 915
- the uncoated portion of coated fiber 918 is held adjacent to the uncoated portion of coated fiber 917 and both are moved together towards tube bend 914 until the coating end regions became wedged in tapered aperture 913
- the uncoated portion of coated fiber 917 is then disposed between end surfaces 914 and 915
- the uncoated portion of coated fiber 917 is preferably centered within aperture 91 1
- End 925 of fiber 918 is located between mid-regions 927 and the end of 914 of tube 910
- the fibers are threaded through the vacuum attachments 941 and 940, which are then attached to the ends of preform 910 Vacuum is applied to the upper and lower portions of preform 910 by clamping jaws 944 and 944'
- the upper end of fiber 917 is connected to a monochromator coupled to a white light source The monochromator is adjusted to provide a beam of 1310 nm light
- a vacuum of 10 inches (25 4 cm) of mercury is connected to the tube aperture and ring burner 934 is ignited
- the portion of the apparatus above ring burner 934 is protected by a heat shield 935 Flames of about 1800° C are generated by supplying gas oxygen to the burner at rates of 0 8 slpm and 0 85 slpm, respectively
- the flame from ring burner 934 heats preform 910 for about 25 seconds
- the matrix glass collapses onto fibers 919 and 920 as shown in Figure 13
- Mid-region 927 the central portion of which forms a coupling region of the coupler 10 becomes a solid region wherein substantially the entire length of fibers 919 and 920 are in mutual contact
- germania clad fibers for this invention are more fully described in co-pending U S Serial No (docket number 15725/8350), the entire disclosure of which is herein is incorporated by reference
- other photosensitive glasses may be used as a cladding for one of the fibers
- Such other photosensitive glasses include but are not limited to
- the amount of germania selected for the cladding is only a relative fraction of the amount of germania that is normally used in the core in order to turn or reflect light
- the amount of germania used in the cladding is enough so that it has little or no appreciable effect upon altering the index of refraction in the coupler until the germania is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation So, the germania may range between 0 01 to 50 percent by weight
- the coupler may comprise two or more fibers having cores doped with germania and altered by exposure to ultraviolet radiation So, the invention broadly covers couplers with germania exposed to ultraviolet light to alter the index of refraction of at least one optical fiber in the coupler
- the germania that is exposed to ultraviolet light may be in the clad, the core or both
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP09522207A JP2000502194A (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1996-12-06 | Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass |
AU14166/97A AU704668B2 (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1996-12-06 | Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass |
EP96944334A EP0866990A4 (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1996-12-06 | Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass |
KR1019980704439A KR19990072121A (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1996-12-06 | Adjustable optical coupler using photosensitive glass |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/572,016 | 1995-12-14 | ||
US08/572,016 US5647040A (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1995-12-14 | Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997022024A1 true WO1997022024A1 (en) | 1997-06-19 |
Family
ID=24285992
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1996/019798 WO1997022024A1 (en) | 1995-12-14 | 1996-12-06 | Tunable optical coupler using photosensitive glass |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5647040A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0866990A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000502194A (en) |
KR (1) | KR19990072121A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1203673A (en) |
AU (1) | AU704668B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2224652A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997022024A1 (en) |
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AUPR230200A0 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2001-01-25 | Redfern Optical Components Pty Ltd | Tuning of optical devices |
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CN105406161B (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2018-07-17 | 大连海事大学 | A kind of degree of coupling it is adjustable and with restructural response across directional coupler |
CN106483603B (en) * | 2016-11-23 | 2023-03-21 | 华南理工大学 | Tunable orbital angular momentum optical fiber coupler and preparation method thereof |
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-
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- 1996-12-06 CA CA002224652A patent/CA2224652A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-06 EP EP96944334A patent/EP0866990A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-12-06 JP JP09522207A patent/JP2000502194A/en active Pending
- 1996-12-06 WO PCT/US1996/019798 patent/WO1997022024A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-12-06 CN CN96198650A patent/CN1203673A/en active Pending
- 1996-12-06 KR KR1019980704439A patent/KR19990072121A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-12-06 AU AU14166/97A patent/AU704668B2/en not_active Ceased
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1416697A (en) | 1997-07-03 |
EP0866990A4 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
CA2224652A1 (en) | 1997-06-19 |
US5647040A (en) | 1997-07-08 |
AU704668B2 (en) | 1999-04-29 |
JP2000502194A (en) | 2000-02-22 |
EP0866990A1 (en) | 1998-09-30 |
KR19990072121A (en) | 1999-09-27 |
CN1203673A (en) | 1998-12-30 |
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