WO1997023738A1 - Charge transfer capacitance sensor - Google Patents
Charge transfer capacitance sensor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997023738A1 WO1997023738A1 PCT/US1996/020664 US9620664W WO9723738A1 WO 1997023738 A1 WO1997023738 A1 WO 1997023738A1 US 9620664 W US9620664 W US 9620664W WO 9723738 A1 WO9723738 A1 WO 9723738A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- charge
- plate
- predetermined
- charging
- discharging
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
- E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
- E03C1/02—Plumbing installations for fresh water
- E03C1/05—Arrangements of devices on wash-basins, baths, sinks, or the like for remote control of taps
- E03C1/055—Electrical control devices, e.g. with push buttons, control panels or the like
- E03C1/057—Electrical control devices, e.g. with push buttons, control panels or the like touchless, i.e. using sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
- G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
- G01R27/26—Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
- G01R27/2605—Measuring capacitance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R29/00—Arrangements for measuring or indicating electric quantities not covered by groups G01R19/00 - G01R27/00
- G01R29/08—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
- G01R29/0864—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics characterised by constructional or functional features
- G01R29/0878—Sensors; antennas; probes; detectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/94—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the way in which the control signals are generated
- H03K17/945—Proximity switches
- H03K17/955—Proximity switches using a capacitive detector
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K2217/00—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00
- H03K2217/94—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00 characterised by the way in which the control signal is generated
- H03K2217/96—Touch switches
- H03K2217/9607—Capacitive touch switches
- H03K2217/96071—Capacitive touch switches characterised by the detection principle
- H03K2217/960725—Charge-transfer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/0318—Processes
Definitions
- TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention deals with capacitive field sensors employing a single coupling plate to emit and detect a field disturbance.
- Capacitive field sensors are commonly used in a wide variety of applications, such as security systems, door safety systems, human interfaces such as keypads, material handling controls, and the like. Such sensors can be divided into three broad classes : 1) those that emit and sense an electric field using separate coupling plates, and 2) those that employ a single coupling plate to emit and detect field disturbance, and 3) those that passively detect electric fields generated by, or present on, or ambient fields disturbed by, the object sensed.
- Many existing sensors employing a single coupling plate employ AC field techniques, and connect the coupling plate to an AC source, such as an RF signal source. Fluctuations of the signal level at the coupling plate are monitored to detect the proximity of an object that absorbs the electric field.
- Various known sensors of this sort include:
- a sensor employing a capacitive bridge circuit to detect the signal fluctuations.
- the bridge is used to suppress background capacitance and to allow for high gain amplification of the relatively small changes in the signals on the plate.
- a sensor placing the plate in a tuned circuit, so that changes in plate capacitance caused by moving proximate objects slightly alters the tuned circuit's resonant frequency, which may be monitored by various means.
- a variation of this type of sensor uses a fixed current source to charge the plate, and determines capacitance changes by measuring the changes in the charging rate from a reference slope. Commonly the rate is determined with the help of a voltage comparator and a reference voltage.
- sinusoidal AC signals are not a prerequisite for such sensors, and that other wave shapes can also be conveniently used, e. g. square waves or pulses, with the same essential effect.
- the present invention cures the above defects in the prior sensing art, and provides a sensor operable with a wide variety of sensing plate configurations.
- a sensor can be connected to a wide variety of objects and is not limited to the use of a prefabricated plate.
- objects might include door mounted safety sensing s trips, safety zone floor mats and strips, automatic faucets and water fountains, valuable fixed objects that are to be protected from theft or tampering, moving or flowing industrial materials, commodities having a variable level within a hopper or tank, etc.
- the present invention employs the measurement of electric charge imposed upon, and shortly thereafter removed from, a sensing electrode (conventionally referred to as a "plate").
- the sensing electrode may be an actual metal plate having a predetermined size and shape, or may be an entire conductive object, such as a faucet or a metal door.
- the time interval employed for the charge / discharge cycle can vary according to specific requirements. For example, it is known from experiment that sensing intervals of less than several hundred nanoseconds (ns) or less act to suppress the detection of localized amounts of moisture or standing water (the pulse width selected for this purpose will vary with the environment of the measurement, and is often less than one hundred nanoseconds). Larger measurement intervals will increasingly make such a sensor 'reach through' moisture and standing water (or 'through' internal water content in an object sensed), to detect what appears to be higher and higher levels of apparent capacitance .
- a 100 nsec duration is approximately optimal when sensing a user's hand proximate the spout of a wash-basin that may have water standing thereabout. Other objects may require different durations.
- Apparatus of the invention comprises a circuit for charging a sensing electrode, and a switching element acting to remove charge from the sensing electrode and to transfer it to a charge detection circuit.
- the charging circuit may be as simple as a resistor or other type of current source, a better implementation uses a second switching element to charge the plate to a known voltage.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a holding capacitor to measure the charge drained from the plate.
- a microprocessor can collect a number of readings and perform signal averaging and nonlinear filtering to effectively compensate for both impulse and stochastic noise, thereby allowing an increased effective gain of the sensor.
- a charge subtractor is optionally employed to subtract charge from the holding capacitor, thereby increasing dynamic range and canceling offset effects that may be introduced from charge injection by the switch(es) or from background levels of plate capacitance and the wiring thereto.
- a computer memory In a preferred embodiment, algorithms stored in a computer memory are employed to provide for automatic calibration of the sensor, to track circuit drift, to track environmental changes, and to provide output processing as may be required for a particular application. It is an object of the invention to provide capacitive sensing means for the control of a water delivery valve, the sensing means acting, when the valve is closed, to determine when the valve should be opened responsive to a user's approach, the sensing means acting, when the valve is open, to determine the duration during which the valve should be held open responsive to the user's continued presence proximate the valve. It is an additional object of the invention to provide capacitive sensing means for the control of a water delivery valve, the sensing means comprising a capacitor plate DC-coupled to a charge measurement circuit.
- Figure 1 is an electrical schematic representation of a sensing plate surrounded by a water film providing an electrically conducting path from the plate to earth.
- Figure 2 is a simplified electrical schematic view of the water film of Fig.1.
- Figure 3 shows a curve characterizing the temporal response characteristics of a shunting conductor of interest.
- Figure 4 is a block diagram of a sensor having a single switch or switching element, a plate-charging circuit (which may be a resistor or other current source).
- Figure 5 is a block diagram of a circuit similar to that of Fig. 3, but having a second switch to provide charging. An optional charge subtraction circuit is shown in phantom in Fig.4.
- Figure 6 is a timing diagram showing control of the two switches of Fig.5.
- Figure 7 is a detailed circuit schematic of a sensor conforming to Fig.45
- Figure 8 is a partially cut away elevational view of a drinking fountain controlled by apparatus of the invention.
- Figure 9 is a cut-away view of a sensor of the invention controlling water flow through a wash-basin faucet.
- Figure 10 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the sensor of the invention that includes circuits to allow the modification of pulse durations, which is useful in the control of water-basin faucets.
- a sensing plate 12 connected to a sensor circuit 14 by a wire or cable 16 is surrounded by a conductive water film 18 shown with a dash-dot line.
- the water film 18 is shown in contact with both a spout 21 of a water faucet and another metallic object 20 connected to an earth ground 22. That is, regardless of the physical details of the conduction processes, the sensing plate 12 is connected to a shunting conductor 18 having time-dependent conduction properties to be discussed in greater detail hereinafter.
- FIG. 1 is representative of a water faucet being used as a bulk proximity sensor, wherein the pipe connecting the spout 21 to the water supply comprises a short piece of plastic tubing for electrical isolation, and where water splashes have accumulated as a film 18 disposed on a counter-top 28 around the base of the spout 21.
- Fig.1 is shown in Fig. 2.
- a body 18 of water shunting the plate 12 to ground can be modeled as a two dimensional array of infinite series of resistors 30 and capacitors 32 connected between the plate 12 and earth 22.
- the appropriate sensing model also includes a second conductive path 33 connecting the sensing plate 12 to earth 22. This second path comprises a parallel combination of a resistance 34 and a capacitance to earth 36.
- the infinite series can be conveniently reduced to an approximation shown in Fig.2, where a finite series of resistors and capacitors 30 and 32 is shown.
- the capacitance between the plate 12 and the object 24 (i.e., the electrical quantity to be detected by the sensor circuit 14) is represented in Fig.2 with the reference numeral 40. It is also noted that the object 24 has a capacitance to earth 42, at least part of which is free space capacitance.
- the capacitors 32 can all charge and discharge fully on each sinusoidal cycle with little phase delay. At increasing frequencies, the capacitors 32 become increasingly difficult to charge through the resistances 30, that is, the RC network acts as a low-pass filter having an upper cut-off at a characteristic frequency— or, equivalently, there is a characteristic time constant for an ionic conductor such that the conductor will appear to not respond to pulsed signals having a duration significantly less than the time constant. Furthermore, the degree to which the capacitors 32 contribute to the measurable capacitance value of 12 is graduated from one extreme to the other.
- a shunting conductor 18 of interest e.g., a sheet or film of water spilled about a spout 21 or a portion of water contained in a pipe 41 intermediate a valve 43 and a spout 21.
- ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 and the exact shape of the curve 45 are expected to depend on a variety of factors including the choice of geometry of the shunting conductor 18, the composition of the conductor (e.g., the salinity of water standing in a pipe), and the ambient temperature. Moreover, because the generally smooth and continuous nature of the response curve 45, a wide range of values for the pulse width can be selected for a given measurement. For a case of particular interest, that of water spilled about a spout 21, ⁇ 1 is on the order of 100 nsec, while ⁇ 2 is on the order of 1 ⁇ sec.
- the resistance 34 between the sensing plate and earth 22 may be highly variable, depending on the purity and size of the water film 18 splashed about the plate 12 (which may be the spout 21) as well as depending on the degree of contact between the film 18 and a grounded conductor 20. This value may change from one moment to the next, and will also change with variations in ambient temperature. Even the bulk capacitance 36 between the sensing plate 12 and ground 22 may vary with time— e.g., if an additional object such as a paper towel is left draped over the spout 21.
- a voltage-limited current source 44 (which in the simplest variation is simply a resistor connected to a fixed voltage source 46) feeds a charging current to the plate 12.
- the current supplied by the source 44 is selected so that the plate 12 is charged to a predetermined fraction of the supply voltage V+ during a first interval during which a discharging switch 50 is open.
- the discharging switch 50 which is preferably controlled by a microprocessor 52 via a control line 54, closes briefly. This rapidly discharges the sensing plate 12 into a charge detector 56, the amount of charge so transferred being representative of the capacitance of the sensing plate 12.
- the charge-discharge process can be repeated numerous times, in which case the charge measurement means 56 aggregates the charge from the plate 12 over several operating cycles. After a predetermined number of cycles of charge and discharge, the charge detector 56 is examined for total final charge by the controller 52, and as a result the controller 52 may generate an output control signal on an output line 58— e.g., which may be used to cause a faucet 21 to open. As is common in the control arts, the controller 52 may also comprise one or more control inputs 60, which may include sensitivity settings and the like. After each reading, the controller 52 resets the charge detector 56 to allow it to accumulate a fresh set of charges from the plate 12.
- the controller 52 can take a reading after each individual cycle of the discharging switch 50, and then integrate (or otherwise filter) the readings over a number of cycles prior to making a logical decision resulting in a control output
- various combinations of signal integration cycles by the charge detector 56 and by internal algorithmic processes in the controller 52 may be used.
- Proximity sensors are ideally those measuring a change in capacitance with respect to an invariant reference level.
- a practical adaptive proximity sensor is one measuring a change of capacitance with respect to a slowly varying reference level - e. g. , a variation occurring over a time period significantly longer than the maximum time a user 24 would interact with a controlled mechanism.
- Motion sensors are those measuring only a rapid change in capacitance - e.g., those responsive to the absolute value of the algebraic difference between capacitance values measured at two instants exceeding a predetermined value.
- motion sensors may be configured to average several readings taken during a requisite short sensing interval in order to avoid problems with noise.
- Fig.4 is unable to handle cases in which the magnitude of the direct resistance to earth 34 is so low as to prevent the plate 12 from becoming fully charged. Calculations must be made to ascertain that this conductance path 34, if present, cannot interfere with valid signal readings by loading the current source 44. Also, since no provision is made in the circuit of Fig.4 to shut off the current source 44, when the discharging switch 50 closes it will conduct charge from the source 44 into the charge detector 56 as well. This additional charge can usually be accounted for as a fixed offset.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention is schematically depicted in Fig. 5 . Here a second, charging, switch 62 is employed in place of the current source 44.
- the charging switch 62 like the discharging switch 50, is preferably a low resistance switching element, such as a transistor, operating under control of the microprocessor 52 via a charging control line 64, to charge the plate 12 very quickly to the known voltage V+. Should there be a conductive path offered by a low direct resistance 34, the current flow through the resistance 34 is not able to significantly drop the voltage impressed on plate 12, provided that the relative impedances of the direct resistance 34 and of the charging switch 62 are highly disparate.
- Fig. 6 one finds a timing diagram depicting a preferred mode of closing and opening the charging 62 and discharging 50 switches in sequence.
- the charging switch 62 closes at a first time, indicated as t 1 , thereby connecting the plate 12 to the voltage source 46 so that the plate 12 charges quickly (as illustrated by a trace labeled with reference numeral 72) and reaches saturation at or before a second time t 2 (The rate of rise of the waveform 72 depends on the bulk capacitance of the plate 12, and the internal resistance of the charging switch 62) at which the charging switch 62 disconnects the plate 12 from the source of DC voltage 46.
- the discharging switch 50 (shown in waveform 74) closes at t 3 , thereby connecting the plate 12 to the charge measurement means 56 so as to rapidly discharge the plate 12.
- the waveform labeled with reference numeral 76 shows the rise of charge in the charge detector 56 after the discharging switch 50 closes.
- a charge subtractor 80 is provided in some embodiments of the invention. When pulsed by a buck line 82 from the controller 52 (shown as waveform 84 in Fig.6) the charge subtractor 80 subtracts charge from the charge detector 56. With such a circuit, the output of the charge detector 56 would look like waveform 86 of Fig. 6, rather than like waveform 76.
- the direct resistance 34 plays an insignificant role, because the discharge occurs fast enough and immediately follows the charging pulse, the tendency is for the charge not to be bled away by the resistor 34 in time to significantly affect the measured result.
- AC coupling the sensor circuit 14 to the plate 12 by placing a conventional blocking capacitor (not shown) in the line 16 would destroy all these advantages by injecting a new reactance into the system. The effects of this reactance would be highly dependent on variations in circuit elements 30, 32, 34 that one wishes to exclude from the measurement. Thus, the system must remain DC coupled to be effective in wet environments.
- the method of the invention can invoke controllably charging and discharging a sensing plate 12 where at least one of the charging and discharging steps is done during a time interval shorter than a characteristic conduction time of a shunting conductor.
- both the charging and discharging steps are carried out with fast pulses.
- the discussion supra with respect to Fig.4 presented an arrangement in which a long (essentially infinite) charging step was combined with a short discharging interval.
- the complementary situation, that of using a brief charging interval combined with a long discharge period would also be effective to provide a means of making a reproducible capacitance measurement usable for control applications in the presence of a shunting conductor 18.
- Fig 7 shows a schematic circuit diagram of an actual circuit employed to sense proximity of a user 24 to a faucet
- the switches 62 and 50 are p- and n-channel mosfet transistors of types BSS110 and BSN10, respectively, both of which have integral source-drain diodes 88, 90.
- a resistor 92 (which typically has a value of twenty four ohms) adds damping and prevents ringing in the line 16 running to the plate 12.
- a second resistor 94 (which has a typical value of fifty one thousand ohms) acts to drain residual charge from the plate 12 when neither of the switches 62 ,50 is conducting.
- Radio frequency interference is minimized by the provision of resistors 96,97 (which preferably have values of about one hundred ohms) to limit the rise and fall times of the signal on the cable 16, by limiting the gate charge rate on the switches 62 and 50.
- a diode 98 is preferably provided to turn off the charging switch 62 abruptly prior to the discharging switch 50 turning on a few nanoseconds later.
- Pulse networks 100, 102 which preferably employ 74AC00 type nand gates for pulse forming and driving, generate approximately 100ns pulses (i .e., waveforms 70, 74, where waveform 70 is inverted)) for the charging 62 and discharging 50 switches.
- the pulse network 102 acts subsequen tly to the network 100, its output pulse is slightly delayed.
- the charge subtractor circuit 80 employs an NPN transistor (preferably a type 2N918) to subtract charge from the charge detector 56 on every pulse edge. The choice of the capacitance value in the charge subtractor 80 and of the system voltage determine the amount of charge subtracted on each pulse.
- an amplifier circuit 104 (having a gain of approximately two hundred and sixty in a preferred case), is used with an 8-bit DAC to provide an adjustable measurement offset of the signal.
- the analog to digital converter 116 integral to the preferred microcontroller 52 (a type PIC16C74) is only 8 bits, and thus has limited dynamic range.
- the preferred charge detector 56 comprises a capacitor 106, which has a value of 005 ⁇ F in one embodiment.
- a reset mosfet transistor 108 preferably of type BSN10, is used to reset the charge detecting capacitor 106 after each pulse, or burst of pulses, used in a measurement is read through the amplifier subsystem 104.
- the discharging switch 50 is preferably implemented as a mosfet having an internal diode 88, it is important not to allow the voltage on the charge detecting capacitor 106 to rise beyond about 0.5 volts, lest excessive conduction leakage occur, which would reduce the effective gain. If the voltage on the charge detecting capacitor 106 rises too high, the charge subtractor circuit 80 should be modified to provide more charge subtraction for each pulse, and/or the charge detecting capacitor should be increased in value. The latter approach will spoil gain as well, but will increase the tolerable load capacitance range. Ophonally, an electrostatic discharge protection device 110 can be used to prevent damage to the circuit from body static It may be composed of one or more conventional diodes, a zener diode, or other clamping element.
- the controller 52 operates according to the settings of switches on the control input lines 60 for sensitivity, time delays, and the like.
- a program stored in read only memory 112 govems the operation of the microprocessor.
- the controller 52 issues a command to pulsegenerating circuit 100, causing one or more pairs of successive pulses 70 (inverted) and 74 to be applied to the two mosfet switches 50, 62.
- pulse-pairs may be supplied singly, or as burst of pulse pairs issued within a short time (e.g., several tens of microseconds), depending on the measurement environment.
- the controller issues the appropriate measurement offset on appropriate control lines 114, and after a brief delay to allow the circuit to settle, an analog to digital converter (ADC) 116 integral to the controller 52 digitizes the voltage on an input line 118 and thereby supplies a digital representation of the charge aggregated in the charge measurement means 56 to the controller 52. Following this, the reset line 119 is asserted and the reset mosfet 108 resets the detecting capacitor 106.
- ADC analog to digital converter
- the digital output data from the ADC 116 may be averaged with prior and future samples of the signal. If an appropriately averaged result exceeds a predetermined threshold value, an output on the control line 58 may be asserted as long as the condition persists.
- other known output processing options may also be employed. One could, for example, use a one-shot at the output; delay the output by some period, provide an output having a maximum duration; etc.
- the decision algorithms carried out by the controller 52 may also be selected from many known forms, including digital (Z-transform) filters, boxcar averaging, peak detection, peak suppression, median filtering, and the like. Newer forms of heuristic processing that depend on signal strength , change, and history, such as fuzzy logic, may also be employed.
- the charge detector 56 can be implemented using more complex circuits involving current mirrors and various types of integrators, the essential function remains the same.
- the charge subtractor 80 may be implemented in an alternative manner.
- the amplifier sub-circuit 104 is not an essential circuit. It can be replaced with an analog to digital converter 116 of sufficient resolution and speed. Even the controller 52 functionality can be implemented in either digital or a combination of digital and analog hardware, as opposed to being a microprocessor, and in any such form would still be well within the spirit and scope of the invention.
- the RF field generated by the sensor is heavily bandwidth limited due to the rise and fall time limitations imposed by the resistors 96, 97 connected to the gates of the charging 62 and discharging 50 switches.
- the spectral output is extremely broad, flat, and weak because the repetition rate is typically very low, the pulse spacing wide, and the currents and voltages very low. There are no resonant circuits to boost currents and voltages, and there are no pronounced spectral peaks. Even though nse and fall times may approach 20 ns, a pulse spacing of 10 ms gives a fundamental frequency of 100Hz. By employing time-domain pulse techniques, the spectral output of the sensor 10 is widely spread and weak. It is difficult to detect beyond a few feet.
- An additional advantage of the invention is that it permits multiple units to be employed in near proximity without cross interference. This favorable result arises because the pulse density is so low. Pulse spacings can be made pseudo-random or simply different so as to avoid interference. The probability of two single pulses from adjacent ones of the preferred sensor occurring at the same instant is about 100nsec/10msec or 1 chance in 100,000. Even if multiple pulse bursts having 50 pulses per burst are used, the odds are 1 in 2,000. Assuming a 'direct hit' between two adjacent units, software algorithms can completely ignore the singular false data point (e.g., with a median filter). As has been noted previously, it is most advantageous to couple the circuit 14 to the plate 12 without a blocking capacitor.
- the issue of plating caused by electrolytic current from the sensor is a natural attendant concern, but in the preferred embodiment the average current and voltage are so minuscule as to be overwhelmed by natural currents caused by dissimilar metals electrolysis. If a five volt system uses 100 nsec pulses every 10 ms (i.e., a duty cycle of or 1 part in 100,000), a quick calculation reveals that in twenty yean the total plating time exposure to the five volt source will be 1.8 hours.
- the measured resistance through water for example in the case of a faucet, can be as low as ten thousand ohms to ground, most of which is through a short section of water contained in the plastic pipe 41 feeding the spout.
- the current at 5 volts will be no more than 500 ⁇ A, for a net plating exposure of under 0.9 mA-hr., which is far below any reasonable level of concern.
- Another concern which may be raised is that of electrical exposure to the human body, especially in wet environments.
- the average voltage is roughly 100 ⁇ V, which is inconsequential.
- a drinking fountain 120 comprising electrically-powered refrigeration equipment 122 to cool water, and a tank 124 to store cooled water for dispensing.
- Fountains of this sort conventionally are of mostly metallic construction, comprising a stainless steel or heavily plated metal basin 126 having a drain connection 128 at a low point thereof, and having a spout 130 (which is conventionally called a bubbler in the water fountain art) arranged to spray water in a arcuate path thereinto when a solenoid-operated valve 43 is opened.
- electrical components e.g., the chiller 122 and the solenoid valve 43— are grounded (e.g., by connecting a metal case 134 of the fountain 120 to an inlet metallic cold water line 136) It will be understood that alternate grounding means (e g , connecting a chassis of a fountain 120 having a plastic case 134) can be employed.
- Capacitive sensing is not known to have been employed for the control of such equipment due to the inability of prior art capacitive measurement apparatus to deal with varying impedances associated with water splashing about the fountain.
- the present invention provides an automatic control system and method for a modified water fountain that supplies water when a user approaches the basin 126 and bubbler 130 of a structurally modified water cooler and brings some portion of his or her body (e.g., the mouth or a hand) close to the basin 126 or bubbler 130 from above
- a water fountain 120 made in accordance with the invention measures change in the capacitance between the basin 126 and the 24 user as he or she approaches.
- This system has been shown to provide sensing means for a water fountain that will hold the delivery valve 43 open as long as the user is present.
- insulating standoffs 140 are interposed intermediate the basin 126 and the grounded case 134 or chassis of the fountain 120, a section 41 of the inlet piping, intermediate the solenoid valve 43 (which has a grounded housing) and the bubbler 130, is made of a suitable electric insulator. A portion of the drain line 144 adjacent the basin 126 is also made of an insulating material.
- plastic pipe intermediate the valve 43 and spout 130 and the use of plastic drain pipe for the drain line 144 are common in the p rior art, so that the principal structural modification to a prior art water cooler 120 is to provide electric insulation intermediate the case 134 and basin 126 so that the basin 126 (or the combination of the basin 126 and bubbler 130) can act as the sensing plate.
- FIG. 9 one finds a partially sectional view of a wash basin 150 mounted in a counter 28 and having a metallically conductive body, the body comprising both the water spout 21 and the sensing capacitor plate 12.
- a drain line 144 is attached to the basin 150 in a conventional manner.
- the spout 12 is plumbed to an electrically operated valve 43 controlled by a sensor circuit 14 conveniently installed with the valve 43 and a battery 152 in a tamper-resistant enclosure 154 such as the one disclosed by the inventor in his US application S/N 08/458,429.
- a dielectric tubular member 41 (which is usually a piece of plastic pipe, but which may be configured as a gasket, as an O-ring interposed between two metal pipes, or in some other form known to the art) connects the spout 21 and the valve to ensure that there is no metallic conductive path between the spout 21 and an electrical ground 22 (e.g., as may be provided by a metallic inlet pipe 136).
- the metallic drain strainer 156 or pop-up drain closure (not shown) is grounded.
- the spout 21, electrically connected to the sensor circuit 14 by a wire 16 serves as the sensing plate 12 for detection of an object 28 (such as a user's hand 24) proximate the spout 21.
- FIG.10 A schematic view of a dual pulse-width circuit embodiment preferred for use in controlling the faucet of a wash basin is illustrated in Fig.10.
- An essential feature of the dual pulse width embodiment is means 160 permitting the controller 52 to alter the pulsewidths applied to the charging 62 and discharging 50 switches.
- By using two or more pulse widths it is possible for the controller 52 to learn more about the object being sensed 28 than simply proximity. For example, in the case of a faucet, a short pulse width can be used during quiescent periods when the valve 43 is closed. Short pulse widths are optimal for detecting the approach of a person's hands, as they ignore signals from water splashes 18 around the spout 21.
- the sensor 10 can switch to a wide pulse width and use the low-pass electrical characteristics of the water to 'reach through' the water stream itself to the user's hand 24, and thereby to sense whether it is in the water stream. This is a useful feature because many people reach deeply into the basin 150 while washing - i.e ., their hands 24 are farther from the spout 21 while they wash than when waved near the spout 21 to initiate water flow. It has been experimentally determined that the signal detected from a person in this manner is quite large, and in fact is much larger and more variable than that from water splashes. Thus the sensor 10 can easily determine that the user is still making use of the water stream.
- drain strainer 156 or other metallic body at the base of the basin 150 must be grounded if wide pulses are to be used If this is not done, the large signal component associated with the drain elements 144, 156 swamps the signal due to the user's hand 24 and the water, once turned on, continues to run. Once the water solenoid is turned off, a narrow pulse is again used to detect a user's approach with great selectivity.
- variable pulse widths can be obtained by using a suitably fast microcontroller 52 and synthesizing the pulsewidths directly in software.
- digital hardware can be used to create variable length widths based on multiples of a clock interval. Battery operation of the sensor 10 can be simply obtained by employing a power switch to de-power various circuits elements (such as amplifier circuit 104) during the relatively long waiting periods between low duty cycle pulses, and putting the controller 52 into a sleep mode to conserve power between pulses.
- a sensor circuit would include various means to drive a solenoid valve, relay, motor, or other device from an output line 58, such circuits are highly application dependent and are well known in the industry.
- the control inputs 58 can take many forms, as is well known in the trade.
- the invention provides widely useable capacitive sensors.
- the capacitive sensor senses the proximity or motion of a person and provides a control output responsive thereto .
- Applications of this sort include the control of solenoid operated valves in water fountains and wash basins as well as security systems, door safety systems, and computer input devices including both keypads and pointing devices.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9813408A GB2337124B (en) | 1995-12-26 | 1996-12-23 | Charge transfer capacitance sensor |
DE19681725T DE19681725B4 (en) | 1995-12-26 | 1996-12-23 | Charge transfer capacitance sensor - charges sensing electrode for discharge to charge detection circuit with selectable time intervals set by microprocessor program, and transistor type discharging switch |
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US08/578,464 | 1995-12-26 | ||
US08/578,464 US5730165A (en) | 1995-12-26 | 1995-12-26 | Time domain capacitive field detector |
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DE (1) | DE19681725B4 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9813408D0 (en) | 1998-08-19 |
DE19681725B4 (en) | 2007-04-26 |
DE19681725T1 (en) | 1998-11-26 |
GB2337124B (en) | 2000-07-12 |
US5730165A (en) | 1998-03-24 |
GB2337124A (en) | 1999-11-10 |
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