WO1997033188A2 - Large effective area single mode optical waveguide - Google Patents
Large effective area single mode optical waveguide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997033188A2 WO1997033188A2 PCT/US1997/002543 US9702543W WO9733188A2 WO 1997033188 A2 WO1997033188 A2 WO 1997033188A2 US 9702543 W US9702543 W US 9702543W WO 9733188 A2 WO9733188 A2 WO 9733188A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- segments
- refractive index
- core
- profile
- single mode
- Prior art date
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000009021 linear effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009022 nonlinear effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005094 computer simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012956 testing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03661—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only
- G02B6/03666—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only arranged - + - +
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
- G02B6/02014—Effective area greater than 60 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
- G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
- G02B6/02228—Dispersion flattened fibres, i.e. having a low dispersion variation over an extended wavelength range
- G02B6/02238—Low dispersion slope fibres
- G02B6/02242—Low dispersion slope fibres having a dispersion slope <0.06 ps/km/nm2
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0286—Combination of graded index in the central core segment and a graded index layer external to the central core segment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03605—Highest refractive index not on central axis
- G02B6/03611—Highest index adjacent to central axis region, e.g. annular core, coaxial ring, centreline depression affecting waveguiding
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
- G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
Definitions
- the invention is directed to a single mode optical waveguide fiber designed for use in long distance, high bit rate systems operating in a wavelength range of about 1500 nm to 1600 nm.
- the novel waveguide fiber has a large effective area, over the operating wavelength range, to reduce the non-linear optical effects which distort the telecommunication signal.
- a single mode waveguide having a large effective area, will have reduced non-linear optical effects, including self phase modulation, four wave mixing, cross phase modulation, and non-linear scattering processes. Each of these effects causes degradation of signal in high power systems.
- optical waveguides which: - reduce non-linear effects, such as those noted above;
- optical waveguides such as low attenuation, high strength, fatigue resistance, and bend resistance.
- An additional requirement, specifically directed to reducing four wave mixing, may be to place the zero dispersion wavelength of the waveguide fiber outside the operating window.
- the model which predicts properties for segmented core designs, was used to generate a family of core designs having an A,,,, and a mode power distribution (or electric field intensity distribution) which characterizes waveguide fiber suitable for use in the very highest performance telecommunications systems.
- a provisional application was mailed 9 November 95 directed to this new family of large effective area waveguides. This application is an extension of the work disclosed in application S. N. 08/378,780 and the provisional application mailed 9 November 1995.
- a ⁇ 2r ⁇ (JE 2 r dr) 2 /( J ⁇ 4 r dr), where the integration limits are 0 to ⁇ and E is the electric field associated with the propagated light.
- An effective diameter, D ⁇ ff may be defined as,
- n n 0 (1 - ⁇ (r/a) ⁇ ) , where n 0 is the greatest refractive index of the alpha index profile, ⁇ is defined below, r is radius, and a is the radius measured from the first to the last point of the alpha index profile.
- r is radius
- a is the radius measured from the first to the last point of the alpha index profile.
- One may chose r to be zero at the n 0 point of the alpha index profile or the first point of the profile may be translated a selected distance from the waveguide centerline.
- An alpha profile having alpha equal to 1 is triangular. When alpha is two the index profile is a parabola. As the value of alpha becomes greater than 2 and approaches about 6, the index profile becomes more nearly a step index profile.
- a true step index profile is described by an alpha of infinity, but an alpha of about 4 to 6 is a step index profile for practical purposes.
- the width of an index profile segment is the distance between two vertical lines drawn from the respective beginning and ending points of the index profile to the horizontal axis of the chart of refractive index vs. radius. -
- the % index delta is
- % ⁇ [(n, 2 - n c 2 ) 2n 1 2 ] x 100 , where n, is a core index and n c is the clad index. Unless otherwise stated, n, is the maximum refractive index in the core region characterized by a % ⁇ .
- the zero reference for refractive index is chosen as the minimum refractive index in the clad glass layer.
- a region of refractive index in the core which is less than this minimum value is assigned a negative value.
- a refractive index profile in general has an associated effective refractive index profile which is different in shape.
- An effective refractive index profile may be substituted, for its associated refractive index profile without altering the waveguide performance. See reference, Single Mode Fiber Optics Marcel Dekker Inc., Luc B. Jeun Subscribe, 1990, page 32, section 1.3.2.
- - Bend performance is defined by a standard testing procedure in which the attenuation induced by winding a waveguide fiber about a mandrel is measured.
- the standard test is a measurement of induced attenuation caused in a waveguide fiber by a bend formed by one turn of fiber about a 32 mm mandrel and bends formed by 100 turns about a 75 mm mandrel.
- the maximum allowed bending induced attenuation is usually specified in the operating window around 1300 nm and around 1550 nm.
- An alternative bend test is the pin array bend test which is used to compare relative resistance of waveguide fiber to bending. To perform this test, attenuation loss is measured for a waveguide fiber with essentially no induced bending loss. The waveguide fiber is then woven about the pin array and attenuation again measured. The loss induced by bending is the difference between the two measured attenuations.
- the pin array is a set of ten cylindrical pins arranged in a single row and held in a fixed vertical position on a flat surface. The pin spacing is 5 mm, center to center. The pin diameter is
- a percent variation in ⁇ , % of a refractive index profile means that any of the ⁇ , % may be varied individually or in combination by the given percent.
- a percent variation in combined radius means that the change in overall core radius, ⁇ r, is distributed proportionately among the radii of the individual core segments.
- the subject invention meets the need for a single mode optical waveguide fiber which offers the benefits of a relatively large effective area together with a substantially flat dispersion slope, i.e., a dispersion slope having a magnitude of about 0.03 ps/nm 2 -km or less, over an extended operating wavelength range.
- a first aspect of the invention is a single mode waveguide having a glass core comprising at least four segments.
- Each segment is characterized by a refractive index profile, an outside radius, r consult and a ⁇
- the subscript on r and ⁇ refers to a particular segment.
- the segments are numbered 1 through n beginning with the innermost segment which includes the waveguide long axis centerline.
- a clad layer having a refractive index of n e surrounds the core.
- the core has two non-adjacent segments each having a positive ⁇ %, and two additional non-adjacent segments having negative ⁇ %.
- % and r a plurality of sets of ⁇
- a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention provides substantially zero dispersion slope over the wavelength range of about 1450 nm to 1580 nm. This range includes the low attenuation region around 1550 nm and the high gain wavelength range of the erbium optical amplifier.
- the preferred ⁇ ( %'s for the two non-adjacent positive ⁇ % segments are in the range of about 0.1 % to 0.8 %.
- the preferred ranges are -0.80% to -0.15%.
- the preferred refractive index profile of the positive ⁇ % segments is chosen from the group consisting of alpha profiles, having alpha in the range of about 1 to 6, step index, rounded step index profiles, and trapezoidal profiles.
- the preferred refractive index profile of the negative ⁇ % segments is chosen from the group consisting of inverted trapezoidal, inverted step, and inverted rounded step index profiles. It is understood that in a particular profile, one negative ⁇ % segment may have an inverted trapezoidal shape while the other negative ⁇ % segment has an inverted rounded step index shape.
- the number of combinations and permutations of the at least four segments refractive index profiles is quite large. Thus, for practical purposes, the search for core index profile designs which provide the required waveguide fiber properties is done using a computer model.
- Dopant diffusion on centerline can cause a central index depression in the shape of an inverted cone. Also, diffusion at the location of abrupt changes in dopant concentration can produce rounding of the shoulders of a step index profile.
- the model is designed to take into account essentially any refractive index profile variation caused by dopant out-diffusion.
- a typical center diffusion depression is an inverted cone having a base radius dimension no greater than about 2 microns.
- segments 1 and 3 have a positive ⁇ % and segments 2 and 4 have a negative ⁇ %.
- the segments are numbered sequentially beginning at 1 for the segment which includes the long axis of symmetry of the waveguide.
- the radii of this embodiment have limits, r, in the range of about 3 to 5 microns, r 2 no greater than about 10 microns, r 3 no greater than about 17 microns, and r 4 no greater than about 25 microns.
- the respective ⁇ % of the segments in this embodiment have limits, ⁇ , % in the range of about 0.20% to 0.70%, ⁇ 2 % and ⁇ 4 % in the range of about -0.80% to -0.15%, and, ⁇ 3 % in the range of about 0.05% to 0.20%.
- the core design model may be used in two ways:
- one may input structural parameters, i.e., the number of segments and relative location of core segments, the index profile shape of each segment, and the corresponding ⁇ i % and the r, of each segment, and calculate the waveguide parameters which are associated with the structure so described; or,
- one may input functional parameters, i.e., cut off wavelength, zero dispersion wavelength, total dispersion slope, effective area, mode field diameter, operating wavelength range, and bend induced attenuation of the waveguide, and calculate a family of structures which provide such functionality.
- functional parameters i.e., cut off wavelength, zero dispersion wavelength, total dispersion slope, effective area, mode field diameter, operating wavelength range, and bend induced attenuation of the waveguide, and calculate a family of structures which provide such functionality.
- functional parameters i.e., cut off wavelength, zero dispersion wavelength, total dispersion slope, effective area, mode field diameter, operating wavelength range, and bend induced attenuation of the waveguide, and calculate a family of structures which provide such functionality.
- a zero dispersion wavelength outside the operating window i.e, in the range of about 1200 nm to 1500 nm or greater than about 1575 nm (An upper limit is determined by the required dispersion in the operating window. For most uses an upper limit is about 1750 nm.);
- the waveguides are relatively insensitive to variations in the ⁇ ( % of +/-3% and variations in the combined radius of +/-1 %, as shown by the calculated parameters of Table 1.
- FIGS. 1a. and 1b. illustrate a general shape of a four segment embodiment of the novel core index profile.
- FIGS. 2a. and 2b. are specific examples of a four segment embodiment of the novel core index profile.
- FIG. 3. shows a typical total dispersion curve characteristic of the novel waveguide fiber.
- FIG. 4. compares D ⁇ ff to MFD over a wavelength range for a subset of the novel core profile designs.
- FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c show the sensitivity of the total dispersion to changes in radius or refractive index of the segments of the novel core index profile.
- FIGS. 1a and 1b show ⁇ % charted vs. waveguide radius.
- FIGS. 1a and 1b show only four discrete segments, it is understood that the functional requirements may be met by forming a core having more than four segments. However, embodiments having fewer segments are usually easier to manufacture and are therefore preferred.
- Index profile structure characteristic of the novel waveguide fiber is shown by core segments 4 and 8, which are non-adjacent segments having positive ⁇ %, and, core segments 2 and 6, which are non-adjacent segments having negative ⁇ %.
- the segments having positive and the negative ⁇ % may be separated by more than one segment.
- the refractive index profile associated with each segment may be adjusted to reach a core design which provides the required waveguide fiber properties.
- Dashed lines 10, 12, and 14 show alternative refractive index profile shapes for three of the segments comprising the novel waveguide core. Outside radii 5, 7, 9, and 11, of the segments also may be varied to arrive at a core design which provides the required waveguide properties.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a variation of the novel waveguide fiber core design.
- the segments having positive ⁇ %, 16 and 20 are the first and third segments.
- the second and fourth segments, 18 and 22, have a negative ⁇ %.
- Lines 3 and 21, in the respective FIGS. 1a and 1b, represent the refractive index of the cladding which is used to calculate the ⁇ %'s characteristic of the segments.
- Example 1 - Four Segment Embodiment The chart of FIG. 2a is an embodiment of the novel waveguide core having the four segments, 26, 28, 30 and 32. Each of the segments has a profile shape which is a rounded step. The rounding of the corners of the step profiles as well as the centerline refractive index depression 24 may be due to diffusion of dopant during manufacture of the waveguide fiber. It is possible, but often not necessary to compensate, for example, in the doping step, for such diffusion.
- ⁇ , % of segment 26 is near 0.39 %
- ⁇ 2 % of segment 28 is near -0.25 %
- ⁇ 3 % of segment 30 is near 0.12 %
- ⁇ 4 % of segment 32 is near -0.25 %.
- the respective outside radius of each of the segments, beginning at the innermost segment and proceeding outward, is about 4 microns, about 6.5 microns, about 15 microns, and about 22 microns.
- the chart of FIG. 2b is an embodiment of the novel waveguide core having the four segments, 36, 38, 40 and 42.
- Each of the segments has a profile shape which is a rounded step.
- the rounding of the corners of the step profiles as well as the centerline refractive index depression may be due to diffusion of dopant.
- ⁇ % of segment 36 is near 0.40 %
- ⁇ 2 % of segment 38 is near -0.25 %
- ⁇ 3 % of segment 40 is near 0.12 %
- ⁇ 4 % of segment 42 is near -0.25 %.
- the respective outside radius of each of the segments, beginning at the innermost segment and proceeding outward, is about 4 microns, about 6.5 microns, about 15 microns, and about 23.5 microns. Note the structural differences between the index profile of FIG. 2a and that of FIG. 2b are substantially that the negative ⁇ %'s are less negative and that the overall core radius has been increased by 1 to 2 microns.
- This core structure provides a waveguide fiber having the properties:
- the total dispersion curve, 46 characteristic of the novel core refractive index profile design is shown in FIG. 3.
- the flattened region of the curve, 44 spans a wavelength range from about 1400 nm to 1570 nm.
- non-linear dispersion effects are limited due to the larger effective area.
- linear dispersion is limited by maintaining low total dispersion magnitude over the operating wavelength.
- the effective diameter, 48 is larger than the mode field diameter, 50, over a wavelength range of at least 1200 nm to 1800 nm.
- the larger D eff serves to limit non-linear effects by decreasing signal power per unit area.
- the smaller mode field diameter provides for better bend resistance because a larger fraction of the signal power is guided rather than radiated. It is this feature of the novel waveguide fiber core which limits non-linear effects and at the same time provides good power confinement within the waveguide and thus good bend resistance.
- Curve 54 is the reference curve for a core having a combined radius r.
- Curve 58 is the total dispersion curve for a waveguide fiber having a core combined radius, as defined above, 1 % greater than r.
- Curve 56 is the total dispersion curve for a core combined radius 1 % less than r. Note that the offset of curves 56 and 58 form reference curve 54 does not exceed about 2 ps/nm-km.
- Curve 60 is the reference curve.
- Curves 64 and 62 are represent total dispersion for cases in which the refractive index varies by 3 % and -3 %, respectively.
- curves 64 and 62 do not differ from reference curve 60 by more than about 2 ps/nm-km.
- Table 1 gives the mean and standard deviation of selected waveguide fiber parameters when combined radius is varied by +/-1 % and refractive index is simultaneously varied by +/-3 %.
- the reference profile is substantially that given in comparative example 2.
- the deviation from target values is seen to be small, which- indicates the core design provides relatively stable waveguide fiber properties for the stated variations in waveguide fiber core structure.
- the radius variations which produce a change in sign of total dispersion are shown in FIG. 5c with reference to FIG. 5a.
- the reference total dispersion curve 54 A change in combined radius of 1.5 % gives total dispersion curve 68.
- Combined radius changes of 2.5 % and 4.5 % give total dispersion curves 66 and 70, respectively.
- the novel core design is readily adaptable to manufacture of dispersion managed waveguide fiber. Periodic changes in radius along the fiber length will produce periodic changes in the sign of the total dispersion so that total dispersion for the entire waveguide fiber length may be essentially zero while the total dispersion magnitude at points along the waveguide fiber are non ⁇ zero. This management of total dispersion essentially eliminates four wave mixing while maintaining a very low full fiber length total dispersion.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR9707863A BR9707863A (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-02-19 | Large effective area simple mode optical waveguide |
JP53177997A JP3219200B2 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-02-19 | Large effective area single mode light guide |
AU32021/97A AU706828B2 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-02-19 | Large effective area single mode optical waveguide |
DE69727400T DE69727400D1 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-02-19 | MONO-MODE OPTICAL WAVE GUIDE WITH LARGE EFFECTIVE AREA |
EP97927589A EP0990182B1 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-02-19 | Large effective area single mode optical waveguide |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US1212496P | 1996-02-23 | 1996-02-23 | |
US60/012,124 | 1996-02-23 | ||
US08/770,402 | 1996-12-20 | ||
US08/770,402 US5684909A (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1996-12-20 | Large effective area single mode optical waveguide |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997033188A2 true WO1997033188A2 (en) | 1997-09-12 |
WO1997033188A9 WO1997033188A9 (en) | 1997-11-27 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US1997/002543 WO1997033188A2 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-02-19 | Large effective area single mode optical waveguide |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US5684909A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0990182B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3219200B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100438193B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1105929C (en) |
AU (1) | AU706828B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2246445A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69727400D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997033188A2 (en) |
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EP0909964A1 (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 1999-04-21 | Fujikura Ltd. | Dispersion shifted optical fiber |
WO1999022257A1 (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 1999-05-06 | Corning Incorporated | Waveguide profile for large effective area |
WO1999030193A1 (en) | 1997-12-05 | 1999-06-17 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Dispersion flat optical fiber |
FR2782390A1 (en) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-02-18 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | Single mode fibre optic cable index profiling construction; has V-shaped core profile index with outer core index rising above constant level outer sleeve index |
DE19839870A1 (en) * | 1998-09-02 | 2000-03-09 | Deutsche Telekom Ag | Single-mode optical fiber |
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WO2000017681A1 (en) * | 1998-09-17 | 2000-03-30 | Alcatel | Optical fibre with optimised ratio of effective area to dispersion scope for optical fibre transmission system with wavelength multiplexing |
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WO2000037977A1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2000-06-29 | Pirelli Cavi E Sistemi S.P.A. | Optical fiber for metropolitan and access network systems |
EP1030199A1 (en) * | 1999-02-18 | 2000-08-23 | Alcatel | Line fiber for WDM optical fiber transmission systems |
WO2000067053A1 (en) * | 1999-04-30 | 2000-11-09 | Corning Incorporated | Dispersion compensating fiber |
EP1052528A1 (en) * | 1997-12-22 | 2000-11-15 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Optical transmission line |
WO2001038912A1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2001-05-31 | Corning Incorporated | Low dispersion slope negative dispersion optical fiber |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0990182A2 (en) | 2000-04-05 |
CN1105929C (en) | 2003-04-16 |
EP0990182B1 (en) | 2004-01-28 |
US5684909A (en) | 1997-11-04 |
JP3219200B2 (en) | 2001-10-15 |
JPH11506228A (en) | 1999-06-02 |
AU3202197A (en) | 1997-09-22 |
KR19990087046A (en) | 1999-12-15 |
CA2246445A1 (en) | 1997-09-12 |
KR100438193B1 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
AU706828B2 (en) | 1999-06-24 |
CN1212057A (en) | 1999-03-24 |
EP0990182A4 (en) | 2000-04-05 |
DE69727400D1 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
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