WO1997048141A1 - Batterie secondaire au lithium - Google Patents

Batterie secondaire au lithium Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997048141A1
WO1997048141A1 PCT/JP1997/002008 JP9702008W WO9748141A1 WO 1997048141 A1 WO1997048141 A1 WO 1997048141A1 JP 9702008 W JP9702008 W JP 9702008W WO 9748141 A1 WO9748141 A1 WO 9748141A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lithium
secondary battery
lithium secondary
positive electrode
negative electrode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP1997/002008
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Shinji Yamasaki
Takatomo Nishino
Akira Asada
Original Assignee
Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Maxell, Ltd. filed Critical Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.
Priority to DE69727285T priority Critical patent/DE69727285T2/de
Priority to AU31057/97A priority patent/AU3105797A/en
Priority to EP97926217A priority patent/EP0845825B1/en
Priority to US09/011,532 priority patent/US6379843B1/en
Publication of WO1997048141A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997048141A1/ja

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
    • C01G23/003—Titanates
    • C01G23/005—Alkali titanates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H01M10/0422—Cells or battery with cylindrical casing
    • H01M10/0427—Button cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1397—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
    • H01M50/102—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery characterised by their shape or physical structure
    • H01M50/109—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery characterised by their shape or physical structure of button or coin shape
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
    • H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
    • H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
    • H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
    • H01M6/166—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solute
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
    • Y10T29/4911—Electric battery cell making including sealing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery, and more particularly to a lithium secondary battery suitable for use as a backup power source for watches, a power source for portable devices such as a pager and a timer, a memory backup power source, and the like.
  • a battery using lithium metal or a lithium alloy for a negative electrode has been mainly developed.
  • a lithium metal lithium alloy is used for the negative electrode
  • the deposited lithium metal becomes finer, Lithium dendrite growth on the surface causes an internal short circuit, shortening the battery charge / discharge cycle life. Therefore, high energy density lithium batteries that do not use metal lithium-lithium alloy for the negative electrode are being studied.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery which is chargeable and dischargeable, does not cause problems associated with disposal, and has a high capacity and is suitable for use as a power supply for watches, etc. Is to do.
  • the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode containing lithium titanate as an active material, a negative electrode containing carbon material as an active material, and an electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent. .
  • lithium titanate as the positive electrode active material and carbon material as the negative electrode active material
  • doping and undoping of lithium ions can be easily performed at a nominal voltage of 1.5 V.
  • a lithium secondary battery having excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing an example of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the discharge characteristics of the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 and the battery of Comparative Example 1 during the first discharge.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 and the battery of Comparative Example 1.
  • lithium titanate used as a positive electrode active material is obtained, for example, by heating titanium oxide and a lithium compound at a temperature of 760 to 1100 ° C.
  • Lithium titanate usually has the general formula (I):
  • X and y in the formula are each 0. 4.
  • any of anatase type or rutile type can be used as the above titanium oxide Noh.
  • the lithium compound for example, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide and the like are used.
  • the positive electrode is preferably produced by press-molding a positive electrode mixture prepared by mixing lithium titanate, a conductive additive, and a binder.
  • conductive additive for example, flaky graphite, acetylene black, carbon black and the like are used.
  • binder a fluororesin is suitably used, and specific examples thereof include polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the proportions of the components constituting the positive electrode are preferably 70 to 90% by weight of lithium titanate as the positive electrode active material, 5 to 20% by weight of the conductive additive, and 1 to 1% of the binder. 0% by weight.
  • the proportion of lithium titanate is less than the above lower limit, the capacity may be reduced and a higher capacity may not be achieved. If the proportion of lithium titanate is greater than the above upper limit, a conductive auxiliary material may be used. Due to the decrease in the binder, the conductivity and strength of the positive electrode mixture may be reduced.
  • the conductivity may decrease. There is.
  • the ratio of the binder is less than the above lower limit, the binding property of the positive electrode mixture may be reduced and molding may be difficult, and when the ratio of the binder is higher than the upper limit, the positive electrode active may be used.
  • the capacity may decrease due to the reduction of lithium titanate as a substance.
  • the method for producing the positive electrode is not limited to those described above, and the composition of the components is not limited to the above examples.
  • the negative electrode is prepared, for example, by mixing a carbon material as a negative electrode active material and a binder.
  • the negative electrode mixture prepared as described above is formed by pressure molding.
  • the carbon material as the negative electrode active material for example, artificial graphite, natural graphite, low-crystalline carbon, coke, anthracite, and the like are used. .
  • a fluororesin is preferably used, and specific examples thereof include, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and the like.
  • the ratio of each component constituting the negative electrode is preferably such that the carbon material of the negative electrode active material is 80 to 95% by weight and the binder is 5 to 20% by weight.
  • the ratio of the carbon material as the negative electrode active material is smaller than the above lower limit, it may be difficult to obtain a high capacity lithium secondary battery, and if the ratio of the carbon material is larger than the above upper limit, the accompanying binder Due to the decrease, the binding property may be reduced and molding may be difficult.
  • the method for producing the negative electrode is not limited to the above examples, and the components constituting the negative electrode are not limited to the above examples.
  • a conductive auxiliary material may be mixed with the negative electrode mixture. And so on.
  • an organic solvent-based electrolytic solution prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent is used as the electrolytic solution.
  • organic solvents used as the electrolyte solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, 7-butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxetane, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, and the like.
  • the lithium salt for example, LiN (CF 3 S 0 2 ) 2, LiCIO "Li PF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF LiSbF 6, L i CF 3 S 0 3, L i CF 3 C 0 2, LiCnF 2 n + 1 S0 3 (n ⁇ 2), is like L iN (CF 3 CF 2 S 0 2) 2 You.
  • LiN (CF 3 S0 2) 2, LiPF 6, LiC F 3 S 0 3, LiB F 4 has a high conductivity, since it is thermally stable, is particularly preferably used.
  • the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, it is usually about 0.1 to 2 niol / 1, particularly preferably about 0.4 to 1.4 mol Z1.
  • the structure and manufacturing method of the lithium secondary battery may be the same as the structure and manufacturing method of the conventional lithium secondary battery, except that the above-described materials are used as the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolytic solution.
  • Obtained lithium titanate (Li,. 33 Ding. 67 ⁇ 4) and 100 parts by weight of carbon black 5 parts by weight of graphite 5 parts by weight of a conductive agent, polytetrafluoroethylene full O b Ethylene 5 as a binder Parts by weight in isopropyl alcohol to prepare a positive electrode mixture, and after evaporation of the solvent, form the positive electrode mixture into a pellet with a diameter of 6.0 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm, The positive electrode was prepared by drying at 250 ° C for 30 minutes in a dryer and dehydrating.
  • the negative electrode mixture 90 parts by weight of artificial graphite and 10 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder are mixed in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a negative electrode mixture.
  • the negative electrode mixture has a diameter of 3. 5mm, Thickness 1.
  • Form into Omm pellet dehydrate it by drying it at 120 ° C for 30 minutes with a far infrared dryer.
  • a negative electrode was produced.
  • a solution prepared by dissolving LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 in a concentration of 1 Omol / 1 in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and getyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
  • the positive electrode 1 the lithium titanate as described above (Li 1 33 Ti,: 6704 ) was an active material, poly as carbon emissions black and graphite and a binder one as the lithium titanate and conductive additive And a pressure-formed body of a positive electrode mixture containing tetrafluoroethylene.
  • the negative electrode 2 is made of an artificial graphite as an active material, and is a pressure-formed body of a negative electrode base material containing the artificial graphite and vinylidene polyfluoride as a binder. Is a separator 3 made of polypropylene non-woven fabric.
  • the positive electrode 1, the negative electrode 2, the separator 3, and the electrolyte are sealed in a space formed by a stainless steel positive electrode can 4, a stainless steel negative electrode can 5, and a polypropylene insulating packing 6.
  • the batteries prepared in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 were charged and discharged under the following conditions, and the discharge characteristics and charge / discharge cycle characteristics during the first discharge were examined. Charging conditions: constant current 0.1 mA, charge cut voltage 2.4 V
  • Fig. 2 shows the discharge characteristics during the first discharge
  • Fig. 3 shows the charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
  • the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 have higher flatness of the battery voltage around 1.5 V than the battery of Comparative Example 1, and the battery capacity until reaching 0.4 V. Was large and had a high capacity.
  • the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 had a larger battery capacity when compared at the same cycle number as compared with the battery of Comparative Example 1, and were accompanied by an increase in the cycle number.
  • the reduction in battery capacity was small, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics were excellent.
  • the battery capacity of the battery of Comparative Example 1 was small, and the battery capacity sharply decreased at the beginning of the cycle, resulting in poor charge / discharge cycle characteristics. This is considered to be because the lithium iron oxide used as the positive electrode active material had an unstable crystal structure during charge and discharge.
  • a lithium titanate represented by the general formula Li x Ti y 0 4 as the positive electrode active material by using a carbon material such as artificial graphite as an anode active material, nominal voltage 1. It is possible to provide a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity at 5 V and excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics.

Description

明 細 書 リチウム二次電池
産業上の利用分野
本発明は、 リチウム二次電池に関し、 さらに詳しくは、 特に時計用バッ クアップ電源、 ポケッ トベル、 タイマーなどの携帯機器用電源、 メモリー バックアツプ電源などとして用いるのに適したリチウムニ次電池に関する c 従来の技術
従来、 リチウム二次電池としては、 負極に金属リチウムやリチウム合金 を用いた電池が主として開発されてきた。 しかしながら、 負極に金属リチ ゥムゃリチウム合金を用いた場合には、 充電時に電解液中のリチウムィォ ンがリチウム金属として負極上に析出する際に、 析出したリチウム金属の 微細化が生じたり、 負極表面でのリチウムのデンドライ ト成長により内部 短絡が生じて、 電池の充放電サイクル寿命が短くなる。 そこで、 負極に金 属リチウムゃリチウム合金を用いない高エネルギー密度のリチウム電池が 研究されるようになっている。
腕時計用電源としては、 現在は酸化銀電池などの一次電池が使用されて いる。 一次電池には、 使用済み電池の廃棄に伴う問題がある。 そこで、 発 電装置を内蔵した電池交換不要の腕時計が開発され、 それに用いる電源と して電気二重層キャパシ夕が使用されている。 しかし、 電気二重層キャパ シタは単位体積当たりの容量が小さいため、 それに代わる電源が要望され ている。
発明の概要
本発明の目的は、 充放電が可能で、 廃棄に伴う問題が生じず、 かつ高容 量で腕時計用電源などとして使用するのに適したリチウムニ次電池を提供 することにある。
すなわち本発明は、 チタン酸リチウムを活物質として含む正極と、 炭素 材を活物質として含む負極と、 リチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解してなる電解 液とを有してなるリチウムニ次電池を提供する。
正極活物質としてチタン酸リチウムと負極活物質として炭素材を組み合 わせて用いることにより、 公称電圧 1. 5 Vでリチウムイオンのドープ · 脱ドープが容易に行われるようになり、 高容量で、 かつ充放電サイクル特 性の優れたリチウム二次電池が得られる。
図面の簡単な説明
図 1は、 本発明のリチウム二次電池の一例を示す断面図である。
図 2は、 実施例 1〜 2の電池および比較例 1の電池の第 1回目の放電時 の放電特性を示すグラフである。
図 3は、 実施例 1〜2の電池および比較例 1の電池の充放電サイクル特 性を示すグラフである。
発明の詳細な説明
本発明において、 正極活物質として用いるチタン酸リチウムは、 たとえ ば酸化チタンとリチウム化合物とを 760〜1100°Cの温度で加熱する ことによって得らる。
チタン酸リチウムは、 通常一般式 （I) ：
LixTiy04 (I)
で表わされる。
通常、 式中の Xと yは、 それぞれ 0. 4、 1. 6≤y≤2. 2の範囲にある数である。 特に x= 1. 33および y=l. 67であるチタ ン酸チタン （ I ) が好ましい。
上記酸化チタンとしてはアナターゼ型またはルチル型のいずれも使用可 能である。 リチウム化合物としては、 たとえば水酸化リチウム、 炭酸リチ ゥム、 酸化リチウムなどが用いられる。
正極は、 好ましくは、 チタン酸リチウムと導電助材とバインダーとを混 合して調製した正極合剤を加圧成形して作製する。
導電助材としては、 たとえば、 鱗状黒鉛、 アセチレンブラック、 カーボ ンブラックなどが用いられる。 バインダーとしては、 フッ素樹脂が好適に 用いられ、 その具体例としては、 たとえば、 ポリテトラフルォロエチレン、 ポリフッ化ビ二リデンなどが挙げられる。
正極を構成する各成分の割合は、 好ましくは、 正極活物質としてのチタ ン酸リチウムが 7 0〜9 0重量％で、 導電助材が 5〜2 0重量％、 バイン ダ一が 1〜1 0重量％である。
チタン酸リチウムの割合が上記下限より少ない場合は、 容量が低下して、 高容量化が達成できなくなるおそれがあり、 チタン酸リチウムの割合が上 記上限より多い場合は、 それに伴う導電助材ゃバインダ一の減少により、 正極合剤の導電性や強度などが低下するおそれがある。
導電助材の割合が上記下限より少ない場合は、 導電性が低下するおそれ があり、 導電助材の割合が上記上限より多い場合は、 正極活物質のチタン 酸リチウムの減少により容量が低下するおそれがある。
バインダ一の割合が上記下限より少ない場合は、 正極合剤の結着性が低 下して成形がしにく くなるおそれがあり、 バインダ一の割合が上記上限よ り多い場合は、 正極活物質のチタン酸リチウムの減少により容量が低下す るおそれがある。
なお、 正極の作製方法は上記例示のものに限られることはないし、 また, その成分の組成も上記例示に限られることはない。
負極は、 たとえば、 負極活物質としての炭素材とバインダーとを混合し て調製した負極合剤を加圧成形して作製する。
負極活物質としての炭素材としては、 たとえば、 人造黒鉛、 天然黒鉛、 低結晶性カーボン、 コークス、 無煙炭などが用いられるが、 特に人造黒鉛 は他の炭素材に比べて大きな容量を期待できるので好ましい。
バインダーとしては、 フッ素樹脂が好適に用いられ、 その具体例として は、 たとえば、 ポリテトラフルォロエチレン、 ポリフッ化ビニリデンなど が挙げられる。
—この負極を構成する各成分の割合は、 好ましくは、 負極活物質の炭素材 が 80〜95重量％で、 バインダ一が 5〜20重量％である。
負極活物質としての炭素材の割合が上記下限より少ない場合は、 高容量 のリチウム二次電池を得ることが困難になるおそれがあり、 炭素材の割合 が上記上限より多い場合は、 それに伴うバインダ一の減少により結着性が 低下して成形がしにく くなるおそれがある。
なお、 負極の作製方法は上記例示のものに限られることはないし、 また、 それを構成する成分も上記例示に限られることはなく、 たとえば、 上記負 極合剤に導電助材を配合することなどもできる。
本発明において、 電解液としては、 リチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解をさせ ることによって調製された有機溶媒系の電解液が用いられる。 電解液溶媒 として使用される有機溶媒の例は、 プロピレンカーボネート、 エチレン力 ーボネート、 ブチレンカーボネート、 7—プチロラク トン、 1, 2—ジメ トキシェタン、 1， 2—ジメ トキシメタン、 テトラヒ ドロフラン、 ジォキ ソランなどである。
リチウム塩としては、 たとえば、 LiN(C F3S 02)2、 LiCIO" Li PF6、 LiBF4、 LiAsF LiSbF6、 L i C F 3 S 03、 L i C F 3 C 02、 LiCnF2n + 1 S03 (n≥2) 、 L iN ( C F 3 C F 2 S 02)2などが挙げられ る。 なかでも、 LiN(CF3S02)2、 LiPF6、 LiC F3S 03、LiB F4 は、 伝導率が高く、 熱的に安定であることから、 特に好適に用いられる。 リチウム塩の電解液中の濃度は、 特に限定されるものではないが、 通常 0. l~2niol/ 1、 特に 0. 4〜1. 4molZ 1程度が好ましい。
リチウム二次電池の構造および作製方法は、 正極、 負極および電解液と して上記のものを用いる以外、 従来のリチウム二次電池の構造および作製 方法と同じでよい。
実施例
つぎに、 実施例をあげて本発明をより具体的に説明する。 ただし、 本発 明はそれらの実施例によって限定されるものではない。
実施例 1
アナターゼ型酸化チタン 2モルと水酸化リチウム 1モルとを混合し、 空 気雰囲気中、 800でで 8時間電気炉中で焼成してチタン酸リチウムを合 成した。 得られたチタン酸リチウムの組成は、 原子吸光分析法により元素 分析をした結果、 1^1 33丁 .6704であった。
得られたチタン酸リチウム （Li, .33丁 .67〇4) 100重量部と、 導 電助材としてのカーボンブラック 5重量部と黒鉛 5重量部と、 バインダー としてのポリテトラフルォロエチレン 5重量部をィソプロピルアルコール 中で混合して、 正極合剤を調製し、 溶媒蒸発後、 正極合剤を直径 6. 0m m、 厚さ 0. 5mmのペレッ トに成形し、 これを遠赤外線乾燥機で 250 °Cで 30分間乾燥して脱水処理することにより、 正極を作製した。
別に、 人造黒鉛 90重量部とバインダ一としてのポリフッ化ビ二リデン 10重量部とを N—メチルピロリ ドン中で混合して負極合剤を調製し、 溶 媒蒸発後、 負極合剤を直径 3. 5mm、 厚さ 1. Ommのペレッ トに成形 し、 これを遠赤外線乾燥機で 120°Cで 30分間乾燥して脱水処理するこ とにより、 負極を作製した。
電解液としては、 エチレンカーボネートとジェチルカーボネー卜との体 積比 1 ： 1の混合溶媒に LiN(CF3S02)2を 1. Omol/1溶解したも のを用いた。
上記正極、 負極および電解液を用いて、 図 1に示す構造を有する、 外径 6. 7mm、 高さ 2. 1 mmのリチウム二次電池を作製した。
図 1において、 正極 1は、 上記のようにチタン酸リチウム （Li1 33Ti ,：6704) を活物質とし、 該チタン酸リチウムと導電助剤としてのカーボ ンブラックおよび黒鉛とバインダ一としてのポリテトラフルォロエチレン とを含む正極合剤の加圧成形体からなる。
負極 2は、 人造黒鉛を活物質とし、 該人造黒鉛とバインダーとしてのポ リフッ化ビ二リデンとを含む負極台剤の加圧成形体からなり、 これらの正 極 1と負極 2との間にはポリプロピレン製不織布からなるセパレー夕 3が 配置されている。
上記負極 2は、 使用にあたり、 電池組立時に正極 1の電気容量の 80% に相当する金属リチウムをそのセパレータ 3と対向する側に配置し、 電解 液の存在下でリチウムイオンをドープさせておいた c
正極 1、 負極 2、 セパレータ 3および電解液は、 ステンレス鋼製の正極 缶 4とステンレス鋼製の負極缶 5とポリプロピレン製の絶縁パッキング 6 とで形成される空間内に封入されている。
実施例 2
LiN (CF3S02) 2に代えて、 LiPF6を、 エチレンカーボネートと ジェチルカーボネートとの体積比 1 ： 1の混合溶媒に 1. Omo 1 Z 1溶 解させて調製した電解液を用いたほかは、 実施例 1と同様にしてリチウム 二次電池を作製した。 比較例 1
正極活物質として、 チタン酸リチウムに代えて、 リチウム鉄酸化物（L i F e 508) を用いた以外は、 実施例 1と同様にしてリチウム二次電池を作 製した。
上記実施例 1〜 2および比較例 1で作製した電池を次の条件下で充放電 させ、 第 1回目の放電時の放電特性および充放電サイクル特性を調べた。 充電条件：定電流 0. 1 mA、 充電カッ ト電圧 2 . 4 V
放電条件：定電流 0. 1 mA、 放電カッ ト電圧 0. 4 V
第 1回目の放電時の放電特性を図 2に、 充放電サイクル特性を図 3に示 す。
図 2に示すように、 実施例 1〜2の電池は、 比較例 1の電池に比べて、 1 . 5 V付近での電池電圧の平坦性が高く、 0. 4 Vに達するまでの電池 容量が大きく、 高容量であった。
また、 図 3に示すように、 実施例 1〜2の電池は、 比較例 1の電池に比 ベて、 同じサイクル回数で比較した場合の電池容量が大きく、 かつ、 サイ クル回数の増加に伴う電池容量の低下が少なく、 充放電サイクル特性が優 れていた。
これに対し、 比較例 1の電池の電池容量が小さく、 また、 サイクル初期 に電池容量が急激に低下し、 充放電サイクル特性が悪かった。 これらは、 正極活物質として用いたリチウム鉄酸化物が充放電時に結晶構造が不安定 になったためであると考えられる。
また、 上記実施例で示した L i! 33 T i ! 6704の組成式を持つチタン酸 リチウム以外に、 し 1^204ぉょび1^。 8丁12 204で表ゎされるチタン 酸リチウムについても、 それぞれ実施例 1および実施例 2で用いた電解液 と同組成の電解液および負極を用いて、 実施例 1〜 2と同様のリチウム二 次電池を作製し、 電池容量ゃ充放電サイクル特性を調べた。 それぞれ実施 例 1〜2と同様の結果が得られた。
以上説明したように、 本発明では、正極活物質として一般式 LixTiy04 で表わされるチタン酸リチウムを用い、 負極活物質として人造黒鉛などの 炭素材を用いることによって、 公称電圧 1. 5Vで、 高容量でかつ充放電 サイクル特性の優れたリチウ厶二次電池を提供することができる。

Claims

請求の範囲
1. チタン酸リチウムを活物質として含む正極と、 炭素材を活物質とし て含む負極と、 リチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解してなる電解液とを有してな るリチウムニ次電池。
2. チタン酸リチウムが、 一般式：
LixTiy04
(式中、 Xと yは、 それぞれ、 0. 8 x l. 4および 1. 6 y≤2. 2の範囲にある数である。 ）
で示される組成を有する請求項 1記載のリチウム二次電池。
3. 一般式中、 Xと y力、 それぞれ 1. 33および 1. 67である請求 項 2記載のリチウム二次電池
4. 正極が、 チタン酸リチウムと導電助材とバインダーとからなる請求 項 1記載のリチウムニ次電池。
5. 正極の各材料の割合が、 チタン酸リチウムが 70~90重量％で、 導電助材が 5〜20重量％で、 バインダ一が 1〜10重量％である請求項 4記載のリチウム二次電池。
6. 負極が、 黒鉛とバインダーとからなる請求項 1記載のリチウム二次 電池。
7. リチウム塩が、 LiN (CF3S02) 2、 LiPF6、 LiC F3S 03 および LiBF4よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも 1種のリチウム塩であ る請求項 1記載のリチウムニ次電池。
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US6153336A (en) * 1997-08-27 2000-11-28 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
US6592832B1 (en) * 1998-03-05 2003-07-15 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Method for producing highly pure lithium salts
US8383269B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2013-02-26 Medtronic, Inc. Negative-limited lithium-ion battery
US9077022B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2015-07-07 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US7858236B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2010-12-28 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US7875389B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2011-01-25 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US7883790B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2011-02-08 Medtronic, Inc. Method of preventing over-discharge of battery
US7927742B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2011-04-19 Medtronic, Inc. Negative-limited lithium-ion battery
US8178242B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2012-05-15 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US7794869B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2010-09-14 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US7740985B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2010-06-22 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US9065145B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2015-06-23 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US8785046B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2014-07-22 Medtronic, Inc. Lithium-ion battery
US8980453B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2015-03-17 Medtronic, Inc. Formation process for lithium-ion batteries
US9899710B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2018-02-20 Medtronic, Inc. Charging process for lithium-ion batteries
US10615463B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2020-04-07 Medtronic, Inc. Formation process for lithium-ion batteries with improved tolerace to overdischarge conditions
US8475960B2 (en) 2009-03-06 2013-07-02 Eliont Llc Anode material for lithium-ion chemical power sources and method of obtaining thereof
US8367249B2 (en) 2009-03-06 2013-02-05 Eliont Llc Anode material for lithium-ion chemical power sources and method of obtaining thereof
US9287580B2 (en) 2011-07-27 2016-03-15 Medtronic, Inc. Battery with auxiliary electrode
US9587321B2 (en) 2011-12-09 2017-03-07 Medtronic Inc. Auxiliary electrode for lithium-ion battery

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US6759168B2 (en) 2004-07-06
AU3105797A (en) 1998-01-07
US20020026707A1 (en) 2002-03-07
EP0845825A4 (en) 2000-01-19
CN1143404C (zh) 2004-03-24
DE69727285T2 (de) 2004-11-25
KR19990036341A (ko) 1999-05-25
DE69727285D1 (de) 2004-02-26
US6379843B1 (en) 2002-04-30
CN1198843A (zh) 1998-11-11
EP0845825A1 (en) 1998-06-03
EP0845825B1 (en) 2004-01-21
KR100444804B1 (ko) 2004-10-14

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