WO1997049152A1 - Computer-controlled internal combustion engine equipped with spark plugs - Google Patents
Computer-controlled internal combustion engine equipped with spark plugs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997049152A1 WO1997049152A1 PCT/US1997/010582 US9710582W WO9749152A1 WO 1997049152 A1 WO1997049152 A1 WO 1997049152A1 US 9710582 W US9710582 W US 9710582W WO 9749152 A1 WO9749152 A1 WO 9749152A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- air
- electric discharge
- approximately
- spark
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P5/00—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor
- F02P5/04—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions
- F02P5/045—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions combined with electronic control of other engine functions, e.g. fuel injection
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D37/00—Non-electrical conjoint control of two or more functions of engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02D37/02—Non-electrical conjoint control of two or more functions of engines, not otherwise provided for one of the functions being ignition
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
Definitions
- the invention relates to internal combustion engines and devices used in and with the internal combustion engines for efficient combustion of fuel to provide improved power, fuel efficiency and substantially reduced emissions
- gasoline is channeled through a fuel injector or carburetor, and then mixed with air to provide an air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 10 1 to 14.7 1
- the gasoline and air mixture is then delivered into a combustion chamber and ignited by a spark generated by a spark plug
- the conventional engine configuration is such that a substantial amount of gasoline is contained in the air/fuel mixture delivered into the combustion chamber, and the gasoline is not all consumed upon ignition by the spark plug's spark
- the engine discharges exhaust containing unburned gasoline and other emissions, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, or nitrogen oxides (NO ⁇ ), into the environment
- a conventional on-board computer also known as an electronic control module or ECM
- the ECM controls and monitors a wide range of engine conditions, including the fuel flow and fuel delivery to the engine
- the ECM also controls the air/fuel mixture's air-to-fuel ratio during different driving conditions For example, the air-to-fuel ratio for normal driving when the throttle is partially open is 14.7: 1.
- the ECM adjusts the air-to-fuel ratio to 12: 1, so more fuel is used to achieve the necessary power increase.
- the ECM monitors multiple sensors in the engine and adjusts various operating parameters to maintain the air-to-fuel ratio at a selected value.
- the ECM also controls the engine's timing for spark generation to detonate the air/fuel mixture when the engine's pistons are at selected positions within the cylinders so as to achieve the desired power from the engine.
- the ECMs have one or more computer chips, such as PROMs (Programmable-Read-Only Memory) that contain instructions and calibration data for operation of the engine.
- PROMs Program-Read-Only Memory
- the computer chips provided by the vehicle's manufacturer are programmed with factory settings for engine operation with conventional spark plugs to achieve an acceptable engine performance that provides sufficient power with reasonable fuel efficiency and acceptable engine emissions.
- the conventional ECM has a computer chip or PROM that can be removed and replaced with a custom chip programmed with different instructions and calibration data to change and improve aspects of the engine's performance, such as power output.
- Other ECMs have reprogrammable PROM (e.g., Flash EEPROM) that can be reprogrammed with the different instructions and calibration data.
- a custom computer chip or reprogramming includes instructions and calibration data for the ECM to increase the engine's power out, which typically results in decreased fuel efficiently and often unacceptably high engine emissions. Accordingly, these custom computer chips are typically illegal for street vehicles (e.g., non-racing or non-off road vehicles) unless expensive federal test procedures and other requirements are met.
- the engine controlled by the ECM uses conventional spark plugs for ignition of the air/fuel mixture.
- the conventional spark plug has a 1.3 mm to 2.0 mm diameter center electrode that is spaced apart from a similarly sized ground electrode by approximately a 0.8 mm gap.
- the spark plug is connected to the vehicle's coil and when the voltage at the center electrode reaches the ionization point, the electrical charges jump the gap in the form of a spark.
- the spark plugs are typically driven by a conventional 15,000-30,000 volt coil which provides the necessary spark voltage that allows the spark to arc across the gap.
- the conventional spark plug design is such that the spark generated is a relatively small, blue spark. This small blue spark usually provides enough heat to detonate the air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber so as to drive one of the engine's pistons on the down stroke. While the conventional spark plugs allow the engine to run at what consumers consider acceptable levels, the spark plugs do not necessarily optimize the engine's performance.
- the spark plugs have relatively small gaps that requires less voltage to generate the spark, which results in a cool or lower power spark. This lower power spark ignites the air/fiiel mixture with lower efficiency than a hot spark, so more fuel is required in the air/fuel mixture to achieve the desired power output from the engine. Accordingly, the engine operates with a lower fuel efficiency.
- splitfire of Illinois manufactures a spark plug having a standard center electrode that is spaced apart by a standard spark gap from a V-shaped ground electrode, which provides two areas to which a spark can arc.
- One goal of Splitfire's spark plug is to allow a spark to arc to each leg of the ground electrode to produce more spark for igniting the air/fuel mixture.
- a SilverstoneTM spark plug having a 2 mm diameter, silver center electrode for highly efficient conduction of current from the ignition coil through the spark plug.
- the silver center electrode is spaced apart from a standard ground electrode by a standard spark gap of approximately 0.8 mm.
- the SilverstoneTM spark plugs are combined, however, with a higher voltage, retrofit ignition coil that provides an increased available spark voltage so as to create a more powerful and hotter spark than the thin blue spark of the other conventional spark plugs.
- the SilverstoneTM spark plug provides a powerful and hotter spark, the spark plug requires the use of the higher voltage coil to obtain the greater power output by the conventional engine.
- a further drawback to the SilverstoneTM spark plug is that the silver center electrode is relatively soft and generation of the more powerful, hotter spark results in a shorter useful life than other conventional spark plugs.
- the conventional spark plug's center electrode also has a relatively small surface area from which sparks extend across the gap. The small surface area, however, is subject to more localized heat from spark generation during the spark plug's life, because the sparks can only be generated from that small area. As a result, the conventional spark plug's center electrode is worn over time, thereby reducing the spark plug's useful life.
- the conventional spark plug's lower power spark and smaller surface area at the center electrode also results in a greater number of misfires.
- a proper spark is either not provided or the spark does not ignite the air/fuel mixture for that cycle. Accordingly, a misfiring spark plug reduces the engine's fuel efficiency and power output and increases the engine's emissions.
- the conventional spark plug also causes relatively high exhaust temperatures, which causes the engine to run hotter, thereby requiring cooling systems and the like for the engine.
- These higher temperatures are caused by the spark plug because the lower power spark provides less heat, so less of the air/fuel mixture is ignited simultaneously at the beginning of the air/fuel mixture's detonation.
- the flame from growth through the air/fuel mixture is slower, so more time is required to detonate the mixture in the combustion chamber. This longer detonation period results in more heat energy that is not converted to kinetic energy, so the combustion exhaust is hotter, which results in higher engine operating temperature.
- These higher engine operating temperatures require that the engine's components be made of materials that can withstand the higher operating temperatures, which typically increase the engine's cost and weight.
- the present invention provides a combination of an engine control system and an electric discharge generating device in an internal combustion engine that overcomes drawbacks experienced by conventional internal combustion engines in trying to achieve increased power and fuel efficiency without increasing engine emissions.
- an electronic control module is coupled to an internal combustion engine and programmed to control fuel flow to a combustion chamber to provide an air/fuel mixture having an air-to-fuel ratio in the range of approximately 20:1 to 45:1, inclusive.
- An electric discharge generating device is provided adjacent to the combustion chamber for detonation of the air/fuel mixture.
- the electric discharge generating device has an enlarged first electrode with a sparking surface having a surface area of approximately 12.56 mm 2 or greater.
- the sparking surface is spaced apart from a ground electrode by an enlarged electric discharge gap of approximately 1.8 mm or greater.
- the electric discharge generating device generates an enlarged, high power hot spark across the gap for faster fuel detonation, shorter flame front growth duration and substantially complete combustion of the air/fuel mixture, thereby increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing engine emissions without a power reduction.
- the combustion exhaust is cooler so the engine runs cooler
- the electronic control module has a removable computer chip that is programmed to control the engine's fuel delivery system to maintain the air-to-fuel ratio at a selected value within the range of 20:1 to 45: 1, inclusive.
- the spark plug has a center electrode having a diameter of approximately 4 mm or greater and the electric discharge gap of approximately a 1.8 mm or greater.
- the ground electrode has a spark grounding surface spaced axially apart from the center electrode's sparking surface, and the spark grounding surface has the same or larger surface area than the sparking surface's surface area Accordingly, the center electrode's sparking surface, the ground electrode's spark grounding surface, and the gap define an enlarged detonation area having a volume of approximately 22.61 mm 3 or greater.
- the present invention also provides a method of detonating an air/fuel mixture in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.
- the method in one embodiment includes providing an air/fuel mixture to the combustion chamber, the mixture having an air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 20: 1 or greater, generating one or more electric discharges across an electric discharge gap of approximately 1.8 mm or greater between a pair of axially spaced apart electrodes, one of which has a sparking surface of approximately 12.56 mm 2 or greater, and detonating the air/fuel mixture with the one or more electric discharges.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of an internal combustion engine with a plurality of spark plugs shown in hidden lines and an electronic control module coupled to the engine in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 2 is a schematic view of a fuel delivery system of the engine of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a fuel injector of the engine of Figure 1 and an associated combustion chamber, with a spark plug shown adjacent to the combustion chamber.
- FIG 4 is an enlarged partial fragmentary isometric view of the electronic control module of Figure 1, a portion of the module's outer housing being shown broken away to show the computer chips therein.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial fragmentary isometric view of an alternate embodiment of the electronic control module of Figure 1, a portion of the module's outer housing being shown broken away to show the computer chips therein.
- Figure 6 is an enlarged side elevation of the spark plug of Figure 3.
- Figure 7 is an enlarged side isometric view of a center electrode and a ground electrode of the spark plug of Figure 6 with a plurality of sparks generated within a selected time period being shown in a fuel detonation area.
- Figure 8 is a partial side elevational view of a conventional prior art spark plug having center and ground electrodes, the electrodes being shown with a spark arcing therebetween.
- Figure 9 is partially fragmented side elevation view of an alternate embodiment of the spark plug of Figure 1.
- Figure 10 is an enlarged bottom plan view of a center electrode of the spark plug of Figure 9.
- Figure 1 1 is a schematic view showing an alternative fuel delivery system of the engine of Figure 1, the fuel delivery system having a carburetor therein
- an engine control system 10 of an internal combustion engine 12 is illustrated operatively connected to a fuel delivery system 14
- the engine control system 10 includes an electronic control module (ECM) 16, also referred to as an "on-board computer,” that is mounted to a vehicle 15 and operatively connected to the engine 12
- ECM electronice control module
- the engine control system 10 controls and monitors operating parameters of the engine 12, including fuel flow through the fuel delivery system 14, and delivery of an air/fuel mixture with a selected air-to-fuel ratio to a combustion chamber 17 of the engine.
- the engine control system 10 also controls the timing of spark generation and air/fuel mixture detonation by spark plugs 18 that are mounted in the engine.
- the engine control system 10 and the spark plugs 18 are combined in this exemplary embodiment such that the engine 12 operates in a highly fuel efficient manner while providing increased power and reduced engine emissions as compared to a similarly sized engine without the engine control system and spark plugs of the present invention
- the fuel delivery system 14 of the exemplary embodiment includes a fuel injection system 20 having a plurality of fuel injectors 22 connected to a fuel tube 24.
- the fuel tube 24 is operatively connected to a fuel line 26 that is, in turn, connected to a fuel tank 28, so the fuel line and fuel tube carry gasoline from the fuel tank to the fuel injectors 22.
- the fuel line 26 includes a fuel pump 30 that pumps the gasoline from the fuel tank 28 toward the fuel injectors 22.
- the fuel pump 30 is operatively connected to and controlled by the ECM 16, such that the ECM controls the rate that gasoline passes to and through the fuel injectors 22.
- a fuel filter 32 is connected to the fuel line 26 for filtering the gasoline as it flows through the fuel line to remove impurities before the gas reaches the fuel injectors 22 to avoid clogging the fuel injectors.
- each fuel injector 22 delivers the gasoline to an intake manifold 32 that provides a mixing area for mixing the gasoline and air, and the intake manifold communicates with one of the combustion chambers 17 of the engine 12.
- the fuel injector 22 has a conventional injector nozzle 34 that projects into the intake manifold 32.
- the injector nozzle 34 receives a portion of the gasoline from the fuel tube 24 and directs it into the intake manifold 32 to create a very finely atomized fuel.
- the finely atomized fuel is combined with air in the intake manifold 32, and the air/fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber 17 for detonation by the spark plug 18.
- the engine 12 also includes an exhaust manifold 36, an air filter 38 coupled to the intake manifold 32, an intake valve 40, and an exhaust valve 42.
- the engine 12 also includes a conventional engine block assembly 44 with a piston cylinder 46 below the combustion chamber 17, and a piston 48 reciprocating within the cylinder
- the spark plug 18 in accordance with the present invention is positioned at the top of the combustion chamber 17.
- the injector nozzle 34 operating in accordance with the present invention sprays a selected amount of fuel into the intake manifold 32 for mixing with air in a selected air-to-fuel ratio to provide a very lean air/fuel mixture.
- the air/fuel mixture is passed into the combustion chamber 17 where it is compressed by the piston 48 during its up-stroke, and the air/fuel mixture is detonated by the spark plug 18 at a selected time relative to the piston's position in the cylinder 46.
- the spark plug 18 is operatively connected to the ECM 16, and the ECM controls the timing for generation of an electric discharge by the spark plug relative to the piston's position in the cylinder 46.
- the details of the improved spark plug 18 of the present invention are discussed below following discussion of the ECM 16.
- the ECM 16 includes a protective outer housing 52 that contains a plurality of conventional computer components 56 mounted to a printed circuit board 54.
- a memory device in the form of a specially preprogrammed primary computer chip 58 or programmable read-only-memory (PROM) is connected by a plurality of connector pins extending from the printed circuit board 54.
- the computer chip 58 is programmed with a plurality of instructions, calibration data, and other engine operating parameters that correspond to the engine's configuration to achieve the desired balance of performance, fuel efficiency, and emission characteristics when operating as part of the engine control system 10 of the present invention.
- the ECM 16 also includes a backup computer chip 62 that is programmed with conventional backup engine operating parameters that are used should the primary computer chip 58 fail.
- This backup computer chip 62 is referred to as a "limp home" chip that is adapted to allow the vehicle to be driven, as an example, to a service station or repair shop, although the engine operates at substantially less than peak performance.
- the ECM 16 has a conventional factory-programmed computer chip 64 for the vehicle 15 connected by a plurality of connector pins 66 that extend from a circuit board bridge 68.
- the bridge 68 removably plugs onto the connector pins 60 extending from the printed circuit board 54 to which the factory-programmed computer chip 64 would normally plug onto for a vehicle not equipped with the present invention. Accordingly, the factory-programmed computer chip 64 is still operatively connected to the ECM's printed circuit board 54 of the present invention via the bridge 68.
- a supplemental computer chip 70 in accordance with the present invention is mounted to the bridge 68 and operatively connected to the ECM's printed circuit board 54 via the bridge.
- the supplemental computer chip 70 is programmed with selected instructions and calibration data including air-to-fuel ratios, fuel tables, spark timing tables, and system activation settings for the particular type of the vehicle 15.
- the supplemental computer chip 70 is programmed in a conventional manner to override the instructions and calibration data of the factory-programmed computer chip 64, so the ECM 16 utilized the instructions and calibration data from the supplemental computer chip.
- the conventional "limp-home" chip 62 is also provided in this alternate embodiment for use by the ECM 16 if the supplemental computer chip 70 or the factory- programmed chip 64 cease to operate for any reason.
- the specially preprogrammed computer chip 58 of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4 and the supplemental computer chip 70 of the alternate embodiment illustrated in Figure 5 are programmed with data parameters for the particular engine that the ECM is controlling in order to provide air/fuel mixture having an air-to-fuel ratio in the range of approximately 20: 1 to 45: 1. Because many vehicle manufacturers use similar engine configurations for a wide range of vehicle models, similarly programmed computer chips with substantially the same instructions and calibration data can be used for all models having the similar engine configurations. As an example, one set of instructions and calibration data can be used in a wide range of Chevrolet vehicles, while a second set of instructions and calibration data can be used in a wide range of Ford vehicles.
- the present invention is highly effective as a retrofit product that is used to increase a conventional engine's power output and fuel efficiency, while decreasing emissions.
- the ECM 16 has a memory device in the form of a permanent PROM, such as a flash EEPROM, that is programmable, erasable, and reprogrammable.
- a permanent PROM such as a flash EEPROM
- the selected instructions and calibration data are originally programmed into the EEPROM.
- the present invention is installed in a retrofit process, the EEPROM is erased and reprogrammed by conventional techniques to incorporate selected instructions and calibration data.
- the structural components of the ECM 16 illustrated in Figures 4 and 5 are conventional components, except for the bridge 68 illustrated in Figure 5, and these conventional components are interconnected in a conventional manner.
- the computer program architecture in the preprogrammed computer chip 58, the supplemental computer chip 70, and the limp-home chip 62 is also conventional. Accordingly, further description of the ECM's structural components and the program architecture is not provided.
- the preprogrammed computer chip 58 and the supplemental computer chip 70 include instructions, operating characteristics, and calibration data discussed below that are not provided in a conventional factory- programmed PROM in an ECM.
- a 1992 Chevrolet truck having an ECM 16 and a 350 hp, eight-cylinder engine (hereafter "the 350 Chevy engine") is provided with a computer chip 58 installed in the ECM ( Figure 4) and with the spark plugs 18 ( Figure 3) of the present invention.
- the computer chip 58 is programmed to provide and maintain an air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 20: 1 or greater, and preferably in the range of 20: 1 to 45:1, inclusive, and more preferably at approximately 30: 1.
- "Air-to- fuel ratio” used herein is the weight ratio of an air-to-fuel (usually pounds to pounds or kilograms to kilograms) as the vapor form equivalent of given weights of air/fuel at standard temperature and pressure in accordance with standard industry practice.
- the computer chip is programmed to provide and maintain an air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 10: 1 to 14.7: 1. Accordingly, the air-to- fuel ratio programmed into the computer chip 58 for the engine incorporating the present invention is substantially higher (or leaner) than that of the conventionally programmed computer chip.
- the factory- programmed computer chip 64 and the ECM's program architecture for the 1992 Chevrolet truck is such that the maximum numerical value than can be used for the air- to-fuel ratio in the supplemental computer chip 70 is 25.5: 1
- the exemplary embodiment of the present invention utilizes an air-to-fuel ratio above the 25.5:1, e.g., approximately 30:1
- the supplemental computer chip 70 is programmed with other instructions and calibration data that is typically used for a smaller engine that uses less fuel.
- the supplemental computer chip 70 provides even less fuel to the larger engine, than would normally be provided the 350 Chevy engine to achieve the 25.5:1 air-to-fuel ratio, thereby resulting in an actual higher air-to-fuel ratio during operation of the engine.
- the supplemental computer chip 70 is programmed with a base pulse width constant that is different from the factory setting, thereby changing how long the fuel injectors stay open. For the 350 Chevy engine, the base pulse width is changed from the factory setting of 135 to 129, thereby reducing the time in which the fuel injectors spray the gasoline into the intake manifold for each cycle. Accordingly, the supplemental computer chip 70 is programmed to provide an effective air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 30: 1 even though that value is greater than the maximum available numerical set value of 25.5:1.
- the preprogrammed computer chip 58 ( Figure 4) and the supplemental computer chip 70 ( Figure 5) of the two exemplary embodiments also control the engine's exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system.
- EGR exhaust gas recirculation
- the preprogrammed computer chip 58 ( Figure 4) utilized in the present invention is programmed so that the EGR system remains turned OFF, so there is no recirculation of the exhaust gas.
- the EGR system is deactivated because the lean air/fuel mixture is substantially completely burned by the electric discharges generated by the spark plugs, discussed below, so exhaust recirculation is not necessary.
- the EGR data parameters programmed in the supplemental computer chip 70 ( Figure 5) are set such that the engine's operating conditions will not reach the data parameters to activate the EGR system. Accordingly, the EGR system remains turned OFF.
- the supplemental computer chip 70 is also programmed to disable an EGR system diagnostic program provided in the factory-programmed computer chip 64, so the diagnostic program will not run during vehicle operation.
- the factory settings of the factory-programmed computer chip 64 ( Figure 5) are such that the EGR system is turned ON and OFF as a function of the engine's speed, temperature, throttle position, and manifold pressure, so the EGR system would be turned ON during a large portion of normal driving conditions using an engine without the present invention incorporated.
- the factory settings of the factory-programmed computer chip 64 also has a block learn memory (BLM) program that is turned ON and OFF at different driving conditions to monitor data provided by a plurality of sensors in the engine.
- BBM block learn memory
- BLM program modifies, in a conventional manner, particular data parameters in order to maintain the air-to-fiiel ratio at the designated value (e.g., the factory setting of 14.7: 1).
- the preprogrammed computer chip includes a BLM program that maintains the air-to-fuel ratio at the selected value in the range of approximately 20:1 to 45: 1, inclusive, such as 30: 1.
- the supplemental computer chip 70 is programmed to override the factory-preprogrammed computer chip 64 and to keep the BLM program turned OFF.
- the preprogrammed computer chip 58 ( Figure 4) and the supplemental computer chip 70 ( Figure 5) are also programmed with fuel tables that control how much fuel is provided to the intake manifold for mixing with the air to maintain the selected air-to-fuel ratio.
- the values in the fuel table are provided as a function of engine speed and manifold pressure.
- the fuel table for the 350 Chevy engine inco ⁇ orating the present invention provides standard fuel values at engine speeds ranging from 400 ⁇ m to 4800 rpm and for manifold pressures ranging from 20 KPa to 100 KPa.
- the illustrated fuel table has fuel values to maintain an air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 30:1.
- Table 2 provides a full table with the standard fuel values for the same engine speeds and manifold pressures for the same 350 Chevy engine before being modified with the present invention.
- Table 1 A comparison between Tables 1 and 2 shows that, for each operating condition, less fuel is provided into the combustion chamber for the 350 Chevy engine with the present invention installed (Table 1) than for the same engine without the invention (Table 2). Testing of the 350 Chevy engine with the present invention installed has demonstrated an increased fuel efficiency of approximately 30% to 80% while still achieving an increase in power output and a decrease in engine emissions as compared to the same engine without the present invention.
- Each of the preprogrammed computer chip 58 ( Figure 4) and the supplemental computer chip 70 ( Figure 5) is also programmed with a spark timing table that controls when electrical current is provided to the spark plug 18 ( Figure 3) from a conventional coil, such as a 15,000 volt coil, in order to generate a spark at the spark plug.
- the timing for spark generation is also a function of the engine's manifold pressure and the engine's speed.
- the timing for spark generation relative to the piston's position in the chamber is expressed in the spark timing table in a conventional manner as the number of degrees before the piston's top-dead-center position (i.e., at the top of the piston's stroke). Accordingly, a value of 0 (zero) in the spark timing table indicates spark generation at top-dead-center.
- Table 3 An exemplary spark timing table for the 350 Chevy engine with the present invention installed is illustrated in Table 3 (below).
- Table 4 a spark timing table with factory settings for the same 350 Chevy engine without the present invention is illustrated in Table 4 (below).
- the spark timing table in each of the preprogrammed computer chip 58 ( Figure 4) and the supplemental computer chip 70 ( Figure 5) is configured so the spark plug 18 ( Figure 3) generates a spark and detonates the air/fuel mixture when the piston is at or within at least 11 degrees before top-dead-center.
- the 350 Chevy engine with the present invention installed achieves an increased power output upon burning less fuel in the lean air/fuel mixture.
- Table 3 shows that the spark timing table in the preprogrammed computer chip 58 ( Figure 4) or the supplemental computer chip 70 ( Figure 5) is set so a spark is generated when the piston is closer to top-dead- center than typically occurs in the conventional engine without the present invention for the same manifold pressure and engine speed.
- the exception occurs only at higher pressure (between 90 KPa- 100 KPa) with the lower engine speed (between 800-1200 ⁇ m ).
- the present invention also allows the engine to run cooler than when the present invention is not incorporated in the engine. Testing has demonstrated that the exhaust temperatures in the 350 Chevy engine's exhaust manifold were reduced by approximately 44.9% to 46.7% as compared to the exhaust temperatures for the same 350 Chevy engine without the present invention.
- the 350 Chevy engine with the present invention installed had exhaust temperatures of approximately 319°F to 360°F, while the same engine without the present invention and at factory settings had exhaust temperature of approximately 535°F to 600°F when running for the same period of time. Accordingly, the engine with the present invention installed operates at significantly lower temperatures. In addition, it is understood that these reduced exhaust temperatures also reduces formation and emission of NO ⁇ during operation of the engine.
- the air/fuel mixture having the 20: 1 to 45: 1 air-to-fuel ratio is detonated by an enlarged high energy electric discharge from the spark plug 18 of the present invention so as to achieve a fast and substantially complete combustion of the air/fuel mixture.
- the spark plug 18 has a metal shell 80 with a threaded metal lower body 82 extending from the shell's lower end, and a porcelain insulator 84.
- the porcelain insulator 84 extends through the threaded lower body 82, through the metal shell 80, and upwardly from an upper portion of the metal shell.
- a top terminal 86 projects upwardly through and beyond the porcelain insulator 84.
- the top terminal 86 is adapted to connect to a conventional spark plug wire (not shown) that is coupled to a conventional coil (not shown), such as a conventional 15,000 volt coil that provides electrical current to the spark plug 18.
- the top terminal 86 is electrically connected to a center electrode 88 that extends downwardly through the porcelain insulator 84 and terminates at a position below the porcelain insulator 84.
- the center electrode's bottom end has an enlarged sparking surface 90 that is spaced axially apart from a ground electrode 92, which is connected to the threaded lower body 82 of the spark plug 18.
- the center electrode's sparking surface 90 is spaced apart from the ground electrode 92 by an enlarged electric discharge gap 94, also referred to as a spark gap.
- the center electrode 88 is a generally cylindrical conductive member with the sparking surface 90 having a diameter in the range of approximately 4.0 mm to 7.5 mm, inclusive, and more preferably in the range of approximately 4.0 mm to 6.7 mm, inclusive, and even more preferably in the range of 4.0 mm to 4.5 mm, inclusive.
- the center electrode's sparking surface 90 has a diameter of approximately 4.0 mm.
- the center electrode 88 has a substantially constant diameter along its length, although alternate embodiments include a center electrode with an enlarged bottom end that includes the sparking surface 90 thereon, with the rest of the center electrode having a smaller cross-sectional area.
- a center electrode 200 and ground electrode 202 of a conventional spark plug 204 are illustrated in Figure 8.
- the conventional center electrode 200 has a diameter of approximately 2.0 mm.
- the exemplary embodiment's center electrode 88 and its sparking surface 90 has a diameter that is approximately 2.0 to 3.75 times greater than a conventional spark plug's center electrode 200.
- the cross-sectional area of the center electrode 88 and the surface area of the sparking surface are approximately 12.568 mm 2 to 44.156 mm , which is approximately 4.0 to 14.053 times greater than the 3.142 mm 2 cross-sectional area of the conventional spark plug's center electrode 200.
- the spark plug 18 of the exemplary embodiment has the center electrode 88 made of Inconell 600, which is a steel alloy.
- the center electrode 88 is made of other conductive materials including platinum, silver, steel, or other metal alloys.
- the ground electrode 92 of the present invention is L-shaped and is connected at one end to the threaded lower body 82.
- the ground electrode 92 has a generally cylindrically-shaped free end portion 96 with a spark grounding surface 98 that is spaced axially apart from the center electrode's sparking surface 90 by the electric discharge gap 94.
- the ground electrode's free end portion 96 and its spark grounding surface 98 have a diameter in the range of approximately 4.0 mm to 7.5 mm, inclusive.
- the conventional ground electrode 202 illustrated in Figure 8 has a free end with a width of approximately 2 mm to 3 mm.
- the ground electrode's spark grounding surface 98 illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 has a surface area that is substantially equal to or greater than the surface area of the center electrode's sparking surface 90.
- the center electrode's sparking surface 90 and the ground electrode's spark grounding surface 98 are substantially flat and parallel to each other and have diameters of approximately 4.5 mm. Accordingly, the sparking surface 90 and the spark grounding surface 98 has approximately the same surface areas between which the electric discharges arc during operation of the engine.
- the spark gap 94 extending between the sparking surface 90 and the spark grounding surface 98 has a length of at least approximately 1.8 mm, and more preferably in the range of approximately 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm, inclusive. In the exemplary embodiment, the spark gap 94 is approximately 2.0 mm.
- the spark gap 206 of the conventional spark plug 204 shown in Figure 8 is approximately 0.8 mm. Accordingly, the spark gap 94 of the exemplary embodiment's spark plug 18 is approximately 2.25 to 3.75 times larger than the conventional spark gap.
- the enlarged spark gap 94 is combined with the center electrode's sparking surface and the ground electrodes spark grounding surface 98 to define an enlarged cylindrically-shaped detonation area 100 having a volume of approximately 22.62 mm 3 or greater through which the electrical discharges extend during operation of the spark plug 18.
- the enlarged spark gap 94 of the present invention's spark plug 18 in combination of the center electrode's enlarged sparking surface 90 allow for a greater build up of electrical charges on the center electrode's sparking surface 90 before the voltage reaches the ionization point of the gas or air/fuel mixture in the spark gap. Once the ionization point is reached the electrical charges jump across the gap in the form of one or more electric discharges.
- the enlarged surface area of the center electrode's sparking surface 90 provides a capacitance effect that enables more energy to be stored and generally simultaneously released up on reaching the ionization point, thereby resulting in a high energy electric discharge between the center and ground electrodes 88 and 92. Accordingly, the electrical discharge that arcs across the spark gap 94 of the spark plug 18 is larger, hotter, and more powerful than a spark generated from a conventional spark plug.
- the enlarged, hot and powerful electric discharge generated by the spark plug 18 causes a faster detonation of the lean air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, which provides a faster flame front growth through the air/fuel mixture and greater power output from the engine.
- the detonation is faster because more of the air/fuel mixture is detonated simultaneously so the time required to burn the rest of the mixture is less.
- the enlarged, hot and powerful electric discharge also results in substantially complete combustion of the lean air/fuel mixture, thereby minimizing emissions from the engine.
- Figure 8 has the small gap of 0.8 mm and a center electrode with a smaller sparking surface, which requires less energy at the center electrode 200 in order to reach the ionization point of the gas or air/fuel mixture in the spark gap 206. Accordingly, a less powerful, thin spark 208 is sufficient to jump the spark gap.
- the less powerful spark typically has a blue or partially orange color in atmospheric conditions. When the spark is created under compression, such as 120 psi, the low power spark is diminished and difficult to see.
- the spark plug 18 of the present invention in atmospheric conditions generates large, white electric discharges that arc across the enlarged spark gap 94.
- the white electric discharge is a hotter, higher energy and more powerful discharge than a blue or orange spark provided by the conventional spark plug.
- the present invention spark plug's white electric discharge also has a length that is roughly 2.25 to 3.75 times the length of the conventional spark plug's blue or orange spark. Accordingly, the spark plug 18 of the present invention creates a high energy, hot electric discharge with an increased surface area for substantially simultaneous detonation of more of the air/fuel mixture, thereby requiring less time to detonate substantially all of the air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
- the spark plug 18 under compression conditions of approximately 120 psi generate a plurality of high energy white electric discharges in the detonation area.
- the spark plug 18 creates these electric discharges from electrical current from a conventional 15,000 volt to 30,000 volt coil that is typically used to drive the conventional spark plugs. Accordingly, the spark plugs 18 do not require a higher voltage coil be used when retrofitted into a vehicle in order to achieve the benefits of the present invention.
- spark plug 18 of the exemplary embodiment having the Inconell 600 center electrode 88 with a 4.5 mm diameter sparking surface 90 axially spaced apart from the ground electrode's spark grounding surface 98 by approximately a 2.0 mm spark gap 94 requires only 3 kilovolts (KV) to generate high energy white electric discharge across the spark gap 94 at approximately atmospheric conditions.
- KV kilovolts
- the same voltage testing was conducted with four conventional spark plugs including ACCEL, A/C Delco, Splitfire and Silverstone spark plugs, each of which had the much smaller spark gaps of approximately 0.76 mm to 0.8 mm.
- the ACCCEL spark plug required 3 KV to spark at atmosphere conditions and 4 KV to spark at 120 psi.
- the A/C Delco spark plug required 5 KV to spark at atmospheric conditions and 8 KV to spark at 120 psi.
- the Splitfire required 6 KV to spark at atmospheric conditions and 9 KV to spark at 120 psi.
- the Silverstone with the silver center electrode required 7 KV to spark at atmospheric and 10 KV to spark at 120 psi.
- the spark plugs 18 of the present invention also allow the engine to run cooler than the same engine utilizing conventional spark plugs.
- the spark plug 18 generates the larger, hotter, higher energy electric discharge, which explosively detonates the air/fuel mixture faster than a conventional spark plug.
- more of the air/fuel mixture is substantially simultaneously detonated and the flame front growth is faster so less time is required to substantially completely bum the air/fuel mixture.
- the larger, hotter, high energy electric discharge transfers more thermal energy to the air/fuel mixture, thereby accelerating the flame front growth and providing the more efficient and complete combustion
- more of the heat or thermal energy generated by the combustion is converted into kinetic energy that drives the piston on the downstroke in the cylinder. Accordingly, the exhaust temperature is lower and the engine runs cooler.
- the spark plug 18 is typically positioned with the enlarged center electrode 88 and the ground electrode 92 at the top of the combustion chamber 17.
- the spark plug 18 produces the enlarged, white, high energy electric discharges that extend across the spark gap 94 and explosively detonate the lean air/fuel mixture, thereby driving the piston 30 from approximately top-dead-center in the piston cylinder 29 downwardly on the down stroke to achieve the increased power from the engine.
- the vehicle having the 350 Chevy engine with the ECM being configured to provide an air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 30: 1 and with the improved spark plugs 18 of the present invention has been tested and has demonstrated a power increase of approximately 25% to 30%, along with a fuel efficiency increase by approximately 30% to 80% for different driving conditions.
- a spark plug 1 10 of an alternate embodiment of the present invention has a metal shell 112 having a lower body 1 14 with a threaded lower end 116.
- a porcelain insulator 118 extends through the metal shell 112 and away from an upper portion of the metal shell 1 12.
- a top terminal 120 projects out of the top of the porcelain insulator 118, and the top terminal is connected to a center electrode 122 that extends downwardly through the porcelain insulator and the threaded lower body 114.
- the porcelain insulator 1 18 has a lower insulating sleeve 124 that extends through the metal shell's threaded lower body 1 14 so as to insulate the center electrode 122 from the metal shell 1 12.
- the center electrode 122 has a shaft portion 126 that extends from the top terminal 120 through the lower insulating sleeve 124 and terminates at an enlarged bottom end portion 128.
- the center electrode's bottom end portion 128 has a flat sparking surface 130 that is spaced apart from a ground electrode 132 by an enlarged electric discharge gap 134.
- the center electrode's shaft portion 126 has a diameter in the range of approximately 3 mm
- the center electrode's bottom and portion 128 has a diameter in the range of approximately 4.0 mm to 7.5 mm, inclusive.
- the shaft portion 126 and the bottom end portion 128 have a diameter in the range of approximately 4.0 mm to 7.5 mm, such that there is no size difference to distinguish the shaft portion from the bottom end portion.
- the center electrode's bottom end portion 128 is recessed within a lower end 138 of the lower insulating porcelain sleeve 124.
- the insulating sleeve 124 extends through the metal shell's threaded lower body 114, past the center electrode's bottom end portion 128, and terminates at a position between the bottom end portion 128 and the ground electrode 132.
- the bottom end portion's sparking surface 130 is recessed within the lower insulating sleeve's lower end 138 by a selected distance.
- the bottom end portion's sparking surface is recessed within the porcelain sleeve's lower end 130 by a distance of approximately 0.5 mm. The depth of recess, however, for other embodiments are greater or less than 0.5 mm.
- the recessed sparking surface 130 faces the ground electrode 132 so an electric discharge generated by the spark plug 110 extends between the sparking surface and the ground electrode 132 without arcing to the threaded lower body 1 14.
- the sparking surface 130 is spaced apart from the ground electrode 132 to define the electric discharge gap 134 at approximately 3.0 mm. In alternate embodiments, the electric discharge gap 134 is at least 2.5 mm or greater.
- the spark plug 110 of this alternate embodiment maintains an exterior size and configuration that allows for easy retrofit into a conventional engine because the ground electrode 132 is not extended substantially farther away from the spark plug's threaded lower body 1 14 than a conventional spark plug in order to achieve an increased gap size.
- the spark plug 110 provides the center electrode 122 having a large sparking surface 130 that allows for an enlarged, high energy electric discharge to extend across the gap 134, thereby resulting in the faster and more efficient detonation of the lean air/fuel mixture.
- an alternate embodiment of the center electrode's bottom end portion 128 has the sparking surface 130 with a generally oval or rounded D-shape to provide a relatively large surface area facing the ground electrode.
- an alternate embodiment has an internal combustion engine 150 with a carburetor 152 that meters fuel flow to control the amount of fuel mixed with air and delivered to the combustion chamber and to control the air-to-fuel ratio of the air/fuel mixture.
- the illustrated carburetor 152 is a fixed- venturi carburetor having a needle valve 154, a float chamber 156, a float 158, a main jet 160, an air bleeder 162, a modified main nozzle 164, a small venturi 166, a large venturi 168, a choke valve 170, a throttle valve 172, an air vent 174, and an accelerating pump 176 of conventional design.
- the reference characters A and M designate air and air/fuel mixture directional flow, respectively.
- the modified main nozzle 164 has a very small outlet opening that restricts the flow of fuel therethrough to provide a very lean air/fuel mixture.
- the main nozzle 164 of one embodiment is an outlet aperture that is sized to allow the fuel to pass therethrough and mix with air to provide an air-to-fuel ratio of at least 20: 1, and preferably in the range of approximately 20: 1 to 45: 1, inclusive.
- the internal combustion engine 150 includes spark plugs 18 that produce the enlarged, high energy electric discharge discussed above. Each spark plug 18 is positioned to create the electric discharge in the combustion chamber.
- the air/fuel mixture M in the combustion chamber is detonated by the enlarged, hot electric discharge, and the air/fuel mixture is quickly, explosively and efficiently burned to produce increased power with decreased engine emissions while maintaining an increased fuel efficiency.
- the spark plug 18 of the present invention as illustrated in Figures 3, 6, 7, 9 and 10 is adapted to be installed as retrofit procedure in a conventional internal combustion engine having a fuel injection system or a carburetor. Accordingly, an existing internal combustion engine is retrofitted by replacing the conventional spark plugs with the spark plugs 18 of the present invention.
- the carburetor or fuel injection system is adjusted either manually or by modifying the ECM or other control assembly to provide an air-to-fuel ratio within the range of approximately 20: 1 to 45: 1.
- the present invention results in a high fuel combustion efficiency, and a substantially increased fuel efficiency.
- the internal combustion engine runs cooler, and the emissions of undesirable gases are substantially reduced as compared to a conventional engine.
- components on internal combustion engines for reducing emissions such as catalytic converters, can be eliminated.
- the internal combustion engine with the fuel supplying assembly of the present invention is not contaminated with carbon or the like due to the virtually complete fuel combustion, the engine's life is lengthened. Further, the contamination to an exhaust muffler is also lessened.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP10503302A JP2000505175A (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1997-06-17 | Computer controlled internal combustion engine with spark plug |
AU34925/97A AU3492597A (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1997-06-17 | Computer-controlled internal combustion engine equipped with spark plugs |
EP97931247A EP0906647A1 (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1997-06-17 | Computer-controlled internal combustion engine equipped with spark plugs |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US66551796A | 1996-06-17 | 1996-06-17 | |
US08/677,508 | 1996-07-09 | ||
US08/677,508 US5767613A (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1996-07-09 | Spark plug with enlarged center electrode and gap |
US08/665,517 | 1996-07-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997049152A1 true WO1997049152A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
WO1997049152A9 WO1997049152A9 (en) | 1998-03-26 |
Family
ID=27099226
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1997/010582 WO1997049152A1 (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1997-06-17 | Computer-controlled internal combustion engine equipped with spark plugs |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5767613A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0906647A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000505175A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1236494A (en) |
AU (1) | AU3492597A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2258521A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997049152A1 (en) |
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US6628049B2 (en) | 2001-02-02 | 2003-09-30 | Pyrostars, Llc | Spark plug with simultaneously multi-firing cap |
DE60302012T2 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2006-07-13 | NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd., Nagoya | Spark plug and its manufacturing process |
US7398758B2 (en) * | 2005-10-25 | 2008-07-15 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Combustion control method for a direct-injection controlled auto-ignition combustion engine |
US20070222463A1 (en) * | 2006-03-23 | 2007-09-27 | Qahouq Jaber A | Power conversion efficiency management |
CN101443680B (en) * | 2006-04-17 | 2013-01-16 | 声霸技术有限公司 | A system and method for ignition of a gaseous or dispersive fuel-oxidant mixture |
JP4970892B2 (en) * | 2006-10-24 | 2012-07-11 | 株式会社デンソー | Spark plug for internal combustion engine |
US7647907B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2010-01-19 | Contour Hardening, Inc. | Induction driven ignition system |
US8424501B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2013-04-23 | Contour Hardening, Inc. | Induction driven ignition system |
US7533643B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2009-05-19 | Contour Hardening, Inc. | Induction driven ignition system |
US20090072694A1 (en) * | 2007-09-17 | 2009-03-19 | Steigleman Jr Robert Lee | Sparkplug having improved heat removal capabilities and method to recycle used sparkplugs |
US8044560B2 (en) * | 2007-10-10 | 2011-10-25 | Steigleman Jr Robert Lee | Sparkplug with precision gap |
WO2011083583A1 (en) * | 2010-01-08 | 2011-07-14 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Ignition control system for internal combustion engine |
CN102121426A (en) * | 2011-02-23 | 2011-07-13 | 靳北彪 | Low-fuel consumption efficient engine |
AT511866B1 (en) | 2011-08-22 | 2014-01-15 | Ge Jenbacher Gmbh & Co Ohg | SPARK PLUG FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
CN103500922A (en) * | 2012-09-24 | 2014-01-08 | 摩尔动力(北京)技术股份有限公司 | Spark plug |
US9945344B2 (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2018-04-17 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for ignition control |
US10975658B2 (en) | 2019-05-17 | 2021-04-13 | Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc | Wellbore isolation barrier including negative thermal expansion material |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0906647A1 (en) | 1999-04-07 |
AU3492597A (en) | 1998-01-07 |
US5767613A (en) | 1998-06-16 |
CN1236494A (en) | 1999-11-24 |
CA2258521A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
US5967122A (en) | 1999-10-19 |
JP2000505175A (en) | 2000-04-25 |
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