WO1998020511A1 - Method for explicit data rate control in a packet communication environment without data rate supervision - Google Patents

Method for explicit data rate control in a packet communication environment without data rate supervision Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998020511A1
WO1998020511A1 PCT/US1997/019630 US9719630W WO9820511A1 WO 1998020511 A1 WO1998020511 A1 WO 1998020511A1 US 9719630 W US9719630 W US 9719630W WO 9820511 A1 WO9820511 A1 WO 9820511A1
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Prior art keywords
transmission station
packet transmission
packet
data
digital
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PCT/US1997/019630
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French (fr)
Inventor
Robert L. Packer
Original Assignee
Packeteer, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Packeteer, Inc. filed Critical Packeteer, Inc.
Priority to EP97913862A priority Critical patent/EP1031163B1/en
Priority to AU50944/98A priority patent/AU5094498A/en
Priority to AT97913862T priority patent/ATE467225T1/en
Priority to DE69739872T priority patent/DE69739872D1/en
Publication of WO1998020511A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998020511A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0002—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0015—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy
    • H04L1/0017—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy where the mode-switching is based on Quality of Service requirement
    • H04L1/0018—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy where the mode-switching is based on Quality of Service requirement based on latency requirement
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
    • H04L1/1854—Scheduling and prioritising arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
    • H04L1/187—Details of sliding window management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/19—Flow control; Congestion control at layers above the network layer
    • H04L47/193—Flow control; Congestion control at layers above the network layer at the transport layer, e.g. TCP related
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/20—Traffic policing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/22—Traffic shaping
    • H04L47/225—Determination of shaping rate, e.g. using a moving window
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
    • H04L47/2408—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS for supporting different services, e.g. a differentiated services [DiffServ] type of service
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/26—Flow control; Congestion control using explicit feedback to the source, e.g. choke packets
    • H04L47/263—Rate modification at the source after receiving feedback
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/27—Evaluation or update of window size, e.g. using information derived from acknowledged [ACK] packets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/28—Flow control; Congestion control in relation to timing considerations
    • H04L47/283—Flow control; Congestion control in relation to timing considerations in response to processing delays, e.g. caused by jitter or round trip time [RTT]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/32—Flow control; Congestion control by discarding or delaying data units, e.g. packets or frames
    • H04L47/323—Discarding or blocking control packets, e.g. ACK packets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/34—Flow control; Congestion control ensuring sequence integrity, e.g. using sequence numbers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
    • H04L1/1832—Details of sliding window management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
    • H04L1/188—Time-out mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L2001/0092—Error control systems characterised by the topology of the transmission link

Definitions

  • This invention relates to digital packet telecommunications, and particularly to data flow rate control at a particular layer of a digitally-switched packet telecommunications environment normally not subject to data flow rate control wherein data packets are communicated at a variety of rates without supervision as to rate of data transfer, such as under the TCP/IP protocol suite.
  • the widely-used TCP/IP protocol suite which implements the world-wide data communication network environment called the Internet and is employed in local networks also (Intranets), intentionally omits any explicit supervisory function over the rate of data transport over the various media which comprise the network. While there are certain perceived advantages, this characteristic has the consequence of juxtaposing very high-speed packets and very low-speed packets in potential conflict and the resultant inefficiencies.
  • IP is the network level Internet Protocol
  • TCP is the transport level Transmission Control Protocol.
  • IP provides a "datagram" delivery service.
  • TCP builds a transport level service on top of the datagram service to provide guaranteed, sequential delivery of a byte stream between two IP hosts.
  • TCP has 'flow control' mechanisms operative at the end stations only to limit the rate at which a TCP endpoint will emit data, but it does not employ explicit data rate control .
  • the basic flow control mechanism is a ' sliding window' , a time slot within an allowable window which by its sliding operation essentially limits the amount of unacknowledged transmit data that a transmitter can emit .
  • Another flow control mechanism is a congestion window, which is a refinement of the sliding window scheme involving a conservative expansion to make use of the full, allowable window. A component of this mechanism is sometimes referred to as 'slow start'.
  • the sliding window flow control mechanism works in conjunction with the Retransmit Timeout Mechanism (RTO) , which is a timeout to prompt a retransmission of unacknowledged data.
  • RTO Retransmit Timeout Mechanism
  • the timeout length is based on a running average of the Round Trip Time (RTT) for acknowledgment receipt, i.e. if an acknowledgment is not received within (typically) the smoothed RTT + 4*mean deviation, then packet loss is inferred and the data pending acknowledgment is retransmitted.
  • RTT Round Trip Time
  • TCP end systems will 'back-off 1 , i.e., inhibit transmission in increasing multiples of the base RTT average as a reaction to consecutive packet loss.
  • Bandwidth management in TCP/IP networks is accomplished by a combination of TCP end systems and routers which queue packets and discard packets when some congestion threshold is exceeded. The discarded and therefore unacknowledged packet serves as a feedback mechanism to the TCP transmitter.
  • TCP end systems are clients or servers running the TCP transport protocol, typically as part of their operating system.
  • the term 'bandwidth management' is often used to refer to link level bandwidth management, e.g. multiple line support for Point to Point Protocol (PPP) .
  • Link level bandwidth management is essentially the process of keeping track of all traffic and deciding whether an additional dial line or ISDN channel should be opened or an extraneous one closed.
  • the field of this invention is concerned with network level bandwidth management, i.e. policies to assign available bandwidth from a single logical link to network flows.
  • Routers support various queuing options. These options are generally intended to promote fairness and to provide a rough ability to partition and prioritize separate classes of traffic. Configuring these queuing options with any precision or without side effects is in fact very difficult, and in some cases, not possible. Seemingly simple things, such as the length of the queue, have a profound effect on traffic characteristics. Discarding packets as a feedback mechanism to TCP end systems may cause large, uneven delays perceptible to interactive users.
  • Routers can only control outbound traffic.
  • a 5% load or less on outbound traffic can correspond to a 100% load on inbound traffic, due to the typical imbalance between an outbound stream of acknowledgements and an inbound stream of data.
  • a method for explicit network level data rate control is introduced into a level of a packet communication environment at which there is a lack of data rate supervision to control assignment of available bandwidth from a single logical link to network flows.
  • the method includes adding latency to the acknowledgement (ACK) packet of the network level and adjusting the reported size of the existing flow control window associated with the packet in order to directly control the data rate of the source data at the station originating the packet.
  • ACK acknowledgement
  • the method comprises a mechanism that mitigates TCP packet level traffic through a given link in order to manage the bandwidth of that link.
  • a software mechanism to implement the function may be a software driver, part of a kernel of an operating system or a management function implemented on a separate dedicated machine in the communication path.
  • the invention has the advantage of being transparent to all other protocol entities in a TCP/IP network environment, For example, in the connections controlled according to the invention, it is transparent to TCP end systems (ie., end systems using the TCP protocol) .
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system according to the invention.
  • a system 10 which uses the invention comprises a first TCP end system 12, such as a server device, a second TCP end system 14, such as a client device, which is connected through a first router 16 and thence via a first access link 18 into a network cloud 20 of a character as hereinafter explained, which in turn provides a logical connection via a second access link 22 to a second router 24.
  • a rate control device 26 which is operative to control the rate at which a TCP transmitter can emit packets.
  • rate control is accomplished by (1) delaying the transmission of an acknowledgement, which may be a special packet, (known as an ACK) issued by the end system 12 or 14; and/or by (2) modifying the report of the length of the receive window in those same packets; and/or by (2) generating acknowledgements substantially independently of the acknowledgements generated by the end receiving station.
  • the rate control device 26 is preferably placed at the end system acting as the server, but a rate control device may be placed adjacent any system in a path for data. At the server, it is most effective in controlling flow rate because it typically receives and relays the bulk of the traffic of interest.
  • the length of the added acknowledgement delay Several factors are employed to weight the length of the added acknowledgement delay: the amount of data being acknowledged, the measured and smoothed round trip time, the targeted transmission rate, and the mean of the deviation between the measured and smoothed roundtrip time.
  • the direct feedback rate control mechanism may be incorporated conveniently into computer-executable code, assuming the end system or the router is programmable. It can be used in an open loop environment or it can be used with a rate monitoring mechanism that provides an indication of flow rate .
  • * tcpSeparateDataO may return a pointer * to an 'ack packet'...
  • updateChecksum TRUE
  • int tcpRtoTime(TCB *tcb, PACKET *packet, int amount) C return the amount of time until an RTO will occur minus the amount of time need to send an ACK to the source of the RTO minus a small 'safety' margin.
  • the time till RTO is derived from maintaining the smoothed round trip time and mean deviation and is essentially 2*mean deviation plus smoothed round trip time. This is intended to be a conservative value, many implementations may actually set RTO to a greater value. >********************************************************************************************************************************************
  • rx indow segments * other half connection's target.bps/ other half connection's smoothed actual bps;
  • Direct feedback rate control effectively acts as a mechanism to feed back quality of service information to a TCP end system transmitter 12. Direct feedback rate control does not need to store and forward 'ACK only' packets, as these packets can be mechanically created, or even re-used.
  • scheduling an exact target time for emission for an ACK only packet is non-problematic because the ACK packet is relatively small and is emitted into the flow opposite the prevailing data flow, which is less likely to be instantaneously congested.
  • Direct feedback rate control is effective for data flowing in either direction, and can even be applied independently to data flowing in either direction on the same connection.
  • the specific ACK sequence may be changed to control the transmission rate of the reciprocal direction of the connection.
  • Direct feedback rate control does not buffer or delay and TCP data, hence there is no system requirement for buffering. This helps make direct feedback rate control scaleable to large numbers of simultaneously managed connections .
  • Direct feedback rate control may increase or decrease the allotted "bandwidth" to any connection on the fly- When doing so, direct feedback rate control ensures that any decrease in transmission rate will be done smoothly and will not incur a retransmission timeout at the transmitter. Direct feedback rate control will also suppress retransmissions when it is known that their is a 'delayed ack' pending for the retransmitted data.
  • Direct feedback rate control may pass through multiple equal ACK sequences to allow the 'quick recovery' mechanism to work.
  • Direct feedback rate control allows for precise, explicit, bi-directional control of individual flows in terms of committed and excess information rate . Further, committed and excess information rate assignments may be set to scale to a given flow's potential speed, e.g. a Tl user in a given traffic class may be assigned a committed rate of 50 Kbps, where a dial-up user may receive a committed rate of 10 Kbps.
  • Direct feedback rate control does not build up deep transmission queues or toss packets. It delivers data smoothly and consistently. If a given flow is using bandwidth from the excess pool, that share of excess bandwidth may be reduced on the fly. Direct feedback rate control smoothly downshifts and upshifts flow rates in a manner which does not incur retransmission or delay in end systems.
  • Direct feedback rate control has additional beneficial characteristics. It smoothens peaks in demand bursts on short time scales. Because of the minimal transmission queue, it allows for delay bounded traffic and does not globally flatten the speed of all connections, as would occur with a deep transmission queue. It allows for the explicit control of individual flows whether or not there is congestion. And it provides a capability to secure network bandwidth from malicious or ill behaved users, e.g. to ' debounce ' a remote browser's reload button hits.
  • Direct feedback rate control controls inbound as well as outbound bandwidth, administrators can select simple policies such as 'net browsing gets only excess bandwidth at low priority' .
  • Direct feedback rate control can be used for the following : As a mechanism to enforce policies for bandwidth allocation of committed and excess information rate assignments .

Abstract

A method for explicit data rate control is introduced into a packet communication environment (10) which does not have data rate supervision by adding latency to the acknowledgement (ACK) packet and by adjusting the size of the flow control window associated with the packet in order to directly control the data rate of the source data at the station (12 or 14) originating the packet.

Description

METHOD FOR EXPLICIT DATA RATE CONTROL IN A PACKET COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT DATA RATE
SUPERVISION
COPYRIGHT NOTICE A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to digital packet telecommunications, and particularly to data flow rate control at a particular layer of a digitally-switched packet telecommunications environment normally not subject to data flow rate control wherein data packets are communicated at a variety of rates without supervision as to rate of data transfer, such as under the TCP/IP protocol suite. The widely-used TCP/IP protocol suite, which implements the world-wide data communication network environment called the Internet and is employed in local networks also (Intranets), intentionally omits any explicit supervisory function over the rate of data transport over the various media which comprise the network. While there are certain perceived advantages, this characteristic has the consequence of juxtaposing very high-speed packets and very low-speed packets in potential conflict and the resultant inefficiencies. Certain loading conditions can even cause instabilities which could lead to overloads that could stop data transfer temporarily. It is therefore considered desirable to provide some mechanism to optimize efficiency of data transfer while minimizing the risk of data loss. In order to understand the exact context of the invention, an explanation of technical aspects of the Internet/Intranet telecommunications environment may prove helpful . Internet/Intranet technology is based largely on the
TCP/IP protocol suite, where IP is the network level Internet Protocol and TCP is the transport level Transmission Control Protocol. At the network level, IP provides a "datagram" delivery service. By contrast, TCP builds a transport level service on top of the datagram service to provide guaranteed, sequential delivery of a byte stream between two IP hosts.
TCP has 'flow control' mechanisms operative at the end stations only to limit the rate at which a TCP endpoint will emit data, but it does not employ explicit data rate control . The basic flow control mechanism is a ' sliding window' , a time slot within an allowable window which by its sliding operation essentially limits the amount of unacknowledged transmit data that a transmitter can emit . Another flow control mechanism is a congestion window, which is a refinement of the sliding window scheme involving a conservative expansion to make use of the full, allowable window. A component of this mechanism is sometimes referred to as 'slow start'.
The sliding window flow control mechanism works in conjunction with the Retransmit Timeout Mechanism (RTO) , which is a timeout to prompt a retransmission of unacknowledged data. The timeout length is based on a running average of the Round Trip Time (RTT) for acknowledgment receipt, i.e. if an acknowledgment is not received within (typically) the smoothed RTT + 4*mean deviation, then packet loss is inferred and the data pending acknowledgment is retransmitted.
Data rate flow control mechanisms which are operative end-to-end without explicit data rate control draw a strong inference of congestion from packet loss (inferred, typically, by RTO) . TCP end systems, for example, will 'back-off1, i.e., inhibit transmission in increasing multiples of the base RTT average as a reaction to consecutive packet loss. Bandwidth Management in TCP/IP Networks
Bandwidth management in TCP/IP networks is accomplished by a combination of TCP end systems and routers which queue packets and discard packets when some congestion threshold is exceeded. The discarded and therefore unacknowledged packet serves as a feedback mechanism to the TCP transmitter. (TCP end systems are clients or servers running the TCP transport protocol, typically as part of their operating system.) The term 'bandwidth management' is often used to refer to link level bandwidth management, e.g. multiple line support for Point to Point Protocol (PPP) . Link level bandwidth management is essentially the process of keeping track of all traffic and deciding whether an additional dial line or ISDN channel should be opened or an extraneous one closed. The field of this invention is concerned with network level bandwidth management, i.e. policies to assign available bandwidth from a single logical link to network flows.
Routers support various queuing options. These options are generally intended to promote fairness and to provide a rough ability to partition and prioritize separate classes of traffic. Configuring these queuing options with any precision or without side effects is in fact very difficult, and in some cases, not possible. Seemingly simple things, such as the length of the queue, have a profound effect on traffic characteristics. Discarding packets as a feedback mechanism to TCP end systems may cause large, uneven delays perceptible to interactive users.
Routers can only control outbound traffic. A 5% load or less on outbound traffic can correspond to a 100% load on inbound traffic, due to the typical imbalance between an outbound stream of acknowledgements and an inbound stream of data.
A mechanism is needed to control traffic which is more efficient in that it is more tolerant of and responsive to traffic loading. As background, further information about TCP/IP and the state of the art of flow control may be had in the following publications:
-Comer, Douglas. Internetworking wi th TCP/IP . Vol I. Prentice Hall, 1991.
-Comer, Douglas and Stevens, David. Internetworking wi th TCP/IP. Vol II. Design, Implementation, and Internals . Prentice Hall, 1991.
- . Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated . Vol . I - The Protocols . Addison-Wesley. 1994.
-RFC 793. Transmission Control Protocol . Postel, 1981.
-RFC 1122. Host Requirements . Braden 1989. A particularly relevant reference to the present work is :
-Hari Balakrishnan, Srinivasan Seshan, Elan Amir, Randy H. Katz . Improving TCP/IP Performance over Wireless Networks . Proc . 1st ACM Conf . on Mobile Computing and Networking, Berkeley, CA, November 1995. The above document reports efforts of a research group at the University of California at Berkeley to implement TCP 'interior spoofing' to mitigate the effects of single packet loss in micro-cellular wireless networks. Its mechanism is the buffering of data and performing retransmissions to preempt end to end RTO. It is a software mechanism at a wireless network based station which will aggressively retry transmission a single time when it infers that a single packet loss has occurred. This is a more aggressive retransmission than the normal TCP RTO mechanism or the 'quick recovery' mechanism, whereby a transmitter retransmits after receiving N consecutive identical acknowledgments when there is a window of data pending acknowledgment .
Sliding window protocols are known, as in Comer, Vol. I . page 175. Known sliding window protocols are not time based. Rate is a byproduct of the characteristics of the network and the end systems . SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, a method for explicit network level data rate control is introduced into a level of a packet communication environment at which there is a lack of data rate supervision to control assignment of available bandwidth from a single logical link to network flows. The method includes adding latency to the acknowledgement (ACK) packet of the network level and adjusting the reported size of the existing flow control window associated with the packet in order to directly control the data rate of the source data at the station originating the packet.
Called direct feedback rate control, the method comprises a mechanism that mitigates TCP packet level traffic through a given link in order to manage the bandwidth of that link. A software mechanism to implement the function may be a software driver, part of a kernel of an operating system or a management function implemented on a separate dedicated machine in the communication path.
The invention has the advantage of being transparent to all other protocol entities in a TCP/IP network environment, For example, in the connections controlled according to the invention, it is transparent to TCP end systems (ie., end systems using the TCP protocol) .
The invention will be better understood upon reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a system according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Referring to Fig. 1, a system 10 which uses the invention comprises a first TCP end system 12, such as a server device, a second TCP end system 14, such as a client device, which is connected through a first router 16 and thence via a first access link 18 into a network cloud 20 of a character as hereinafter explained, which in turn provides a logical connection via a second access link 22 to a second router 24. According to the invention, there is provided between at least one of the end systems 12 and one of the routers 24 a rate control device 26 which is operative to control the rate at which a TCP transmitter can emit packets. In this invention, rate control is accomplished by (1) delaying the transmission of an acknowledgement, which may be a special packet, (known as an ACK) issued by the end system 12 or 14; and/or by (2) modifying the report of the length of the receive window in those same packets; and/or by (2) generating acknowledgements substantially independently of the acknowledgements generated by the end receiving station. The rate control device 26 is preferably placed at the end system acting as the server, but a rate control device may be placed adjacent any system in a path for data. At the server, it is most effective in controlling flow rate because it typically receives and relays the bulk of the traffic of interest.
Several factors are employed to weight the length of the added acknowledgement delay: the amount of data being acknowledged, the measured and smoothed round trip time, the targeted transmission rate, and the mean of the deviation between the measured and smoothed roundtrip time.
The direct feedback rate control mechanism may be incorporated conveniently into computer-executable code, assuming the end system or the router is programmable. It can be used in an open loop environment or it can be used with a rate monitoring mechanism that provides an indication of flow rate .
The following is a detailed description of a specific embodiment of a direct feedback rate control mechanism expressed in pseudocode. For example, the pseudo-code explains a mechanism of generating acknowledgements, including substituting acknowledgements. This pseudo-code also addresses specifics of the TCP environment. It should be noted that latency and the sliding window flow control can be implemented anywhere in the data path. ***************************************************** Copyright © Packeteer, Inc. 1996
* tcpSchedule(packet, transport_connection_info, tcpHdr) *
* This function is called for every TCP segment to schedule its emission.
* An ACK is processed in one direction and DATA in the other direction.
* Scheduling, as everything else, is directional. * NOTE: a "half connection" is one direction of a TCP connection.
* NOTE: tcpProcessDataO has already been called for this segment.
* NOTE: Use interarrival time of data packets for a Third Order check on
* detected speed.
* NOTE: "Our" refers to the local node and its functions. *******************************************************
void tcpScheduleCPACKET *packet, TCB *tcb, TCP_HDR *tcpHdr)
<
if there is TCP data, update the average data rate received on this HALF connection.
if (we detected a revised speed estimate or this is the start of a new burst) {
find the CIR/EIR (policy) for this connection/direction and update the target rate... >
If no target rate is set, just schedule for immediate transmission and return
if (there is TCP data and it is an OUTBOUND retransmission) {
* Make sure there is no retransmission due to our (local)
* own ACK delay... * if (we are holding an ACK for this retransmitted sequence which we haven't yet forwarded) i
Dispose of packet buffer without sending return; >
>
/* * Schedule ACK in time per rate... */ if (this ACK sequence is greater than the last forwarded ACK sequence) i * Do we need to delay this ACK ? */ if (data rate on other half connection exceeds its target rate) i
if (there is TCP data) <
/*
* Need to change the ACK on the data packet
* and forward it immediately. Note
* tcpSeparateDataO may return a pointer * to an 'ack packet'...
*/ if ((packet = tcpSeparateData(tcb, packet, tcpHdr)) == NULL) return; } /*
* Call the downshift function. Note the downshift
* function handles ONLY TCP ACK packets (NO TCP data) */ tcpOownShift(tcb, packet, tcpHdr, FALSE); return;
> /*
* OK to send. Just fall through for immediate scheduling... */ else C
/*
* No downshift required... */ set lastAckForwarded on this half connection to tcpHdr->ack; set timeLastFreshAckForwarded on this half connection to now fall through to transmit immediately
>
* Emit immediately...
*
Schedule packet for immediate transmission... ******************************************************************
* tcpSeparateData( tcb, packet , tcpHdr)
*
* This is a subroutine called by tcpScheduleO. * Sometimes we need to pass data with an older ACK.
* Separate data, assign it an older ack and schedule.
* Create a new ACK-only packet with specified
* ACK seq and return it. Update tcpHdr accordingly.
* * This function is not in the performance path.
****************************************************************** PACKET * tcpSeparateData(TCB *tcb, PACKET *packet, TCP_HDR *tcpHdr)
if (there is already an ACK-packet for this connection) {
copy front of packet dp & tcp header) into ackPacket
update the length in the ackPacket (to exclude data)
> else { set flag on this half connection to reuse the ackPacket when it is eventually recycled, i.e. when transmit is completed
>
cnange ACK (and checksum) in original packet and ship it...
if (we created an ackPacket) calculate and set checksum for the ackPacket
return( ackPacket - may be NULL if we didn't make one...) }
***************************************************************************
* tcpDownShι ft(tcb, packet, tcpHdr , updateChecksum)
* * This subroutine which is called from scheduler here or from the
* recycle routine.
* This subroutine scheduled an ACK for a half connection which
* is exceeding its target bit rate (based on information supplied to it).
* Push recycle routine to update connection state after ACK is actually emitted.
***************************************************************************
void tcpDownShiftσCB *tcb, PACKET *packet, TCP_HDR *tcpHdr, BOOL updateChecksum) t
If an ack PACKET is already outstanding for this connection, just mark it for reuse and recycle this packet, and return...
-This is our new ACK packet.
set this half connections ack packet to point to this packet set the appropriate 'recycle' function and argument so we can capture the transmit complete confirmation from the driver — Check that we are not ACKing more than two MSS worth of data... oπ inalAmount = amount = newAck - lastAckForwarded on this connection
if (amount > 2*mss on this half connection) { amount = 2*mss; newAck = lastAckForwarded on this connection + amount; updateChecksum = TRUE; > tsince = TIME_SINCE(tιmeLastFreshAckForwarded on this connection); targetRate = other half connection target rate bps = other half connection smoothed actual data rate
* Can we downshift all the way in one step...''
* ttill = how much time till we need to send ack for amount bytes at the target rate
*
* Clamp TTILL if it appears it will cause an RTO...
* if ((trto = tcpRtoTιme(tcb, packet, amount)) < ttill) i
*
* We can only shift part way - figure partial rate...
* other half connections actual gear rate is set to rate of (amount * BITS_PER_BYTE * MSECS_PER_SEC)/trto; ttill = trto; > else other half connection's actual gear rate is set to target rate;
other half connection's ti eLastShifted = now
* If we are late in sending this ACK, see if we can add back any
* time by ACKing more data...
* if (tti 11 <= tsince) ( *
* We are late
* if (oπgiπalAmount > amount) { amount = originalAmount; reset ttill and new Ack based on new amount
> set lateCarryOver for this half connectionto reflect how
Figure imgf000012_0001
* Make sure we are not late due to window being too small tcpCheckMinWinSizeO; > else if there is an existing lateCarryOver for this half connection C apply that lateCarryOver to reduce delay here, i.e. subtract lateCarryOver from ttill set latCarryOver to 0
delay = (ttill > tsince) ? (tti I l-tsince) : 0;
* Do we need to scale down the advertised receive window...
* if (tcpUpdateAckRxUindow(tcb, packet, originalAmount, delay)) updateChecksum = TRUE;
*
* OK - update ACK in packet and checksum if necessary...
* if (updateChecksum) { put newAck in raw (net format) TCP header... and recalculate the TCP checksum >
schedule the ACK packet for transmission at time (now + delay) >
**************************************************************************
*
* tcpSchedAckEmitted(packet)
*
* Recycle routine for 'downshifted' ACKs. Update actual ACK in conn info.. **************************************************************************
void tcpSchedAckEmitted(PACKET "packet) .
Make sure connection for this PACKET is still valid and still same instance...
reset the 'ackPacket' for this half connection...
Update last ack emitted in this direction...
set lastAckForwarded for this half connection set timeLastFreshAckForwarded for this half connection to now
if (the lastAckForwarded equals the lastAckRcvd for this half connection) we are up to date - return Yes - we are reusing it. Compute the next ACK time and reschedule this packet.
tcpHdr. ack = lastAckRcvd on this half connection tcpHdr.dataLen = 0;
tcpDownShift(tcb, packet, StcpHdr, TRUE);
>
************************************************************************
* tcpRtoTime(tcb, packet, amount)
* Subroutine called by tcpDownShift()
************************************************************************
int tcpRtoTime(TCB *tcb, PACKET *packet, int amount) C return the amount of time until an RTO will occur minus the amount of time need to send an ACK to the source of the RTO minus a small 'safety' margin. The time till RTO is derived from maintaining the smoothed round trip time and mean deviation and is essentially 2*mean deviation plus smoothed round trip time. This is intended to be a conservative value, many implementations may actually set RTO to a greater value. > ************************************************************************
* tcpUpdateAckRxUindow(tcb, packet, amount, delay)
*
* Subroutine called by tcpOownshiftO
* Determine whether or not we need to adjust the advertised receive window
* downward. Returns TRUE if window has been updated.
*************************************************************************
int tcpUpdateAckRxWindow(TCB *tcb, PACKET *packet, int amount, int delay) { if (the original amount being ACK'ed is greater than 2*MSS AND there is no lateCarryOver) {
if (win closing flag not set) { set win closing flag and return flags, i.e. make adjustment at next ack > else { Set the window size to allow the specified rate given the current RTT and the detected speed.
rx indow = segments * other half connection's target.bps/ other half connection's smoothed actual bps;
* Convert rxwindow from segments to bytes.
* rxUindow *= mss;
reset win closing flag > else {
* We are ACKing less than 2*mss
reset win closing flag; retum(FALSE);
clamp rxwindow up to max(rxUindow, 2 * mss)
check to make sure that the REVISED window size is not larger than the actual advertised window
put the revised window into the packet return(TRUE);
***********************************************************************
* tcpCheckMinWinSize(si)
*
* If we have been LATE with an ack, check to see if we need to pop up our
* minimum window size...
***********************************************************************
#define MIN_WIN_INCREASE_TIME 800
#define MAX_WIN_ADJUST_EFFECT_TIME 1200 #define MAX_ IN_ADJUST_SEGS 4
void tcpCheckMinWiπSize(SEQ_INFO *si)
*
* Clamp up the minimum window size if we are late here and if * we have recently dropped the window size if we have recently reduced the window size and have not recently clamped up the minimum window size
*
* The longer since we last increased it, the smaller * the increase...
* t = min(time since last increase, MIN_WIN_INCREASE_TIME*MAX_WIN_ADJUST_SEGS); t = t/MIN_WIN_INCREASE_TIME; t = (MAX_WIN_ADJUST_SEGS - t) + 1; increase minimum segments by t and set last increase time to now
>
*********************************************************************
Direct feedback rate control effectively acts as a mechanism to feed back quality of service information to a TCP end system transmitter 12. Direct feedback rate control does not need to store and forward 'ACK only' packets, as these packets can be mechanically created, or even re-used.
In general, scheduling an exact target time for emission for an ACK only packet is non-problematic because the ACK packet is relatively small and is emitted into the flow opposite the prevailing data flow, which is less likely to be instantaneously congested.
Direct feedback rate control is effective for data flowing in either direction, and can even be applied independently to data flowing in either direction on the same connection. When forwarding TCP packets with data, the specific ACK sequence may be changed to control the transmission rate of the reciprocal direction of the connection.
Direct feedback rate control does not buffer or delay and TCP data, hence there is no system requirement for buffering. This helps make direct feedback rate control scaleable to large numbers of simultaneously managed connections .
Direct feedback rate control may increase or decrease the allotted "bandwidth" to any connection on the fly- When doing so, direct feedback rate control ensures that any decrease in transmission rate will be done smoothly and will not incur a retransmission timeout at the transmitter. Direct feedback rate control will also suppress retransmissions when it is known that their is a 'delayed ack' pending for the retransmitted data.
Direct feedback rate control may pass through multiple equal ACK sequences to allow the 'quick recovery' mechanism to work.
Direct feedback rate control allows for precise, explicit, bi-directional control of individual flows in terms of committed and excess information rate . Further, committed and excess information rate assignments may be set to scale to a given flow's potential speed, e.g. a Tl user in a given traffic class may be assigned a committed rate of 50 Kbps, where a dial-up user may receive a committed rate of 10 Kbps. Direct feedback rate control does not build up deep transmission queues or toss packets. It delivers data smoothly and consistently. If a given flow is using bandwidth from the excess pool, that share of excess bandwidth may be reduced on the fly. Direct feedback rate control smoothly downshifts and upshifts flow rates in a manner which does not incur retransmission or delay in end systems.
Direct feedback rate control has additional beneficial characteristics. It smoothens peaks in demand bursts on short time scales. Because of the minimal transmission queue, it allows for delay bounded traffic and does not globally flatten the speed of all connections, as would occur with a deep transmission queue. It allows for the explicit control of individual flows whether or not there is congestion. And it provides a capability to secure network bandwidth from malicious or ill behaved users, e.g. to ' debounce ' a remote browser's reload button hits.
Because direct feedback rate control controls inbound as well as outbound bandwidth, administrators can select simple policies such as 'net browsing gets only excess bandwidth at low priority' . Direct feedback rate control can be used for the following : As a mechanism to enforce policies for bandwidth allocation of committed and excess information rate assignments .
As a mechanism to manage 'inbound' as well as outbound network bandwidth over a given access link.
As a mechanism to assign explicit throughput rates to individual TCP connections .
As a unique mechanism for feeding back quality of service information to TCP end systems. It should be noted that an inherent attribute of this invention is the ability to assign rates dynamically, although the control mechanisms for assigning rates are beyond the scope of this disclosure.
The invention has now been explained with reference to specific embodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. It is therefore not intended that this invention be limited, except as indicated by the appended claims .

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method for controlling data rate of data packets in a digital data packet communication environment having a plurality of digital packet transmission stations interconnectable in a data path, wherein said data packet communication environment lacks explicit end-to-end data rate control, said method comprising the steps of: causing a first digital packet transmission station at a first end to send a first source packet to a second digital packet transmission station at a second end; waiting at said first digital packet transmission station for an acknowledgement packet before sending a second source packet; causing said second digital packet transmission station to send said acknowledgement packet toward said first digital packet transmission station; thereafter providing a latency in transmission of said acknowledgement packet in the data path between said second digital packet transmission station and said first digital packet transmission station; and thereafter transmitting from said point of latency said acknowledgement packet to said first digital packet transmission station in order to limit data rate.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said digital data packet communication environment employs a flow control window which defines a maximum amount of unacknowledged data packets which a source packet transmission station can permit, further including the step of: modifying, at said point of latency, the size of said flow control window, said flow control window size being proportional to said desired latency and being greater than is required for receipt of said first source packet.
3. The method according to claim 1 further including: generating substitute acknowledgement packets at said point of latency in response to groupings of packets from said first digital packet transmission station, said groupings being generated substantially independently from said acknowledgement packets from said second digital packet transmission station.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said data packet communication environment includes end-to-end data flow control.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said data packet communication environment employs the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein said latency providing step is implemented at a third digital packet transmission station between said first digital packet transmission station and said second digital packet transmission station.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein said latency providing step is implemented at said first digital packet transmission station.
8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said latency providing step is implemented at said second digital packet transmission station.
9. A method for controlling data rate of data packets in a digital data packet communication environment having a plurality of digital packet transmission stations interconnectable in a data path, wherein said data packet communication environment lacks explicit end-to-end data rate control and wherein said digital data packet communication environment employs a flow control window which defines a maximum amount of unacknowledged data packets which a source packet transmission station can permit, said method comprising the steps of: causing a first digital packet transmission station at a first end to send a first source packet to a second digital packet transmission station at a second end; waiting at said first digital packet transmission station for an acknowledgement packet before sending a second source packet; causing said second digital packet transmission station to send said acknowledgement packet toward said first digital packet transmission station; thereafter providing a latency in transmission of said acknowledgement packet in the data path between said second digital packet transmission station and said first digital packet transmission station; generating substitute acknowledgement packets at said point of latency in response to groupings of packets from said first digital packet transmission station, said groupings being generated substantially independently from said acknowledgement packets from said second digital packet transmission station; modifying, at said point of latency, the size of said flow control window, said flow control window size being proportional to said desired latency and being greater than is required for receipt of said first source packet; and thereafter transmitting from said point of latency said acknowledgement packet to said first digital packet transmission station in order to limit data rate.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein said data packet communication environment includes end-to-end data flow control.
11. The method according to claim 9 wherein said data packet communication environment employs the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .
12. The method according to claim 9 wherein said latency providing step is implemented at a third digital packet transmission station between said first digital packet transmission station and said second digital packet transmission station.
13. The method according to claim 9 wherein said latency providing step is implemented at said first digital packet transmission station.
14. The method according to claim 9 wherein said latency providing step is implemented at said second digital packet transmission station.
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AT97913862T ATE467225T1 (en) 1996-11-01 1997-10-24 METHOD FOR EXPLICIT DATA RATE CONTROL IN A PACKET TRANSMISSION ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT DATA RATE MONITORING
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US6928052B2 (en) 2005-08-09
US6038216A (en) 2000-03-14
US20040174886A1 (en) 2004-09-09
US6298041B1 (en) 2001-10-02
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