WO1998031878A1 - Composite retaining wall - Google Patents
Composite retaining wall Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998031878A1 WO1998031878A1 PCT/US1998/000078 US9800078W WO9831878A1 WO 1998031878 A1 WO1998031878 A1 WO 1998031878A1 US 9800078 W US9800078 W US 9800078W WO 9831878 A1 WO9831878 A1 WO 9831878A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wall
- reinforcements
- retaining wall
- height
- inextensible
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title description 9
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004746 geotextile Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000275 quality assurance Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012938 design process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011178 precast concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2200/00—Geometrical or physical properties
- E02D2200/13—Geometrical or physical properties having at least a mesh portion
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2300/00—Materials
- E02D2300/0004—Synthetics
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2300/00—Materials
- E02D2300/0026—Metals
- E02D2300/0029—Steel; Iron
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of reinforced retaining walls including a concrete or plastic facing system having separate and distinct reinforcing materials zones made up of extensible and inextensible reinforcing materials extending rearwardly from the facing system into fill material.
- the inextensible reinforcements are located in a lowermost zone of the wall and the extensible reinforcements are located in an uppermost zone of the wall.
- Reinforced soil structures must be of a practical form which is developed based upon idealization and analysis of a job site.
- the theoretical form of a structure may be different from the economical prototype. Accordingly, attention is paid to different construction methods throughout the design process. Speed as well as economy of construction are always considered, resulting in a preferred construction technique which tends to be as simple as possible.
- a retaining wall layers of soil or other aggregate materials are deposited about elongated reinforcements which extend generally parallel to the failure plane of the fill from the rear of the facing. Deformations occurring in the soil mass are caused by both gravitational and compaction forces. These deformations cause the reinforcing elements, which are positioned on discrete planes in the soil, to move together and become tensioned as the layers of soil separating the planes of reinforcement are both compressed vertically and expanded laterally. Accordingly, a construction technique which is capable of accommodating internal soil consolidation and strain of the soil is required. The failure to accommodate the compression of the soil may result in the deformation of the face of a retaining wall, or even collapse of the wall.
- a retaining wall makes use of full height concrete panels as a facing.
- full height panels are constructed using rigid steel strip or wire mesh reinforcements of the fill.
- severe and unacceptable distortion of the facings may occur particularly when there is no provision for relative movement between the reinforcement and the wall panels as the fill settles and deforms laterally.
- accommodation must be made for movement of the reinforcing anchors relative to the facing.
- geogrids Due to the low bending stiffness of geogrids, such materials offer greater flexibility to accommodate settlement than inextensible reinforcements such as steel strips or wire mesh. However, the use of geogrids usually requires a good quality fill which can be well compacted to reduce settlement and ensure good service performance.
- Extensible reinforcements generally include geotextiles or geogrids. They reach their peak strength at strains equal to or greater than the strain required for soil to reach its peak strain and have a modulus of elasticity, E E , between about 10 X 10 3 and about 10 X 10 5 PSI.
- Inextensible reinforcements generally include metal strips, metal bars, or welded metal wire mats or mesh materials. Inextensible reinforcements reach their peak strength at strains lower than the strain required for the soil to reach its peak strain and have a modulus, E ⁇ , between about 10 X 10 6 and about 30 X 10 6 PSI.
- preferred materials for the extensible reinforcements of the instant invention may be uniaxially or biaxially oriented integral structural geogrids or bonded composite woven or knitted structural textiles.
- the description of preferred forms of these materials are found in co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/643,182 filed May 9, 1996, and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/696,604, filed August 14, 1996, the subject matter of which are incorporated herein in their entirety, by reference.
- a high strength integral geogrid may be formed by stretching an apertured plastic sheet material. Utilizing the uniaxial techniques, a multiplicity of molecularly-oriented elongated strands and transversely extending bars which are substantially unoriented or less-oriented than the strands are formed in a sheet of high density polyethylene, although other polymer materials may be used in lieu thereof. The strands and bars together define a multiplicity of grid openings. With biaxial stretching, the bars are also formed into oriented strands.
- the preferred gridlike sheet material is a uniaxially-oriented geogrid material.
- biaxial geogrids or grid materials that have been made by different techniques such as woven, knitted or netted grid materials formed of various polymers including the polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters and the like or fiberglass, may be used.
- the grid-like sheet material must be capable of being secured to concrete or plastic blocks or panels.
- the mesh structure is normally placed parallel to the surface of the particulate material.
- the oriented strands will extend parallel to the line of expected tension on the mesh structure. This enables the tensile strength of the mesh structure to be fully exploited.
- a number of parallel layers of the mesh structure are generally spaced, one above the other, buried in the earth. An end of each layer is incorporated in or secured to the retaining wall.
- the mesh structure provides good slip resistance properties with respect to the earth so that the mesh structures act as a tie to prevent the retaining wall from being forced out of its vertical position.
- soil is placed on a generally horizontal first layer of the mesh structure to embed the first layer in the soil and to apply a continuous load in the direction of the oriented strands to increase the strength of the soil around the first layer of mesh structure.
- a generally horizontal second layer of mesh structure is then applied and the process repeated until reaching the height of the wall.
- a modular wall block is formed with a trough in a portion of a recessed area in its upper surface.
- a rigid comb-like connection device is provided which includes a multiplicity of finger elements adapted to extend through openings in the end portion of a grid-like sheet of material into frictional engagement with the side walls of the portions of the block forming the trough.
- the frictional component of the finger elements against the concrete trough side walls may be enhanced by serrations along the edges of the finger elements to thereby securely lock the grid-like sheet of material in place.
- a plurality of modular wall blocks are stacked in staggered, vertically superimposed, courses.
- Grid connection devices are secured within the troughs of wall blocks of selected blocks to capture the end portions of elongated lengths of grid-like sheet of material, the remainder of which is stretched out and interlocked with the fill soil or aggregate.
- the sheets of grid-like sheet of material reinforce the fill so as to create a stable mass behind the retaining wall.
- precast concrete wall panels are provided which may measure, for example, approximately 5 feet in height by 9 feet wide.
- Extended lengths of grid- like reinforcing sheet material are attached to the precast panels by a connector comb similar to that used in the '525 patent.
- a connector comb similar to that used in the '525 patent.
- inextensible reinforcing materials have been incorporated into retaining wall systems by a variety of means.
- strip-like metal reinforcements will be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,686,873; 4,834,584; and 4,961,673, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety, by reference.
- a plurality of elongated metal reinforcing elements in the shape of rectangular strips are secured by a nut and bolt assembly to the rear face of a retaining wall.
- a projection emanating from the rear face of each section of the wall provides an attachment point for securing the strips thereto.
- a reinforcement system is disclosed by which a plurality of undulating metal rods are secured to a rear face of the panels of a retaining wall.
- the rods may also be straight and include perpendicular extending arms. The rods fractionally reinforce the retaining wall formation and produce a stable, cohesive reinforced soil embankment wall.
- a retaining wall includes a plurality of metal tensile members dispersed within the fill material behind the wall to enhance the coherency of the mass.
- the tensile members at least in part, frictionally engage the granular soil or fill material. These strips are shown as elongated, rectangular-shaped tensile member strips or strips attached to metal grid.
- the compacted fill soil is described as co-acting with the tensile members to distribute stresses throughout the fill material and thus enhance the coherency of the fill material as contrasted with fill material not having any such tensile members.
- welded wire mesh mats are secured to precast elongated panels disposed at the face of a retaining wall.
- a plurality of pin members project above the upper surface of each panel.
- the wire mesh is engaged with the pins and secured in place by the cooperation of the pins with a superimposed panel.
- sections of wire mesh are secured to a rear face of the panels.
- Anchor numbers are cast in the panels with loop portions projecting from the rear face of each panel. Extended wires from the wire mats engage and are secured to the loop portions.
- a rigid face member of a retaining wall is held in place at the face of an earthen formation by anchor elements embedded within the formation.
- the anchor elements comprise welded wire grids.
- One end of the mats include rods which are cast in place within the concrete face member. The mats reinforce the back-filled retaining wall and secure the face member against displacement.
- a retaining wall for an earthen formation is anchored by a plurality of mats embedded in the wall at vertically spaced levels.
- the mats are sections of welded wire having angled portions cast in place within the face of the sections of the retaining wall to both reinforce the wall and secure the wall against displacement relative to the reinforcing members.
- retaining walls incorporating facing materials, whether full height or pre-cast panels or modular wall blocks formed of concrete or plastic generally include reinforcing materials extending in layers parallel to the failure plane of the fill material located behind the wall.
- the reinforcement system is effected based on frictional engagement and/or strike through of the fill with the reinforcing material.
- such reinforcement systems have been formed entirely of either an extensible reinforcement material or an inextensible reinforcement material resulting in a compromising of the properties of the reinforced retaining wall because of the limitations inherent in each system.
- the high state of stress is a well-known consequence of using steel or inextensible reinforcements which results in a wall which could excessively deform and catastrophally fail if the locked-in high state of horizontal stresses (K o ) become unconstrained due to the loss of strength from steel inextensible reinforcements as a result of rust and corrosion of these inextensible reinforcements.
- K o locked-in high state of horizontal stresses
- a drawback of the total use of inextensible reinforcements is produced by the use of de- icing salts and other corrosive run-off.
- the percolate of these caustic substances passes into the upper sections of a wall causing deterioration of the strength of the metal- based inextensible reinforcements. Yet, research has indicated that the percolation of such caustic substances are limited in depth. That is, the percolate resides only within the upper portion of a wall and the caustic substances do not generally reach a depth greater than about five feet.
- the retention of the facing materials is maintained while producing advantageous benefits distinguishing over prior walls made up entirely of inextensible reinforcements or entirely of extensible reinforcements.
- inextensible reinforcements in place of extensible reinforcements in a lower portion of a wall having a height equal to or greater than about ten feet, the lower portion of the wall will tend to resist the large horizontal forces of soil compaction without the lateral deflections associated with extensible reinforcements.
- the extensible reinforcements in the upper section of a retaining having a height greater than about ten feet, the extensible reinforcements will maintain the retaining wall in place without locked-in high state of stresses (KQ) associated with inextensible reinforcements.
- KQ state of stresses
- extensible reinforcements have significantly improved corrosion resistance over inextensible metal reinforcements, particularly in the critical upper portion of a wall subject to percolation.
- the depth to which water run-off and corrosive salts will percolate in a composite reinforced retaining wall according to this invention is designed to be above the level at which the metal inextensible reinforcements are incorporated. Effectively, a cushion of soil is provided to protect the metal reinforcements which are located deep within the fill material.
- the ratio of the modulus of elasticity for the inextensible reinforcement used in the composite reinforced retaining walls of this invention to the modulus of elasticity for the extensible reinforcements, ( ⁇ ⁇ /E z ) , is preferably greater than ten and less than about 3000. Above a value of about 3000, no additional advantage is obtained.
- the present invention is equally applicable to retaining walls regardless of the facing system utilized, i.e. whether the wall is formed of modular wall blocks, precast panels, or other such materials. Further, the manner in which the extensible and inextensible reinforcements are attached to the facing materials is not a part of this invention, any conventional system such as those illustrated in the above-identified exemplary patents, or other comparable techniques, being acceptable.
- the extensible reinforcements including, infcejc alia f integral uniaxial or biaxial geogrids, woven or knitted bonded composite open mesh structural textiles, woven or knitted geotextiles, and the inextensible reinforcements including, inter alia, elongated metal strips or rods and welded wire mesh materials.
- the primary object of this invention is the provision of a composite reinforced retaining wall having distinct or discrete zones incorporating inextensible and extensible reinforcements wherein the transition from inextensible reinforcements in a lower section to extensible reinforcements in an upper section occurs at a predetermined depth below the top of the wall consistent with utilizing the advantageous properties of each material in a synergistic manner, while avoiding the disadvantages inherent in each of these reinforcing systems when utilized independent of the other.
- the exact depth of the transition is a function of the depth of percolation and the loading that the wall must resist.
- a portion of the retaining wall from its top to a depth of 50-80% of the wall height with a minimum of about five feet will include extensible soil reinforcements, the lower remaining portion of the wall including inextensible reinforcements.
- the exact depth is based on engineering judgement of the depth of percolation together with the loading that the wall must resist.
- the Figure is a schematic sectional view of a retaining wall formed of a plurality of panels or modular wall blocks having a lower region including inextensible reinforcements and an upper region having extensible reinforcements according to the instant inventive concepts.
- a retaining wall 10 is made up of a plurality of facing elements in the nature of wall panels or modular wall blocks 12a-h which are vertically stacked on top of one another in a known manner.
- the wall 10 extends from a base or bottom level 14, at the bottom of the lowermost facing element 12a, which may be at or below ground level, to the upper surface 16 of uppermost block or panel 12h.
- the panels or block members 12a-h form the face of the retaining wall 10.
- the facing elements 12 each include a front face 20a-h and a rear face 22a-h.
- the overall height "a" of the wall is greater than or equal to about ten feet.
- Behind the retaining wall 10 is a fill material 24 such as soil or other aggregate.
- the fill material 24 is reinforced by a plurality of layers of reinforcing material extending from the rear faces 22a-h of the block members or panels 12.
- a lower region or zone 26 having a height "b" are a plurality of layers 28a-e of inextensible reinforcement extending into the fill material 24 from the rear faces 22a-22e of the block members or panels 12a-e.
- the inextensible reinforcements 28a-e and their connection to the block members or panels 12a-e may be of any form such as those previously described in the aforementioned patents incorporated by reference.
- a n upper region or zone 30 of the wall 10 has a height "c".
- the block members or panels 12f-h include layers 32f-h of extensible reinforcement extending from the rear face 22f-h of the block members or panels 12f-h.
- the extensible reinforcements 32f-h and their connection to the rear faces of the block members or panels may be of any form such as those described in the patents incorporated herein by reference.
- the composite reinforced retaining wall of this invention is significantly improved as compared to retaining walls of a comparable height incorporating only extensible reinforcements or a wall incorporating only inextensible reinforcements.
- the retaining wall has a height "a" between about ten and 20 feet
- extensible reinforcements are provided in at least the top five feet, comprising between about 25-90% of the total wall height, preferably about 50- 90% and in most instances between about 80-90%, identified by the zone "c", inextensible reinforcements being provided in the lower zone "b".
- the height "c" of the extensible reinforcements will be provided in the upper zone “c” will be at least about five feet and will preferably comprise about 50-80% of the wall height, the remainder of the wall, the lower zone “b", comprising inextensible reinforcements.
- the ratio of the modulus of elasticity (E T /E E ) of the inextensible reinforcements to the extensible reinforcements is between about 10 and is preferably less than or equal to about 3000.
- an improved retaining wall is formed which maximizes the integrity of the wall in a lower region over an extended period of time by the use of inextensible reinforcements.
- extensible reinforcements are used which are resistant to the deleterious effect of corrosive percolate, including rain water and icing salts, for increased performance over time in the composite wall.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002244984A CA2244984C (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1998-01-06 | Composite retaining wall |
AU59070/98A AU5907098A (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1998-01-06 | Composite retaining wall |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/784,104 | 1997-01-15 | ||
US08/784,104 US5800095A (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1997-01-15 | Composite retaining wall |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998031878A1 true WO1998031878A1 (en) | 1998-07-23 |
Family
ID=25131355
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1998/000078 WO1998031878A1 (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1998-01-06 | Composite retaining wall |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5800095A (en) |
AU (1) | AU5907098A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2244984C (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998031878A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5807030A (en) | 1993-03-31 | 1998-09-15 | The Reinforced Earth Company | Stabilizing elements for mechanically stabilized earthen structure |
US6443666B1 (en) * | 1998-09-16 | 2002-09-03 | William H. Smith | Reinforced concrete panel and method of manufacture |
US6193445B1 (en) | 1999-02-19 | 2001-02-27 | John M. Scales | Stabilization of earthen slopes and subgrades with small-aperture coated textile meshes |
US6443662B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2002-09-03 | Geostar Corporation | Connector for engaging soil-reinforcing grid to an earth retaining wall and method for same |
US6467357B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2002-10-22 | Geostar Corp. | Clamping apparatus and method for testing strength characteristics of sheets |
US6447211B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2002-09-10 | Geostar Corp. | Blocks and connector for mechanically-stabilized earth retaining wall having soil-reinforcing sheets and method for constructing same |
US6457911B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2002-10-01 | Geostar Corporation | Blocks and connector for mechanically-stabilized earth retaining wall having soil-reinforcing sheets |
US6443663B1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2002-09-03 | Geostar Corp. | Self-locking clamp for engaging soil-reinforcing sheet in earth retaining wall and method |
US9353405B2 (en) | 2002-03-12 | 2016-05-31 | Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. | Optimized real time nucleic acid detection processes |
AU2003243182A1 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2003-11-17 | Kenneth L. Shaw | Precast concrete retaining wall and method |
US20050284080A1 (en) * | 2004-06-29 | 2005-12-29 | Gallego Jorge E | Bastions for force protection and military applications |
US7497646B2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2009-03-03 | Mortarless Technologies Llc | Extended width retaining wall block |
MX2007005699A (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2007-07-20 | Mortarless Technologies Llc | Extended width retaining wall block. |
WO2006053235A2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2006-05-18 | Rockwood Retaining Walls Inc. | Extended width retaining wall block |
US7097390B1 (en) | 2005-06-16 | 2006-08-29 | Mega, Inc. | Fine-grained fill reinforcing apparatus and method |
US8079197B2 (en) * | 2007-01-19 | 2011-12-20 | Suarez Sr Felix E | Interlocking mesh |
US20080292413A1 (en) * | 2007-05-23 | 2008-11-27 | Mateer Stephen A | Cast stone, earthen retaining wall system incorporating geogrid, textile or fabric as the soil reinforcement. |
US8197159B2 (en) * | 2009-08-27 | 2012-06-12 | Tensar Corporation | Wire facing unit for retaining walls with strut attachment locator |
US9695596B2 (en) | 2011-05-02 | 2017-07-04 | Pacific Prebenched Ltd. | Natural rock panel, natural rock veneer panel and panel support apparatus |
CN102615818A (en) * | 2012-04-08 | 2012-08-01 | 范雯丽 | Manufacturing method of tortoiseshell pattern-like plastic geogrid and geogrid manufactured by manufacturing method |
CN102615817A (en) * | 2012-04-08 | 2012-08-01 | 范雯丽 | Manufacturing method of spider web-like plastic geogrid and geogrid manufactured by manufacturing method |
PE20210530A1 (en) | 2018-03-28 | 2021-03-17 | Tensar Int Corporation | WALL PANELS REINFORCED WITH GEOSYNTHETICS INCLUDING MEMBERS OF FLOOR REINFORCEMENT RINGS AND A SYSTEM OF CONTAINING WALL FORMED THEM |
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FR1112729A (en) * | 1954-07-29 | 1956-03-19 | Hersent Sa | Process for the economical construction of quays and retaining walls |
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JPS63284321A (en) * | 1987-05-16 | 1988-11-21 | Mito Green Service:Kk | Sheathing for inclined surface of filling |
US5451120A (en) * | 1990-12-21 | 1995-09-19 | Planobra, S.A. De C.V. | Earth reinforcement and embankment building systems |
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FR2055983A5 (en) * | 1969-08-14 | 1971-05-14 | Vidal Henri | |
US4117686A (en) * | 1976-09-17 | 1978-10-03 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Fabric structures for earth retaining walls |
US5156495B1 (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1994-08-30 | Plg Res | Plastic material mesh structure |
NO152611C (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1985-10-23 | Plg Res | PLASTIC NETWORK CONSTRUCTION, PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURING AND USE OF THE CONSTRUCTION |
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US4391557A (en) * | 1979-07-12 | 1983-07-05 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Retaining wall for earthen formations and method of making the same |
US4324508A (en) * | 1980-01-09 | 1982-04-13 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Retaining and reinforcement system method and apparatus for earthen formations |
US4343572A (en) * | 1980-03-12 | 1982-08-10 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Apparatus and method for anchoring the rigid face of a retaining structure for an earthen formation |
US4618283A (en) * | 1984-09-06 | 1986-10-21 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Archway construction utilizing alternating reinforcing mats and fill layers |
US4643618A (en) * | 1985-02-11 | 1987-02-17 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Soil reinforced cantilever wall |
US4616959A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1986-10-14 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Seawall using earth reinforcing mats |
US4834584A (en) * | 1987-11-06 | 1989-05-30 | Hilfiker William K | Dual swiggle reinforcement system |
US4961673A (en) * | 1987-11-30 | 1990-10-09 | The Reinforced Earth Company | Retaining wall construction and method for construction of such a retaining wall |
US4856939A (en) * | 1988-12-28 | 1989-08-15 | Hilfiker William K | Method and apparatus for constructing geogrid earthen retaining walls |
US4929125A (en) * | 1989-03-08 | 1990-05-29 | Hilfiker William K | Reinforced soil retaining wall and connector therefor |
US4904124A (en) * | 1989-06-14 | 1990-02-27 | The Reinforced Earth Company | Constructional work and method of construction of vertical retaining wall |
CA2017578C (en) * | 1990-05-25 | 1997-12-23 | Angelo Risi | Embankment reinforcing structures |
US5076735A (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1991-12-31 | Hilfiker William K | Welded wire component gabions and method of making the same and construction soil reinforced retaining walls therefrom |
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-
1997
- 1997-01-15 US US08/784,104 patent/US5800095A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-01-06 AU AU59070/98A patent/AU5907098A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-01-06 CA CA002244984A patent/CA2244984C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-06 WO PCT/US1998/000078 patent/WO1998031878A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1112729A (en) * | 1954-07-29 | 1956-03-19 | Hersent Sa | Process for the economical construction of quays and retaining walls |
US4514113A (en) * | 1983-07-27 | 1985-04-30 | Albert Neumann | Earth retaining wall system |
JPS63284321A (en) * | 1987-05-16 | 1988-11-21 | Mito Green Service:Kk | Sheathing for inclined surface of filling |
US5451120A (en) * | 1990-12-21 | 1995-09-19 | Planobra, S.A. De C.V. | Earth reinforcement and embankment building systems |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2244984C (en) | 2007-02-27 |
US5800095A (en) | 1998-09-01 |
CA2244984A1 (en) | 1998-07-23 |
AU5907098A (en) | 1998-08-07 |
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