WO1998031879A1 - Base of a manhole having a canal-bed liner - Google Patents
Base of a manhole having a canal-bed liner Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998031879A1 WO1998031879A1 PCT/US1997/003937 US9703937W WO9831879A1 WO 1998031879 A1 WO1998031879 A1 WO 1998031879A1 US 9703937 W US9703937 W US 9703937W WO 9831879 A1 WO9831879 A1 WO 9831879A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liner
- base
- canal
- bed
- sidewall
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/16—Moulds for making shaped articles with cavities or holes open to the surface, e.g. with blind holes
- B28B7/168—Moulds for making shaped articles with cavities or holes open to the surface, e.g. with blind holes for holders or similar hollow articles, e.g. vaults, sewer pits
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B19/00—Machines or methods for applying the material to surfaces to form a permanent layer thereon
- B28B19/0038—Machines or methods for applying the material to surfaces to form a permanent layer thereon lining the outer wall of hollow objects, e.g. pipes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/12—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
- E03F5/02—Manhole shafts or other inspection chambers; Snow-filling openings; accessories
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
- E03F5/02—Manhole shafts or other inspection chambers; Snow-filling openings; accessories
- E03F5/021—Connection of sewer pipes to manhole shaft
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
- E03F5/02—Manhole shafts or other inspection chambers; Snow-filling openings; accessories
- E03F5/025—Manhole shafts or other inspection chambers; Snow-filling openings; accessories provided with a liner
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to manhole and catch-basin structures used to join sewer tubes while providing a cleaning or inspection shaft. More particularly, it relates to the base of the manhole or catch-basin having a liquid impermeable canal-bed liner and associated method to reduce exposure of the concrete base to corrosive chemicals, thus extending the useful life of the structure and hole connections formed by the canal-bed, allowing for easy connection with a rubber gasket. ⁇ . Background of the Invention
- Sanitary and storm sewer systems are typically comprised of a plurality of networked sewer pipelines. These pipelines are occasionally passed through or joined to one another at a manhole or catch-basin structure. These structure serve as a node for the sewer system, and also provides an access or inspection shaft. Devices for unclogging the sewer pipelines can be inserted into the sewer pipelines at the manhole structure location, and then guided through the pipes to remove obstructions proximate the manhole structure.
- a manhole or catch-basin When a manhole or catch-basin is first constructed, it comprises a base with concentric sides extending upward. Resting atop the concentric sides is a pre-cast cone. A cast iron support frame and cover or grate are placed onto the top of the cone.
- the base and cone of the manhole structures are typically comprised of mortared blocks or casted concrete, weigh several tons, and may have diameters of 10 feet or more.
- the lower portion of the base of the manhole is referred to as a canal-bed.
- Manholes and catch basins are buried beneath the earth's surface, and typically below roadways, at depths of 10 feet or more. Of course, the overall size of the base affects both the cost to manufacture the base and the cost to construct the manhole.
- the base of the manhole or catch-basin structure may include one or more openings adapted to receive a tube, and a gasket or O-ring for sealing a tube to a corresponding socket of the base.
- This sealing arrangement inhibits sewage from leaking about the pipes into the phreatic water or ground water adjacent the canal-bed of the base.
- a variety of gasket seals are known which are adapted to provide a leak-proof seal between the base and the pipe.
- One such gasket seal is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,796,406 which is assigned to A-Lok Corporation of Trenton, New Jersey. This seal has a generally A-shape and is rooted by casting splayed legs into the upwardly extending concentric sides of the base about the opening formed therein.
- Another type of gasket is disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,159,829, also assigned to A-Lok Corporation. This seal has a generally T-shaped anchoring flange and is also cast into the sides of the base about the opening.
- sewage and putrid water are very acidic, and may comprise hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid. Over time, exposure to sewage or putrid water can damage the concrete of the canal-bed, base, and cone.
- road salt also has the same affect on the canal-bed. This is due to the eventual breakdown of the concrete by the road salt, especially if the concrete is of poor quality.
- Guggemos describes building sewers or channels by assembling tubes and providing between the tubes canal-bed shells at least at those positions where cleaning shafts or wells or inspections shafts are to be provided.
- the canal-bed shell disclosed by Guggemos is either cast onto and upon a bed of concrete, or subsequently anchored thereto. A shaft is then erected above the canal-bed.
- Guggemos describes using a jointing compound or the like between the shaft and canal-bed to seal the canal-bed and avoid contamination of phreatic water. These jointing compounds may deteriorate, be misaligned or separate from the shaft and canal-bed liner, thereby increasing the risk of contamination to the phreatic water.
- the depth of the canal is disclosed as being equal to or greater than the interior diameter of the sewer pipes coupled thereto.
- the height of the canal-bed shell is required to be at least greater than the internal diameter of the pipes or sewer tubes.
- This substantial amount of additional concrete increases the cost to manufacture, increases the overall weight of the canal-bed, and increase the cost of constructing the manhole.
- the present invention meets these needs and overcomes these and other disadvantages of the prior art.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a canal-bed having a liner that guides a sufficient amount of fluid therethrough, while reducing the weight of the base and canal-bed.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide an improved canal-bed liner and gasket arrangement for coupling sewer pipes thereto, wherein the liner is not subject to delamination from the base.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of integrating a plastic canal-bed liner and sealing gasket into a casted concrete base.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method of constructing a one-piece base having a canal-bed liner which does not facilitate build-up of solid sewage and resulting clogging.
- the foregoing objects and advantages are achieved by providing the canal-bed of the base of a manhole structure with a liquid impermeable liner having a peripheral flange and at least one socket extending into the sidewall thereof.
- the socket is aligned with a channel of the canal-bed.
- the channel has a depth that is approximately one-half the diameter of the wall opening.
- a hood is provided that directs corrosive gases, including hydrogen sulfide, towards the liner and away from the sidewalls of the base and cone of the manhole.
- inner and outer concentric molding walls are used to form the upwardly extending concentric sides of the base or canal-bed.
- a bottom molding wall attaches to the outer molding wall and an inner sidewall of the liner engages with the inner molding sidewall. In this manner, when concrete is poured into the mold, the flange of the liner becomes embedded into the poured concrete and thus is not subject to delamination.
- a plug or insert is disposed in the socket of the liner and extends therefrom to the outer molding sidewall.
- the plug prevents distortion of the round socket from the weight of the concrete.
- the plug also creates and forms a round opening extending through the sidewall of the base adjacent the channel of the canal-bed.
- the plug may be removed, thereby defining the opening in the sidewall of the base through which sewer pipes can enter.
- a flexible annular seal member may be disposed in this opening between the liner and the sewer pipes. In this manner, the leakage of fluids out of or alternatively into the sewer system is substantially reduced.
- a liner is provided having two or more sockets extending through the base sidewall and are in communication with the cannel bed channel.
- both the liner and the insert are formed of molded plastic material.
- the liner has at least one integral pipe-receiving socket extending partially into the structure sidewall opening.
- the socket is positioned adjacent an annular seal, and in combination with an annular insert, restrains the annular seal within the opening.
- an outer perimeter of the seal has an L-shape which is pinched between the liner socket and the opening insert.
- This liner socket has a shoulder portion defined between the seal and the channel. When installed, a sewer tube or pipe is abutted against this shoulder to provide a stepless interface between the tube inner surface and the liner channel.
- a method for forming the unitary concrete canal-bed structure having a gasket molded therein includes: first, providing a vertical mold column having a top surface. Next, a liquid impermeable liner having at least one pipe receiving socket is positioned across the top surface of a mold column such that a periphery of the liner extends radially beyond the mold column's top surface. Thereafter, a mold outer wall is provided about the vertical mold column to define a spacing therebetween. This mold outer wall extends above the mold column top surface. Then, concrete is poured into the spacing to fill it. The extending portion of the liner is thus embedded in the concrete. After allowing sufficient time for the concrete to harden, the mold column and mold outer wall are removed from the casted canal-bed structure.
- Figure 1 is a partial sectional view of a canal-bed, canal liner, cone, a pair of spacer members, a support frame and manhole cover all aligned and engaged;
- Figure 2 is a perspective view of a molded plastic canal-bed liner in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 3 is an enlarged partial sectional top planar view of the canal-bed liner of the type shown in Figure 2;
- Figure 4 is an enlarged partial sectional side elevational view of the canal-bed liner in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, positioned within the base of a manhole structure and having a sewage pipe inserted into the canal-bed liner;
- Figure 5 is a top plan view of a molded plastic canal-bed liner in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a top plan view of a molded plastic canal-bed liner in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention having two sockets separated by 90°;
- Figure 7 is a top plan view of a molded plastic canal-bed liner in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention having two sockets separated by 135°;
- Figure 8 is a top plan view of a molded plastic canal-bed liner in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention having two sockets separated by 180°;
- Figure 9 is an elevational view of two plastic canal-bed liners of the type shown in Figure 1, formed back-to-back with one another as removed from a mold and prior to separation;
- Figure 10 is an end view taken along line 10-10 in Figure 9, illustrating the pipe sockets formed integral to the respective liner;
- Figure 11 is a partial sectional view of an alternate embodiment having a different pipe sealing arrangement from that shown in Figure 1 , where a seal adapter ring is formed integral to the pipe opening of the concrete manhole structure, and where a seal is interposed between the adapter ring and the canal-bed liner pipe socket;
- Figure 12 is the arrangement of Figure 11 with a sewer pipe sealingly connected in the pipe socket of the canal-bed structure, wherein the inner surface of the pipe is positioned flush with the bottom of the lined canal-bed channel;
- Figure 13 is a side sectional view of the casting assembly used to cast the canal- bed structure, with the plastic canal-bed liner embedded therein, the structure being formed in an inverted position.
- FIG. 1 there is shown generally a canal-bed liner 10 embedded in a base 12 of a manhole structure.
- a conical shaped hood 100 and cap 106 is shown positioned within the manhole structure proximate the canal-bed liner 10.
- the hood 100 and cap 106 is preferably manufactured from polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene or other similar fluid impermeable, chemically inert polymer.
- the hood is preferrably conically shaped with an opening near the apex.
- a cap 106 is adapted for sealably enclosing the opening in the hood 100. The cap 106 may be removed to allow visual inspection of the canal-bed without removing the hood 100.
- the hood 100 rests on footrests or kickplates 104 of known construction that are anchored within the sidewall of the base 12.
- a lip 102 is formed along an outer edge of the hood 100, wherein the lip 102 engages the sidewall of the base 12.
- a caulking such as butyl rope, may be used to seal the lip 102 of the hood 100 to the base 12.
- Steps 105 extend from an outer surface of the hood and provide footing for one inspecting the canal bed liner 10.
- supports may be positioned between the hood 100 and liner 10, to thereby support the hood 100 if phreatic water leaks into the manhole structure through the cone or base plate.
- Figure 2 shows the canal-bed liner 10 prior to being embedded in the base 12.
- the canal-bed liner 10 is generally dish shaped and includes an annular sidewall 14 and sloped bottom 16 to thereby form a liquid protective layer over the internal bottom of base 12.
- At least one socket 18 is formed within the annular sidewall 14 of the canal-bed liner 10.
- the socket 18 is adapted to receive, for example, a sewage pipe 20 (see Figures 3 and 4).
- a cylindrical plug 22 is used to prevent deformation of the socket 18 and to further define an opening 24 (see Figures 2- 4) in the base 12.
- the cylindrical plug 22 includes a first cylindrical portion 26 having an outer diameter which approximates the internal diameter of the socket 18 and a shoulder 28 having a second outer diameter which is larger than the first diameter 26 and forms the opening in the base 12.
- the canal-bed liner 10 is formed integral with the base 12.
- the annular sidewall 14 of the canal-bed liner 10 includes an outwardly protruding flange 30 which is embedded within the base 12 during the casting of the base 12.
- the canal-bed liner 10 is comprised of Vi" thick polyethylene, but could be formed from other well known fluid impermeable materials. Hence, limitation to using polyethylene is not to be inferred.
- the bottom 16 of the canal-bed liner 10 is seen to slope toward a channel 32 formed in the bottom 16 of the liner 10. Extending from the bottom 16 of the liner 10 is a plurality of bosses 60.
- the channel 32 has a semi-circular cross section with a depth of about one-half the inner diameter of pipe 20.
- a tapered shoulder 34 is formed between the socket 18 and the channel 32 to provide a stepless interface.
- the depth of channel 32 meets American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications which requires that the channel depth be at least half the width of the pipes connected thereto.
- FIGS 3 and 4 show a sewer pipe 20 sealingly adapted to the socket 18 and opening 24 defined through the base 12.
- a sealing gasket or seal 36 is shown disposed about the end of each pipe 20, each gasket 16 being sealingly positioned against the base 12 sidewall within respective opening 24 and the inner surface of socket 18.
- Gaskets 36 serve to prevent phreatic water from becoming contaminated with sewage or contaminating liquids passing through pipes 20 into the base 12.
- Gaskets 36 may be an expandable press fit type of known construction and readily available from NPC, Inc. of
- Each seal 36 is urged against the inner surface of its respective plastic socket 30, within respective openings 14. Thus, sewage or storm water passing through pipe 12 cannot come into contact with the cast concrete defining the openings 24.
- FIGs 5-8 illustrate several embodiments of the canal- bed liner 10 having one or more sockets 18.
- the channel 34 extends between opposed sockets 18 to define a liquid path which guides liquid from one socket to the other. While a pair of opposing sockets 18 with a linear channel 34 extending therebetween is shown in Figure 8, it is to be recognized that channel 34 can be curved, for instance, between 90 and 180 degrees, to effectively re-route the direction of flow for the liquid. It is recognized that in another embodiment, channel 34 can be formed into a Y-shape channel to divide and redirect sewage or other liquids.
- channel 34 can terminate at a center of liner 10 (as shown in Figure 5) such that liner 10 has only one output socket 18 serving as an input/output port. Accordingly, limitation to the number of sockets 18, or the shape of channel 34 implemented, is not to be inferred. Rather, implementation of a plastic canal-bed liner 10 having upper peripheral flange embedded within the base 12 to inhibit delamination is one of the principle teachings of the present invention. Referring now to Figures 9 and 10, plastic canal-bed liners 10 are shown to be formed in pairs in a molding operation. They are molded as a single unit 34, back-to-back with the other.
- each liner 10 interfaces with the other, the flanges 30 being separated by an indented annular groove 40.
- each of liners 10 is separated from the other by cutting along guide groove 40 extending therebetween to create two identical liners.
- Groove 40 facilitates lining up a cutting member, such as a saw, and helps achieve a straight cut to separate the two identical liners from one another.
- Figure 10 shows the circular openings of sockets 18.
- the bottom surface of channel 34 is seen to taper slightly upwardly in going from socket 18 to the midsection of liner 10.
- Channel 34 is the shallowest at a midsection thereof. Hence, if flow should be reduced to zero, sewage would be caused to remain standing within pipes 20, and not upon liner 10 or within the base 12.
- annular, liquid-impermeable seal 42 is provided which is cast into and lines opening 24 of the base 12.
- the annular seal 42 formed of vulcanized rubber, is seen to be interposed and secured between the opposing adjacent ends of lip seal adapter 44 and socket 18 of liner 10.
- Seal 42 extends radially inwardly within opening 24, and is adapted to bend or flex and sealingly engage against the outer surface of pipe 20 when it is inserted within opening 24. (See Figure 12).
- the lip of seal 42 has a generally A-shaped cross section. When pipe 20 is inserted within opening 24, a large contact surface is formed between seal 42 and pipe 20 to effectively prevent liquids from leaking into the phreatic water.
- the combination of seal 42, liner 10, and lip seal adapter 44 are all integrated into the base 12 at the time it is cast. (See Figure 13).
- the combination of adapter 44 and liner 10 serve to provide a liquid impermeable lining for the internal surface of base 10 which would otherwise be exposed to the sewage.
- the combination of adapter 44 and liner 10 further serve to align and restrain seal 42 within opening 24 of base 12.
- seal 42 will be properly oriented, and cannot slip or become misplaced within defined opening 24.
- Adapter 44 and liner 10 essentially pinch annular seal 42 therebetween to hold it in place.
- Liner 10 is cast within base 12 by first placing liner 10, in an inverted position, upon a cylindrical pedestal 50 (forming the inner sidewall of the base 12) having a conforming and identical diameter. Seal 42 and lip seal adapter 44 are subsequently inserted into the respective sockets 18. Next, a cylindrical, rigid, tubular mold member 52 (forming the outer cylindrical sidewall of the base 12) is placed about liner 10 and pedestal 50 such that the outermost ends of each socket 18 of liner 10 engage the inner walls of mold member 52, as shown.
- the outermost end of the plug 22 engages the inner wall of mold member 52.
- a opening 24 is defined between mold pedestal 50 and the inner walls of mold member 52.
- the flange 30 of liner 10 is disposed between the pedestal 50 and mold member 52, and also extends downwardly into the spacing. Liquid concrete is poured within the spacing and allowed to harden. Accordingly, the annular lip or flange 30 of liner 20 will be embedded within the concrete wall of structure 10. After the concrete is allowed to cure over predetermined and sufficient amount of time, pedestal 50 and mold member 52 are removed to release the unitary canal-bed or base 12 with liner 10 embedded therein. As mentioned earlier, flange 30 is embedded within the walls of base 12. Hence, liner 10 cannot delaminate from the inner walls thereof.
- an improved canal-bed or base for use in a manhole structure with a hood and a corresponding, embedded canal-bed liner which is not subject to delamination.
- the liner is embedded in the structure when cast to provide a unitary structure.
- a liner assembly with a gasket interposed between the liner and opening in the base is disclosed. This arrangement allows the gasket to be accurately positioned within the pipe opening at time of casting, and also allows the seal to be formed integral to base 12.
- the lip seal adapter also serves to line the pipe opening, thereby protecting the concrete. Both the gasket seal adapter, and the canal-bed liner, are formed in pairs and molded as a single unit.
- Each pair of members is formed back-to-back with one another, and are subsequently cut into two identical pieces after molding.
- a variety of plastic canal-bed liners can be formed according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, having channels which are straight, curved, terminating in the center of the canal-bed, or having a Y- shape to split or divert a liquid flow from one pipe to two pipes.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002277997A CA2277997C (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1997-03-13 | Base of a manhole having a canal-bed liner |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/783,569 | 1997-01-15 | ||
US08/783,569 US5752787A (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1997-01-15 | Base of a manhole having a canal-bed liner |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998031879A1 true WO1998031879A1 (en) | 1998-07-23 |
Family
ID=25129686
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1997/003937 WO1998031879A1 (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1997-03-13 | Base of a manhole having a canal-bed liner |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5752787A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2277997C (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998031879A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (17)
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US6206609B1 (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 2001-03-27 | Royal Environmental Systems, Inc. | Extension for a canal bed liner |
US6774766B1 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2004-08-10 | E-Tag Systems, Inc. | Method for efficiently querying and identifying multiple items on a communication channel |
US6743360B2 (en) * | 2000-08-28 | 2004-06-01 | John G. Petersen | Manhole debris-catching system |
US6613228B2 (en) * | 2000-08-28 | 2003-09-02 | John G. Petersen | Manhole debris-catching system |
US6968854B2 (en) * | 2003-08-13 | 2005-11-29 | Munro Concrete Products Ltd. | Manhole base |
US7059806B2 (en) * | 2003-08-21 | 2006-06-13 | Trangsrud Julian P | Hole former for an invert |
NL1024276C2 (en) * | 2003-09-11 | 2005-03-16 | Pipelife Nederland Bv | Well and set of base parts therefor. |
US20060169868A1 (en) * | 2005-01-31 | 2006-08-03 | Precast Concepts, Llc | Precast concrete meter pit and method and apparatus for making same |
CA2661013C (en) * | 2006-08-23 | 2014-06-03 | Contech Stormwater Solutions Inc. | Stormwater filter and mount assembly |
US7662280B1 (en) | 2006-08-28 | 2010-02-16 | Cooney John R | Catch basin sealing system |
JP5302696B2 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2013-10-02 | 株式会社湘南合成樹脂製作所 | Manhole rehabilitation method |
US9567760B2 (en) | 2010-09-24 | 2017-02-14 | Geneva Polymer Products, Llc | System and method for making polymer concrete |
US9675907B2 (en) * | 2011-10-27 | 2017-06-13 | F.D. Deskins, Inc. | Quick-dry filter dewatering mobile process and apparatus |
US20140261771A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Vincent A. Bussio | Polymer manhole base |
CA2968384A1 (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2016-05-26 | Press-Seal Corporation | Manhole base assembly with internal liner and method of manufacturing same |
US10214893B2 (en) | 2014-11-20 | 2019-02-26 | Press-Seal Corporation | Manhole base assembly with internal liner and method of manufacturing same |
SI3693647T1 (en) * | 2018-09-24 | 2023-01-31 | Haemaewlaeinen, Sami | Renovation drain system for repairing concrete drain |
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1997
- 1997-01-15 US US08/783,569 patent/US5752787A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-13 WO PCT/US1997/003937 patent/WO1998031879A1/en active Application Filing
- 1997-03-13 CA CA002277997A patent/CA2277997C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-03-13 US US09/039,053 patent/US6226928B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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GU-MANHOLE LINERS LTD., June 1989. * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2277997C (en) | 2003-09-16 |
US5752787A (en) | 1998-05-19 |
CA2277997A1 (en) | 1998-07-23 |
US6226928B1 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
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