WO1999004631A1 - Disinfecting, detergent and descaling product for medical equipment - Google Patents

Disinfecting, detergent and descaling product for medical equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999004631A1
WO1999004631A1 PCT/FR1998/001633 FR9801633W WO9904631A1 WO 1999004631 A1 WO1999004631 A1 WO 1999004631A1 FR 9801633 W FR9801633 W FR 9801633W WO 9904631 A1 WO9904631 A1 WO 9904631A1
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Prior art keywords
aqueous solution
product
benzalkonium chloride
descaling
lactic acid
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PCT/FR1998/001633
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French (fr)
Inventor
Bernard Jouanneteau
Michel Arnal
Original Assignee
Cair L.G.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Cair L.G.L. filed Critical Cair L.G.L.
Priority to EP98939728A priority Critical patent/EP0998197A1/en
Priority to AU88140/98A priority patent/AU8814098A/en
Publication of WO1999004631A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999004631A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
    • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • A01N33/12—Quaternary ammonium compounds

Definitions

  • the subject of the invention is a disinfection, detergency and descaling product for medical equipment.
  • It relates more particularly but without limitation to disinfection, detergency and descaling of hemodialysis generators as well as related water treatment circuits and in particular circuits by reverse osmosis.
  • Hemodialysis machines and their water treatment circuits must be periodically disinfected in order to avoid any microbial development, such as bacteria, spores or others, which may subsequently affect the dialysis patient.
  • the antiseptic agents used must have a sufficiently broad spectrum to inhibit any development of bacteria in this type of material.
  • this is generally carried out using acetic acid or citric acid.
  • an anti-microbial composition comprising an organic acid in proportions of between 50 and 99.9% by weight and a quaternary ammonium in proportions of between 0.1 and 50% has been proposed in document WO 98/03066. in weight.
  • This composition has the drawback, due to the high concentration of organic acid, of leading to a final product that is too foaming and difficult to formulate.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose a product which is both disinfectant, detergent and descaler for medical equipment without however generating a phenomenon of toxicity vis-à-vis the patient or staff, or lead to corrosion of the material.
  • the invention provides a disinfection, detergency and descaling product for medical equipment, characterized in that it consists of an aqueous solution comprising:
  • lactic acid has a synergistic effect on the detergent and disinfectant properties of benzalkonium chloride.
  • quaternary ammoniums make it possible to take off the biofilm present on the walls of the material.
  • lactic acid makes it possible to increase the activity of benzalkonium chloride, in particular on Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a factor of 10 compared to benzalkonium chloride alone.
  • the invention consists in having selected on the one hand benzalkonium chloride as disinfecting and detergency agent and on the other hand, lactic acid as descaling agent, which considerably increases the bactericidal effect of benzalkonium chloride vis-à-vis in particular Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • the concentration of benzalkonium chloride is between 10 and 50 grams per liter.
  • the concentration of lactic acid is between 1 and 5 percent of the final aqueous solution.
  • concentration of lactic acid is between 1 and 5 percent of the final aqueous solution.
  • an excessively foaming product is obtained which is difficult to formulate and then to use.
  • the product is not effective.
  • the concentration of benzalkonium chloride is between 20 and 30 grams per liter of final aqueous solution.
  • the concentration of lactic acid is between 2 and 3 percent of the final aqueous solution.
  • the product of the invention comprises a complexing agent ensuring the sequestration of bivalent ions liable to appear.
  • this complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
  • a solution is prepared containing: benzalkonium chloride 22 grams lactic acid 30 milliliters demineralized water sufficient quantity for one liter
  • the three components are mixed at a temperature of around 23 ° C.
  • a ready-to-use product is obtained, intended in particular for disinfecting and descaling hemodialysis generators and their water treatment circuit.
  • the bactericidal activity of a 2.5% benzalkonium chloride solution in water was evaluated against the following bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and by the method known as " membrane filtration method described by standard AFNOR 72151
  • N Control count (incorporation)
  • N ' Control count (membrane filtration)
  • n Count in the tests (neutralization of the bactericidal effect of the product)
  • X count final test
  • N ' Control count (membrane filtration)
  • n Test count (neutralization of the bactericidal effect of the product)
  • X final test count
  • the product of the invention has bactericidal activity on the
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 0.10% by volume for a contact time of 5 minutes, that is to say an activity ten times greater than that of benzalkonium chloride used alone.
  • the same renewed activity is also observed with respect to Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Faecium.
  • the invention therefore has many advantages.
  • lactic acid increases considerably the bactericidal activity of benzalkonium chloride, in particular on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention concerns a disinfecting, detergent and descaling product for medical equipment, characterised in that it consists of an aqueous solution comprising: 10 to 50 grams of benzalkonium chloride per litre of the final aqueous solution; 1 to 5 % of lactic acid by volume of the final aqueous solution.

Description

PRODIITT DE DESTNFECTTON. DE DETERGENCE ET DE DETARTRAGE POUR LE MATERTET, MEDTCAT..PRODIITT FROM DESTNFECTTON. DETERGENCE AND DESCALING FOR MATERTET, MEDTCAT ..
L'invention a pour objet un produit de désinfection, de détergence et de détartrage pour le matériel médical.The subject of the invention is a disinfection, detergency and descaling product for medical equipment.
Elle concerne plus particulièrement mais de façon non limitative la désinfection, la détergence et le détartrage des générateurs d'hémodialyse ainsi que des circuits de traitement d'eau s'y rapportant et notamment les circuits par osmose inverse.It relates more particularly but without limitation to disinfection, detergency and descaling of hemodialysis generators as well as related water treatment circuits and in particular circuits by reverse osmosis.
Les générateurs d'hémodialyse et leur circuits de traitement d'eau doivent être périodiquement désinfectés afin d'éviter tout développement microbien, tel que bactéries, spores ou autres, susceptibles d'affecter ultérieurement le patient dialyse. Aussi, les agents antiseptiques utilisés doivent avoir un spectre suffisamment large pour inhiber tout développement de bactéries dans ce type de matériel.Hemodialysis machines and their water treatment circuits must be periodically disinfected in order to avoid any microbial development, such as bacteria, spores or others, which may subsequently affect the dialysis patient. Also, the antiseptic agents used must have a sufficiently broad spectrum to inhibit any development of bacteria in this type of material.
Par ailleurs, il est nécessaire de détartrer régulièrement le matériel d'hémodialyse car l'utilisation de bain de dialyse contenant du bicarbonate de sodium conduit à des phénomènes d'entartrage dus à des dépôts de carbonates insolubles.Furthermore, it is necessary to regularly descale the hemodialysis equipment because the use of dialysis bath containing sodium bicarbonate leads to scaling phenomena due to deposits of insoluble carbonates.
En outre, on a constaté qu'un biofilm se développait sur les tubulures des générateurs d'hémodialyse et constituait ainsi un milieu propice aux développement de bactéries ou autres germes.In addition, it was found that a biofilm developed on the tubes of the hemodialysis machines and thus constituted an environment favorable to the development of bacteria or other germs.
Pour désinfecter et détartrer les générateurs d'hémodialyse, plusieurs solutions ont été proposées.Several solutions have been proposed for disinfecting and descaling hemodialysis generators.
Ainsi, il est possible de réaliser deux traitements séparés, d'abord de désinfection, puis de détartrage. On utilise pour la première de ces deux opérations, une solution aqueuse à base de chlore ou de formaldéhyde. Ces produits ont l'inconvénient de présenter une toxicité importante autant vis-à-vis du personnel que vis-à-vis du patient. De plus, le formaldéhyde est un produit difficile à éliminer de sorte qu'il reste constamment des résidus dans les circuits du générateur. Pour supprimer ce phénomène de toxicité, on a également proposé d'utiliser lors de cette première opération le chlorure de benzalkonium. Même si ce produit est connu pour ses propriétés désinfectantes et détergentes, on a constater que certaines solutions de chlorure de benzalkonium étaient contaminées par le Pseudomonas.Thus, it is possible to carry out two separate treatments, first disinfection, then descaling. For the first of these two operations, an aqueous solution based on chlorine or formaldehyde is used. These products have the disadvantage of having a significant toxicity both vis-à-vis the staff and vis-à-vis the patient. In addition, formaldehyde is a product that is difficult to remove, so there is always residue in the generator circuits. To remove this toxicity phenomenon, it has also been proposed to use benzalkonium chloride during this first operation. Even if this product is known for its disinfectant and detergent properties, it has been found that certain solutions of benzalkonium chloride were contaminated with Pseudomonas.
Concernant l'opération de détartrage, celle-ci est généralement effectuée au moyen d'acide acétique ou d'acide citrique.Regarding the descaling operation, this is generally carried out using acetic acid or citric acid.
Outre le fait que ces produits présentent une certaine toxicité ou une activité réduite, les opérations doivent être menées séparément de sorte qu'elles engendrent une perte de temps considérable sachant que ce type d'appareil doit être désinfecté et détartré entre chaque patient.In addition to the fact that these products have a certain toxicity or reduced activity, the operations must be carried out separately so that they cause a considerable loss of time knowing that this type of device must be disinfected and descaled between each patient.
Pour permettre une économie de temps, on a proposé un produit unique destiné à la fois à la désinfection et au détartrage des générateurs d'hémodialyse. On a ainsi décrit dans le brevet FR-A-2 661 092 un agent d'hygiène pour la désinfection et le détartrage des générateurs d'hémodialyse constitué d'une solution aqueuse à base de peroxyde d'hydrogène, d'acide peracétique et d'acide acétique. Même si le produit envisagé présente une bonne activité contre les bactéries et autres microbes susceptibles de se développer au sein du matériel, il n'en reste pas moins vrai qu'il comporte une concentration d'acide peracétique non négligeable, jusqu'à 1 % ce qui le rend non seulement agressif vis à vis personnel médical et nécessite donc certaines précautions d'emploi, mais également corrosif vis-à-vis du matériel.To save time, a unique product has been proposed for both disinfecting and descaling hemodialysis machines. There has thus been described in patent FR-A-2,661,092 a hygiene agent for the disinfection and descaling of hemodialysis generators consisting of an aqueous solution based on hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid and d 'acetic acid. Even if the product envisaged has a good activity against bacteria and other microbes likely to develop within the material, the fact remains that it contains a significant concentration of peracetic acid, up to 1% which makes it not only aggressive towards medical personnel and therefore requires certain precautions for use, but also corrosive towards equipment.
De même, on a proposé dans le document WO 98/03066 une composition anti-microbienne comprenant un acide organique dans des proportions comprises entre 50 et 99,9 % en poids et un ammonium quaternaire dans des proportions comprises entre 0,1 et 50 % en poids. Cette composition présente l'inconvénient, de par la concentration élevée d'acide organique, de conduire à un produit final trop moussant et difficile à formuler.Likewise, an anti-microbial composition comprising an organic acid in proportions of between 50 and 99.9% by weight and a quaternary ammonium in proportions of between 0.1 and 50% has been proposed in document WO 98/03066. in weight. This composition has the drawback, due to the high concentration of organic acid, of leading to a final product that is too foaming and difficult to formulate.
Le but de l'invention est donc de proposer un produit à la fois désinfectant, détergent et détartrant pour matériel médical sans toutefois engendrer un phénomène de toxicité vis-à-vis du patient ou du personnel, ni conduire à une corrosion du matériel.The object of the invention is therefore to propose a product which is both disinfectant, detergent and descaler for medical equipment without however generating a phenomenon of toxicity vis-à-vis the patient or staff, or lead to corrosion of the material.
Pour remplir simultanément ces trois objectifs, l'invention propose un produit de désinfection, de détergence et de détartrage pour le matériel médical, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'une solution aqueuse comprenant :To fulfill these three objectives simultaneously, the invention provides a disinfection, detergency and descaling product for medical equipment, characterized in that it consists of an aqueous solution comprising:
• 10 à 50 grammes de chlorure de benzalkonium par litre de solution aqueuse finale ;• 10 to 50 grams of benzalkonium chloride per liter of final aqueous solution;
• 1 à 5 % d'acide lactique en volume de la solution aqueuse finale.• 1 to 5% lactic acid by volume of the final aqueous solution.
En effet, on a constaté que l'acide lactique avait un effet synergique sur les propriétés détergentes et désinfectantes du chlorure de benzalkonium. En outre, grâce à leur fort pouvoir tensio-actif, les ammoniums quaternaires permettent de décoller le biofilm présent sur les parois du matériel.Indeed, it has been found that lactic acid has a synergistic effect on the detergent and disinfectant properties of benzalkonium chloride. In addition, thanks to their high surfactant power, quaternary ammoniums make it possible to take off the biofilm present on the walls of the material.
Par ailleurs, cette combinaison de constituants permet d'obtenir un produit ne présentant aucune toxicité vis-à-vis du personnel et du patient et non corrosif vis-à-vis du matériel.Furthermore, this combination of constituents makes it possible to obtain a product which does not present any toxicity with regard to the personnel and the patient and which is non-corrosive with respect to the material.
On a en outre constaté que l'acide lactique permettait d'augmenter l'activité du chlorure de benzalkonium notamment sur le Pseudomonas aeruginosa d'un facteur 10 par rapport au chlorure de benzalkonium seul.It has also been found that lactic acid makes it possible to increase the activity of benzalkonium chloride, in particular on Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a factor of 10 compared to benzalkonium chloride alone.
En d'autres termes, l'invention consiste à avoir sélectionné d'une part le chlorure de benzalkonium en tant qu'agent de désinfection et de détergence et d'autre part, l'acide lactique en tant qu'agent de détartrage, lequel augmente considérablement l'effet bactéricide du chlorure de benzalkonium vis-à-vis notamment de Pseudomonas aeruginosa.In other words, the invention consists in having selected on the one hand benzalkonium chloride as disinfecting and detergency agent and on the other hand, lactic acid as descaling agent, which considerably increases the bactericidal effect of benzalkonium chloride vis-à-vis in particular Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Afin d'obtenir la meilleure efficacité possible, la concentration de chlorure de benzalkonium est comprise entre 10 et 50 grammes par litre.In order to obtain the best possible efficiency, the concentration of benzalkonium chloride is between 10 and 50 grams per liter.
De même, la concentration d'acide lactique est comprise entre 1 et 5 pour cent de la solution aqueuse finale. Pour des concentrations supérieures, on obtient un produit trop moussant difficile à formuler puis à utiliser.Likewise, the concentration of lactic acid is between 1 and 5 percent of the final aqueous solution. For higher concentrations, an excessively foaming product is obtained which is difficult to formulate and then to use.
Par ailleurs, pour des concentrations de constituants inférieures, le produit n'est pas efficace.Furthermore, for lower concentrations of constituents, the product is not effective.
Avantageusement, la concentration de chlorure de benzalkonium est comprise entre 20 et 30 grammes par litre de solution aqueuse finale.Advantageously, the concentration of benzalkonium chloride is between 20 and 30 grams per liter of final aqueous solution.
De même, la concentration d'acide lactique est comprise entre 2 et 3 pour cent de la solution aqueuse finale.Likewise, the concentration of lactic acid is between 2 and 3 percent of the final aqueous solution.
Afin d'augmenter le pouvoir détartrant de l'acide lactique, le produit de l'invention comprend un agent complexant assurant la séquestration des ions bivalents susceptibles d'apparaitre.In order to increase the descaling power of lactic acid, the product of the invention comprises a complexing agent ensuring the sequestration of bivalent ions liable to appear.
Avantageusement, cet agent complexant est l'acide éthylène diamine tétraacétique (EDTA).Advantageously, this complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
La manière de réaliser l'invention et les avantages qui en découlent ressortiront mieux de l'exemple de réalisation suivant.The manner of carrying out the invention and the advantages which result therefrom will emerge more clearly from the following exemplary embodiment.
On prépare une solution contenant : chlorure de benzalkonium 22 grammes acide lactique 30 millilitres eau déminéralisée quantité suffisante pour un litreA solution is prepared containing: benzalkonium chloride 22 grams lactic acid 30 milliliters demineralized water sufficient quantity for one liter
Le mélange des trois constituants est effectué à une température d'environ 23°C.The three components are mixed at a temperature of around 23 ° C.
On obtient un produit prêt à l'emploi destiné notamment à la désinfection et au détartrage des générateurs d'hémodialyse et de leur circuit de traitement d'eau.A ready-to-use product is obtained, intended in particular for disinfecting and descaling hemodialysis generators and their water treatment circuit.
Afin d'illustrer la synergie de l'acide lactique notamment sur les propriétés bactéricides du chlorure de benzalkonium, on a réalisé les deux essais suivants. essai détermination de l'activité bactéricide du chlorure de benzalkonium seulIn order to illustrate the synergy of lactic acid, in particular on the bactericidal properties of benzalkonium chloride, the following two tests were carried out. test determination of the bactericidal activity of benzalkonium chloride alone
On a évalué l'activité bactéricide d'une solution de chlorure de benzalkonium à 2,5 % dans l'eau vis-à-vis des bactéries suivantes : Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium et par la méthode dite « méthode par filtration sur membranes décrite par la norme AFNOR 72151The bactericidal activity of a 2.5% benzalkonium chloride solution in water was evaluated against the following bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and by the method known as " membrane filtration method described by standard AFNOR 72151
Les résultats obtenus ont été regroupés dans le tableau suivant :The results obtained have been grouped in the following table:
Figure imgf000007_0001
Figure imgf000007_0001
N : Dénombrement de contrôle (incorporation) N' : Dénombrement de contrôle (filtration sur membrane) n : Dénombrement dans les essais (neutralisation de l'effet bactéricide du produit) X : dénombrement essai définitifN: Control count (incorporation) N ': Control count (membrane filtration) n: Count in the tests (neutralization of the bactericidal effect of the product) X: count final test
0 : absence de bactéries + : présence de bactéries On constate que la solution de chlorure de benzalkonium à 2,5% dans l'eau a une action bactéricide à une concentration égale à un pour cent (1 %) en volume, vis à vis des quatre souches bactériennes testées, pour un temps de contact de 5 minutes. 2eme essai - détermination de l 'activité bactéricide du produit de l 'invention0: absence of bacteria +: presence of bacteria It is found that the 2.5% benzalkonium chloride solution in water has a bactericidal action at a concentration equal to one percent (1%) by volume, with respect to of the four bacterial strains tested, for a contact time of 5 minutes. 2 nd test - determination of the bactericidal activity of the product of the invention
On a réalisé le même essai avec le produit de l'invention ci-avant.The same test was carried out with the product of the invention above.
Les résultats sont regroupés dans le tableau suivant.The results are collated in the following table.
Figure imgf000008_0001
Figure imgf000008_0001
N : Dénombrement de contrôle (incorporation)N: Control count (incorporation)
N' : Dénombrement de contrôle (filtration sur membrane) n : Dénombrement dans les essais (neutralisation de l'effet bactéricide du produit) X : dénombrement essai définitifN ': Control count (membrane filtration) n: Test count (neutralization of the bactericidal effect of the product) X: final test count
0 : absence de bactéries0: absence of bacteria
+ : présence de bactéries+: presence of bacteria
On constate que le produit de l'invention a une activité bactéricide sur leIt is found that the product of the invention has bactericidal activity on the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa à une concentration de 0,10 % en volume pour un temps de contact de 5 minutes, c'est-à-dire une activité dix fois supérieure à celle du chlorure de benzalkonium utilisé seul. On observe également le même regain d'activité vis-à-vis d'Escherichia coli et Enterococcus Faecium.Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 0.10% by volume for a contact time of 5 minutes, that is to say an activity ten times greater than that of benzalkonium chloride used alone. The same renewed activity is also observed with respect to Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Faecium.
L'invention présente donc de nombreux avantages.The invention therefore has many advantages.
Ainsi, elle propose un produit de désinfection, de détergence et de détartrage non toxique vis-à-vis des patients et du personnel et non corrosif à l'égard du matériel.Thus, it offers a disinfection, detergency and descaling product that is non-toxic to patients and staff and non-corrosive to equipment.
En outre, l'association d'acide lactique et de chlorure de benzalkonium est avantageuse dans la mesure où l'acide lactique augmente considérablement l'activité bactéricide du chlorure de benzalkonium, notamment sur le Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, the combination of lactic acid and benzalkonium chloride is advantageous since the lactic acid increases considerably the bactericidal activity of benzalkonium chloride, in particular on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1/ Produit de désinfection, de détergence et de détartrage pour le matériel médical, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'une solution aqueuse comprenant :1 / Disinfection, detergency and descaling product for medical equipment, characterized in that it consists of an aqueous solution comprising:
• 10 à 50 grammes de chlorure de benzalkonium par litre de solution aqueuse finale ;• 10 to 50 grams of benzalkonium chloride per liter of final aqueous solution;
• 1 à 5 % d'acide lactique en volume de la solution aqueuse finale.• 1 to 5% lactic acid by volume of the final aqueous solution.
2/ Produit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la concentration de chlorure de benzalkonium est comprise entre vingt et trente (20 et 30) grammes par litre de solution aqueuse finale.2 / Product according to claim 1, characterized in that the concentration of benzalkonium chloride is between twenty and thirty (20 and 30) grams per liter of final aqueous solution.
3/ Produit selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que la concentration d'acide lactique est comprise entre deux et trois (2 et 3) pour cent en volume de la solution aqueuse finale.3 / Product according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the concentration of lactic acid is between two and three (2 and 3) percent by volume of the final aqueous solution.
4/ Produit selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre un agent complexant.4 / Product according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it further comprises a complexing agent.
5/ Produit selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'agent complexant est l'acide éthylène diamine tétraacétique (EDTA).5 / Product according to claim 4, characterized in that the complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
DEPOSANT :CAIR L. G. L.DEPOSITOR: CAIR L. G. L.
MANDATAIRE : Cabinet LAURENT et CHARRAS MANDATORY: Cabinet LAURENT et CHARRAS
PCT/FR1998/001633 1997-07-24 1998-07-23 Disinfecting, detergent and descaling product for medical equipment WO1999004631A1 (en)

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EP98939728A EP0998197A1 (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-23 Disinfecting, detergent and descaling product for medical equipment
AU88140/98A AU8814098A (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-23 Disinfecting, detergent and descaling product for medical equipment

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FR9709665A FR2766371B1 (en) 1997-07-24 1997-07-24 DISINFECTION, DETERGENCE AND DESCALING PRODUCT FOR MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
FR97/09665 1997-07-24

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Title
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 115, no. 7, 1991, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 70185f *
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 9123, Derwent World Patents Index; Class A97, AN 91-166591, XP002061751 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9293511B2 (en) 1998-07-08 2016-03-22 E Ink Corporation Methods for achieving improved color in microencapsulated electrophoretic devices

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FR2766371A1 (en) 1999-01-29
EP0998197A1 (en) 2000-05-10
AU8814098A (en) 1999-02-16
FR2766371B1 (en) 2000-04-14

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