WO1999014566A1

WO1999014566A1 - Method and device for imaging temperatures of a very hot opaque body

Info

Publication number: WO1999014566A1
Application number: PCT/FR1998/001965
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sophie Bednarczyk; Olivier Payen
Original assignee: Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
Priority date: 1997-09-16
Filing date: 1998-09-15
Publication date: 1999-03-25
Also published as: FR2768510A1; FR2768510B1

Abstract

The invention concerns a device and a method for obtaining two-dimensional images of temperatures of a very hot opaque body inaccessible to a standard display system. The method consists in using, under the protection of a film unwinder device (1), a first optical element (4) focusing the opaque hot body (1) image onto a beam of optical fibres (5). The latter restores the image onto a second optical element (6) which focuses the image onto a beamsplitter (8). Two cameras (10A, 10B) thus capture the opaque hot body (1) image at different wavelengths. The combination of the resulting two images enables to monitor and determine the temperatures of the observed sequence. The invention is applicable in a variety of ways to electron beam welding, laser beam welding, or monitoring the temperature of induction-heated metal parts.

Description

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR IMAGING THE TEMPERATURES OF A VERY HOT OPAQUE BODY

DESCRIPTION

Field of the invention

The invention relates to the study and monitoring of the temperatures of a very hot and inaccessible body for usual measurement and monitoring means. We are thinking, in particular, of monitoring a fusion bath, for example a molten bath of welding by laser beam or electron beam, or of a metallic part heated by induction, in a polluted enclosure, or in polluting conditions.

Prior art and problem posed

In the context of the study and monitoring of room temperatures or high temperature scenes, it is known to use monochrome temperature display or measurement systems using monochrome infrared cameras, but, in general, these cameras operate in frequency bands from 3 to 5 μm and from 8 to 12 μm, bands suitable for measuring temperatures below 300 ° C. However, the matrix detectors of these cameras are of limited dimensions. In addition, they require cooling and are very expensive. In addition, it is reported that there are no optical fiber bundles transmitting at these wavelengths. Also known are systems using a single camera and a mechanical system passing different filters in front of the camera lens. Changing the optical filters does not allow simultaneous measurements.

Also known are systems with a single camera, therefore monochrome, which are used, in particular, in endoscopic systems, and which require the provision of lighting. In this case, the image is transported by bundles of optical fibers.

Finally, from US Patent 5,225,883, a device and a method are known for providing a double video mapping of the temperature of an object. A CCD camera is used which receives two images supplied by a probe to capture the thermal radiation of the object, an image separating device, two filters of different wavelengths and two focusing lenses. On the other hand, this method does not make it possible to work flexibly at several wavelengths, nor to have a wide range of temperature sensitivity. Each time the wavelength has to be changed, the optical path equalization optical device must be adapted to the new wavelength. In addition, this process must be calibrated each time the temperature range is changed.

The invention therefore also aims to avoid these drawbacks in the implementation of a method making it possible to carry out monitoring, or to establish cartography, with an image of 200 x 200 pixels for example, of bath temperature. in a polluting, toxic and inaccessible enclosure for operators and for materials usually used for this kind of visualization work. We also seek to get rid of certain physical components that affect the measurement image, without providing any specific information regarding temperatures.

Summary of the invention

To this end, a first main object of the invention is a method of imaging the temperatures of a very hot opaque body, consisting in viewing said body using two cameras, at two different frequencies to provide an image by superimposition by eliminating a physical parameter of said body undesirable for the exploitation of the image.

When said body is placed in a place inaccessible for two cameras, the method consists in focusing on a first end of a bundle of optical fibers, the image of the body to be analyzed and in focusing the image thus transported coming from the second end of the optical fiber bundle on the two cameras, by means of a separating blade.

In addition, when the medium in which the said opaque body is located is liable to damage the optical element upstream of the bundle of optical fibers, the method consists in using an optical protection device consisting of a film unwinding in front of the element. optics to protect. The second object, the main element of the invention, is a device for imaging the temperatures of a very hot opaque body, comprising: - a first optical element for focusing the image of said body;

- a bundle of optical fibers on a first end of which the image of the body is focused by the first optical element; a second optical element for focusing the image of said body rendered at the second end of the bundle of optical fibers; a separating plate which divides the beam into two beams; and

- two cameras placed downstream of the separating plate and each receiving the image reproduced by one of the two beams, the two cameras viewing the image at different wavelengths. In its main achievement, the two cameras are identical and are each equipped with a filter of different wavelengths.

It is very advantageous to use an absorption plate on each of the two beams, downstream of the separating blade.

The cameras are preferably systems of the type with photosensitive elements with charge transfer with a silicon matrix.

A diaphragm is advantageously interposed between the second optical element and the separating plate.

As the body to be visualized is in a polluted place, or likely to deteriorate the first optical element, a device for protecting the optical elements is used, consisting mainly of an unwinding film placed in a cassette, itself placed in an unwinder box. . List of Figures

The invention and its various technical characteristics will be better understood on reading the following description, of a possible embodiment of the invention.

It is accompanied by three figures which represent respectively: - Figure 1, the device according to the invention;

- Figure 2, a diagram relating to the imagery obtained with the device according to the invention; and

- Figure 3, the device for protecting the first optical element used in the device according to the invention.

Detailed description of an embodiment of the invention

In FIG. 1, one can distinguish all the essential elements of the imaging device according to the invention. A fusion bath symbolizing a very hot opaque body 1 is represented on the right of this figure 1. The fusion bath can be that of welding by electron beam, or laser beam. It is, in particular, confined or difficult to access. This confinement is symbolized by a partition 30 separating the body 1 of the display devices of the system according to the invention. The scene displayed can also be that of a metal part heated by induction. In order to protect all optical devices and, in particular, the reflecting mirror 3 and the first optical element 4, a protection device 2 is used placed between the body 1 and a reflecting optical element 3. This device will be described later considering figure 3.

The reflecting mirror 3 returns the image of the body 1 to a first optical element 4, which focuses the image of this body 1 on the first end 5A of a bundle of optical fibers 5. This first optical element is preferably a focusing optic with a focal length of 50 mm. The bundle can comprise 40,000 optical fibers ordered at its two ends 5A and 5B. It therefore transmits an image of around 200 points out of 200.

The second end 5B of this bundle of optical fibers therefore restores the image of the body 1 through an orifice 6A in the partition.

Opposite this second end 5B, a second optical element 6 is placed, the aim of which is to focus the image reproduced by this second end 5B of the bundle of optical fibers 5. This second optical element is, for example, of the PETZVAL type, focal length 100 mm, corrected for optical aberrations. A diaphragm 7 can be inserted downstream of this second optical element 6 to limit the light density of the image. It is thus possible to shift the measurable temperature range, for example from 1,500 to 2,000 ° C, instead of 800 to 1,300 ° C.

The image focused by the second optical element 6 is sent to a separating plate 8, which divides the image into two, at equal flux densities thus focused. The latter is therefore sent to two cameras 10A and 10B which therefore capture this focused image.

Two filters 9A and 9B are inserted between the separating plate 8 and the two cameras 10A and 10B, respectively on the two beams thus shared. These filters 9A and 9B have different bandwidths, so that the two cameras 10A and 10B perceive images of different wavelengths. These two filters 9A and 9B can be interference filters with bandwidths from 10 nm to 20 nm and wavelengths which can vary between 750 and 1100 nm. The separating plate is therefore optimized at 800 nm. Light absorption plates, called “neutral densities” in optics 11A and 11B can be interposed at the level of filters 9A and 9B to attenuate light fluxes transmitted to cameras 10A and 10B, depending on the scene to be viewed and , more precisely, the density of light which is transmitted by the image.

The two cameras 10A and 10B are preferably CCD cameras of silicon, that is to say of the type with photosensitive elements with charge transfer, using a silicon matrix. The wavelengths are relatively short, for example in the visible, close to the infrared. Such cameras are conventional and are commercially available at relatively low prices. Figure 2 shows, on the one hand, on the left, the two respective screens 12A and 12B of the two cameras 10A and 10B of Figure 1, used in the device according to the invention. In view of the fact that the wavelengths captured by the cameras are different, the images viewed are also. It is thus possible, by superposition, to remove an undesirable physical quantity, such as the emissivity of the body viewed, that is to say of the fusion bath. The image resulting from this superimposition is shown diagrammatically by the right screen 13, which is a combination of the two images displayed by the first two screens 12A and 12B. FIG. 3 shows in detail the protection device 2 placed upstream of the reflecting element 13 opposite the body 1 to be viewed. It is intended to physically protect this reflecting optical element 3, which can be subjected to projections of solid, liquid particles, or in the form of vapor, at very high temperatures. It consists of a unwinding film, not shown, to be unwound at approximately constant speed and placed in front of the element to be protected. It can be applied in different circumstances, such as environments with very strong vaporizations, such as electron beam welding, or vacuum brazing.

It is in the form of an unwinder housing 14, 16 itself comprising a motor housing 14, inside which is housed a drive motor 15. The other part constitutes the body 16 of the unwinder housing and is intended to receive a cassette 20 containing the transparent film. The first reel 21A of the cassette 20 is driven by a drive wheel 19 opening into the body 16 of the unwinder unit. The cassette 20 is therefore introduced into this body 16 of the unwinder unit and is held there inside by a door 17 closed by a locking device 18. This cassette 20 has a structure similar to cassettes containing photographic films. It comprises two coils 21A and 21B placed on either side of an orifice 22, opposite which the transparent film is unwound. The latter may be a Mylar film, capable of melting only above 250 ° C. The film unwinding speed is variable. It is nevertheless possible to design cassettes whose maximum operating time is of the order of 6 min for a speed of 15 mm / s. It is thus easy to create a protection device making it possible to protect an optical element s' registering in a square of 30 mm on side.

By playing on the diaphragm 7, which is preferably an iris diaphragm, and on the light density absorption plates 11A and 11B, it is possible to shift the measurement range of the temperatures that can be measured. Thus, the mounting can usually be adjusted for a temperature range from about 900 to 1,200 ° C. In addition, measurements from 1,200 to 1,400 ° C can be made. The maximum temperature is, a priori, not limited, while the minimum temperature is of the order of 800 ° C. It is possible to calculate the temperatures from the two images thus viewed. This procedure is composed of three phases which are, the calibration, the registration of the two images, the calculation of temperatures at each point of the image.

Regarding calibration, a camera delivers, for each pixel, an electrical voltage proportional to the integrated lighting during the duration of the acquisition. This illumination is proportional to the luminance of the body to be measured or observed, thanks to the optical system. There is therefore a proportionality relationship between the luminance of the object observed and the voltage delivered by the camera. For many applications, it is imperative to know this coefficient. This is why it is preferable to calibrate the device according to the invention, on a black body. We can therefore deduce the respective coefficient of each of the two cameras.

Regarding the registration, it should be noted that the image delivered by the second camera 10B is the image symmetrical to that delivered by the image 10A. Indeed, the first camera 10A provides an image which has undergone only one reflection, while the second camera 10B delivers an image which has undergone two reflections. The registration is therefore done by observing a particular point in the plane of the optical fibers of the beam. This point must be exactly the same for the two images provided by the two cameras 10A and 10B.

Concerning the calculation of temperatures at each point, a digital level is defined between 0 and N, for example between 0 and 255, and noted respectively P _A (1, j) and P _A (i, j) and relating to the cameras 10A and 10B.

Thus, if L is the luminance of the object at the wavelength λ _A and at the temperature T and if C _A is the coefficient of proportionality determined by the calibration of the camera 10A, we obtain

P _A (i, j) = C _A. L (λ _A , T) • The luminance of the object to be observed at wavelength 1 is of the form:

where it is the speed of light in a vacuum

- h the PLANCK constant; - k the BOLTZMANN constant;

- ε is the emissivity of the observed body.

By combining these two equations, we obtain the following system:

We choose wavelengths close enough to be able to assume that the emissivity is the same at the two wavelengths:

ε (λ _A ) = ε (λ _B ).

We then obtain the expression of temperature:

It can be seen that the device and the method according to the invention can be used outside any pollution context. The method is, on the other hand, advantageously used, both for temperature measurement and for visualization and control.

Claims

1. A method of imaging the temperatures of a very hot opaque body (1), placed in a place inaccessible to cameras and in a hostile environment, consisting in viewing said body (1) at two different frequencies, characterized in that it consists :

- to focus by means of an optical element (4), on a first end (5A) of a bundle of optical fibers (5), the image of the body to be analyzed and to focus the image thus transported, resulting from the second end (5B) of the bundle of optical fibers (5) on two cameras (10A, 10B), by means of a separating blade (8),

- to use an optical protection device (2) consisting of a film unwinding in front of the optical element to be protected (4), said hostile medium being capable of damaging the optical element (4) placed upstream of the beam of optical fibers (5); and

- to provide an image by superposition by eliminating a physical parameter of said body (1) undesirable for the exploitation of the image.

2. A device for imaging temperatures of a very hot opaque body (1), comprising: a first optical element (4) for focusing the image of said body (1); a device (2) for protecting the first optical element (4) comprising a unwinding film placed in a cassette (20) itself placed in an unwinding unit (14, 16); - a bundle of optical fibers (5) on a first end (5A) of which the image of said body (1) is focused; a second optical element (6) for focusing the image of said body rendered at a second end (5B) of the bundle of optical fibers (5);

- a separating blade (8) for dividing the beam into two beams;

- a diaphragm (7) placed between the second optical element (6) and the separating blade (8); and

- two cameras (10A, 10B) placed downstream of the separating plate (8) and each receiving the image reproduced by one of the two beams, these two cameras (10A, 10B) viewing the body (1) at different lengths d 'waves.

3. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the two cameras (10A, 10B) are identical and each equipped with a filter of different wavelengths (9A, 9B).

4. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises an absorption plate (11A, 11B) on each of the two beams, downstream of the separating blade (8).

5. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the film is transparent and in

Mylar.

6. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the two cameras (10A, 10B) are of the type with photosensitive elements with charge transfer with silicon matrix.