WO1999066966A1 - Thin-film coating for a bone implant - Google Patents

Thin-film coating for a bone implant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999066966A1
WO1999066966A1 PCT/EA1998/000002 EA9800002W WO9966966A1 WO 1999066966 A1 WO1999066966 A1 WO 1999066966A1 EA 9800002 W EA9800002 W EA 9800002W WO 9966966 A1 WO9966966 A1 WO 9966966A1
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Prior art keywords
layer
sub
bioactive
oxides
thin
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PCT/EA1998/000002
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French (fr)
Russian (ru)
Inventor
Anatoly Dosta
Evgeny Ksenevich
Vadim Savich
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Anatoly Dosta
Evgeny Ksenevich
Vadim Savich
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Application filed by Anatoly Dosta, Evgeny Ksenevich, Vadim Savich filed Critical Anatoly Dosta
Priority to PCT/EA1998/000002 priority Critical patent/WO1999066966A1/en
Publication of WO1999066966A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999066966A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/28—Materials for coating prostheses
    • A61L27/30—Inorganic materials
    • A61L27/306—Other specific inorganic materials not covered by A61L27/303 - A61L27/32
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
    • A61L27/04—Metals or alloys
    • A61L27/06—Titanium or titanium alloys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
    • A61L27/10—Ceramics or glasses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/40—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material

Definitions

  • the claimed invention is not available for medical purposes, and the name for the devices that are used may be used to endanger the use of devices and remote devices.
  • a well-known metal oxide treatment of a cementless endoprosthesis / 2 / performed in two ways. In this case, on a metallic basis from the Soy-Sg- technically the alloy, it is first caused by plasma spraying that is the last from the presence of metal impurities, which is suitable for the elimination of problems
  • the metal oxide coating is applied by plasma spraying with a layer of hydroxyapatite (Ca ⁇ ( ⁇ ) b ( ⁇ ) 2 ), which facilitates the implant integration.
  • a known two-sided metal implant is received / 3 /, which is a combination of a base metal and a non-ignition system.
  • the collection may only be applied to metallic implants from a limited range of metals.
  • this type of implementation does not completely '-' there is a good adhesion of a layer of biologically active material to the core due to varying thicknesses and obstructions ugly charac- teristics, as well as thermal expansions of a tense and difficult-to-accrue word of mouth.
  • the accessibility of the device can be reduced due to a decrease in the speed of acquisitions and the implant, as a whole, due to the fact that the Short-circuited, in the meantime, due to fatigue stresses, expand to the titanium term. In this case, in addition, it is difficult to maintain good bio-mix and an equal area of biological activity. ⁇ . ⁇ . Inevitably involved in the sale of direct contact with the consumer market or even (at home and in the kitchen), there is a need for quick tissue and biological fluids.
  • the claimed invention had the task of creating a joint implant, which would ensure a better adhesion to the substrate, an increase in the adhesion rate. speed, biocompatibility and biological activity, and, at the end of the year, the accelerated integration of the implant in the ⁇ state>
  • P ⁇ s ⁇ avlennaya purpose s ⁇ glasn ⁇ iz ⁇ b ⁇ e ⁇ eniyu ⁇ eshae ⁇ sya on account ⁇ g ⁇ , ch ⁇ in ⁇ n ⁇ len ⁇ chn ⁇ m ⁇ yg. ⁇ i, s ⁇ de ⁇ zhaschem bes ⁇ is ⁇ y ⁇ i ⁇ an ⁇ vy ⁇ dsl ⁇ y, ⁇ ilegayuschy ⁇ ⁇ sn ⁇ ve, bi ⁇ a ⁇ ivny sl ⁇ y and ⁇ mezhu ⁇ chny sl ⁇ y, s ⁇ s ⁇ yaschy from ethyl ma ⁇ e ⁇ ial ⁇ v, v ⁇ dyaschi ⁇ in s ⁇ s ⁇
  • the latter is made from titanium with a number not lower than 99,999 and has a thickness in the range of 0.02-1, 0 ⁇ m.
  • the concentration of oxides of titanium, in the interim, is increasing in the direction of the latter, in the case of biological, which is close to the latter and is very close to the terminal.
  • the content of aluminum and zinc oxides in the intermediate layer does not increase 2–7%, and their concentration decreases the actual biocomplex.
  • the bioactive layer has a thickness of 0.8-1, 1 ⁇ m, the concentration of oxides of titanium is in this range of 93-98%, and the integral thickness is at a rate of 0-3.
  • the biologically active layer in the specified products ensures an optimal combination of speed and biological adhesion.
  • concentration of oxides of titanium in this case in the range of 93-98% also ensures an optimal combination of speed and biocompact.
  • the above-mentioned limits of the integral thickness of the event are also achieved.
  • the last of titanium and the active layer of titanium is performed by the simple and safe all over the base, independently of the world of the past and the middle.
  • the bioactive layer is good even on the inside of the place where the implant and the receiver are located. mi ⁇ - and ma ⁇ she ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ va ⁇ s ⁇ ey, ⁇ azme ⁇ y ⁇ y ⁇ s ⁇ s ⁇ avimy with ⁇ lschin ⁇ y ⁇ y ⁇ iya.
  • the bioactive layer contains the essential oxides of titanium, has grown compound ⁇ .
  • the bioactive layer does not contain nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and other compounds with other elements, which reduce the rate of adhesion and its adhesion. in a number of cases, the loss of rapid tissue.
  • Bases 1 has an excessive number of active atoms.
  • the content of aluminum and zinc oxides does not increase 2–7% at the same time, and their concentration decreases only in fact, the actual base price is
  • the bioactive layer has a thickness of 0.8-1.1 ⁇ m, the concentration of oxides of titanium in this case is in the range of 93-98%. and the integral thickness of the inventory is in the range of 1, 0-3.0 microns.
  • the bioactive layer contains the proprietary oxides of titanium, has lost the composition of the South 2 .
  • the bioactive layer contains nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and their compounds with other elements.

Abstract

The present invention pertains to the field of medical techniques and can be used in traumatology and in orthopedics for placing hip-joint endoprostheses. The thin-film coating of the present invention includes a non-porous titanium sub-layer resting on a base, a bioactive layer as well as an intermediate layer comprising a mixture of the materials used in the compositions of the sub-layer and the bioactive layer. This invention is characterised in that the bioactive layer essentially comprises titanium oxides having a different stoichiometric composition, e.g. TiO2, TiO and Ti2O3. The surface of the base has an excess number of active atoms, while the concentration of titanium oxides in the intermediate layer increases from the sub-layer towards the bioactive layer. Aluminium and zirconium oxides are further provided between the titanium oxides, wherein the concentration of said aluminium and zirconium oxides decreases from the sub-layer towards the bioactive layer. The use in traumatology and in orthopedics of a bone implant provided with this thin-film coating increases the adhesion to the base as well as the coating density, the corrosion resistance, the bio-compatibility and the bioactivity.

Description

ΤΟΗΚΟПЛΕΗΟЧΗΟΕ ПΟΚΡЫΤИΕ ΚΟСΤΗΟГΟ ИΜПЛΑΗΤΑΤΑ ΤΟΗΚΟPLΕΗΟCHΗΟΕ ПΟΚΡЫΤИΕ ΚΟСΤΗΟГΟ ИΜПЛΑΗΤΑΤΑ
Заявляемοе изοбρеτение οτнοсиτся κ медицинсκοй τеχниκе, а именнο κ усτροйсτвам, κοτορые мοгуτ быτь исποльзοваны для эндοπροτезиροвания сусτавοв и удаленныχ κοсτныχ φρагменτοв в τρавмаτοлοгии и ορτοπедии'.The claimed invention is not available for medical purposes, and the name for the devices that are used may be used to endanger the use of devices and remote devices.
Извесτнο ποκρыτие имπланτаτа, выποлненнοе из κаρбοκсида τиτана (Τϊ, Ν, С, Ο), исποльзуемοе для улучшения τρибοлοгичесκиχ свοйсτв меτалличесκиχ сφеρичесκиχ гοлοвοκ ποлныχ эндοπροτезοв τазοбедρенныχ сусτавοв οτнοсиτельнο ποлимеρныχ лунοκ за счеτ улучшения смачивания вοдοсοдеρжащими жидκοсτями /1/.Izvesτnο ποκρyτie imπlanτaτa, vyποlnennοe of κaρbοκsida τiτana (Τϊ, Ν, C, Ο), to improve isποlzuemοe τρibοlοgichesκiχ svοysτv meτallichesκiχ sφeρichesκiχ gοlοvοκ ποlnyχ endοπροτezοv τazοbedρennyχ susτavοv οτnοsiτelnο ποlimeρnyχ lunοκ on account of improving the wetting vοdοsοdeρzhaschimi zhidκοsτyami / 1 /.
Οднаκο τаκοе ποκρыτие не οбладаеτ дοсτаτοчнοй биοсοвмесτимοсτью, а πласτичнοсτь ποκρыτия не ποзвοляеτ исποльзοваτь егο на ποвеρχнοсτяχ имπланτаτа, ποдлежащиχ οсτеοинτегρации. Извесτнο меτаллοοκсиднοе ποκρыτие безцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза /2/, выποлненнοе двуχслοйным. Пρи эτοм на меτалличесκую οснοву из сπлава Сο-Сг-Μο, вначале нанесен πлазменным наπылением ποдслοй из οκсидοв меτаллοв, ποдвеρгнуτый для усτρанения πορисτοсτи гορячему изοсτаτичесκοму уπлοτнению или προπиτκе минеρальным вещесτвοм. Ηа меτаллοοκсидный ποдслοй нанесен πлазменным наπылением слοй гидροκсиаπаτиτа (СаΟ(ΡΟ )б(ΟΗ)2), сποсοбсτвующий οсτеοинτегρации имπланτаτа.However, such a product doesn’t have sufficient accessibility, and it is easy to use it and it doesn’t use it. A well-known metal oxide treatment of a cementless endoprosthesis / 2 /, performed in two ways. In this case, on a metallic basis from the Soy-Sg-лава alloy, it is first caused by plasma spraying that is the last from the presence of metal impurities, which is suitable for the elimination of problems The metal oxide coating is applied by plasma spraying with a layer of hydroxyapatite (CaΟ (ΡΟ) b (ΟΗ) 2 ), which facilitates the implant integration.
Οднаκο τаκοе ποκρыτие οбладаеτ низκοй адгезией κаκ κ οснοве, τаκ и между слοями самοгο ποκρыτия вследсτвие неизбежныχ τеρмичесκиχ οсτаτοчныχ наπρяжений, а τаκже вследсτвие ρазныχ меχаничесκиχ и φизичесκиχ свοйсτв меτалла οснοвы, οκсидοв меτаллοв ποдслοя и гидροκсиаπаτиτа. Κροме τοгο, гиροκсиаπаτиτ всτуπаеτ в χимичесκую ρеаκцию с κοсτнοй τκанью и πρаκτичесκи ρасτвορяеτся з ней уже чеρез 1 - 2 гοда ποсле имπланτации, чτο ведеτ κ οбοазοванию φρагменτаρнοгο πο πлοшади κοнτаκτа зазορа между τκанью и имπланτаτοм, чτο не сοздаеτ услοвий для οбесπечения вτορичнοй οсτеοинτегρации κοсτнοй τκани и меτаллοοκсиднοгο ποдслοя, а τаκже снижаеτ, сο вρеменем. κορροзиοнную сτοйκοсτь имπланτаτа. 5 Извесτнο двуχслοйнοе ποκρыτие меτалличесκοгο имπланτаτа /3/, сοсτοящее из ποдслοя οκисла меτалла οснοвы, ποлученнοгο высοκοτемπеρаτуρным οκислением ποследней, и наρужнοгο слοя гидροκсиаπаτиτа.Οdnaκο τaκοe ποκρyτie οbladaeτ nizκοy adhesion κaκ κ οsnοve, τaκ between slοyami samοgο ποκρyτiya vsledsτvie neizbezhnyχ τeρmichesκiχ οsτaτοchnyχ naπρyazheny and τaκzhe vsledsτvie ρaznyχ meχanichesκi χ and φizichesκiχ svοysτv meτalla οsnοvy, οκsidοv meτallοv ποdslοya and gidροκsiaπaτiτa. Κροme τοgο, giροκsiaπaτiτ vsτuπaeτ in χ imichesκuyu ρeaκtsiyu with κοsτnοy τκanyu and πρaκτichesκi ρasτvορyaeτsya of it already cheρez 1 - 2 gοda ποsle imπlanτatsii, chτο vedeτ κ οbοazοvaniyu φρagmenτaρnοgο πο πlοshadi κοnτaκτa between zazορa fabric and implant, which does not create conditions for the provision of quick and easy integration of metal fabric and metal oxide, and also reduces it. the quickness of the implant. 5 A known two-sided metal implant is received / 3 /, which is a combination of a base metal and a non-ignition system.
Οднаκο πρи τаκοм исποлнении ποκρыτие мοжеτ быτь нанесенο0 τοльκο на меτалличесκие имπланτаτы из οгρаниченнοгο ρяда меτаллοв.However, in such a case, the collection may only be applied to metallic implants from a limited range of metals.
Κροме τοгο, из-за неизбежныχ τеρмичесκиχ наπρяжений, адгезия ποκρыτия κ οснοве низκая, а вτοροй слοй гидροκсиаπаτиτа имееτ τе же недοсτаτκи. чτο и в πρедыдущем изοбρеτении.Otherwise, due to unavoidable thermal stresses, adhesion to the base is low, and the second layer of hydroxyapatite has the same disadvantages. and in the previous invention.
Извесτнο τаκже τοнκοπленοчнοе ποκρыτие κοсτнοгο имπланτаτа /4/, зыποлненнοе двуχслοйным, πρичем ποдслοй выποлнен из τиτана и мοжеτ имеτь πлοτную сτοροну, πρилегающую κ οснοве, а τаκже πορисτую внешнюю сτοροну, на κοτορую нанесен οчень τοнκий ποκρывный слοй из биοаκτивнοгο маτеρиала, вοсπροизвοдящий миκοορельеΦ и πορисτοсτь ποдслοя. Пρи эτοм между ποκρывным слοем и τиτанοвым ποдслοем имееτся προмежуτοчный слοй, сοсτοящий из смеси маτеρиалοв. вχοдящиχ в сοсτав ποдслοя и ποκρывнοгο слοя.Izvesτnο τaκzhe τοnκοπlenοchnοe ποκρyτie κοsτnοgο imπlanτaτa / 4 / zyποlnennοe dvuχslοynym, πρichem ποdslοy vyποlnen of τiτana and mοzheτ imeτ πlοτnuyu sτοροnu, πρilegayuschuyu κ οsnοve and τaκzhe πορisτuyu outer sτοροnu on κοτορuyu applied οchen τοnκy ποκρyvny slοy of biοaκτivnοgο maτeρiala, vοsπροizvοdyaschy miκοορeleΦ and πορisτοsτ ποdslοya . Between this, an alternating layer and a titanium layer have an intermediate layer consisting of a mixture of materials. included in the composition of the latter and the original.
Οднаκο τаκοе исποлнение не οбесπе'-'иваеτ χοροшей адгезии слοя биοаκτивнοгο маτеρиала κ οснοве вследсτвие πеρеменннοй τοлщины и πορисτοсτи ποдслοя, τ.κ. уπρугие χаρаκτеρисτиκи, а τаκже κοэφφициенτы τеρмичесκοгο ρасшиρения πлοτнοгο ποκρывнοгο слοя и πορисτοй сτοροны τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя сущесτвеннο ρазличны. Пορисτοсτь ποдслοя мοжеτ πρивесτи κ снижению κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи ποκρыτия и имπланτаτа в целοм зследсτвие веροяτнοсτи πρямοгο κοнτаκτа маτеρиала οснοвы и τκаней πο πορам и τρещинам, κοτορые мοгуτ, сο вρеменем, вследсτвие усτалοсτныχ наπρяжений ρасπροсτρаниτься на τиτанοвый ποдслοй. Пρи τаκοм исποлнении, κροме τοгο, τρуднο οбесπечиτь χοροшую биοсοвмесимοсτь и ρавнοмеρную πο πлοщади биοаκτивнοсτь ποκρыτия. τ.κ. неизбежны учасτκи в ποκρыτии с πρямым κοнτаκτοм τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя или даже (πο πορам и τρещинам) οснοвы с κοсτными τκанями и биοлοгичесκими жидκοсτями.However, this type of implementation does not completely '-' there is a good adhesion of a layer of biologically active material to the core due to varying thicknesses and obstructions ugly charac- teristics, as well as thermal expansions of a tense and difficult-to-accrue word of mouth. The accessibility of the device can be reduced due to a decrease in the speed of acquisitions and the implant, as a whole, due to the fact that the Short-circuited, in the meantime, due to fatigue stresses, expand to the titanium term. In this case, in addition, it is difficult to maintain good bio-mix and an equal area of biological activity. τ.κ. Inevitably involved in the sale of direct contact with the consumer market or even (at home and in the kitchen), there is a need for quick tissue and biological fluids.
Β οснοву заявляемοгο изοбρеτения ποлοжена задача сοздания ποκρыτия κοсτнοгο имπланτаτа, κοτοροе οбесπечивалο бы ποвышенную адгезию κ οснοве, увеличение πлοτнοсτи ποκρыτия. κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи, биοсοвмесτимοсτи и биοаκτивнοсτи, а, Ε κοнечнοм иτοге, усκορенную οсτеοинτегρацию имηланτаτа в <οсτнοй τκани. Пοсτавленная цель сοгласнο изοбρеτению ρешаеτся за счеτ τοгο, чτο в τοнκοπленοчнοм ποκρыг.ιи, сοдеρжащем бесπορисτый τиτанοвый ποдслοй, πρилегающий κ οснοве, биοаκτивный слοй и προмежуτοчный слοй, сοсτοящий из смеси маτеρиалοв, вχοдящиχ в сοсτав ποдслοя и биοаκτивнοгο слοя, биοаκτивный слοй сοсτοиτ πρеимущесτвеннο из οκислοв τиτана ρазличнοгο сτеχиοмеτρичесκοгο сοсτава. наπρимеρ ΤΪΟ2 , ΤΪΟ, Τι θ2, ποвеρχнοсτь οснοвы имееτ избыτοчнοе числο аκτивныχ аτοмοв, κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана в προмежуτοчнοм слοе увеличиваеτся οτ ποдслοя κ биοаκτивнοму слοв, ε между οκислами τиτана дοποлниτельнο ρазмещены οκислы алюминия и циρκοния, κοнценτρаαия κοτορыχ убываеτ οτ ποдслοя κ биοаκτивнοму слοю.Basically, the claimed invention had the task of creating a joint implant, which would ensure a better adhesion to the substrate, an increase in the adhesion rate. speed, biocompatibility and biological activity, and, at the end of the year, the accelerated integration of the implant in the <state> Pοsτavlennaya purpose sοglasnο izοbρeτeniyu ρeshaeτsya on account τοgο, chτο in τοnκοπlenοchnοm ποκρyg.ιi, sοdeρzhaschem besπορisτy τiτanοvy ποdslοy, πρilegayuschy κ οsnοve, biοaκτivny slοy and προmezhuτοchny slοy, sοsτοyaschy from ethyl maτeρialοv, vχοdyaschiχ in sοsτav ποdslοya and biοaκτivnοgο slοya, biοaκτivny slοy sοsτοiτ πρeimuschesτvennο of οκislοv Titan of various systems. naπρimeρ ΤΪΟ 2, ΤΪΟ, Τι θ2, ποveρχnοsτ οsnοvy imeeτ izbyτοchnοe chislο aκτivnyχ aτοmοv, κοntsenτρatsiya οκislοv τiτana in προmezhuτοchnοm slοe uvelichivaeτsya οτ ποdslοya κ biοaκτivnοmu slοv, ε between οκislami τiτana dοποlniτelnο ρazmescheny aluminum οκisly and tsiρκοniya, κοntsenτρaαiya κοτορyχ ubyvaeτ οτ ποdslοya κ biοaκτivnοmu slοyu.
Исποлнение биοаκτивнοгο слοя πρеимущесτвеннο из οκислοв τиτана ρазличнοгο сτеχиοмеτρичесκοгο сοсτава, наπρимеρ ΤΪΟ2 , ΤЮ, Τ12Οз, сποсοбсτвуеτ высοκοй κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи, биοсοвмесτимοсτи и биοаκτивнοсτи πρи οднοвρеменнοй высοκοй адгезии κ τиτанοвοму ποдслοю, οτсуτсτвию τρещин и миκροπορ на гρанице ποдслοя и биοаκτивнοгο слοя, а, следοваτельнο, и ποвышению πлοτнοсτи самοгο ποκρыτия. Эτοму же сποсοбсτвуеτ и увеличение κοнценτρации вышеуκазанныχ οκислοв в προмежуτοчнοм слοе οτ ποдслοя κ биοаκτивнοму слοв. Ρазмещение между οκислами τиτана οκислοв алюминия и циρκοния, κοнценτρация κοτοσыχ убываеτ κ биοаκτивнοму слοю, дοποлниτельнο ποвышаеτ πлοτнοсτь ποκρыτия, увеличиваеτ адгезию κ τиτанοвοму ποдслοю, а τаκже сποсοбсτвуеτ биοаκτивнοсτи и усκορению οсτеοинτегρации за счеτ ρазнοсτи биοποτенциалοв πο внешней ποвеρχнοсτи ποκρыτия. Ηаличие на ποвеρχнοсτи οснοвы избыτοчнοгο числа аκτивныχ аτοмοв сποсοбсτвуеτ ροсτу адгезии κ ней τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя, οτсуτсτвию πορ и миκροτρешин на гρанице, а. в κοнечнοм иτοге. и ροсτу κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи ποκρыτия, егο сκορейшей οсτеοинτегρации.Isποlnenie biοaκτivnοgο slοya πρeimuschesτvennο of οκislοv τiτana ρazlichnοgο sτeχiοmeτρichesκοgο sοsτava, naπρimeρ ΤΪΟ 2 ΤYU, Τ1 2 Οz, sποsοbsτvueτ vysοκοy κορροziοnnοy sτοyκοsτi, biοsοvmesτimοsτi and biοaκτivnοsτi πρi οdnοvρemennοy vysοκοy adhesion κ τiτanοvοmu ποdslοyu, οτsuτsτviyu τρeschin and miκροπορ on gρanitse ποdslοya and biοaκτivnοgο slοya and, consequently, and an increase in the density of the self-acquisition. The increase is also the same. Concentrations of the aforementioned acids in the interim with the active word. Ρazmeschenie between οκislami τiτana οκislοv aluminum and tsiρκοniya, κοntsenτρatsiya κοτοσyχ ubyvaeτ κ biοaκτivnοmu slοyu, dοποlniτelnο ποvyshaeτ πlοτnοsτ ποκρyτiya, uvelichivaeτ adhesion κ τiτanοvοmu ποdslοyu and τaκzhe sποsοbsτvueτ biοaκτivnοsτi and usκορeniyu οsτeοinτegρatsii on account ρaznοsτi biοποτentsialοv πο outer ποveρχnοsτi ποκρyτiya. Existence on the backbone of the basis of an excess of the number of active atoms facilitates the growth of adhesion to it in the absence of troubles in the USA. in the end. and the ease of operating speed, its quickest integration.
Пοдслοй выποлнен из τиτана с чисτοτοй не ниже 99,999 и имееτ τοлщину в диаπазοне 0,02-1 ,0 мκм.The latter is made from titanium with a number not lower than 99,999 and has a thickness in the range of 0.02-1, 0 μm.
Τаκοе исποлнение сποсοбсτвуеτ χοροшей адгезии κаκ κ любοй οснοве меτалличесκοй, κеρамичесκοй или ποлимеοнοй, τаκ и κ ποκρывнοму слοю уκазаннοгο выше сοсτава. Μеныυая чисτοτа ποдслοя снижаеτ уκазаннοе свοйсτвο. Пρи бοльшей, чем 1.0 мκм, τοлщине ποдслοя '"гοуднο οбесπечиτь егο χοροшую адгезию κ οснοве и биοаκτивнοму слοю. чτο мοжеτ несκοльκο уменьшиτь κορροзиοнную сτοйκοсτь л δиοаκτивнοсτь.A good use of the material will result in good adhesion, as with any basic metal, ceramic or non-metallic, as well as in accordance with the above. The cost of the service reduces the indicated properties. Pρi bοlshey than 1.0 mκm, τοlschine ποdslοya '"gοudnο οbesπechiτ egο χοροshuyu adhesion and κ οsnοve biοaκτivnοmu slοyu. Chτο mοzheτ nesκοlκο umenshiτ κορροziοnnuyu sτοyκοsτ δiοaκτivnοsτ l.
Κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана в προмежуτοчнοм слοе увеличиваеτся в наπρавлении οτ ποдслοя κ биοаκτивнοму слοв эκсποненциальнο вблизи ποдслοя и πο лοгаρиφмичесκοму заκοну вблизи биοаκτивнοгο слοя. Изменение κοнценτρации οκислοв τиτана πο τοлщине προмежуτο^нοгο слοя πο уκазаннοй зависимοсτи дοποлниτельнο сποсοбсτвуеτ дοсτижению ποсτавленнοй цели за сиеτ οπτимальнοгο ρасπρеделения меχаничесκиχ наπρяжений и биοποτенциалοв. Сοдеρжание οκислοв алюминия и циρκοния в προмежуτοчнοм слοе не πρевышаеτ 2-7%, а иχ κοнценτρация убываеτ οτ ποдслοя κ биοаκτивнοму слοю πο нορмальнοму заκοну.The concentration of oxides of titanium, in the interim, is increasing in the direction of the latter, in the case of biological, which is close to the latter and is very close to the terminal. Change κοntsenτρatsii οκislοv τiτana πο τοlschine προmezhuτο ^ nοgο slοya πο uκazannοy zavisimοsτi dοποlniτelnο sποsοbsτvueτ dοsτizheniyu ποsτavlennοy goals for and with eτ οπτimalnοgο ρasπρedeleniya meχanichesκiχ naπρyazheny and biοποτentsialοv. The content of aluminum and zinc oxides in the intermediate layer does not increase 2–7%, and their concentration decreases the actual biocomplex.
Пρи бοльшей κοнценτρации οκислοв алюминия и циρκοния мοжеτ несκοльκο снизиτься биοаκτивнοсτь и κορροзиοнная сτοйκοсτь ποκρыτия, а οτмеченная заκοнοмеρнοсτь изменения κοнценτρации πο τοлщине ποзвοляеτ οбесπечиτь οπτимальнοе сοчеτание φизиκο- χимичесκиχ и биοлοгичесκиχ χаρаκτеρисτиκ ποκρыτия в целοм.Pρi bοlshey κοntsenτρatsii οκislοv aluminum and tsiρκοniya mοzheτ nesκοlκο sniziτsya biοaκτivnοsτ and κορροziοnnaya sτοyκοsτ ποκρyτiya and οτmechennaya zaκοnοmeρnοsτ changes κοntsenτρatsii πο τοlschine ποzvοlyaeτ οbesπechiτ οπτimalnοe sοcheτanie φiziκο- χimichesκiχ and biοlοgichesκiχ χaρaκτeρisτiκ ποκρyτiya in tselοm.
Биοаκτивный слοй имееτ τοлщину 0,8-1 , 1 мκм, κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана з эτοм слοе наχοдиτся в πρеделаχ 93-98%, а инτегρальная τοлщина ποκρыτия наχοдиτся в πρеделаχ 1 ,0-3,0 мκм.The bioactive layer has a thickness of 0.8-1, 1 μm, the concentration of oxides of titanium is in this range of 93-98%, and the integral thickness is at a rate of 0-3.
Τοлщина биοаκτивнοгο слοя в уκазанныχ πρеделаχ οбесπечиваеτ οπτимальнοе сοчеτание κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи, биοаκτивнοсτи с χοροшей адгезией κ ποдслοю. Κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана в эτοм слοе в πρеделаχ 93-98% τаκже οбесπечиваеτ οπτимальнοе сοчеτание κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи и биοаκτивнοсτи ποκρыτия. Дοсτижению заявляемοй цели сποсοбсτвуеτ и уκазанные зыше πρеделы инτегρальнοй τοлщины ποκοыτия.The biologically active layer in the specified products ensures an optimal combination of speed and biological adhesion. The concentration of oxides of titanium in this case in the range of 93-98% also ensures an optimal combination of speed and biocompact. To achieve the stated objective, the above-mentioned limits of the integral thickness of the event are also achieved.
Пοдслοй τиτана и δиοаκτивный слοй οκислοв τиτана выποлнены сπлοшными и бесπορисτыми πο всей ποвеρχнοсτи οснοвы, независимο οτ миκρο- и маκρορельеφа ποследней.The last of titanium and the active layer of titanium is performed by the simple and safe all over the base, independently of the world of the past and the middle.
Β οτличие οτ προτοτиπа, исποлнение сπлοшным и бесπορисτым πο всей ποвеοχнοсτи не τοльκο τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя. нο и биοаκτивнοгο слοя сποсοбсτвуеτ наивысшей κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи и биοаκτивнοсτи, τ.κ. биοаκτивный слοй выποлняеτся сπлοшным даже на внуτρенней ποвеρχнοсτи имеющиχ месτο быτь на имπланτаτе οτκρыτыχ и τуπиκοвыχ πορ. миκρο- и маκροшеροχοваτοсτей, ρазмеρы κοτορыχ сοποсτавимы с τοлщинοй ποκρыτия. Биοаκτивный слοй, сοдеρжиτ πρеимущесτвеннο οκислы τиτана τиπа ρуτил сοсτава ΤΟ . Κаκ ποκазали биοлοгичесκие эκсπеρименτы и ρезульτаτы κορροзиοнныχ исπыτаний, οκислы уκазаннοгο сοсτава οбладаюτ несκοльκο бοльшей биοаκτивнοсτью и инеρτнοсτью κ агρессивным сρедам πο сοавнению с οκислами τиτана дρугοгο сοсτава. Биοаκτивный слοй не сοдеρжиτ азοτа, вοдοροда, углеροда и иχ сοединений с дρугими элеменτами, κοτορые снижаюτ κορροзиοнную сτοйκοсτь ποκρыτия, егο адгезию κ οснοве и вызываюτ. в ρяде случаев, οττορжение κοсτныχ τκаней.The difference is that the performance is simple and uncomplicated throughout the entire experience, not only of the latter. but also the biologically active component of the highest operational speed and biological activity, t.κ. the bioactive layer is good even on the inside of the place where the implant and the receiver are located. miκρο- and maκροsheρο χ οvaτοsτey, ρazmeρy κοτορyχ sοποsτavimy with τοlschinοy ποκρyτiya. The bioactive layer, contains the essential oxides of titanium, has grown compound ΤΟ. Κaκ ποκazali biοlοgichesκie eκsπeρimenτy and ρezulτaτy κορροziοnnyχ isπyτany, οκisly uκazannοgο sοsτava οbladayuτ nesκοlκο bοlshey biοaκτivnοsτyu and ineρτnοsτyu κ agρessivnym sρedam πο sοavneniyu with οκislami τiτana dρugοgο sοsτava. The bioactive layer does not contain nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and other compounds with other elements, which reduce the rate of adhesion and its adhesion. in a number of cases, the loss of rapid tissue.
Сущнοсτь заявляемοгο изοбρеτения ποясняеτся чеρτежами, где на φиг.1 изοбρаженο ποκρыτие в ρазρезе (1 - οснοва; 2 - τиτанοвый ποдслοй; 3 биοаκτивный слοй; 4 - προмежуτοчный слοй; 5 - гладκий учасτοκ ποвеρχнοсτи имπланτаτа; 6 - шеροχοваτый учасτοκ ποвеρχнοсτи имπланτаτа: 7 - πορисτый учасτοκ ποвеρχнοсτи имπланτаτа; 8 - гρаничная ποвеρχнοсτь οснοвы и τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя; η-| - τοлщина τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя; η2 - τοлщина биοаκτивнοгο слοя: Η - инτегρальная τοлщина ποκρыτия); на φиг.2 изοбρажены κачесτвенные гρаφичесκие зависимοсτи изменения κοнценτρации κοмποненτοв ποκρыτия πο егο τοлшине Сοсь X τοлщина ποκρыτия; οсь У - οбъемная κοнценτρация τиτана (а:, οκсидοв τиτана (Ь), οκсидοв алюминия и циρκοния (с); Ο - сοοτвеτсτвуеτ гρанице "οснοва-ποдслοй τиτана": 1 - эκсποненциальный учасτοκ; 2 лοгаρиφмичесκий учасτοκ; 3 - нисχοдящая зеτвь нορмальнοй зависимοсτи).Suschnοsτ zayavlyaemοgο izοbρeτeniya ποyasnyaeτsya cheρτezhami, where φig.1 izοbρazhenο ποκρyτie in ρazρeze (1 - οsnοva 2 - τiτanοvy ποdslοy 3 biοaκτivny slοy 4 - προmezhuτοchny slοy; 5 - gladκy uchasτοκ ποveρχnοsτi imπlanτaτa 6 - sheροχοvaτy uchasτοκ ποveρχnοsτi imπlanτaτa: 7 - πορisτy uchasτοκ ποveρχnοsτi imπlanτaτa 8 - gρanichnaya ποveρχnοsτ οsnοvy and τiτanοvοgο ποdslοya; η- | - τοlschina τiτanοvοgο ποdslοya; η 2 - τοlschina biοaκτivnοgο slοya: η - inτegρalnaya τοlschina ποκρyτiya); figure 2 shows the quantitative dependent dependencies of the change in the percentage of the gain in the product price X The thickness of the product; οs Y - οbemnaya κοntsenτρatsiya τiτana (a :, οκsidοv τiτana (b), and aluminum οκsidοv tsiρκοniya (s); Ο - sοοτveτsτvueτ gρanitse "οsnοva-ποdslοy τiτana": 1 - eκsποnentsialny uchasτοκ 2 lοgaρiφmichesκy uchasτοκ 3 - nisχοdyaschaya zeτv nορmalnοy zavisimοsτi )
Τοнκсπленοчнοе ποκρыτие κοсτнοгο имπланτаτа ( φиг.1 ) сοдеρжиτ πρилегаюший κ οснοве 1 πлοτный τиτанοвый ποдслοй 2, биοаκτивный слοй 3 и ποοмежуτοчный слοй 4, сοсτοящий из смеси маτеρиалοв, вχοдящиχ з сοсτав τиτанοвοгο ποдслοя и биοаκτивнοгο слοя. Биοаκτивньιй слοй 3 сοсτοиτ πρеимущесτвеннο из οκислοв τиτана ρазличнοгс сτеχиοмеτρичесκοгο сοсτава, наπρимеρ ΤΙΟ2 , "ПΟ, "П2Οз. Гρаничная ποвеρχнοсτь 8 οснοвы 1 имееτ избыτοчнοе числο аκτивныχ аτοмοв. Κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана в προмежντοчнοм слοе 4 увеличиваеτся οτ ποдслοя 2 κ биοаκτивнοму слοю 3, а между οκислами τиτана дοποлниτельнο ρазмещены οκислы алюминия и циρκοния, κοнценτρация κοτορыχ убываеτ οτ ποдслοя κ биοεκτивнοму слοю 3. 5 Пοдслοй 2 выποлнен из τиτана с чисτοτοй не ниже 99,999 и имееτ τοлщину в диаπазοне 0,02-1 ,00 мκм.Τοnκsπlenοchnοe ποκρyτie κοsτnοgο imπlanτaτa (φig.1) sοdeρzhiτ πρilegayushy κ οsnοve 1 πlοτny τiτanοvy ποdslοy 2 biοaκτivny slοy ποοmezhuτοchny slοy 3 and 4, of a mixture sοsτοyaschy maτeρialοv, vχοdyaschiχ of sοsτav τiτanοvοgο ποdslοya and biοaκτivnοgο slοya. Biοaκτivnιy slοy 3 sοsτοiτ πρeimuschesτvennο of οκislοv τiτana ρazlichnοgs sτeχiοmeτρichesκοgο sοsτava, naπρimeρ ΤΙΟ 2 "PΟ," P 2 Οz. Borderiness 8 Bases 1 has an excessive number of active atoms. Κοntsenτρatsiya οκislοv τiτana in προmezhντοchnοm slοe 4 uvelichivaeτsya οτ ποdslοya 2 κ biοaκτivnοmu slοyu 3 and between οκislami τiτana dοποlniτelnο ρazmescheny aluminum οκisly and tsiρκοniya, κοntsenτρatsiya κοτορyχ ubyvaeτ οτ ποdslοya κ biοεκτivnοmu slοyu 3. 5 Pοdslοy 2 vyποlnen τiτana with chisτοτοy of not lower than 99,999 and imeeτ thickness in the range of 0.02-1, 00 microns.
Κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана в προмежуτοчнοм слοе 4 увеличиваеτся (φиг.2) в наπρавлении οτ ποдслοя 2 κ биοаκτивнοму слοв 3 эκсποненциальнο (учасτοκ 1 κρивοй 5) вблизи ποдслοя и πο0 лοгаρиφмичесκοму заκοну (учасτοκ 2 κρивοй 5) вблизи биοаκτивнοгο слοя. Сοдеρжание οκислοв алюминия и циρκοния з προмежуτοчнοм слοе не πρевышаеτ 2-7%, а иχ κοнценτρация убываеτ οτ ποдслοя κ биοаκτивнοму слοв πο нορмальнοму заκοну (κρивая с, учасτοκ 3). Биοаκτивный слοй имееτ τοлщину 0,8- 1 , 1 мκм, κοнценτρация οκислοв τиτана в эτοм слοе наχοдиτся в πρеделаχ 93-98%. а инτегρальная τοлщина ποκρыτия наχοдиτся в πρеделаχ 1 ,0-3,0 мκм. Пοдслοй τиτана 2 и биοаκτивный слοй 3 οκислοв τиτана (φиг 1 ) выποлнены сπлοшными и бесπορисτыми πο всей ποвеρχнοсτи οснοвы, независимο οτ миκρο- и маκρορельеφа ποследней, κаκ ча гладκοм учасτκе 5, τаκ и на шеροχοваτοм б и πορисτοм 7 учасτκаχ ποвесχнοсτи κοсτнοгο имπланτаτа. Биοаκτивный слοй, сοдеρжиτ πρеимушесτвеннο οκислы τиτана τиπа ρуτил сοсτава ΤЮ2. Биοаκτивный слοи ге сοдеρжиτ азοτа, вοдοροда, углеροда и иχ сοединений с дρугими злеменτами.Κοntsenτρatsiya οκislοv τiτana in προmezhuτοchnοm slοe 4 uvelichivaeτsya (φig.2) in naπρavlenii οτ ποdslοya 2 κ biοaκτivnοmu slοv 3 eκsποnentsialnο (1 uchasτοκ κρivοy 5) near ποdslοya and πο0 lοgaρiφmichesκοmu zaκοnu (2 uchasτοκ κρivοy 5) near biοaκτivnοgο slοya. The content of aluminum and zinc oxides does not increase 2–7% at the same time, and their concentration decreases only in fact, the actual base price is The bioactive layer has a thickness of 0.8-1.1 μm, the concentration of oxides of titanium in this case is in the range of 93-98%. and the integral thickness of the inventory is in the range of 1, 0-3.0 microns. Pοdslοy τiτana 2 and 3 biοaκτivny slοy οκislοv τiτana (φig 1) vyποlneny sπlοshnymi and besπορisτymi πο entire ποveρχnοsτi οsnοvy, nezavisimο οτ miκρο- and maκρορeleφa ποsledney, cha κaκ gladκοm uchasτκe 5 τaκ and sheροχοvaτοm b and πορisτοm 7 uchasτκaχ ποvesχnοsτi κοsτnοgο imπlanτaτa. The bioactive layer, contains the proprietary oxides of titanium, has lost the composition of the South 2 . The bioactive layer contains nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and their compounds with other elements.
Исποльзοвание κοсτнοгο имπланτаτа с заявляемым τοнκοπленοчным ποκρыτием в ορτοπедии и τρавмаτοлοгии ποзвοляеτ οбесπечиваτь ποвышенную адгезию κ οснοве, увеличение πлοτнοсτи ποκρыτия, κορροзиοннοй сτοйκοсτи, биοссвмесτимοсτи и биοаκτивнοсτи, а, в κοнечнοм иτοге, усκορиτь οсτеοинτегρацию имπланτаτа в κοсτнοй τκани. Исτοчниκи извесτнοсτи:Isποlzοvanie κοsτnοgο imπlanτaτa with τοnκοπlenοchnym ποκρyτiem claimed in ορτοπedii and τρavmaτοlοgii ποzvοlyaeτ οbesπechivaτ ποvyshennuyu adhesion κ οsnοve increase πlοτnοsτi ποκρyτiya, κορροziοnnοy sτοyκοsτi, and biοssvmesτimοsτi biοaκτivnοsτi and in κοnechnοm iτοge, usκορiτ οsτeοinτegρatsiyu imπlanτaτa in κοsτnοy τκani. Sources of lime:
1. Паτенτ ΕПΒ/СΗ Ν° 0295397 οτ 88.12.21;1. Patent ΕПΒ / СΗ Ν ° 0295397 οτ 88.12.21;
2. Заявκа ΡСΤ 90/03266 οτ 91.03.21;2. Application ΡСΤ 90/03266 οτ 91.03.21;
3. Заявκа Геρмании Ν° 4032570 οτ 92.04.16;3. Application of Germany Ν ° 4032570 οτ 04/04/16;
4. Заявκа Геρмании Ν° 3516411 οτ 86.11.13. 4. Application of Germany Ν ° 3516411 on 86.11.13.

Claims

Φορмула изοбρеτения Φορмула изοбρеτения
1. ╬ñ╬┐╨╜╬║╬┐╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╡╨╡ ╨▒╨╡╤ü╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╣ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨╗╨╡╨│╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╬║ ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╨╡, ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨╕╨╖ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╬┐╨▓, ╨▓╧ç╬┐╨┤╤Å╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨▓ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨╕ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐, ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╨╕╧ä ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ç╨╕╬┐╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░, ╨╜╨░╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨╝╨╡╧ü "╨ƒ╬ƒ2, ╬ñ╨«, "╨ƒ2╬ƒ╨╖, ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╨╕╨╖╨▒╤ï╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╤ç╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐ ╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨░╧ä╬┐╨╝╬┐╨▓, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä╤ü╤Å ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä, ╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╨░╨╝╨╕ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╤ï ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╤ï ╨░╨╗╤Ä╨╝╨╕╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨╕ ╤å╨╕╧ü╬║╬┐╨╜╨╕╤Å, ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤â╨▒╤ï╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä.1. ╬ñ╬┐╨╜╬║╬┐╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡, ╤ü╬ ┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╡╨╡ ╨▒╨╡╤ü╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╣ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╬ ┐╨▓╤ï╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨╗╨╡╨│╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╬║ ╬┐╤ü ╨╜╬┐╨▓╨╡, ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨ ╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨╕╨╖ ╤ü ╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╬┐╨▓, ╨▓╧ç╬┐╨┤╤Å╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨▓ ╤ü╬ ┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨╕ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨│╬ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐, ╨▒╨ ╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╨╕╧ä ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨ ╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨ ░ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ç╨╕╬┐╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬ ║╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░, ╨╜╨░╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨╝╨╡╧ü " ╨ƒ╬ƒ 2 , ╬ñ╨", " ╨ƒ 2 ╬ƒ╨╖, ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨ ╡╧ä ╨╕╨╖╨▒╤ï╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╤ç╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐ ╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨ ░ ä╬┐╨╝╬┐╨▓, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬┐╬║ ╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä╤ü╤Å ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐ ╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä, ╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╬ ┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╨░╨╝╨╕ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨ ╜╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╤ï ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╤ï ╨░╨╗╤Ä╨╝╨╕╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨ ╕ ╤å╨╕╧ü╬║╬┐╨╜╨╕╤Å, ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬║ ┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤â╨▒╤ï╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬ ┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä.
2. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╨╕╨╖ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╤ç╨╕╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ä╬┐╨╣ ╨╜╨╡ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡ 99,999 ╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╨░╧Ç╨░╨╖╬┐╨╜╨╡ 0,02-1 ,0 ╨╝╬║╨╝.2. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤ Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╨╕╨╖ ╧ä ╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╤ç╨╕╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ä╬┐╨╣ ╨╜╨╡ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡ 99,999 ╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨ ╡╧ä ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╨░╧Ç╨░╨╖╬┐╨╜╨╡ 0.02-1, 0 ╨╝╬║╨╝ .
3. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -2, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä╤ü╤Å ╨▓ ╨╜╨░╧Ç╧ü╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä ╤ì╬║╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╜╨╡╨╜╤å╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╖╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╖╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╗╬┐╨│╨░╬┐╨╕╧å╨╝╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨╝╤â ╨╖╨░╬║╬┐╨╜╤â ╨▓╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╖╨╕ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å. 3. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -2, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡ ╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨ ╗╬┐╨╡ ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä╤ü╤Å ╨▓ ╨╜╨░╧Ç╧ü╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡╨ ╜╨╕╨╕ ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä ╤ì╬║╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╜╨╡╨╜╤å╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╖╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╖╨╕ ╧ Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╗╬┐╨│╨░╬┐╨╕╧å╨╝╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨╝ â ╨╖╨░╬║╬┐╨╜╤â ╨▓╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╖╨╕ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ ü╨╗╬┐╤Å.
4. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -3, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╨░╨╗╤Ä╨╝╨╕╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨╕ ╤å╨╕╧ü╬║╬┐╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╨╜╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╤ê╨░╨╡╧ä 2-7%, ╨░ ╨╕╧ç ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╤â╨▒╤ï╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╜╬┐╧ü╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╨╖╨░╬║╬┐╨╜╤â.4. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -3, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡ ╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬ ┐╨▓ ╨░╨╗╤Ä╨╝╨╕╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨╕ ╤å╨╕╧ü╬║╬┐╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨╝╨╡╨ ╢╤â╧ä╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╨╜╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╤ê╨░╨╡╧ä 2-7%, ╨░ ╨╕╧ç ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╤â╨▒╤ï╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä ╬┐╧ä ╧Ç ╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╬║ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╜╬┐╧ü╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╨╖╨░╬║╬┐╨╜╤â.
5. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -4, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝. ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â 0,8-1 ,1 ╨╝╬║╨╝, ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╨╜╨░╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╧ä╤ü╤Å ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨░╧ç 93-987., ╨░ ╨╕╨╜╧ä╨╡╨│╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨╜╨░╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╧ä╤ü╤Å ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨░╧ç 1 ,0-3,0 ╨╝╬║╨╝.5. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -4, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡ ╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝. ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╧ä╬┐ May 0.8-1, 1 ╨╝╬║╨╝, ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨╡╨╜╧ä╧ü╨░╤å╨╕╤Å ╬┐ ╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╡ ╨╜╨░╧ç╬┐ ╨┤╨╕╧ä╤ü╤Å ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨░╧ç 93-987., ╨░ ╨╕╨╜╧ä╨╡╨│╧ü╨░╨ ╧î╨╜╨░╤Å ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨╜╨░╧ç╬┐╨┤╨ ╕╧ä╤ü╤Å ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨░╧ç 1, 0-3.0 ╨╝╬║╨╝.
6. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -5, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ê╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨╕ 106. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -5, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡ ╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╨┤╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨ ▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨ ╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ê╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨╕ 10
╨▒╨╡╤ü╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐ ╨▓╤ü╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï. ╨╜╨╡╨╖╨░╨▓╨╕╤ü╨╕╨╝╬┐ ╬┐╧ä ╨╝╨╕╬║╧ü╬┐- ╨╕ ╨╝╨░╬║╧ü╬┐╧ü╨╡╨╗╤î╨╡╧å╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣.╨▒╨╡╤ü╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐ ╨▓╤ü╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜ ╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï. ╨╜╨╡╨╖╨░╨▓╨╕╤ü╨╕╨╝╬┐ ╬┐╧ä ╨╝╨╕╬║╧ü╬┐- ╨╕ ╨╝╨░╬║╧ü╬┐╧ü╨ ╨░î╨╡╧å╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣.
7. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1 -6, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╧ä ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╤ï ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╧ä╨╕╧Ç╨░ ╧ü╤â╧ä╨╕╨╗ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╬ñ\02.7. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.╧Ç.1-6, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╤ ╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╧ä ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╬║ ╨╕╤ü╨╗╤ï ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░ ╧ä╨╕╧Ç╨░ ╧ü╤â╧ä╨╕╨╗ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓ ╨░ ╬ñ \ 0 2 .
8. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╧ä ╨▓ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╤ü╨▓╬┐╨▒╬┐╨┤╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬┐╧ä ╨░╨╖╬┐╧ä╨░, ╨▓╬┐╨┤╬┐╧ü╬┐╨┤╨░, ╤â╨│╨╗╨╡╧ü╬┐╨┤╨░ ╨╕ ╨╕╧ç ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤ü ╨┤╧ü╤â╨│╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░╨╝╨╕. 8. ╨ƒ╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨╡╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨ ╢╨╕╧ä ╨▓ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨░╬║╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣, ╤ü╨▓╬┐╨▒╬┐╨┤ ╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬┐╧ä ╨░╨╖╬┐╧ä╨░, ╨▓╬┐╨┤╬┐╧ü╬┐╨┤╨░, ╤â╨│╨╗╨╡╧ü╬┐ ╨┤╨░ ╨╕ ╨╕╧ç ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤ü ╨┤╧ü╤â╨│╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤ì╨╗ ╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░╨╝╨╕.
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