WO2000004410A1 - Single mode optical waveguide - Google Patents
Single mode optical waveguide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000004410A1 WO2000004410A1 PCT/US1999/013993 US9913993W WO0004410A1 WO 2000004410 A1 WO2000004410 A1 WO 2000004410A1 US 9913993 W US9913993 W US 9913993W WO 0004410 A1 WO0004410 A1 WO 0004410A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- range
- segments
- core
- single mode
- segment
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000009021 linear effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009022 nonlinear effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012821 model calculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03661—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only
- G02B6/03677—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only arranged - + + -
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
- G02B6/02014—Effective area greater than 60 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
- G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
- G02B6/02228—Dispersion flattened fibres, i.e. having a low dispersion variation over an extended wavelength range
- G02B6/02238—Low dispersion slope fibres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0286—Combination of graded index in the central core segment and a graded index layer external to the central core segment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03605—Highest refractive index not on central axis
- G02B6/03611—Highest index adjacent to central axis region, e.g. annular core, coaxial ring, centreline depression affecting waveguiding
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
- G02B6/03644—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - + -
Definitions
- the invention is directed to a single mode optical waveguide fiber designed for long repeater spacing, high data rate telecommunication systems.
- the single mode waveguide combines excellent bend resistance, low dispersion slope, and large effective area, A eff .
- a waveguide having large effective area reduces non-linear optical effects, including self phase modulation, four wave mixing, cross phase modulation, and non-linear scattering processes, all of which can cause degradation of signals in high power systems.
- a mathematical description of these non-linear effects includes the ratio, P/A e f f , where P is optical power.
- a non-linear optical effect usually follows an equation containing a term, exp [P x L e r ⁇ Aer ⁇ ], where L e f is effective length.
- optical waveguides which:
- optical waveguides such as high strength, fatigue resistance, and bend resistance.
- high power is an optical power greater than about 10 mw.
- signal power levels of 1 mW or less are still sensitive to nonlinear effects, so that Aeff is still an important consideration in some lower power systems.
- a long distance is one in which the distance between electronic regenerators can be in excess of 100 km. The regenerators are to be distinguished from repeaters which make use of optical amplifiers. Repeater spacing, especially in high data density systems, can be less than half the regenerator spacing.
- the total dispersion should be low, but not zero, and have a low slope over the window of operating wavelength.
- a typical application for such a waveguide fiber is undersea systems that, in order to be economically feasible, must carry high information densities over long distances without regenerators and over an extended window of wavelengths.
- the present invention describes a novel profile which is singularly suited to meeting the stringent requirements of this kind of use. The detailed requirements of the use system are set forth below.
- the radii of the segments of the core are defined in terms of the index of refraction.
- a particular segment has a first and a last refractive index point.
- the radius from the waveguide centerline to the location of this first refractive index point is the inner radius of the core region or segment.
- the radius from the waveguide centerline to the location of the last refractive index point is the outer radius of the core segment.
- the segment radius may be conveniently defined in a number of ways, as will be seen in the description of Figs. 1 & 2 below.
- the outer radius, r 2 , of the first annular segment is measured from the axial centerline of the waveguide to the intersection of the first annular segment profile with the line representing the ⁇ % of the second annular segment profile;
- the outer radius, tz, of the second annular segment is measured from the axial centerline of the waveguide to the point at which the relative index is midway between the relative indexes of the second and third annular segments; and, * the outer radius, r 4 , of the third annular segment is measured from the axial centerline of the waveguide to the point at which the relative index is midway between the relative indexes of the third annular segment and the clad layer.
- Ae ff 2 ⁇ (JE 2 r dr) 2 /(/E 4 r dr), where the integration limits are 0 to °°, and E is the electric field associated with the propagated light.
- An effective diameter, D e f f may be defined as,
- ⁇ % 100 x (n ⁇ - n 2 2 )/2n ⁇ 2 , where ni is the maximum refractive index of the index profile segment 1 , and n 2 is a reference refractive index which is taken to be, in this application, the refractive index of silica.
- refractive index profile or simply index profile is the relation between
- Other index profiles include a step index, a trapezoidal index and a rounded step index, in which the rounding is typically due to dopant diffusion in regions of rapid refractive index change.
- Total dispersion is defined as the algebraic sum of waveguide dispersion and material dispersion. Total dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion in the art. The units of total dispersion are ps/nm-km.
- the bend resistance of a waveguide fiber is expressed as induced attenuation under prescribed test conditions.
- Standard test conditions include 100 turns of waveguide fiber around a 75 mm diameter mandrel and 1 turn of waveguide fiber around a 32 mm diameter mandrel. In each test condition the bend induced attenuation, usually in units of dB/(unit length), is measured.
- the bend test used is one turn of the waveguide fiber around a 20 mm diameter mandrel, a more demanding test which is required for the more severe operating environment of the present waveguide fiber.
- novel single mode waveguide fiber of this application meets the high performance telecommunication system requirements set forth herein.
- a first aspect of the invention is a single mode optical waveguide fiber having a segmented core surrounded by a cladding glass layer.
- the core has at least four segments, at least one of which has a negative relative index, - ⁇
- the segmented core is defined in terms of the relative index percents, the refractive index profiles and the radii of the segments.
- the radii are measured from the centerline of the waveguide fiber and extend to a point of the segment defined in terms of the relative refractive indexes as stated in the "Definitions" section and as shown in Figs. 1 & 2.
- the core extent i.e., the outer radius of the core, is defined in terms of the segment geometry.
- the largest part of the light energy is carried in the core, but it is understood that the portion of the cladding layer adjacent the core does carry a significant amount of light.
- the portion of the cladding layer adjacent the core in the novel waveguide preferably contains a refractive index increasing dopant.
- the central segment is made to have a negative relative index, - ⁇ i %.
- the core region has four segments, all having positive relative indexes except for the central segment which has a negative relative index.
- the ⁇ %'s follow the inequality, ⁇ 2 % > ⁇ 4 % > ⁇ 3 % > ⁇ 1 %, in which the numbering of segments is consecutive and begins with 1 at the central segment.
- the refractive index profiles of the first and third annular segments may be an ⁇ - profile, a step index, a trapezoid, or a rounded step or trapezoid.
- the second annular region may have the form of a step index profile, a term used to identify an index segment consisting of a constant horizontal portion.
- the portion of the cladding layer which contains an index increasing dopant, thus providing a cladding layer portion having a refractive index greater than that of silica may have a step index profile.
- This aspect of the invention is capable of providing a single mode optical waveguide having an effective area > 70 ⁇ m 2 and a total dispersion slope ⁇ 0.08 ps/nm 2 -km over a pre-selected range operating of operating wavelengths.
- the window about 1550 nm to 1560 nm is at present preferred because of the low attenuation in this range and its correspondence with the gain curve of erbium doped optical amplifiers.
- the minimum effective area can be increased and the total dispersion slope can be decreased substantially by tuning the radii, ⁇ %'s, and shape of one or more profile segment. The effect of such tuning is seen by comparing the data in Table 1 to that in Table 2 below.
- the ranges of Table 2 provide a waveguide fiber having A eff > 80 ⁇ m 2 and a total dispersion slope ⁇ 0.07 ps/ ⁇ m 2 -km.
- a second aspect of the invention is a waveguide fiber having at least four segments.
- a portion of the cladding layer adjacent the core contains an index increasing dopant.
- the ⁇ 's, radii and profile shapes are chosen to provide the waveguide fiber properties listed in Table 3.
- Fig. 1 is a chart of ⁇ % vs. radius illustrating a refractive index profile in accord with the invention and the definitions of ⁇ i and n.
- Fig. 2 is a chart showing an alternative embodiment of the refractive index profile.
- the invention described herein is a family of single mode optical waveguide fibers defined by the parameters of a family of refractive index profiles.
- the refractive index profiles include at least four core segments, one of which has a negative relative index percent, - ⁇ i %, and a cladding layer which preferably contains a refractive index increasing dopant at least in the cladding portion adjacent the core region.
- the refractive index profile of the novel waveguide may be described in terms of the ⁇ %'s and radii shown in Fig. 1.
- relative index values, indicated as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, in Fig. 1 are the respective relative index values of the central segment, the first, second, third, and nth annular segment of the core.
- Relative index 14 is that of the cladding layer portion, adjacent the outermost segment of the core, which contains a refractive index increasing dopant.
- Radius 16 is measured from the waveguide fiber centerline to the point of intersection of the central segment with the first annular segment.
- Radius 18 is measured from the centerline to the point of zero relative index, i.e., the intersection of the second annular segment profile with the x-axis.
- Dashed lines 24, 26, 28, and 30 show alternative shapes of the index profile of the respective segments. What these dashed lines represent are alternative members of the family of profiles which provide the pre-selected set of waveguide properties set forth in Table 3. These alternatives are regarded as perturbations of the base profile not large enough to appreciably change the energy distribution in the waveguide fiber of the light carried therethrough.
- the embodiment of the novel profile illustrated in Fig. 2 is used to calculate the refractive index profile geometry set forth in Tables 1 and 2.
- a waveguide fiber having a profile as set forth in Tables 1 or 2 can have the waveguide fiber the corresponding performance requirements stated in Table 3.
- the definitions of n, r 2 , r 3 , and r 4 illustrated in Fig. 2 follow exactly those given in the "Definitions" section above.
- the relative index percents, ⁇ i, ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 4, and ⁇ 5 are shown in Fig. 2 as 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40, respectively. It will be understood that small variations of this profile will not appreciably change the waveguide properties.
- the horizontal profiles of segments 32, 36, or 40 could be slightly concave or convex, or contain a small dip or rise in relative index without having an effect on the calculated waveguide properties.
- a comparison of the two tables shows that sub-micron changes in certain of the radii, for example the lower limit of radius n, can markedly affect the total dispersion slope.
- Other small changes in certain of the profile variables can impact the waveguide performance.
- the refractive index profile segments are constrained by the requirement that the total dispersion slope be less than or equal to 0.08 ps/nm 2 -km and the effective area be greater than 70 ⁇ m 2 , over a wavelength range centered about 1550 nm.
- the effective wavelength range is set by the limit on the total dispersion slope and the total dispersion value at 1555 nm, which in the embodiments of Tables 1 and 2 is taken to be less than about -3 ps/nm-km.
- the low limit of ⁇ i, ⁇ 2 , and ⁇ 3 in Table 1 are set by the requirement that the total dispersion be less negative than -3 ps/nm-km in the operating window about 1555 nm.
- the edges of the profile family envelope are found by changing a variable or set of variables until the model predicts a performance parameter that is out of specification.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99930506A EP1105758A4 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | Single mode optical waveguide |
KR1020017000535A KR20010053516A (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | Single mode optical waveguide |
AU47035/99A AU4703599A (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | Single mode optical waveguide |
CA002337013A CA2337013A1 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | Single mode optical waveguide |
JP2000560476A JP2002520671A (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | Single mode optical waveguide |
BRPI9912005-4A BR9912005C1 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | single mode optical waveguide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US9283598P | 1998-07-14 | 1998-07-14 | |
US60/092,835 | 1998-07-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000004410A1 true WO2000004410A1 (en) | 2000-01-27 |
Family
ID=22235393
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/013993 WO2000004410A1 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 1999-06-21 | Single mode optical waveguide |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1105758A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002520671A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20010053516A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1309780A (en) |
AU (1) | AU4703599A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9912005C1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2337013A1 (en) |
ID (1) | ID28331A (en) |
TW (1) | TW554184B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000004410A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200007393B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6771865B2 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2004-08-03 | Corning Incorporated | Low bend loss optical fiber and components made therefrom |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1020780C2 (en) * | 2002-06-06 | 2004-01-06 | Draka Fibre Technology Bv | Single mode optical fiber as well as optical communication system. |
CN100432720C (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2008-11-12 | 上海波汇通信科技有限公司 | Single-mode optical fiber used for overlength distance fiber transit network |
JP2015072466A (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2015-04-16 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Optical fiber transmission line |
CN112510472B (en) * | 2019-09-16 | 2022-08-09 | 华为技术有限公司 | Few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber and few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5675690A (en) * | 1995-07-07 | 1997-10-07 | Alcatel Submarcom | Dispersion-flattened single-mode optical waveguide with large effective mode surface area |
US5684909A (en) * | 1996-02-23 | 1997-11-04 | Corning Inc | Large effective area single mode optical waveguide |
-
1999
- 1999-06-21 ID IDW20010293A patent/ID28331A/en unknown
- 1999-06-21 CA CA002337013A patent/CA2337013A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-21 EP EP99930506A patent/EP1105758A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-06-21 WO PCT/US1999/013993 patent/WO2000004410A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-06-21 JP JP2000560476A patent/JP2002520671A/en active Pending
- 1999-06-21 AU AU47035/99A patent/AU4703599A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-21 CN CN99808647A patent/CN1309780A/en active Pending
- 1999-06-21 BR BRPI9912005-4A patent/BR9912005C1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-06-21 KR KR1020017000535A patent/KR20010053516A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-14 TW TW088112140A patent/TW554184B/en active
-
2000
- 2000-12-12 ZA ZA200007393A patent/ZA200007393B/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5675690A (en) * | 1995-07-07 | 1997-10-07 | Alcatel Submarcom | Dispersion-flattened single-mode optical waveguide with large effective mode surface area |
US5684909A (en) * | 1996-02-23 | 1997-11-04 | Corning Inc | Large effective area single mode optical waveguide |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1105758A4 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6771865B2 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2004-08-03 | Corning Incorporated | Low bend loss optical fiber and components made therefrom |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002520671A (en) | 2002-07-09 |
CN1309780A (en) | 2001-08-22 |
AU4703599A (en) | 2000-02-07 |
EP1105758A4 (en) | 2005-06-01 |
CA2337013A1 (en) | 2000-01-27 |
ZA200007393B (en) | 2002-01-30 |
KR20010053516A (en) | 2001-06-25 |
EP1105758A1 (en) | 2001-06-13 |
BR9912005C1 (en) | 2006-06-13 |
BR9912005A (en) | 2001-05-02 |
TW554184B (en) | 2003-09-21 |
ID28331A (en) | 2001-05-10 |
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