WO2000024821A1 - Bimodale polyethylen-blends hoher mischgüte - Google Patents
Bimodale polyethylen-blends hoher mischgüte Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000024821A1 WO2000024821A1 PCT/EP1999/007748 EP9907748W WO0024821A1 WO 2000024821 A1 WO2000024821 A1 WO 2000024821A1 EP 9907748 W EP9907748 W EP 9907748W WO 0024821 A1 WO0024821 A1 WO 0024821A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- molecular weight
- copolymer
- weight ethylene
- bimodal polyethylene
- low molecular
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/06—Polyethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/0807—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons only containing more than three carbon atoms
- C08L23/0815—Copolymers of ethene with aliphatic 1-olefins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/02—Ethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/16—Applications used for films
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/18—Applications used for pipes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2207/00—Properties characterising the ingredient of the composition
- C08L2207/32—Properties characterising the ingredient of the composition containing low molecular weight liquid component
- C08L2207/324—Liquid component is low molecular weight polymer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2314/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by way of preparation
- C08L2314/02—Ziegler natta catalyst
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2666/00—Composition of polymers characterized by a further compound in the blend, being organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials, non-macromolecular organic substances, inorganic substances or characterized by their function in the composition
- C08L2666/02—Organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials
- C08L2666/04—Macromolecular compounds according to groups C08L7/00 - C08L49/00, or C08L55/00 - C08L57/00; Derivatives thereof
Definitions
- the present invention relates to bimodal polyethylene blends made from a high molecular weight ethylene copolymer and a low molecular weight ethylene homo- or copolymer with a melt flow rate MFR 190 / 21.6 of 6 - 14 g / 10 min, a density of 0.94 - 0.97 g / cm 3 , a stress crack resistance ESCR> 150 h and a mixing quality of the blend, measured according to ISO 13949 of less than 3. It also relates to a process for producing such polyethylene blends by melting and homogenizing in a mixing unit and discharge via a gear pump, and their use for Manufacture of moldings, especially hollow bodies and pressure pipes.
- the mechanical strength of molded articles made of polyethylene is subject to ever increasing demands.
- high stress crack resistant, shock resistant and rigid products are required, which are particularly suitable for the production of hollow bodies and pressure pipes.
- the requirement for good stress crack resistance and rigidity at the same time is not easy to meet, because these properties are opposed. While the stiffness increases with increasing density of the polyethylene, the stress crack resistance decreases with increasing density.
- bimodal polyethylene blends do not only depend on the properties of the components. Of particular importance for the mechanical properties of the blends is the quality with which the high and low molecular weight components, as well as any additives such as color pigments or process aids, are mixed with one another. Poor mixing quality causes, among other things, low stress crack resistance and deteriorates the creep behavior of pressure pipes made from polyethylene blends.
- the mixing quality of polymer blends can be checked by examining thin slices (so-called "microtome sections") of a sample under the light microscope. Inhomogeneities manifest themselves in the form of specks or so-called "white spots".
- the specks or "white spots" are predominantly high-molecular, high-viscosity particles in a low-viscosity matrix (see, for example, U. Burkhardt et al. In “Preparation of Polymers with Novel Properties", VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, p. 71 ).
- Such inclusions can reach a size of up to 300 ⁇ m, cause stress cracks and cause brittle failure of components.
- the better the mixing quality of a blend the less and the smaller these inclusions are observed.
- the mixing quality of a blend is determined quantitatively according to ISO 13949. According to the measurement specification, a microtome section is made from a sample of the blend, the number and size of these inclusions are counted, and a grade for the mixing quality of the blend is determined according to a defined evaluation scheme.
- bimodal polyethylene blends An important application of bimodal polyethylene blends is the use for the production of pressure pipes for the transport of gas, drinking water and waste water. Pressure pipes made of polyethylene are increasingly replacing pipes made of metal. It is important for such an application that the pipe has a long service life without fear of aging and brittle failure. Even small imperfections or notches on a pressure pipe can lead to increased and brittle failure even at low pressures, which process can be accelerated by increasing the temperature and / or aggressive chemicals. It is therefore extremely important to reduce the number and size of the defects in a pipe, such as, for example, specks or "white spots" as much as possible.
- the blend has the lowest possible odor and is as tasteless as possible.
- reactor cascades are used to produce bimodal polyethylene blends, ie two or more polymerization reactors are connected in series, and the polymerization of the low-molecular component takes place in one reactor, which is the next to the high-molecular component (see, for example, M. Rteilsch, W. N disclosel "Bimodal polymer materials based on PP and PE” in "Preparation of polymers with novel properties” pp. 3 - 25, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995.)
- the polyethylenes of different molar mass distributions and chemical compositions are already mixed in the polymer grain .
- a disadvantage of this method is that in only the same catalyst can be used in the individual reactors of the cascade. In order to prevent comonomers added in one reactor or hydrogen added as a regulator from reaching the next reactor, a high outlay on equipment is necessary. It is also difficult to adjust the polymerization rates of each reactor so that the desired blend composition is obtained.
- bimodal polyethylene blends were made from a high molecular weight ethylene copolymer and a low molecular weight ethylene homo- or copolymer with a melt flow rate MFR 190 / 21.6 of 6 - 14 g / 10 min, a density of 0.94 - 0.97 g / cm 3 , a stress crack resistance ESCR> 150 h and a mixing quality of the blend, measured according to ISO 13949, of less than 3 were found. Furthermore, a method for producing such poly Ethylene blends found by melting and homogenizing in a mixing unit and discharge via a gear pump, as well as their use for hollow bodies and pressure pipes.
- the density of the bimodal polyethylene blend according to the invention is 0.94-0.97 g / cm 3 , preferably 0.95-0.97 g / cm 3 and very particularly preferably 0.95-0.96 g / cm 3 .
- the melt flow rate MFR 190 / 21.6 is 6-14 g / 10 min. If the melt flow rate is greater than 14 g / 10 min, stress crack resistance is no longer sufficient for pressure pipes, if the melt flow rate is less than 6, processing the blend into pipes is very difficult.
- the melt flow rate is preferably 8-12 g / 10 min and very particularly preferably 9-11 g / 10 min.
- the resistance to stress cracking of the blend is at least 150 h, preferably at least 200 h.
- the mixing quality of the bimodal polyethylene blend, measured according to ISO 13949, is less than 3, preferably less than 2.5.
- the polyethylene blend of the present invention contains two components.
- the low molecular weight component consists of an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer with a weight average molecular weight of 8,000 to 80,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 70,000 g / mol and very preferably 30,000 to 60,000 g / mol.
- the width of the molecular weight distribution M w / M n is 2.5 to 12, preferably 3 to 10 and very particularly preferably 5 to 8.
- the low molecular weight component can additionally contain comonomers in addition to the ethylene.
- the comonomer is selected according to the desired properties.
- 1-olefins are preferably used as comonomers, very particularly preferably propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene or 4-methylpentene.
- the amount of the comonomer used is likewise selected in accordance with the desired properties, but the amount is preferably not more than 1 mol% based on the amount of all monomers used.
- the melt flow rate MFR 190 / 2.16 of the low molecular weight ethylene homopolymer or copolymer is preferably 20 to 100 g / 10 min and particularly preferably 25 to 40 g / 10 min.
- the density is preferably greater than 0.95 g / cm 3 .
- the preparation can be carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art, but it is preferred to produce the low molecular weight component in the presence of a chromocene catalyst on an oxidic support.
- This production method has the advantage over the production with Ziegler catalysts that no low-molecular Al-organic African compounds must be used as cocatalysts. Highly volatile low molecular weight Al-organic compounds or their decomposition products can negatively influence the smell of the polyethylene produced and thus that of the blend.
- the high molecular weight component consists of an ethylene copolymer with a weight average molecular weight> 300,000 g / mol, preferably 350,000 to 700,000 g / mol and very particularly preferably 400,000 to 600,000 g / mol.
- the comonomer used in addition to the ethylene is selected according to the desired properties. However, 1-olefins are preferably used as comonomers, very particularly preferably propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene or 4-methylpentene.
- the amount of the comonomer used is also selected in accordance with the desired properties, but an amount of 0.2 to 4.0 mol% is preferred, based on the amount of all monomers used.
- the width of the molecular weight distribution M w / M n is 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 9 and very particularly preferably 5 to 9.
- the melt flow rate MFR 190 / 21.6 of the high molecular weight ethylene copolymer is preferably not greater than 1.5 g / 10 min and particularly preferably 0.5 to 1.5 g / 10 min.
- the density is preferably not greater than 0.93 g / cm 3 .
- the high molecular weight ethylene copolymer is preferably prepared by polymerizing the monomers in the presence of a Ziegler catalyst.
- the blends according to the invention contain 40 to 80% by weight of the high molecular weight component and 20 to 60% by weight of the low molecular weight component. They preferably contain 40 to 60% by weight of the high molecular weight and 60 to 40% by weight of the low molecular weight component. You can also add up to 10% by weight of other components, such as contain known antioxidants, UV stabilizers, dyes or color pigments or their preparations, antistatic agents or processing aids.
- the blends according to the invention can be produced in mixing units which are equipped with a gear pump as a discharge element.
- mixing units are single or twin screw extruders or kneaders, co-kneaders or continuous kneaders.
- the screw configuration of the devices can be selected by a specialist according to the desired aperture properties. It should only be noted that the mechanical load on the blend is not so great that the high-molecular component is degraded, which worsens the mechanical properties of the blend.
- the two components of the blend are metered in separately using two metering devices. Further Components, such as color pigments or preparations of color pigments in polyethylene, can optionally be metered in via a third dosage.
- a gear pump as a discharge element is decisive for the method according to the invention.
- the use of a gear pump not only prevents the thermo-mechanical degradation of the high-molecular component of the blend, recognizable by an increased melt flow rate, but unexpectedly for the person skilled in the art, the mixing quality of the blend is also significantly improved by using a gear pump.
- the blends according to the invention are outstandingly suitable for the production of foils and moldings, in particular hollow bodies and pressure pipes.
- Stress crack-shaped test specimens (diameter 40 resistance ESCR mm, 2 mm thick, scored on one side with a notch 20 mm long and 0.1 mm deep) are immersed in a 1% Nekanil solution at 80 ° C and with a pressure of 3 bar charged. We measure the time until stress cracks occur (specified in h).
- microtome sections are made from 6 different parts of the sample (thickness> 60 ⁇ m, diameter 3 - 5 mm).
- the sections are examined under the microscope at a magnification of 100, and
- the overall grade is calculated from the arithmetic mean of the grades of all 6 samples. The smaller the grade, the less
- the blend contains 25% inclusions and the better the blend's blend quality.
- the high molecular component was produced using a Ziegler catalyst, the low molecular component using a supported chromocene catalyst.
- the examples and comparative examples show that by using a gear pump, the mixing quality and the stress crack resistance of polyethylene blends can be significantly increased.
- the use of a sieve in the discharge of a twin-screw extruder leads to an improvement in the mixing quality of the bimodal polyethylene blend, but the high-molecular component is degraded, so that the melt flow rate increases sharply and the stress crack resistance decreases sharply, and no blend with mechanicals sufficient for pressure pipes Properties will get more.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT99948992T ATE285442T1 (de) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-14 | Bimodale polyethylen-blends hoher mischgüte |
EP99948992A EP1141118B1 (de) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-14 | Bimodale polyethylen-blends hoher mischgüte |
JP2000578383A JP2002528586A (ja) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-14 | 良好なブレンド品質を示す二モード性ポリエチレンブレンド |
DE59911341T DE59911341D1 (de) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-14 | Bimodale polyethylen-blends hoher mischgüte |
US09/806,584 US6545093B1 (en) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-14 | High mixture-quality bi-modal polyethylene blends |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19849426A DE19849426A1 (de) | 1998-10-27 | 1998-10-27 | Bimodale Polyethylen-Blends mit hoher Mischgüte |
DE19849426.2 | 1998-10-27 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2000024821A1 true WO2000024821A1 (de) | 2000-05-04 |
Family
ID=7885752
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1999/007748 WO2000024821A1 (de) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-14 | Bimodale polyethylen-blends hoher mischgüte |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6545093B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1141118B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002528586A (de) |
KR (1) | KR100567694B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1147527C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE285442T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19849426A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2235519T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000024821A1 (de) |
Cited By (7)
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WO2001025328A1 (en) * | 1999-10-07 | 2001-04-12 | Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. | Multimodal polyolefin pipe |
WO2004011547A1 (en) * | 2002-07-25 | 2004-02-05 | Solvay Polyolefins Europe-Belgium (S.A.) | Container formed from multimodal ethylene polymer |
EP1676883A2 (de) * | 2002-07-12 | 2006-07-05 | Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe Ltd. | In der Schmelze vermischte Polyethylen hoher Dichte enthaltende Zusammensetzungen mit verbesserten Eigenschaften und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
US7250473B2 (en) | 2001-08-31 | 2007-07-31 | Dow Global Technologies, Inc. | Multimodal polyolefin pipe |
US7317054B2 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2008-01-08 | Corrugated Polyethleyne Pipe, Ltd. | Melt blended high density polyethylene compositions with enhanced properties and method for producing the same |
CN100369729C (zh) * | 2001-06-14 | 2008-02-20 | 英尼奥斯制造业比利时有限公司 | 配混多峰型聚乙烯组合物的方法 |
US7829646B2 (en) * | 2000-08-18 | 2010-11-09 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company Lp | Olefin polymers, method of making, and use thereof |
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US6787608B2 (en) * | 2001-08-17 | 2004-09-07 | Dow Global Technologies, Inc. | Bimodal polyethylene composition and articles made therefrom |
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US4461873A (en) | 1982-06-22 | 1984-07-24 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Ethylene polymer blends |
US6194520B1 (en) * | 1991-03-06 | 2001-02-27 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Ethylene polymer resins for blow molding applications |
KR930006089A (ko) | 1991-09-18 | 1993-04-20 | 제이 이이 휘립프스 | 폴리에틸렌 블렌드 |
KR930006091A (ko) | 1991-09-18 | 1993-04-20 | 제이 이이 휘립프스 | 폴리에틸렌 블렌드 및 그로부터 제조된 필름, 병 또는 파이프 |
KR930006090A (ko) | 1991-09-18 | 1993-04-20 | 제이 이이 휘립프스 | 에틸렌 중합체 조성물 |
CA2078366A1 (en) | 1991-09-18 | 1993-03-19 | Joel L. Martin | Polyethylene blends |
US5350807A (en) | 1993-06-25 | 1994-09-27 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Ethylene polymers |
-
1998
- 1998-10-27 DE DE19849426A patent/DE19849426A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-10-14 ES ES99948992T patent/ES2235519T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-10-14 EP EP99948992A patent/EP1141118B1/de not_active Revoked
- 1999-10-14 JP JP2000578383A patent/JP2002528586A/ja active Pending
- 1999-10-14 US US09/806,584 patent/US6545093B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-10-14 CN CNB998127205A patent/CN1147527C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-10-14 KR KR1020017005213A patent/KR100567694B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-10-14 DE DE59911341T patent/DE59911341D1/de not_active Revoked
- 1999-10-14 WO PCT/EP1999/007748 patent/WO2000024821A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1999-10-14 AT AT99948992T patent/ATE285442T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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US4438238A (en) * | 1981-01-30 | 1984-03-20 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Low density copolymer composition of two ethylene-α-olefin copolymers |
WO1996014358A1 (en) * | 1994-11-02 | 1996-05-17 | The Dow Chemical Company | Molding composition, method of preparation, method of molding, and molded articles |
EP0848036A1 (de) * | 1996-12-03 | 1998-06-17 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer simulierte in situ Polyäthylenmisschung |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001025328A1 (en) * | 1999-10-07 | 2001-04-12 | Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. | Multimodal polyolefin pipe |
US7829646B2 (en) * | 2000-08-18 | 2010-11-09 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company Lp | Olefin polymers, method of making, and use thereof |
CN100369729C (zh) * | 2001-06-14 | 2008-02-20 | 英尼奥斯制造业比利时有限公司 | 配混多峰型聚乙烯组合物的方法 |
US7250473B2 (en) | 2001-08-31 | 2007-07-31 | Dow Global Technologies, Inc. | Multimodal polyolefin pipe |
US8101687B2 (en) | 2001-08-31 | 2012-01-24 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Multimodal polyethylene material |
US7196138B2 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2007-03-27 | Corrugatedd Polyethylene Pipe Ltd. | Melt blended high density polyethylene compositions with enhanced properties and method for producing the same |
US7317054B2 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2008-01-08 | Corrugated Polyethleyne Pipe, Ltd. | Melt blended high density polyethylene compositions with enhanced properties and method for producing the same |
EP1676883A2 (de) * | 2002-07-12 | 2006-07-05 | Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe Ltd. | In der Schmelze vermischte Polyethylen hoher Dichte enthaltende Zusammensetzungen mit verbesserten Eigenschaften und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
EP1676883A3 (de) * | 2002-07-12 | 2006-08-23 | Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe Ltd. | In der Schmelze vermischte Polyethylen hoher Dichte enthaltende Zusammensetzungen mit verbesserten Eigenschaften und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
WO2004011547A1 (en) * | 2002-07-25 | 2004-02-05 | Solvay Polyolefins Europe-Belgium (S.A.) | Container formed from multimodal ethylene polymer |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002528586A (ja) | 2002-09-03 |
US6545093B1 (en) | 2003-04-08 |
CN1147527C (zh) | 2004-04-28 |
ES2235519T3 (es) | 2005-07-01 |
EP1141118A1 (de) | 2001-10-10 |
KR20010080909A (ko) | 2001-08-25 |
KR100567694B1 (ko) | 2006-04-05 |
DE19849426A1 (de) | 2000-05-04 |
DE59911341D1 (de) | 2005-01-27 |
CN1324383A (zh) | 2001-11-28 |
ATE285442T1 (de) | 2005-01-15 |
EP1141118B1 (de) | 2004-12-22 |
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