WO2000031577A1 - Scanning confocal optical microscope system - Google Patents
Scanning confocal optical microscope system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000031577A1 WO2000031577A1 PCT/GB1999/002284 GB9902284W WO0031577A1 WO 2000031577 A1 WO2000031577 A1 WO 2000031577A1 GB 9902284 W GB9902284 W GB 9902284W WO 0031577 A1 WO0031577 A1 WO 0031577A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- images
- optical
- aperture
- light
- image plane
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004624 confocal microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000001747 pupil Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000009310 astigmatism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005308 flint glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/30—Measuring the intensity of spectral lines directly on the spectrum itself
- G01J3/36—Investigating two or more bands of a spectrum by separate detectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
- G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
- G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
- G02B21/0052—Optical details of the image generation
- G02B21/0064—Optical details of the image generation multi-spectral or wavelength-selective arrangements, e.g. wavelength fan-out, chromatic profiling
Definitions
- This invention relates to a scanning confocal optical microscope system.
- the confocal scanning optical microscope is now widely used. In its essentials it consists of a means for focussing a beam of light to a small spot on a specimen and means for collecting the emitted or reflected emission from that spot in order to build up an image by systematic scanning of the spot over a specimen.
- a defining feature of the confocal instrument is the presence of a beam-limiting aperture in front of the detector, which serves to limit detection of emitted light to that emerging from the immediate vicinity of the focus of illumination.
- White, in U.S. Patent 5 032 720 taught the use of a variable iris as such an aperture, allowing a compromise to be sought between best optical depth discrimination, which is obtained with the aperture maximally closed, and high signal strength, which is obtained with it open.
- Figure 1 shows how the light which has passed through the confocal aperture at 20 is passed, in Brakenhoff s scheme, through a spectral dispersing means, such as a monochromator 21, and the outgoing light is finally passed to a unitary detector such as a photomultiplier tube 22.
- the photocurrent in the photomultiplier tube 22 is used as a measure of the intensity of the light in the range of wavelengths selected by the monochromator 21 and allows the construction of an image in computer memory if the spot of light is scanned systematically over the specimen.
- the present invention aims to overcome this difficulty, allowing the use of multiple confocal apertures in conjunction with multichannel spectral detection. It effectively consists of a form of imaging spectrometer, which is simple in construction and easily integrated into a scanning confocal optical microscope system.
- a scanning confocal microscope system which is confocal in operation, the system including a dispersive optical means which produces from the same restricted region of a specimen a plurality of separated optical images of differing wavelength ranges, and a beam-limiting aperture for each said image, all said apertures being located at foci which are conjugate with each other. All the apertures are located in image planes which are conjugate with the plane of focus in the specimen, and the central points of the apertures are conjugate with the point of illumination in the specimen.
- the above-mentioned beam-limiting image plane apertures function as confocal apertures.
- the restricted region or area of the specimen is imaged at a primary image plane and the dispersive optical means, in conjunction with focussing means, produces said images of differing wavelength ranges in secondary image planes conjugate with the primary image plane.
- the system preferably includes a plurality of detectors receiving light through the respective beam-limiting apertures.
- a scanning confocal optical microscope system comprising a scanning confocal optical microscope which produces a beam of light forming an image of a restricted region of a specimen in a primary image plane, a dispersive optical means which receives the beam from the said primary image plane and produces, in secondary image planes each conjugate with the primary image plane, a plurality of separated secondary optical images of the same region of the specimen, said secondary images respectively comprising light of differing ranges of wavelengths, a beam-limiting aperture in each secondary image plane and a plurality of detectors receiving light through the respective beam-limiting apertures.
- the beam-limiting area of at least one of the beam-limiting apertures is adjustable or variable. This may be achieved by exchange of a beam-limiting aperture of one size by an aperture of a different size, or by making the beam-limiting area adjustable in size, e.g. in width or diameter.
- at least one beam-limiting aperture may comprise a variable iris diaphragm, a system of movable jaws, or an adjustable slit.
- the dispersive optical means may comprise one or more optical prisms or a diffraction grating or gratings, but an equivalent device or devices may alternatively be employed.
- a focusing means such as a lens reproduces the image in the primary image plane in the aperture plane of a second focusing means, e.g. a lens, whereby the aperture or exit pupil of the first focusing means is imaged at a location beyond the dispersive optical means (i.e. the dispersive means is located between the second focusing means and said location), whereby a spread of spectrally differing images of the aperture of the first focusing means is generated.
- an optical beam-separating means such as a reflector or reflectors, may be provided, whereby to direct the light from different points of the spread of spectrally differing images to the beam-limiting apertures, at which are formed a spatially spread series of images of the primary image plane, each confined to a wavelength range different to the wavelength range at the other beam-limiting apertures.
- the beam-separating means may be adjustable to enable variation of the wavelength range of the image at each beam- limiting aperture.
- a further focusing means may be provided to generate the relayed images at the said confocal apertures.
- a further reflector or reflectors or other fu ⁇ her optical beam-separating means may serve to spatially spread the relayed images.
- the wavelength compositions of the spectrally spread images may be variable, as by adjustment of the beam-separating means, e.g. the reflector or reflectors, and/or by the positioning of wavelength-sensitive absorbing screens or filters into the path or paths of the spectrally spread images.
- FIG. 1 is illustrative of the prior art
- Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of scanning confocal optical microscope system in accordance with the present invention.
- a modification of a scanning confocal optical microscope of conventional design corresponds to those parts of the light path shown in Figure 1 up to the point where the light emitted from the specimen enters lens 19.
- the modification is shown in Figure 2.
- light from the specimen is shown entering lens 23, which occupies a position in the confocal microscope equivalent to that of lens 19 in Figure 1.
- the lens 23 focusses the light from a point in the specimen to a point situated in an image plane 24 (the primary image plane). From plane 24 the light passes into another lens 25 of shorter focal length than lens 23 , which relays an enlarged image of the point focus in plane 24 to a plane 27 which is conjugate with the plane of focus within the specimen and which lies in the aperture of lens 26.
- the light passes through a dispersing means, consisting of a prism, compound prism or multiple prisms or diffraction grating, symbolised in the diagram by the prism 28.
- Reference 29 symbolises an optional reflector or plurality of reflectors, which might be used at any point in the light path to produce a folding of the beam convenient for packing the apparatus into a small space.
- the light then passes to a lens 30 and within this lens, or in the close vicinity of the lens, an optical spectrum, consisting of a linearly dispersed spread of images of the beam in the aperture of the lens 25 is produced by the focusing action of the lens 26 coupled with the dispersing action of the dispersing means 28.
- a secondary image plane containing aperture 36 which is a second confocal aperture controlling the passage of light to detector 37.
- An image of the specimen is formed at aperture 36 similar to that at aperture 34, except that it is composed of different colours, according to the wavelength range selected by altering the position of the reflector 33 and the baffle 32.
- the apertures 34 and 36 are situated at foci which are conjugate with each other and with the primary focus at image plane 24.
- optical filters 38 may be incorporated in the light paths leading to the apertures 34 and 36.
- Embodiments of the invention are envisaged in which reflectors are used to subdivide the spectrum in other ways, for instance into more than two segments, which, by the use of additional baffles, may be delimited further and made non-contiguous.
- Embodiments are also envisaged which contain more than two confocal detectors, each with its own independently variable aperture.
- the beam entering the lens 23 has a maximum diameter of 2 mm, depending on the exit pupil diameter of the objective lens in use.
- the ratio of focal lengths of the lens 23 to the lens 25 was 18: 1, with the result that the beam diameter at the aperture of lens 25 was nominally 2/18 or 0.11 mm.
- the lens 26 was an achromatic doublet of focal length 100 mm used to produce an image of the aperture of the lens 25 at unit magnification in the plane of the spectrum 31. This image, if formed with monochromatic light, had a nominal size of 0.11 mm.
- the dispersing means 28 was an equilateral prism of high-dispersion flint glass which gave a spectrum extending 25 mm from violet (450 nm) to red (650 nm).
- the nominal resolution in this spectrum, neglecting diffraction effects and astigmatism, is 0.9 nm, which is more than sufficient for the separation of currently-used fluorescent dyes.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69902053T DE69902053T2 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | CONFOCAL OPTICAL GRID MICROSCOPE |
JP2000584336A JP2002530716A (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
AU49230/99A AU765975B2 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
CA002343279A CA2343279C (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
US09/786,546 US6555811B1 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
AT99933055T ATE220215T1 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | CONFOCAL OPTICAL SCANNING MICROSCOPE |
EP99933055A EP1131662B1 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
DK99933055T DK1131662T3 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Confocal optical scanning microscope system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9825267.9 | 1998-11-19 | ||
GBGB9825267.9A GB9825267D0 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1998-11-19 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000031577A1 true WO2000031577A1 (en) | 2000-06-02 |
Family
ID=10842647
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1999/002284 WO2000031577A1 (en) | 1998-11-19 | 1999-07-15 | Scanning confocal optical microscope system |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6555811B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1131662B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002530716A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE220215T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU765975B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2343279C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69902053T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1131662T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2179665T3 (en) |
GB (2) | GB9825267D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000031577A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
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JP2002277744A (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-25 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Scanning type optical microscope |
JP2003057556A (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2003-02-26 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Mirror driving mechanism, and spectroscopic device and scanning laser microscope provided with mirror driven by mirror driving mechanism |
DE10213187A1 (en) * | 2002-03-23 | 2003-10-09 | Leica Microsystems | Spectral analysis method and scanning microscope |
EP1391768A1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-02-25 | Leica Microsystems Heidelberg GmbH | Device for spectrally selecting and detecting a light beam and scanning microscope |
WO2004020997A1 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-11 | Medical Research Council | Optical projection tomography |
US6747737B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2004-06-08 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for optical detection of an illuminated specimen in a plurality of detection channels |
US6858852B2 (en) | 2000-08-08 | 2005-02-22 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method and apparatus for rapid change of fluorescence bands in the detection of dyes in fluorescence microscopy |
US6891613B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2005-05-10 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for the detection of dyes in fluorescence microscopy |
US6947133B2 (en) | 2000-08-08 | 2005-09-20 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for increasing the spectral and spatial resolution of detectors |
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DE20012378U1 (en) | 2000-07-17 | 2000-10-19 | Leica Microsystems | Arrangement for spectrally sensitive incident and transmitted light illumination |
DE10038049A1 (en) * | 2000-08-02 | 2002-02-14 | Leica Microsystems | Optical arrangement for the selection and detection of the spectral range of a light beam |
AU2000272769A1 (en) * | 2000-08-17 | 2002-02-25 | Mg Microscope Gmbh | Light detector unit and method for detecting luminescence light and confocal microscope for luminescence microscopy |
US6750457B2 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2004-06-15 | Becton Dickinson And Company | System for high throughput analysis |
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JP4086182B2 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2008-05-14 | オリンパス株式会社 | Spectroscope, confocal optical system using the same, and scanning optical microscope |
DE10257120B4 (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2020-01-16 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Scanning microscope for imaging an object |
JP4677728B2 (en) | 2004-03-22 | 2011-04-27 | 株式会社ニコン | Confocal microscope and confocal microscope system |
JP4804727B2 (en) * | 2004-06-24 | 2011-11-02 | オリンパス株式会社 | Optical scanning confocal microscope |
DE102004047820A1 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2006-03-30 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Scanning microscope and scanning microscopy method |
DE102005000915A1 (en) * | 2005-01-06 | 2006-07-20 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Device for the multifocal confocal miroscopic determination of the spatial distribution and the multifocal fluctuation analysis of fluorescent molecules and structures with spectrally flexible detection |
EP1906224B1 (en) * | 2005-07-21 | 2012-01-25 | Nikon Corporation | Confocal Microscope Apparatus |
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US7564547B2 (en) * | 2005-11-07 | 2009-07-21 | Wafermasters, Inc. | Spectroscopy system |
US20070132831A1 (en) * | 2005-12-13 | 2007-06-14 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Masking to prevent overexposure and light spillage in microarray scanning |
KR100790702B1 (en) * | 2006-09-08 | 2008-01-02 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Confocal electroluminescence spectral-microscope |
GB2451442B (en) * | 2007-07-30 | 2013-03-06 | Lein Applied Diagnostics Ltd | Optical measurement apparatus and method therefor |
JP5541972B2 (en) * | 2010-06-09 | 2014-07-09 | オリンパス株式会社 | Scanning confocal microscope |
US8456637B2 (en) * | 2010-08-26 | 2013-06-04 | Mitutoyo Corporation | Multiple measuring point configuration for a chromatic point sensor |
DE102014116782A1 (en) | 2014-11-17 | 2016-05-19 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Detector device for a microscope |
JP2022526650A (en) | 2019-04-12 | 2022-05-25 | インベニオ イメージング、インコーポレイテッド | Imaging system for detection of intraoperative contrast media in tissue |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0327425A1 (en) * | 1988-01-27 | 1989-08-09 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Method for optical scanning microscopy in confocal arrangement with large depth of field and apparatus to perform this method |
US5032720A (en) * | 1988-04-21 | 1991-07-16 | White John G | Confocal imaging system |
US5192980A (en) * | 1990-06-27 | 1993-03-09 | A. E. Dixon | Apparatus and method for method for spatially- and spectrally-resolved measurements |
WO1995007447A1 (en) * | 1993-09-08 | 1995-03-16 | Leica Lasertechnik Gmbh | Device for the selection and detection of at least two spectral regions in a beam of light |
JPH0843739A (en) * | 1994-05-24 | 1996-02-16 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Scanning optical microscope |
GB2299235A (en) * | 1995-03-20 | 1996-09-25 | Rainer Uhl | Confocal fluorescence microscopy |
Family Cites Families (4)
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US5886784A (en) * | 1993-09-08 | 1999-03-23 | Leica Lasertechink Gmbh | Device for the selection and detection of at least two spectral regions in a beam of light |
DE4419940A1 (en) * | 1994-06-08 | 1995-12-14 | Eberhard Dipl Phys Tuengler | Three=dimensional image recording for confocal light microscopy |
JP2000097858A (en) * | 1998-09-22 | 2000-04-07 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Scanning type confocal microscope |
JP2000199855A (en) * | 1998-11-02 | 2000-07-18 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Scanning type optical microscopic device |
-
1998
- 1998-11-19 GB GBGB9825267.9A patent/GB9825267D0/en not_active Ceased
-
1999
- 1999-07-15 US US09/786,546 patent/US6555811B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-15 JP JP2000584336A patent/JP2002530716A/en active Pending
- 1999-07-15 AT AT99933055T patent/ATE220215T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-15 GB GB9916494A patent/GB2344014B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-15 DE DE69902053T patent/DE69902053T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-15 ES ES99933055T patent/ES2179665T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-15 AU AU49230/99A patent/AU765975B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-07-15 WO PCT/GB1999/002284 patent/WO2000031577A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-07-15 EP EP99933055A patent/EP1131662B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-15 DK DK99933055T patent/DK1131662T3/en active
- 1999-07-15 CA CA002343279A patent/CA2343279C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0327425A1 (en) * | 1988-01-27 | 1989-08-09 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Method for optical scanning microscopy in confocal arrangement with large depth of field and apparatus to perform this method |
US5032720A (en) * | 1988-04-21 | 1991-07-16 | White John G | Confocal imaging system |
US5192980A (en) * | 1990-06-27 | 1993-03-09 | A. E. Dixon | Apparatus and method for method for spatially- and spectrally-resolved measurements |
WO1995007447A1 (en) * | 1993-09-08 | 1995-03-16 | Leica Lasertechnik Gmbh | Device for the selection and detection of at least two spectral regions in a beam of light |
JPH0843739A (en) * | 1994-05-24 | 1996-02-16 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Scanning optical microscope |
GB2299235A (en) * | 1995-03-20 | 1996-09-25 | Rainer Uhl | Confocal fluorescence microscopy |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1996, no. 06 28 June 1996 (1996-06-28) * |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6747737B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2004-06-08 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for optical detection of an illuminated specimen in a plurality of detection channels |
US6891613B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2005-05-10 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for the detection of dyes in fluorescence microscopy |
US6958811B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2005-10-25 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for the detection of dyes in fluorescence microscopy |
US6858852B2 (en) | 2000-08-08 | 2005-02-22 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method and apparatus for rapid change of fluorescence bands in the detection of dyes in fluorescence microscopy |
US6947133B2 (en) | 2000-08-08 | 2005-09-20 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method for increasing the spectral and spatial resolution of detectors |
JP2002277744A (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-25 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Scanning type optical microscope |
JP2003057556A (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2003-02-26 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Mirror driving mechanism, and spectroscopic device and scanning laser microscope provided with mirror driven by mirror driving mechanism |
DE10213187A1 (en) * | 2002-03-23 | 2003-10-09 | Leica Microsystems | Spectral analysis method and scanning microscope |
US6977724B2 (en) | 2002-03-23 | 2005-12-20 | Leica Microsystems Heidelberg Gmbh | Method for spectral analysis, and scanning microscope |
EP1391768A1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-02-25 | Leica Microsystems Heidelberg GmbH | Device for spectrally selecting and detecting a light beam and scanning microscope |
WO2004020997A1 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-11 | Medical Research Council | Optical projection tomography |
AU2003260751B2 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2008-07-31 | Medical Research Council | Optical projection tomography |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1131662A1 (en) | 2001-09-12 |
ES2179665T3 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
EP1131662B1 (en) | 2002-07-03 |
CA2343279A1 (en) | 2000-06-02 |
US6555811B1 (en) | 2003-04-29 |
ATE220215T1 (en) | 2002-07-15 |
GB2344014A (en) | 2000-05-24 |
GB9825267D0 (en) | 1999-01-13 |
DE69902053T2 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
CA2343279C (en) | 2006-01-31 |
DK1131662T3 (en) | 2002-10-14 |
DE69902053D1 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
JP2002530716A (en) | 2002-09-17 |
AU4923099A (en) | 2000-06-13 |
GB9916494D0 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
AU765975B2 (en) | 2003-10-09 |
GB2344014B (en) | 2001-02-07 |
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