WO2000050644A2 - Methods for purifying dna using immobilized capture probes - Google Patents
Methods for purifying dna using immobilized capture probes Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000050644A2 WO2000050644A2 PCT/US2000/004939 US0004939W WO0050644A2 WO 2000050644 A2 WO2000050644 A2 WO 2000050644A2 US 0004939 W US0004939 W US 0004939W WO 0050644 A2 WO0050644 A2 WO 0050644A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
- G01N1/405—Concentrating samples by adsorption or absorption
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
- C12N15/1006—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers
- C12N15/101—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers by chromatography, e.g. electrophoresis, ion-exchange, reverse phase
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6806—Preparing nucleic acids for analysis, e.g. for polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/10—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices
- G01N2035/1027—General features of the devices
- G01N2035/1048—General features of the devices using the transfer device for another function
- G01N2035/1053—General features of the devices using the transfer device for another function for separating part of the liquid, e.g. filters, extraction phase
Definitions
- Nucleic acid sequence information plays a vital role in both basic and applied biomedical research.
- the nucleotide sequence of a particular portion of DNA can be instructive as to the molecular basis for a given disease, such as Huntington's Disease. Once a segment of genome has been identified as being potentially responsible for a particular affliction, elucidating the nucleotide sequence becomes very important.
- the sequence once known, can play a part in the therapeutic regime to be provided, such as in the case of gene therapy. This is most evident when the basis ofthe disease is a genetic mutation ofthe normal gene.
- One methodology employed for treating genetic mutation-based diseases is the introduction ofthe wild-type nucleotide sequence.
- a gene, or an aberrant form of a gene is the etiologic agent for a particular disease or syndrome. This information is most often provided through the isolation and characterization ofthe putative aberrant gene. Characterization often involves the sequence analysis ofthe nucleotide sequence itself that defines the gene of interest. This will often involve understanding both the wild-type, or physiologically normal, and mutant genes.
- the quality ofthe sequence analysis is, in part, a reflection ofthe quality ofthe starting material. It is vital that the preparation that is to be subjected to sequence analysis be of high quality, that is, relatively pure and free of contaminating species like proteins and small molecules, such as salts, that can interfere with obtaining a high quality result from sequence analysis.
- Current protocols involve ethanol precipitation in order to remove unincorporated nucleotides and salt from, for example, extension products prior to sequence analysis. Also, with regard to the extension products, it is often desirable to remove any template DNA and excess primers from the preparation prior to sequence analysis. Precipitation is time consuming and requires care to achieve consistent product yields. Nevertheless, it is critical to the success of performing an informative sequence analysis on a target nucleotide sequence that the target sequence preparation be as free of contaminating molecules as possible.
- the present invention pertains to methods of purifing a target molecule contained within a test sample.
- the target molecule in a test sample will be a nucleic acid molecule, in particular, single-stranded DNA primer extension sequencing reaction products of a dideoxy sequencing reaction, for example, the Sanger method, Sanger, F., et al, Proc. Na . Acad. Sci. USA, 74:5463-5467 (1977), or a cycle sequencing method, Carothers, Biotechniques,, 7:494-499 (1989), the entire teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- these purified nucleic acid molecules can be used in a variety of ways including being subjected to capillary or slab gel electrophoresis for DNA sequence analysis.
- Nucleic acid molecule capture probes modified with 5'-acrylamide groups are copolymerized within an electrophoresis gel, such as a polyacrylamide gel.
- Single-stranded target nucleic acid molecules can bind to their complementary sequence contained within a capture probe, if there is sufficient complementarity between the two molecules.
- Double-stranded target nucleic acid molecules can bind to a complementary sequence forming a triple helical arrangement.
- the target molecule, or molecules, present in a test sample can be placed in an electrophoresis gel containing immobilized capture probes and undergo electrophoresis.
- the target molecule will migrate through the gel medium until it comes in contact with its complementary immobilized capture probe. Once the target and capture probe are in contact with one another, they can hybridize forming a complex.
- the non-target molecules contained in the test sample can continue electrophoresis and are effectively removed from the target molecule.
- the target molecules are DNA extension products formed during a primer extension sequencing reaction.
- a reaction mixture from a primer extension sequencing reaction is loaded into a purification device, for example, a microtiter plate containing multiple wells (having, e.g., 6, 12, 96 or 384 wells).
- the purification device comprises an electrophoresis gel containing immobilized capture probes that are complementary to at least one nucleotide sequence region contained within the target molecules.
- an electric field is applied such that all negatively charged molecules migrate through the electrophoresis gel toward the a positively charged electrode.
- the positively charged electrode can be housed in a positively charged electrode buffer chamber. This chamber can be used to collect molecules that exit the electrophoretic medium as a result of their electrophoretic migration.
- the target molecules will be captured by complementary, immobilized capture probes that are within the gel.
- the non-target molecules contained within the test sample will pass through the gel and into the positively charged electrode buffer (also referred to herein as the collecting chamber).
- the collecting chamber can then be replaced with fresh positively charged electrode buffer.
- a sufficient voltage can be applied so as to denature the hybridization complex formed between the target molecule and capture probe thereby releasing the target molecule.
- the electric field can be applied using the same polarity as originally applied, thereby allowing for the continued migration ofthe released target molecule into the collecting chamber containing fresh positively charged electrode buffer. Alternatively, the electric field can be reversed drawing the released target molecule back into the test sample well ofthe purification device.
- the purified target molecule can now be accessed and subjected to further analysis, such as capillary or slab gel electrophoresis for sequence analysis.
- kits for purifying a primer extension sequencing reaction contains an electrophoretic medium which has a capture probe, or a set of capture probes. At least one capture probe has a sequence of at least 5 nucleotides in length which is substantially complementary to a portion of at least one primer extension sequencing reaction product.
- the kit contains multiple electrophoretic media for purifying multiple primer extension sequencing reactions.
- Each electrophoretic medium in the kit contains a capture probe, or set of capture probes. At least one capture probe in each medium has a sequence of at least 5 nucleotides in length which is substantially complementary to a portion of at least one primer extension sequencing reaction product.
- primer extension sequencing reaction products can be purified directly without time consuming concentration or precipitation steps typically required in current protocols for DNA sequencing.
- the method ofthe invention can be used to sort out primer extension sequencing reaction products from multiple primer extension sequencing reactions carried out in the same reaction mixture, by selecting the appropriate capture probes.
- the method ofthe invention allows many primer extension sequencing reactions to be carried out together saving preparation time required to set up multiple separate sequencing reactions.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of purifying a target nucleic acid molecule from a extension sequencing reaction using an electrophoresis gel with capture probes immobilized within a region ofthe gel.
- Fig. 2 is a schematic representation ofthe steps involved in purifying extension products using a microtiter well comprising an electrophoretic medium containing capture probes immobilized within the medium.
- ddNTPs represents dideoxynucleotide triphosphates
- poly represents a DNA polymerase
- ex. products represents primer extension sequencing reaction products.
- Fig. 3 is the organization ofthe forward primer (SEQ ID NO 1), the template
- Fig. 4 is a schematic drawing illustrating the experimental design for DNA isolation using an electrophoretic medium.
- Fig. 5 is shows the effects of varying the elution voltage.
- Fig. 6 is shows results obtained from subjecting extension sequencing reaction products to electrophoresis in which the electrophoretic medium contained immobilized capture probes;
- Fig. 6 A shows the results ofthe experiment after running the gel for thirty minutes;
- Fig. 6B shows the results ofthe experiment after sixty minutes.
- Fig. 7A is a schematic representation of a device and a method used to purify the primer extension sequencing reaction products of Example 2.
- Fig. 7B shows the distribution ofthe primer extension sequencing reaction products in the lower gel-tip which contained the capture probe.
- Fig. 8 is a photograph of an electrophoresis gel showing the distribution of component of a primer extension sequencing reaction taken prior to purification (Lane 1), after purification using with the upper gel-tip alone (Lane 2), and after purification with the lower gel-tip containing a capture probe (Lane 3). Lanes 4-6 contain purified Ml 3 DNA of varying concentrations.
- Fig. 9A is a schematic representation of forward and reverse primer extension sequencing reactions carried out simultaneously in Example 3.
- Fig. 9B is an image ofthe forward and reverse primer extension sequencing reaction product separated using two gel-tips.
- the upper gel-tip contains a capture probe complementary to the forward primer extension sequencing reaction products.
- the lower gel-tip contanins a capture probe complementary to the reverse primer extension sequencing reaction products.
- Fig. 9C is an image ofthe separation ofthe products of a forward and reverse primer extension sequencing reaction product on a slab gel which contained two capture probes (Lane 1). The purity ofthe reverse primer extension sequencing reaction products after separation from the forward primer extension sequencing reaction products is shown in Lane 2. One capture probe was complementary to the reaction products ofthe forward sequencing reaction and the other capture probe was complementary to the reaction products from the reverse sequencing reaction.
- Fig. 9D is an analysis ofthe reverse sequencing reaction products after purification by the method ofthe invention.
- Fig. 10 is a temperature gradient gel used to determine the temperature at which a target is released from a capture probe.
- Fig. 11 is an image of a gel used to determine the temperature at which a target will be released from capture probes of varying lengths.
- the present invention provides both methods and devices employed to purify a test sample containing a target molecule. It should be understood that the use of the singular term “target molecule” is only used for simplicity throughout this application, and the plural form “target molecules” is implied therein.
- the methods described herein employ nucleic acid molecule (e.g., ohgonucleotide) capture probes immobilized within an electrophoretic medium.
- the capture probe can be dispersed throughout the electrophoretic medium, or immobilized within discrete layers ofthe medium as described in U. S. Serial No. 08/971,845, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- This electrophoretic medium is contained within a purification device, such as a microtiter plate.
- the capture probes can be designed to specifically interact with, and hybridize to, a target molecule contained within a test sample.
- the test sample comprising target and non-target molecules can be introduced into the device, for example, a microtiter plate comprising an electrophoretic medium containing immobilized capture probes.
- An electric field can be applied to the purification device so that charged molecules in the test sample will migrate within the electrophoretic medium toward the appropriate pole.
- voltages for capture would fall in the range of 0.1 to 200 V, more preferably, between 50 and 150 V.
- the molecules of interest will possess a negative charge and therefore migrate toward the positively charged electrode.
- the target molecule will continue to migrate until it has come into contact with an immobilized capture probe which is specific for that particular target molecule.
- a hybridization complex can then form between the immobilized capture probe and target molecule.
- This hybridization complex prevents further migration ofthe target molecule and allows for the continued migration of non-target molecules, thereby effectuating purification ofthe target molecule contained within the test sample.
- Non-target molecules can include proteins, such as enzymes, small molecules like salts, non- targeted nucleotides as well as other non-target molecules, that is, those molecules not targeted for further processing.
- the target molecule can subsequently be released from the capture probe by applying a sufficient voltage or temperature and exit the gel for further analysis.
- the target molecule can be eluted from the capture layer (i.e., that layer in the electrophoresis medium containing the immobilized capture probes) at voltages of 250V or higher.
- voltages for elution would be in the range of 250 to 1000 V, more preferably, 250 to 300 V.
- Suitable voltages for capture and elution using the purification devices described herein can be easily determined by one of skill in the art. Examples 4 and 5 provide methods for determining the temperature at which the target molecules are released from capture probes of varying lengths.
- the methods ofthe present invention use a purification device which comprises three regions.
- the first region comprises a test sample receptacle which receives a given test sample.
- the test sample receptacle can be positioned in such a manner as to be proximal to at least one orifice that allows for the delivery of a test sample (e.g., a reaction mixture from a primer extension sequencing reaction). In one embodiment, this orifice is the opening at the top of a microtiter well.
- the second region ofthe purification device comprises an electrophoretic medium.
- the electrophoretic medium comprises capture probes immobilized within the medium.
- this second region is physically positioned adjacent to the first region.
- the second region is positioned basally to the first position and is also adjacent to the first region. In a preferred embodiment, this second region is formed within one, or more, microtiter wells, though still allowing for the first region to receive and store test sample.
- the third region ofthe purification device can be physically contiguous with, or attached to the second region ofthe purification device. This third region can house a chamber that can collect molecules that exit the second region, in this instance the chamber is referred to as a collecting chamber. The chamber can also perform other functions such as to house buffer.
- the purification device can also be attached to, or have the capacity to connect with, a power source which generates DC voltage (e.g., a battery).
- the purification device is a microtiter plate containing a set of multiple wells, for example 6, 12, 48, 96 or 384 wells.
- the well, or wells, of the microtiter plate comprises the three regions elucidated above for the purification device.
- the first region comprises a test sample receptacle for receiving test sample.
- the second region comprises an electrophoretic medium that contains immobilized capture probes.
- the third region can be formed by excising the bottom support of the well creating an orifice, in some instances the microtiter well has a pointed tip which can be trimmed to provide an opening. This bottom orifice can optionally be covered using a porous membrane to provide support for the gel layer (second region).
- this porous membrane has a molecular weight cutoff greater than 15,000 daltons. More preferably, the molecular weight cutoff is approximately 3,000 daltons. Preferably, the porous membrane should demonstrate negligible binding of nucleic acid molecules.
- This bottom orifice can be used to gain access to the third region which can be physically attached or detached from the well itself.
- the third region can comprise a collecting chamber which can contain buffer.
- the target molecule is one, or more, ofthe primer extension sequencing reaction products formed during a particular stage of a DNA sequencing protocol.
- the primer extension sequencing reaction product can have a size from about 20 to about 2000 nucleotides in length.
- a DNA molecule that is destined for nucleotide sequencing can be placed into an appropriate sequencing vector, such as the Ml 3 phage vector.
- extension nucleic acid products can be produced using this vector, preferably using the cycle sequencing method.
- kits for purifying a primer extension sequencing reaction contains a electrophoretic medium which has a capture probe, or a set of capture probes. At least one capture probe has a sequence of at least 5 nucleotides in length which is substantially complementary to a portion of at least one primer extension sequencing reaction product.
- the kit can, optionally, include a sample receptacle and a collecting chamber. In one embodiment, the sample receptacle and the collecting chamber are located at opposite ends ofthe electrophoretic medium.
- the kit contains multiple electrophoretic media for purifying multiple primer extension sequencing reactions.
- the electrophoretic media can be segregated from each other.
- Each electrophoretic medium in the kit contains a capture probe, or set of capture probes. At least one capture probe in each medium has a sequence of at least 5 nucleotides in length which is substantially complementary to a portion of at least one primer extension sequencing reaction product.
- Each electrophoretic medium can contain the same capture probe, or set of capture probes.
- This type of kit could be used to purify the reaction products from the same primer extension sequencing reaction which has been carried out on multiple samples in separate reaction vessels.
- the each electrophoretic medium in the kit can have a different capture probe or set of capture probes. This type of kit can be used to purify multiple primer extension sequencing reactions which are carried out in the same reaction vessel.
- each media can be segregated from other electrophoretic media in wells of a microtiter plate.
- Each electrophoretic medium can be attached to a separate sample receptacle and a separate collection chamber.
- a method for purifying multiple primer extension sequencing reaction products which are formed by synthesizing target molecules (i.e., primer extension sequencing reaction products) using both a first-end (e.g., near or at the 5' end) and a second-end (e.g., near or at the 3' end) of the DNA template simultaneously is described.
- Primer extension sequencing can occur in both directions ofthe template simultaneously.
- a first- end primer and a second-end primer would be concurrently annealed to the template DNA allowing for extension in both direction using the one template DNA.
- the primer extension sequencing reaction would then occur and produce primer extension sequencing reaction products arising from both the first-end and the second-end ofthe DNA template.
- the primer extension sequencing reaction products can then be added to a purification device that can purify the target molecule based upon whether it was synthesized using the first-end primer or second-end primer.
- the purification device comprises at least two electrophoretic gel cartridges that can be brought together to form a continuity between the two cartridges.
- a gel cartridge is a device that can house and support an electrophoretic medium.
- the gel cartridges comprise electrophoretic medium containing capture probes immobilized within the medium. However, each cartridge comprises an electrophoretic medium containing different immobilized capture probes.
- one cartridge can comprise an electrophoretic medium containing an immobilized capture probe that contains a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to a nucleotide sequence that lies adjacent, or close to, the first-end ofthe template (capture probe "A")
- the second cartridge can comprise an electrophoretic medium which contains an immobilized capture probe that contains a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to a nucleotide sequence that lies adjacent, or close to, the second-end ofthe template (capture probe "B").
- substantially identical to it is meant a nucleotide sequence with greater than 70% sequence identity and/or similarity (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% or greater homology).
- the two cartridges can be positioned in such a way as to allow for the migration of target molecules through one cartridge into the next cartridge.
- the cartridge that has the "A" capture probe is positioned such that it first receives the sample
- the second cartridge, which has the "B" capture probe is positioned to receive the migrating sample from the first cartridge.
- the cartridges can be separated and placed into separate collecting chambers, thereby allowing for the collecting ofthe first-end primer target molecules and the second- end primer target molecules separately.
- Any electrophoretic matrix suitable for electrophoresis can be used for the methods ofthe present invention.
- Suitable matrices include acrylamide and agarose, both commonly used for nucleic acid electrophoresis. However, other materials may be used as well. Examples include chemically modified acrylamides, starch, dextrans, cellulose-based polymers. Additional examples include modified acrylamides and acrylate esters (for examples see Polysciences, Inc., Polymer & Monomer catalog, 1996-1997, Warrington, PA), starch (Smithies, Biochem. J, 71:585 (1959); product number S5651, Sigma Chemical Co., St.
- the capture probes ofthe instant invention are typically nucleic acids, modified nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogs.
- the capture probes are complementary to the primer extension sequencing reaction products, but not to the primer extension sequencing primer.
- Methods of coupling nucleic acids to create nucleic acid-containing gels are known to those of skill in the art.
- Nucleic acids, modified nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogs can be coupled to agarose, dextrans, cellulose, and starch polymers using cyanogen bromide or cyanuric chloride activation.
- Polymers containing carboxyl groups can be coupled to synthetic capture probes having primary amine groups using carbodiimide coupling.
- Polymers carrying primary amines can be coupled to amine-containing probes with glutaraldehyde or cyanuric chloride.
- Many polymers can be modified with thiol- reactive groups which can be coupled to thiol-containing synthetic probes.
- Many other suitable methods can be found in the literature. (For review see Wong,
- the capture probes ofthe present invention comprise a nucleic acid (e.g., ohgonucleotide) with a nucleotide sequence substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence region contained within the target molecule wherein the target molecule hybridizes to the capture probe. It is important to note that the capture probe is not complementary to the primer used in the primer extension sequencing reaction. The complementarity ofthe capture probe to the target molecule need only be sufficient so as to specifically bind the target molecule and effectuate the purification ofthe target molecule in the reaction mixture.
- a nucleic acid e.g., ohgonucleotide
- Probes suitable for use in the present invention comprise RNA, DNA, nucleic acid analogs (such as PNA), modified nucleic acids and chimeric probes of a mixed class comprising a nucleic acid with another organic component, e.g., peptide nucleic acids (PNA).
- Capture probes can be single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acids. Typically, the length of a capture probe will be at least 5 nucleotides in length, more typically between 5 and 50 nucleotides, and can be as long as several thousand bases in length.
- composite matrices containing a mixture of two or more matrix forming materials an example is the composite acrylamide-agarose gel.
- These gels typically contain from 2-5% acrylamide and 0.5%-l% agarose.
- the acrylamide provides the chief sieving function, but without the agarose, such low concentration acrylamide gels lack mechanical strength for convenient handling.
- the agarose provides mechanical support without significantly altering the sieving properties ofthe acrylamide.
- it is preferred that the nucleic acid can be attached to the component that confers the sieving function ofthe gel, since that component makes the most intimate contacts with the solution phase nucleic acid target.
- soluble polymers for many applications gel-forming matrices such as agarose and cross-linked polyacrylamide will be preferred. However, for capillary electrophoresis (CE) applications it is convenient and reproducible to use soluble polymers as electrophoretic matrices.
- soluble polymers that have proven to be useful for CE analysis are linear polymers of polyacrylamide, poly(N,N- dimethylacrylamide), poly(hydroxyethylcellulose), poly(ethyleneoxide) and poly(vinylalcohol) as described in Quesada (Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 8:82-93 (1997)). These soluble matrices can also be used to practice the methods of the present invention. It is particularly convenient to use the methods found in the application U.S. Serial No. 08/812,105, entitled "Nucleic Acid-Containing
- Polymerizable Complex for preparation of soluble polymer matrices containing immobilized capture probes.
- Nucleic acids may be attached to particles which themselves can be incorporated into electrophoretic matrices.
- the particles can be macroscopic, microscopic, or colloidal in nature. (See Polyciences, Inc., 1995-1996 particle Catalog, Warrington, PA).
- Cantor, et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,482,863 describes methods for casting electrophoresis gels containing suspensions or particles.
- the particles are linked to nucleic acids using methods similar to those described above mixed with gel forming compounds and cast as a suspension into the desired matrix form.
- nucleic acid includes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid).
- Nucleic acids referred to herein as “isolated” are nucleic acids separated away from the components of their source of origin (e.g., as it exists in cells, or a mixture of nucleic acids such as a library) and may have undergone further processing. Isolated nucleic acids include nucleic acids obtained by methods known to those of skill in the art. These isolated nucleic acids include substantially pure nucleic acids, nucleic acids produced by chemical synthesis, by combinations of biological and chemical methods and recombinant nucleic acids which are isolated.
- Nucleic acid analogs include nucleic acids containing modified sugar groups, phosphate groups or modified bases.
- nucleic acids having modified bases include, for example, acetylated, carboxylated or methylated bases (e.g., 4-acetylcytidine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine, 1- methylinosine, norvaline or allo-isoleucine).
- Such nucleic acid analogs are known to those of skill in the art.
- PNA peptide nucleic acid
- standard nucleotide bases are attached to a modified peptide backbone comprised of repeating N-(2-aminoefhyl)glycine units (Nielsen et al, Science, 254:1497-1500, (1991)).
- the peptide backbone is capable of holding the bases at the proper distance to base pair with standard DNA and RNA single strands.
- PNA-DNA hybrid duplexes are much stronger than equivalent DNA-DNA duplexes, probably due to the fact that there are no negatively charged phosphodiester linkages in the PNA strand.
- PNAs are very resistant to nuclease degradation.
- PNA nucleic acid analogs are useful for immobilized probe assays. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that similar design strategies can be used to construct other nucleic acid analogs that will have useful properties for immobilized probe assays. Probes containing modified nucleic acid molecules may also be useful. For instance, nucleic acid molecules containing deazaguanine and uracil bases can be used in place of guanine and thymine-containing nucleic acid molecules to decrease the thermal stability of hybridized probes (Wetmur, Critical reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 26:227-259 (1991)).
- 5-methylcytosine can be substituted for cytosine if hybrids of increased thermal stability are desired (Wetmur, Critical reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 26:227-259 (1991)).
- Modifications to the ribose sugar group, such as the addition of 2'-O-methyl groups can reduce the nuclease susceptibility of immobilized RNA probes (Wagner, Nature, 372:333-335 (1994)).
- Modifications that remove negative charge from the phosphodiester backbone can increase the thermal stability of hybrids (Moody et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 17:4769-4782 (1989); Iyer et al. J. Biol. Chem., 270:14712-14717 (1995)).
- substantially complementary means that the nucleic acid molecule sequence ofthe capture probe need not reflect the exact nucleic acid molecule sequence ofthe microbial target molecule, but must be sufficiently similar in identity of sequence to hybridize with the target molecule under specified conditions.
- non-complementary bases, or additional nucleic acid molecules can be interspersed in sequences provided that the sequences have sufficient complementary bases to hybridize therewith.
- the degree of complementarity using short capture probes is approximately greater than 95%. For longer probes significantly less complementarity is required if there are contiguous segments of from about 15 to about 20 nucleotides in length being complementary to each other.
- Specified conditions of hybridization can be determined empirically by those of skill in the art. For example, conditions of stringency should be chosen that significantly decrease non-specific hybridization reactions. Stringency conditions for nucleic acid hybridizations are explained in e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, F.M., et al, eds., Vol. 1, Suppl, 26, 1991; the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Factors such as probe length, base composition, percent mismatch between the hybridizing sequences, temperature and ionic strength influence the stability of nucleic acid hybrids. Stringent conditions, e.g., moderate, or high stringency, can be determined empirically, depending on part ofthe characteristics ofthe probe and microbial target molecule.
- DYEnamic direct cycle sequencing kit with -21 Ml 3 forward primer (5 '-dyel - spacer-TGT*AAAACGACGGCCAGT-3' [SEQ ID No. 1]), where * indicates the position of base modification with one of four fluorescence energy transfer dyes according to the manufacturer's instructions (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ).
- Each of four reactions was prepared by mixing 1 mL of M13mpl8 single-stranded DNA (0.25 mg/mL, New England BioLabs catalog #404-C), 14 mL of distilled H 2 O, and 2 mL ofthe manufacturer's reaction mixture.
- Each ofthe four reactions used a different dye-labeled primer, designated “dyel”, “dye2”, “dye3” and “dye4", and a different ddNTP nucleotide mixture. These four tubes were then placed in a thermal cycler (PTC 100, MJ Research, Watertown, MA) and subjected to 30 cycles of 95° C for 30 seconds, 45° C for 15 seconds, and 70° C for 30 seconds.
- PTC 100 MJ Research, Watertown, MA
- Polyacrylamide gels for electrophoretic hybridization purification were cast in standard micropipette tips for 1-200 ⁇ L micropipettes (Fisher Brand yellow tips for Gilson P200, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA). For the purification step, two gel tips were stacked so that the sequencing reaction could be subjected to electrophoresis through each tip sequentially in one step. (See Fig. 4A).
- the gel in the upper tip (10) comprised a 20 ⁇ L 5% polyacrylamide gel (29:1 monome ⁇ bis wt/wt) cast in 1 x TBE buffer (89 mM Tris-Borate pH 8.3, 2 mM EDTA (Bio-Rad).
- This upper gel is designed to trap the high molecular weight Ml 3 template DNA which has negligible electrophoretic mobility under the conditions used for capture ofthe extension sequencing reaction products. Removal ofthe high molecular weight template improves quality of sequencing results on capillary electrophoresis instruments such as the Megabase from Molecular Dynamics (Sunnyvale, CA).
- the gel in the lower tip (20) is the same as that ofthe upper tip, except that it contains an immobilized nucleic acid molecule capture probe (5'-acrylamide-GGG ATC CTC TAG AGT CGA CCT 3' [SEQ ID NO 3]) at a concentration of 10 ⁇ M (referring to nucleic acid molecule strands).
- the capture probe is complementary to a sequence within the extension products that is located immediately 3' ofthe sequencing primer, as shown in Fig. 3.
- the cloned insert to be sequenced is located on the 5' side ofthe template region shown.
- the capture probe is complementary to the extended sequencing reaction products, but not to the sequencing primer. In this way, electrophoresis of the extension sequencing reaction products through the gel ofthe lower tip will allow hybridization capture ofthe extension products without impeding electrophoresis ofthe excess primers through the tip.
- the capture probe was modified with a 5 '-acrylamide group using an acrylamide phosphoramidite (AcryditeTM, Mosaic Technologies, Boston, MA).
- the probe was immobilized on the gel matrix by adding it to the unpolymerized acrylamide mixture and allowing it to copolymerize directly in the gel tip.
- the tips were stacked as shown in Fig. 4A, where the probe-containing tip (20) is on the bottom.
- the region between the two tips (30) is filled with electrophoresis buffer (1 x TBE which is 89 mM Tris-borate, pH 8.3, 2 mM EDTA), as well as the region above the upper gel tip (40).
- the lower tip (10) is immersed in a buffer-filled 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube (50).
- Separate platinum electrodes (60) are placed in the buffer above the gel in the higher tube and in the buffer in the microcentrifuge tube (50).
- the upper electrode is connected to a negative lead of the power supply, while the lower electrode is attached to a positive lead.
- the upper tip ofthe device shown in Fig. 4A was loaded with 75 ⁇ L ofthe pooled sequencing reaction in 15 ⁇ L aliquots every 10 minutes for one hour, while subjecting the tips to electrophoresis at an applied field of 100 V throughout the loading process. The field was applied for an additional 3 hours to ensure that all of the sequencing reaction products become trapped on the gel in the lower tip.
- the primers which are not complementary to the immobilized capture nucleic acid molecule probes in the lower gel, nucleotides, and excess salts pass through the gel into the lower tube.
- the upper gel tip containing the slow-moving template was discarded and the lower gel tip (20) was then placed into a second apparatus, depicted in Fig. 4B.
- the lower end ofthe tip is placed into an electrophoresis buffer held in an ultrafiltration device (70) with a 3000 Dalton molecular weight cutoff membrane (75) on its bottom surface (Microcon 3, Amicon/Millipore, Bedford, MA).
- the ultrafiltration unit was partially immersed in a 1 x TBE-filled microcentrifuge tube (80) containing a positively charge platinum electrode (60).
- a negatively-charged electrode (60) was immersed the buffer (1 x TBE) above the gel in the tip.
- the ultrafiltration membrane was used to prevent the migration ofthe eluted sequencing reaction products onto the electrode, where they would be damaged by electrochemical reactions.
- a field of 300 V was applied to the device for 3 minutes. This voltage was sufficient to elute the sequencing reaction products from the gel capture probes and cause it to collect in the ultrafiltration unit.
- Fig. 5 shows the effects of varying the elution voltage. Sequencing reaction products were captured and purified by electrophoretic hybridization capture as described above. The tip was then subjected to the indicated electrophoresis conditions, and then scanned in a fluorescence imaging device (Fluoroimager 595, Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA) to visualize the fluorescent sequencing reaction products. As seen, voltages above 250 V cause complete elution ofthe fluorescent sequencing reaction products.
- samples of purified and crude sequencing reaction products were subjected to electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel containing a discrete layer of gel immobilized capture probe arranged as a horizontal band across the width ofthe gel (see "Capture layer” in Fig. 6).
- the gel was composed of 5% polyacrylamide ( 29:1 monome ⁇ bis wt/wt), 1 x TBE.
- the capture layer contained the same polyacrylamide and buffer with 10 ⁇ M ofthe 5'- acrylamide capture probe (5 '-acrylamide- GGG ATC CTC TAG AGT CGA CCT 3' [SEQ ID NO 3]).
- the samples were subjected to electrophoresis run at 150 Volts for 30 minutes (Fig.
- Lane 1 contains 15 ⁇ L ofthe sample that had been purified by electrophoretic capture and elution
- lane 2 contains 5 ⁇ L ofthe unpurified sequencing reaction product.
- Fig. 6 A shows that the hybridization-purified product (lane 1) has been purified away from the excess primers, which are seen in the unpurified sample at the bottom of lane 2.
- FIG. 7 A provides a schematic representation ofthe method and device(s) described below for purifying, and optionally concentrating, products of DNA sequencing reactions.
- Fig. 7B provides a photograph of a capture probe-gel-tip after electrophoresis and prior to elution ofthe captured nucleotide sequence.
- Fig. 8 provides a photograph of a gel showing the results of purification of a desired ohgonucleotide sequence from a DNA sequencing reaction that included primers, salts, DNA template, unincorporated nucleotides, and dye terminators.
- Lane 1 shows the pattern provided prior to purification.
- Lane 2 provides the pattern seen after purification using a gel-loading tip. Removal of DNA template is demonstrated.
- Lane 3 shows the pattern seen after purification using a capture probe-gel-tip. Localization ofthe desired sequence in the absence of DNA template is demonstrated.
- Immobilized Capture Probe Preparation ofthe separation device containing AcryditeTM ohgonucleotide gel was performed as follows. A Hybrigel solution was prepared from stock solutions of 40% acrylamide (29:1 acrylamide monomer:bis-acrylamide) and lOx TBE (90mM Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer pH 8.3; reagents were purchased from Biorad Laboratories, Inc.; Hercules, CA).
- the AcryditeTM ohgonucleotide for the capture probe was synthesized using oligonucleotides (obtained from Operon Technologies, Inc.; Alameda, CA) and acrylamide phosphoramidte (Acrydite polymer available from Mosaic Technologies, Inc.; Boston, MA) according the method disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,641,658 and Kenney, Ray, and Boles, BioTechniques 25, 516-521 (1998), the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
- the Hybrigel contained 5% acrylamide (29:1), 1 x TBE and 10 ⁇ M AcryditeTM ohgonucleotide capture probe (SEQ ID NO 4) having the following sequence:
- the selected capture probe for this example has a sequence that is complementary to a portion ofthe polylinker of vector M13mpl 8 which provides the target molecule, a product of a DNA sequencing reaction, but the capture probe does not include any of the primer sequence.
- TEMED N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- ethylenediamine
- probe-gel-tip To prepare the probe-gel-tip, l ⁇ l of 10% ammonium persulfate and 0.5 ⁇ l of TEMED were added to 200 ⁇ l of Hybrigel solution. lO ⁇ l ofthe polymerizing Hybrigel ohgonucleotide containing solution were quickly pipetted into a 200 ⁇ l tip and allowed to polymerize. The probe-gel-tips were made 8 or 12 at a time using a multipipeting device. For storage, probe-gel-tips were ejected into eppendorf tubes containing approximately 0.3 ml of lx TBE. Care must be taken not to dislodge the gel from the tip. Then the probe-gel-tips were overlaid with 150 ⁇ l of lx TBE.
- Gel-loading tips were used to remove template DNA.
- Gel-loading tips were prepared containing acrylamide (29:1) only (i.e. no Acrydite capture probe).
- the gel-loading-tip was prepared as described above using a solution containing 5% acrylamide (29:1), 1 x TBE, made from stock solutions of 40% acrylamide (29:1 monomer:bis) and lOx TBE. 10% ammonium persulfate and TEMED were added to the solution and 200 ⁇ l ofthe final solution was pipetted into each tip.
- Gel-loading-tips may also be stored as described above.
- PE- Applied Biosystems sequencing reaction products were prepared following the protocol of PE Applied Biosystems BigDye Primer Cycle Sequencing Kit (available from PE- Applied BioSystems) with the -21 Ml 3 forward primer in a GeneAmp 2400 using the cycling conditions recommended by PE Applied Biosystems. Vector M13mpl8 was used. A DNA segment having a known sequence was inserted after the primer site. Extension products were prepared. Capture probes were made to the region between the primer and the inserted DNA. The capture probes capable of hybridizing to extension products ofthe forward primer were selected. The capture probes comprise an ohgonucleotide synthesized with Acrydite TM at the 5' end. Alternatively, the DYEnamic ET Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit from
- Amersham-Pharmacia may be used.
- lO ⁇ l of sequencing reaction solution i.e. 1/2 of one reaction
- primers, salt, unincorporated nucleotides, dye terminators, template DNA and the target DNA extension products synthesized from the template DNA were added to I ⁇ l of lOx ficoll loading buffer (35% ficoll 400, 0.1% bromophenol blue, 0.1% xylene cyanol, lOOmM EDTA) to provide a sample solution.
- the sample solution was layered onto the surface ofthe gel in the gel-loading-tip, (i.e., no Acrydite capture probe), to remove template DNA. This tip was stacked above a probe-gel-tip, a Hybrigel containing tip, as shown in Fig.
- a small volume of electrophoresis buffer was layered onto the surface ofthe gel in the probe-gel-tip and the gel-loading-tip was placed in contact with the electrophoresis buffer. Thus, a liquid connection was formed between the two gels allowing for an electrical connection when the electrodes and power source were in place.
- both tips were placed into an ependorf tube containing lx TBE, electrophoresis buffer. Platinum electrodes were placed in the electrophoresis buffer above and below the stacked gel tips and a voltage of 100V was applied for 10 minutes. The upper electrode was connected to the negative lead ofthe power supply, while the lower electrode was attached to the power supply's positive electrode.
- the gel-loading tip thus provided a partially purified sample solution for introduction into the probe-gel-tip. The smaller DNA fragments pass into the buffer and then into the probe-gel-tip more rapidly than the DNA template and dye which are retained in the gel-loading-tip
- the electrophoresis buffer remaining above the probe-gel-tip gel surface was removed.
- the electrophoresis buffer was replaced with 4 ⁇ l of formamide loading dye (5:1 deionized formamide, 25mg/ml blue dextran, 25mM EDTA).
- the temperature in the gel in the probe-gel-tip was raised to 55 °C to facilitate detachment ofthe target ohgonucleotide sequence from the capture probe by placing the eppendorf tube containing the lower buffer reservoir into a drybath. (VWR).
- a clean second gel-loading tip with a 30% acrylamide gel containing 5 % acrylic acid was lowered into the formamide loading dye.
- a platinum electrode was placed in the top gel-loading tip.
- the readable sequence extends to at least 750 nucleotides.
- EXAMPLE 3 Simultaneous Separation of Multiple DNA Sequencing reaction products This example demonstrates that the method ofthe invention is useful for sequencing an ohgonucleotide insert replicated in a plasmid. Both forward and reverse primers are used as illustrated in Fig. 9A. A plasmid with a large insert was sequenced simultaneously using two primers in one reaction vessel. Two probe-gel-tips each containing a different capture probe were arranged in tandem. The probe sequences were designed based upon the forward and reverse primers used. From the slab gel illustrated in Fig. 9C, purification ofthe two ohgonucleotide targets in the test sample as compared to the crude product is demonstrated. Note that the sequence of the reverse product (right) shows no contamination with the forward sequence. Note also that DNA template contamination is removed.
- Probe-gel-tips were prepared as described in Example 2 except that one was provided with a forward primer probe and the other was provided with a reverse primer probe as shown in Fig. 9A.
- two separate Hybrigel probe-gel-tips were made, one with acrydite ohgonucleotide (SEQ ID NO 5) and the other with acrydite olgonucleotide (SEQ ID NO 6).
- Plasmid p698 which is plasmid vector pGEM3Zf(-) (Promega Biotech, WI) with a 3.8kb insert in the Xba I site ofthe polylinker was used.
- the two probes derive from sequence on either side ofthe Xba I site within the polylinker.
- SEQ ID NO 5 is complementary to, and therefore capable of, capturing sequencing reaction products made using the reverse primer.
- SEQ ID NO 6 can capture sequence from the forward primer.
- each ohgonucleotide primer probe is synthesized with Acrydite at the 5' end and is capable of hybridizing to an extension product.
- Each capture probe sequence is both complementary to an extension product sequence and to the primer.
- Each capture probe sequence is specific for a particular vector derived from the region between the primer site and the insert DNA.
- B Purification of Products of Multiple Reactions
- Probe2-gel-tip, containing SEQ ID NO 6 was placed in tandem (stacked) with a probe3-gel-tip, containing SEQ ID NO 5 as is illustrated in Fig. 9A.
- Running electrophoresis buffer was placed on the upper surface of probe3-gel-tip to provide electrical contact and to prevent drying.
- the test sample from a multiplex sequencing reaction was electrophoresed through both probe2-gel-tip and probe3-gel-tip.
- Fig. 9B illustrates capture in the two separate tips by the two distinct probes.
- the stability ofthe hybridization complex is dependent on temperature.
- a vertical slab gel containing a layer of AcryditeTM capture probe sandwiched between layers of gel without capture probe was made. The gel for the upper and lower layers was that used for the gel-loading-tip.
- the Acrydite probe layer was made as described in Example 2 for the probe-gel-tip using the capture probe sequence SEQ ID NO 5.
- the sample in this case was a fluorescent ohgonucleotide with a complementary sequence to SEQ ID NO 5.
- the same sample was loaded in each well.
- the whole gel was subjected to a temperature gradient using an aluminum backplate and two water baths. The gel temperature on the left is 23 ° C. The temperature increased across the gel up to 53 °C on the right.
- the transition temperature i.e. the temperature at which the target stops ceases to be captured is related to the Tm but that was not the only factor found to be involved.
- EXAMPLE 5 Temperature and Capture Probe Size Dependence of Sequence Elution
- Fig. 11 Temperature and Capture Probe Size Dependence of Sequence Elution
- the experiment shown in Fig. 11 was performed. This experiment demonstrates that the temperature of elution is affected by the size ofthe capture probe. The temperature of elution was shown to be affected by the size ofthe capture probe.
- the five panels shown in Fig. 11 show the same vertical slab gel run at five different temperatures starting with 23 °C wherein five different capture probes were used. The number of bases in each probe sequence was 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 nucleotides as indicated in Fig. 11 (from left to right).
- An Ml 3 sequencing reaction (DynamicTM ET) was loaded in each lane.
- the 13mer capture probe did not effectively captured the sequencing reaction products at 23 °C. All the others capture probe (i.e., having lengths 15, 17, 17, and 21) captured the sequencing reaction products at 23 °C. At 30 °C, the 15mer released the sequence while the 17mer started to release at 35 °C and so on until at 50 °C all target sequences came off. These results illustrate temperature conditions for capture and elution of sequencing reaction products.
- the 17mer Acrydite probe was chosen as the capture probe in the standard procedure with elution occurring at 45°C.
Abstract
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CA002369002A CA2369002A1 (en) | 1999-02-26 | 2000-02-25 | Methods for purifying dna using immobilized capture probes |
EP00915885A EP1163371A2 (en) | 1999-02-26 | 2000-02-25 | Methods for purifying dna using immobilized capture probes |
AU37083/00A AU3708300A (en) | 1999-02-26 | 2000-02-25 | Methods for purifying dna using immobilized capture probes |
JP2000601207A JP2002537778A (en) | 1999-02-26 | 2000-02-25 | Method for purifying DNA using immobilized capture probe |
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Cited By (4)
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EP1444500A2 (en) * | 2001-10-15 | 2004-08-11 | Biocept, Inc. | Microwell biochip |
US7323092B2 (en) * | 1997-10-24 | 2008-01-29 | Northeastern University | Multichannel microscale system for high throughput preparative separation with comprehensive collection and analysis |
US7452668B2 (en) | 1997-05-16 | 2008-11-18 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Electrophoretic analysis of molecules using immobilized probes |
US7767468B2 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2010-08-03 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Repetitive affinity separation and uses therefor |
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JP2005110503A (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2005-04-28 | Arkray Inc | Method for purifying nucleic acid and device therefor |
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WO1994020831A1 (en) * | 1993-03-08 | 1994-09-15 | Norman Wainwright | Aligned fiber diagnostic chromatography |
US5556598A (en) * | 1992-09-18 | 1996-09-17 | Amersham International Plc. | Device and method for affinity separation |
US5560811A (en) * | 1995-03-21 | 1996-10-01 | Seurat Analytical Systems Incorporated | Capillary electrophoresis apparatus and method |
US5639603A (en) * | 1991-09-18 | 1997-06-17 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Synthesizing and screening molecular diversity |
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2000
- 2000-02-25 AU AU37083/00A patent/AU3708300A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-02-25 JP JP2000601207A patent/JP2002537778A/en active Pending
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- 2000-02-25 WO PCT/US2000/004939 patent/WO2000050644A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-02-25 EP EP00915885A patent/EP1163371A2/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
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US5639603A (en) * | 1991-09-18 | 1997-06-17 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Synthesizing and screening molecular diversity |
US5556598A (en) * | 1992-09-18 | 1996-09-17 | Amersham International Plc. | Device and method for affinity separation |
WO1994020831A1 (en) * | 1993-03-08 | 1994-09-15 | Norman Wainwright | Aligned fiber diagnostic chromatography |
US5560811A (en) * | 1995-03-21 | 1996-10-01 | Seurat Analytical Systems Incorporated | Capillary electrophoresis apparatus and method |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7452668B2 (en) | 1997-05-16 | 2008-11-18 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Electrophoretic analysis of molecules using immobilized probes |
US7323092B2 (en) * | 1997-10-24 | 2008-01-29 | Northeastern University | Multichannel microscale system for high throughput preparative separation with comprehensive collection and analysis |
EP1444500A2 (en) * | 2001-10-15 | 2004-08-11 | Biocept, Inc. | Microwell biochip |
EP1444500A4 (en) * | 2001-10-15 | 2006-02-08 | Biocept Inc | Microwell biochip |
US7217520B2 (en) | 2001-10-15 | 2007-05-15 | Biocept, Inc. | Microwell biochip |
US7767468B2 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2010-08-03 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Repetitive affinity separation and uses therefor |
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EP1163371A2 (en) | 2001-12-19 |
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