WO2000057199A1 - A method and apparatus for determining the state of charge of a battery - Google Patents
A method and apparatus for determining the state of charge of a battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000057199A1 WO2000057199A1 PCT/US2000/007528 US0007528W WO0057199A1 WO 2000057199 A1 WO2000057199 A1 WO 2000057199A1 US 0007528 W US0007528 W US 0007528W WO 0057199 A1 WO0057199 A1 WO 0057199A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- charge
- charging
- load
- coupled
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 27
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013479 data entry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
- G01R31/386—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables using test-loads
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to electric storage battery chargers, testers, and methods of operation therefor and, more particularly, to a combined charger and tester for an electric storage battery and a method of operation therefor implementing multiple tests to determine battery condition prior to, during, and after battery charging.
- a vehicle includes an electric storage battery that provides the power necessary to start the vehicle and to operate the various vehicle systems.
- the vehicle also includes an alternator that charges the battery when the vehicle is running so that the battery maintains a sufficient charge for these purposes.
- a typical vehicle battery will be a 12 volt lead-acid battery including six independent cells electrically connected together. Other sized batteries may also be used for this purpose, such as 6 volt batteries having three independent cells. Each cell in a battery of this type includes a positive and negative terminal where the cells are electrically connected together in a series configuration.
- the light and heavy load testers typically connect a resistive load to the battery for a period of time in order to draw a relatively light or heavy battery current, respectively.
- conductance testers are passive in that they do not draw any appreciable current from a battery under test.
- conductance testers are more effective than traditional load testers in analyzing batteries at a low state of charge.
- load testers still have use.
- batteries have been analyzed with a single type of test prior to charging the battery.
- the present invention provides methods and apparatus for determining the state of charge of a battery.
- multiple battery tests are used to provide different insights into battery condition before, during, and after battery charging.
- Battery conditions such as state of charge, are determined using a light resistive load, a heavy resistive load, a conductance tester, and a battery charger. Monitoring battery conditions with each of these elements permits taking advantage of what collective insight is provided by the combination of elements, rather than trying to analyze the battery using just one element. Moreover, collective use of these elements permits testing the battery during all states of charge.
- the light resistive load is used in a light load test of the battery in which, among other things, battery bounce back voltages are determined. One of the bounce back voltage readings obtained after removal of the light load is used to determine battery state of charge. This computed state of charge is used as an entering quantity in a unique formula for determining the time to charge the battery.
- average battery current is monitored to quickly determine whether or not the battery is capable of being substantially fully charged. If average battery current fails to exceed predetermined values over specified time periods, the charge is terminated, and a report is generated indicating that the battery is incapable of being substantially fully charged. Additionally, if the battery predicted temperature fails to exceed a predetermined value within a set time, the charge is terminated, and a report is generated indicating that the battery is too cold to charge. In both cases, the time and expense of attempting to fully charge the battery is avoided.
- the heavy resistive load is used in a heavy load test in which battery voltage readings are taken with the load connected and disconnected to the battery.
- One or more bar codes may be placed on the battery to indicate one or more battery characteristics, such as battery acid-to-paste ratio. In this manner, a light pen may be used to scan such battery characteristics into the system for use in battery testing and charging, thereby making any needed battery data entry easier.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of the battery charger tester of the present invention connected to a battery;
- Fig. 2 is a simplified flow chart diagram depicting the method of the present invention.
- the battery charger tester (or apparatus) 10 is coupled to a battery 12.
- battery 12 is a 12 volt DC power supply found in most automotive vehicles, though the present invention can be used with other types of batteries.
- Apparatus 10 includes a light load 22, a heavy load 16, a battery charger 18, and a conductance tester 20.
- the light 22 and heavy 16 loads typically comprise resistive loads, such as resistors, selected to draw 3 amps and 150 amps from battery 12, respectively.
- Battery charger 18 preferably comprises a commercially available battery charger capable of providing a charging current in the 60-80 amp range.
- Conductance tester 20 preferably comprises a battery analyzer capable of reading battery conductance, such as model no. MCR-500 made by Midtronics, Inc. of Burr Ridge, Illinois. Battery analyzers using Midtronic's conductance technology allow the user to passively test battery condition by injecting low frequency voltage through a battery's internal structure and observing outgoing in-phase current flow, which provides information used to determine battery condition.
- U.S Patent Nos. 5,821,756 and 5,757,192 (both incorporated herein by reference) provide greater detail related to such conductance type testers.
- the light load 22, heavy load 16, battery charger 18, and conductance tester 20 are coupled to battery 12 through power line 40 clamped to the battery terminals.
- Switches 32-38 are regulated by controller 24 (as represented by dashed lines from controller 24) to place the light load 22, heavy load 16, battery charger 18, and conductance tester 20 on line with battery 12, respectively.
- Controller 24 may comprise any one of a plurality of commercially available devices.
- controller 24 includes an internal microprocessor for executing system instructions; memory containing instructions for carrying out the methodology of the present invention; memory for storing battery data obtained during battery testing and charging; an Analog-to-Digital (A-to-D) converter transforming analog battery voltage, current, and temperature readings into digital form; and a multiplexor controlling the flow of readings through the A-to-D converter.
- A-to-D Analog-to-Digital
- Battery voltage readings are conveyed over lines 42 to controller 24.
- a temperature sensor (not shown) is clamped to a battery terminal and produces a signal representative of battery clamp temperature over line 44 to controller 24. Any commercially available temperature sensor may be used, and the battery clamp temperature readings are used to predict internal battery temperature, as is well known in the art. Battery current readings supplied to controller 24 are obtained from current flow through ammeter 45, or in any other well known manner.
- a keypad 28 permits data entry into controller 24, and a display 26 shows messages related to battery testing and charging.
- a light pen 30 is coupled to controller 24 as another source for inputting data to controller 24.
- battery 12 includes a bar code 14 representative of a battery characteristic, such as the battery acid-to-paste ratio, determined and posted during manufacture. Light pen 30 is used to scan the bar code data into controller 24 for use in battery testing and charging. Bar code 14 could also be used to represent the date of manufacture for battery 12, or any other battery characteristic.
- the method of testing and charging battery 12 is represented by system flow chart 46.
- the leads are connected to the battery terminals as represented in Figure 1.
- the user inputs the battery rating (cold cranking amps) as determined by the battery manufacturer using keypad 28. Alternatively, if the battery rating has been provided in bar code form, light pen 30 scans this data into controller 24.
- controller 24 takes a series of readings, including open circuit battery voltage and battery clamp temperature, and stores the readings in memory. LIGHT LOAD AND CONDUCTIVITY TESTS
- the first battery test to be run is the light load test, as represented by process block 54.
- controller 24 closes switch 38 to place light load 22 on line with battery 12.
- Controller 24 receives a series of battery voltage readings at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after applying the load.
- Switch 38 is then opened, and controller 24 obtains battery bounce back voltage readings taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after removing the load.
- controller 24 closes switch 36 to initiate a conductance test, in which battery cold cranking amps (CCA) are measured by conductance tester 20.
- the CCA reading is stored in memory as the initial CCA measured for battery 1-2.
- the bounce back battery voltage reading taken 15 seconds after removal of light load 22 is used by controller 24 as an entering argument in the following table to yield the determined or computed state of charge for battery 12. For example, if the bounce back battery voltage reading taken 15 seconds after removal of light load 22 was 12.40 volts, then the battery state of charge would be 60 % per the table below.
- the first heavy load test is initiated by controller 24 closing switch 32, thereby placing heavy load 16 on line with battery 12. Battery voltage readings are taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after applying the load. Thereafter, switch 32 is opened, and battery voltage readings are taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after removing the load.
- controller 24 determines at process block 64 whether the second heavy load test will be run. In particular, if the presently predicted battery temperature is above 30 °F, and the computed battery state of charge is above 40%, then the second heavy load test is run. Failure to meet this condition causes controller 24 to initiate the battery charging time determination per process block 68. Assuming the second heavy load test is to be run, controller 24 again closes switch 32 and takes battery voltage readings at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after applying heavy load 16. After receiving these voltage readings, controller 24 opens switch 32, and battery voltage readings are taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after removing the load.
- a predicted temperature for battery 12 is first obtained. This is done in a well known manner that uses measured battery clamp temperature to make an estimate of internal battery temperature. Then, using the following equation, a corrected battery voltage is determined:
- CBV Corrected Battery Voltage (DC volts);
- BR Battery Rating (Manufacturer's stated battery rating in CCA);
- CBV corrected battery voltage
- the battery rating value (BR) remains the same for heavy load tests 2-4; however, the predicted temperature (PT) is determined for each test, so it may differ between heavy load tests 2-4.
- the bounce back (BB) voltage used in the formula for corrected battery voltage (CBV) is separately determined for each heavy load test 2-4.
- the duration of the battery charge is determined at process block 68 according to the following equation:
- TTC ((KTEMP*SP*(100-SOC)/(30*CR)) + 5)
- TTC Time to Charge (minutes);
- KTEMP constant determined using battery predicted temperature obtained at time of TTC computation (see table below);
- SP Set Point constant (initial value of battery rating input by user in
- SOC Computed State of Charge of battery (as determined from state of charge table above).
- CR maximum continuous Charge Rate of charger (Amps).
- the charge commences at process block 70 and runs for the computed time.
- the charge is initiated by controller 24 closing switch 34 and activating battery charger 18.
- battery charging time is counted down from the computed charge duration, and the charge automatically terminates at time zero.
- the battery charge is periodically interrupted for battery testing. Moreover, battery testing also occurs during the charge.
- controller 24 determines whether average battery current at 1 minute is less than 2 amps, and whether average battery current at 2 minutes is less than 4 amps. If both conditions are met, this indicates that the battery is not capable of being substantially fully charged. Accordingly, controller 24 terminates the charge and provides an appropriate message to the user on display 26, per process block 82.
- controller 24 determines whether the predicted battery temperature (determined earlier for computing battery state of charge) is less than 20 °F, and whether average battery current at 2 minutes is less than 3 amps. Satisfaction of both conditions means that it is too cold to charge the battery. Thus, controller 24 would terminate the charge and provide an suitable message to the user, per process block 82.
- controller 24 opens switch 34 and interrupts battery charger 18 at the end of this initial charging period to run a third heavy load test, at process block 72. Controller 24 closes switch 32, and battery voltage readings are taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after applying heavy load 16. Thereafter, controller 24 opens switch 32, and battery voltage readings are taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after removing the load.
- controller 24 closes switch 34 and activates battery charger 18 per process block 76; however, if the remaining charging time was zero, the fourth heavy load test would be initiated at process block 80.
- controller 24 receives average battery current, average battery voltage, and CCA readings at 1 minute intervals.
- a rolling test is conducted using the CCA readings to determine when the battery is substantially fully charged. Specifically, the rate of change of the CCA readings is determined over each five minute period (i.e., on a rolling basis).
- controller 24 continuously refreshes its five minute window of CCA rate of change data to determine when battery 12 is substantially fully charged.
- controller 24 terminates the charge, per process block 78, and commences the last heavy load test of process block 80. However, even if a fully charged condition is not detected, the charge will terminate once the charging countdown is complete. In either case, controller 24 opens switch 34 and deactivates battery charger 18. Then, the final heavy load test is conducted per process block 80, in which controller 24 closes switch 32 and takes battery voltage readings at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after applying heavy load 16. Once complete, switch 32 is opened, and battery voltage readings are taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds after removing the load. An appropriate report is made to the user per process block 82.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000607021A JP2002540749A (en) | 1999-03-22 | 2000-03-22 | Method and apparatus for determining a state of charge of a battery |
EP00916587A EP1166138A1 (en) | 1999-03-22 | 2000-03-22 | A method and apparatus for determining the state of charge of a battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/274,467 | 1999-03-22 | ||
US09/274,467 US6144185A (en) | 1999-03-22 | 1999-03-22 | Method and apparatus for determining the condition of a battery through the use of multiple battery tests |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000057199A1 true WO2000057199A1 (en) | 2000-09-28 |
Family
ID=23048316
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/007528 WO2000057199A1 (en) | 1999-03-22 | 2000-03-22 | A method and apparatus for determining the state of charge of a battery |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6144185A (en) |
EP (1) | EP1166138A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002540749A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000057199A1 (en) |
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JP2004532768A (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2004-10-28 | ローベルト ボツシユ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング | Apparatus and / or method for ascertaining electrical energy supply capability in, for example, an in-vehicle power supply network having multiple energy stores |
EP1814204A2 (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2007-08-01 | Nintendo Co., Ltd. | Electrical apparatus, electrical apparatus system, and power supply apparatus |
EP1814204A3 (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2014-09-10 | Nintendo Co., Ltd. | Electrical apparatus, electrical apparatus system, and power supply apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1166138A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 |
US6144185A (en) | 2000-11-07 |
JP2002540749A (en) | 2002-11-26 |
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