WO2000059625A1 - Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays - Google Patents
Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000059625A1 WO2000059625A1 PCT/US2000/009090 US0009090W WO0059625A1 WO 2000059625 A1 WO2000059625 A1 WO 2000059625A1 US 0009090 W US0009090 W US 0009090W WO 0059625 A1 WO0059625 A1 WO 0059625A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- internal phase
- phase
- droplets
- fluid
- external
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F31/00—Mixers with shaking, oscillating, or vibrating mechanisms
- B01F31/80—Mixing by means of high-frequency vibrations above one kHz, e.g. ultrasonic vibrations
- B01F31/85—Mixing by means of high-frequency vibrations above one kHz, e.g. ultrasonic vibrations with a vibrating element inside the receptacle
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/41—Emulsifying
- B01F23/411—Emulsifying using electrical or magnetic fields, heat or vibrations
- B01F23/4111—Emulsifying using electrical or magnetic fields, heat or vibrations using vibrations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/30—Injector mixers
- B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
- B01F25/313—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced in the centre of the conduit
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/71—Feed mechanisms
- B01F35/717—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer
- B01F35/7179—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer using sprayers, nozzles or jets
- B01F35/71791—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer using sprayers, nozzles or jets using ink jet heads or cartridges, e.g. of the thermal bubble jet or piezoelectric type
Definitions
- the invention generally relates to methods for producing large quantities of substantially monodisperse droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays. More particularly, the methods relate to producing substantially uniformly-sized droplets of a first phase, the first phase including a fluid and particles, for introduction into a second phase, or the methods relate to producing substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets having a core formed from a first phase, the first phase including a fluid and particles, and a second phase that surrounds the first phase as a shell.
- Methods of the invention can produce large quantities of substantially uniformly-sized droplets or complex droplets for forming capsules useful for electrophoretic displays.
- methods of the invention can produce a group of substantially uniformly-sized droplets from a first phase containing both a fluid and plurality of particles. These droplets are applied to a second phase. Once in contact with the second phase, any of a variety of steps can be performed, including encapsulating the droplets.
- methods of the invention can produce a group of substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets for forming capsules useful for forming electrophoretic displays.
- the complex droplets are formed from a first phase, containing both a fluid and a plurality of particles, at their core and a second phase that surrounds the first phase as a shell.
- the core of the complex droplet also is a substantially uniformly-sized droplet relative to the other cores in the group of complex droplets.
- a method for forming substantially uniform droplets includes the steps of providing a non-aqueous internal phase; providing an external phase; vibrating the internal phase; and applying the internal phase to the external phase.
- the internal phase includes a plurality of particles suspended in a first fluid; the external phase includes a second fluid; and a series of droplets of substantially uniform size are formed.
- the droplets can be formed from the internal phase, or the droplets can be formed from both the internal and external phases.
- the first fluid can be an oil.
- the second fluid can be an aqueous solution.
- the step of applying the internal phase to the external phase can include having the internal phase contained within a structure and pressurizing the internal phase so that the internal phase issues from the structure into the external phase.
- the internal phase can issue through at least one aperture; can issue in at least one train of droplets; and/or can be applied to the external phase at a plurality of locations.
- a droplet can have a diameter of about 20 ⁇ m to about 300 ⁇ m and can have a substantially uniform size relative to other droplets in the series of droplets.
- the step of vibrating the internal phase can include vibrating the internal phase with a vibrating member.
- the vibrating member can be a piezoelectric transducer. Alternatively, an electro-mechanical or magnetostrictive or other similar vibrating member can be used.
- the step of vibrating the internal phase can include vibrating a conduit containing the internal phase and/or the internal phase can issue from the conduit in two or more trains of droplets, and/or a tip of the conduit, through which the internal phase issues into the external phase, can be in communication with the external phase.
- the step of applying the internal phase to the external phase can include simultaneously issuing the internal phase and the external phase through two adjacent channels. These two adjacent channels can terminate at two concentric nozzles.
- the method can further include the step of mixing the particles with the first fluid. Mixing can be accomplished by inducing a flow within the internal phase.
- a method for forming substantially uniform droplets includes the steps of providing a non-aqueous internal phase; providing an external phase; and applying the internal phase to the external phase through an aperture in a container.
- the internal phase includes a plurality of particles suspended in a first fluid and the external phase includes a second fluid.
- the internal phase is moved relative to the external phase such that as the internal phase contacts the external phase a droplet separates from a remainder of the internal phase and such that a series of droplets of substantially uniform size is formed.
- This aspect of the invention can further include the step of vibrating the internal phase.
- a method for forming substantially uniform droplets includes the steps of providing a non-aqueous internal phase; providing an external phase; and applying the internal phase to the external phase.
- the internal phase includes a plurality of particles suspended in a first fluid; the external phase includes a second fluid; the internal phase is pressurized and pulsed through a valve such that the internal phase forms a series of droplets of substantially uniform size.
- Figure 1 depicts a schematic drawing of a device including a piezoelectric transducer that is driven at a particular frequency to impart vibration to a jet of an internal phase to produce a train of monodisperse droplets of the phase.
- Figure 2 A depicts a schematic drawing of a device that forms droplets of an internal phase by issuing the phase through holes in a hollow tube that is spun at a particular rate.
- Figure 2B depicts a schematic enlarged view of a droplet emerging from an aperture in a section of the tube of Figure 2 A.
- Figure 2C depicts a schematic top view of the tube of Figure 2A and droplets emerging from various apertures in the tube.
- Figure 2D depicts a schematic enlarged view of a section of an alternative embodiment of the device of Figure 2A in which the tube is spun and vibrated.
- Figure 3 A depicts a schematic drawing of a device that includes a conduit and a vibrating mechanism for producing a train of droplets.
- Figure 3B depicts a schematic drawing of a device that includes a conduit and two vibrating mechanisms for producing a train of droplets.
- Figure 4A depicts a schematic drawing of a device that includes a narrow gauge tube with a vibrating mechanism for producing a double jet.
- Figure 4B depicts a schematic drawing of a device that includes a narrow gauge tube with a vibrating mechanism for producing a double jet of an internal phase and has a tip of the tube in communication with an external phase.
- Figure 5 A depicts a schematic sectional view of two concentric nozzles forming adjacent channels.
- Figure 5B depicts a schematic end-on view of the nozzles of Figure 5 A.
- Figure 6 depicts a schematic drawing of a device including a valve for producing droplets.
- Figure 7 depicts a schematic sectional view of two concentric nozzles forming adjacent channels where a gas flow assists droplet and capsule formation.
- Figure 8 depicts a schematic sectional view of two concentric nozzles forming adjacent channels where droplets and capsules are extruded into a flowing collection liquid.
- Figure 9 depicts a schematic sectional view of three concentric nozzles forming three adjacent channels, one of which contains a collection liquid.
- Figure 10 depicts a schematic sectional side view of an apparatus to produce substantially uniformly sized droplets of an internal phase with a vibrating member.
- Figure 11 depicts a top sectional view taken generally along the line of a diaphragm of the embodiment of Figure 10 showing curved channels to promote mixing of the internal phase as it is delivered to an ejection chamber.
- Figure 12 depicts a schematic enlarged view of a cross-section of one curved channel of Figure 11.
- Figure 13 shows the velocity of an internal phase expelled from the embodiment shown in Figure 10 when the pressure of the internal phase is matched to the frequency and amplitude of the signal applied to a piezoelectric transducer when the ejection rate is about 1000 droplets/second.
- Figure 14 shows the velocity of an internal phase expelled from the embodiment shown in Figure 10 when the pressure of the internal phase is not ideally matched to the frequency and amplitude of the signal applied to a piezoelectric transducer when the ejection rate is about 1000 droplets/second.
- Figure 15 A shows a schematic top view of a plate for kinematic alignment.
- Figure 15B shows a schematic section along line A-A through the plate shown in Figure 15 A.
- Figure 15C shows a schematic side sectional view of the plate of Figure 15 A.
- Figure 15D shows a schematic side sectional view of the plate of Figure 15A aligned with a second plate.
- Figure 16A shows a schematic side sectional view of two aligned coextrusion plates.
- Figure 16B shows a schematic end view of the plates of Figure 16 A.
- Figure 17 shows schematic view of a triangular cross-section trench produced with photolithography and etching.
- Figure 18 shows a schematic side sectional view of a plate configuration for coextrusion that is coupled with a kinematic coupling.
- the invention relates to the application of a liquid dispersion (oil-based or aqueous and hereinafter referred to as the "internal phase”) to another liquid (aqueous or oil-based and hereinafter referred to as the "external phase").
- the internal phase is non-aqueous, contains particles, and is issued from a structure containing the internal phase such that substantially uniform droplets or substantially uniform complex droplets are produced.
- the internal phase issues from the structure, it is either applied simultaneously to the external phase or applied to the external phase at a different time from issuance.
- the liquid dispersion of the internal phase is emulsified in the external phase.
- This emulsification technique can be used to form a series of substantially uniformly-sized droplets of the internal phase for encapsulation by components in the external phase to produce capsules for electrophoretic displays.
- a series substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets droplets with an internal phase core and a thin external phase shell
- These complex droplets also can be encapsulated by hardening the external phase shell.
- the cores of these complex droplets also are substantially uniformly sized.
- Electrophoretic displays have been the subject of intense research and development for a number of years. Electrophoretic displays have attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make up such displays tend to cluster and settle, resulting in inadequate service-life for these displays.
- An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer from the clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates.
- Use of the word "printing” is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation: premetered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, and curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing; and other similar techniques.
- the resulting display can be flexible.
- the display media can be printed (using a variety of methods), the display itself can be made inexpensively.
- encapsulated electrophoretic displays provide a flexible, reflective display that can be manufactured easily and consumes little power (or no power in the case of bistable displays in certain states). Such displays, therefore, can be incorporated into a variety of applications.
- the display can be formed from and can include particles that move in response to an electric charge. This mode of operation is typical in the field of electrophoretic displays.
- a display in which the particles, ordered by an electric charge, take on a certain configuration can take on many forms. Once the electric field is removed, the optical state of the particles can be generally stable (e.g., bistable). Additionally, providing a subsequent electric charge can alter a prior configuration of particles.
- Some encapsulated electrophoretic displays may include two or more different types of particles.
- Such displays may include, for example, displays containing a plurality of anisotropic particles and a plurality of second particles in a suspending fluid.
- Application of a first electric field may cause the anisotropic particles to assume a specific orientation and present an optical property.
- Application of a second electric field may then cause the plurality of second particles to translate, thereby disorienting the anisotropic particles and disturbing the optical property.
- the orientation of the anisotropic particles may allow easier translation of the plurality of second particles.
- the particles may have a refractive index that substantially matches the refractive index of the suspending fluid.
- An encapsulated electrophoretic display can be constructed so that the optical state of the display is stable for some length of time.
- the display When the display has two states that are stable in this manner, the display is bistable. If more than two states of the display are stable, then the display is multistable.
- the term bistable indicates a display in which any optical state remains fixed once the addressing voltage is removed.
- a slowly decaying optical state can be effectively bistable if the optical state is substantially unchanged over the required viewing time. For example, in a display that is updated every few minutes, a display image that is stable for hours or days is effectively bistable for a particular application.
- the term bistable also indicates a display with an optical state sufficiently long-lived so as to be effectively bistable for a particular application.
- an encapsulated electrophoretic display in which the image decays quickly once the addressing voltage to the display is removed (i.e., the display is not bistable or - 8 - multistable). Whether or not an encapsulated electrophoretic display is bistable, and its degree of bistability, can be controlled through appropriate chemical modification of the electrophoretic particles, the suspending fluid, the capsule, and binder materials.
- the display may include capsules dispersed in a binder.
- the capsules may be of any size or shape.
- the capsules may, for example, be spherical and may have diameters in the millimeter range or the micron range, but are preferably from about ten to about a few hundred microns.
- the capsules may be formed by an encapsulation technique.
- Particles may be encapsulated in the capsules.
- the particles may be two or more different types of particles.
- the particles may be colored, luminescent, light- absorbing or transparent, for example.
- the particles may include neat pigments, dyed (laked) pigments or pigment/polymer composites, for example.
- the display may further include a suspending fluid in which the particles are dispersed.
- an encapsulated electrophoretic display includes a capsule with one or more species of particle that either absorb or scatter light and that are suspended in a fluid.
- the capsules contain one or more species of electrophoretically mobile particles dispersed in a dyed suspending fluid.
- Another example is a system in which the capsules contain two separate species of particles suspended in a clear suspending fluid, in which one species of particle absorbs light (black), while the other species of particle scatters light (white).
- the particles are commonly solid pigments, dyed particles, or pigment/polymer composites.
- the particles may be oriented or translated by placing an electric field across the capsule.
- the electric field may include an alternating-current field or a direct-current field.
- the electric field may be provided by at least one pair of electrodes disposed adjacent to a display comprising the capsule.
- an encapsulated electrophoretic display requires the proper interaction of all these materials and processes.
- Materials such as a polymeric binder (for example, for binding the capsules to a substrate), electrophoretic particles, fluid (for example, to surround the electrophoretic particles and provide a medium for migration), and a capsule membrane (for example, for enclosing the electrophoretic particles and fluid) must all be chemically compatible.
- the capsule membranes may engage in useful surface interactions with the electrophoretic particles, or may act as an inert physical boundary between the fluid and the binder.
- Polymer binders may set as adhesives between capsule membranes and electrode surfaces.
- Various materials may be used to create electrophoretic displays. Selection of these materials is based on the functional constituents of the display to be manufactured. Such functional constituents include, but are not limited to, particles, dyes, suspending fluids, stabilizing/charging additives, and binders.
- types of particles that may be used to fabricate suspended particle displays include scattering pigments, absorbing pigments and luminescent particles. Such particles may also be transparent.
- Exemplary particles include titania, which may be coated in one or two layers with a metal oxide, such as aluminum oxide or silicon oxide, for example. Such particles may be constructed as corner cubes.
- Luminescent particles may include, for example, zinc sulfide particles.
- the zinc sulfide particles may also be encapsulated with an insulative coating to reduce electrical conduction.
- Light-blocking or absorbing particles may include, for example, dyes or pigments. Types of dyes for use in electrophoretic displays are commonly known in the art. Useful dyes are typically soluble in the suspending fluid, and may further be part of a polymeric chain. Dyes may be polymerized by thermal, photochemical, and chemical diffusion processes. Single dyes or mixtures of dyes may also be used.
- a suspending (i. e. , electrophoretic) fluid may be a high resistivity fluid.
- the suspending fluid may be a single fluid, or it may be a mixture of two or more fluids.
- the suspending fluid whether a single fluid or a mixture of fluids, may have its density substantially matched to that of the particles within the capsule.
- the suspending fluid may be halogenated hydrocarbon, such as tetrachloroethylene, for example.
- the halogenated hydrocarbon may also be a low molecular weight polymer.
- One such low molecular weight polymer is poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene).
- the degree of polymerization for this polymer may be from about 2 to about 10.
- capsules may be formed in, or later dispersed in, a binder.
- Materials for use as binders include water-soluble polymers, water-dispersed polymers, oil-soluble polymers, thermoset polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and uv- or radiation-cured polymers.
- the electrophoretic fluid may be directly dispersed or emulsified into the binder (or a precursor to the binder material) to form what may be called a "polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display.”
- the individual electrophoretic phases may be referred to as capsules or microcapsules even though no capsule membrane is present.
- Such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic displays are considered to be subsets of encapsulated electrophoretic displays.
- the binder material surrounds the capsules and separates the two bounding electrodes.
- This binder material must be compatible with the capsule and bounding electrodes and must possess properties that allow for facile printing or coating. It may also possess barrier properties for water, oxygen, ultraviolet light, the electrophoretic fluid, or other materials, Further, it may contain surfactants and cross-linking agents, which could aid in coating or durability.
- the polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display may be of the emulsion or phase separation type.
- the present invention provides materials and methods for producing these encapsulated displays, particularly by facilitating production of capsules through production of substantially uniformly-sized droplets or complex droplets.
- the internal phase ejects into the external phase in a stream, and, due to various physical reasons, disintegrates into a train of droplets.
- the internal phase and external phase are coextruded through adjacent, concentric nozzles, and the compound jet disintegrates into a train of complex droplets.
- train refers to any group of two or more droplets (or complex droplets), without regard to their location to each other. Often a train of droplets (or complex droplets) is a group of droplets (or complex droplets) organized substantially along a line. However, a train of droplets (or complex droplets) need not have this orientation.
- methods of the invention produce emulsions of internal phase droplets, the droplets characterized by a narrow size distribution or produce complex droplets with an internal phase core and an external phase shell, the complex droplets characterized by a narrow size distribution.
- “monodisperse” droplets (or complex droplets) refer to two or more droplets (or complex droplets) that are substantially uniformly-sized.
- any one droplet (or complex droplet) that has a diameter that falls within about 20%, and preferably about 5%, of the mean diameter of the group of droplets (or complex droplets) is monodisperse.
- droplets (or complex droplets) can be made that range in diameter from about 20 ⁇ m to at least about 300 ⁇ m. These droplets (or complex droplets) can be monodisperse in relation to a particular diameter that is desired.
- emulsions include mechanical mixing techniques (e.g., colloid mills, rotor or rotor/stator systems, and static (in-line mixers), other mixing techniques (e.g., ultrasonic agitation and flow of a jet of the disperse phase over a vibrating blade) homogenization techniques (e.g., ultra high-shear mechanical mixing and flow of phases under high pressure through a small aperture), and crossflow techniques (e.g., a first phase is forced through an aperture in a capillary tube or in a membrane and into a second phase such that drops of the first phase are dislodged from the aperture by a forced motion of the second phase).
- mechanical mixing techniques e.g., colloid mills, rotor or rotor/stator systems, and static (in-line mixers
- other mixing techniques e.g., ultrasonic agitation and flow of a jet of the disperse phase over a vibrating blade
- homogenization techniques e.g.,
- Some of these techniques such as mixing methods, generally do not produce a high yield of substantially uniformly-sized droplets (or complex droplets).
- methods that apply an internal phase containing the particles to the external phase face substantially different problems than the mere application of one fluid (or a combination of fluids) to a second fluid.
- the internal phase includes a fluid and particles
- the non-flowable nature of the solid in contrast to the flowable liquid, and the existence of frictional and/or shear forces as the liquid attempts to move relative to the solid particles
- methods which include a step of vibrating the internal phase to produce droplets (or complex droplets), and which may depend upon the vibrational characteristics of a liquid, cannot inherently be transferred from a situation where the internal phase is a simple liquid to a situation where the internal phase is a fluid containing solids, because such characteristics are altered by the presence of a solid.
- Specific advantages of forming substantially uniformly-sized droplets composed of at least a fluid and particles, or of forming substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets composed of a core including a fluid and particles and a shell of a second fluid include the ability to produce such droplets or complex droplets at a high rate; the ability to scale production of such droplets or complex droplets; and the ability to produce substantially uniformly-sized internal phase droplets or complex droplets having mean drop sizes ranging from about 20 ⁇ m to at least about 300 ⁇ m.
- Adjustments to droplet size or complex droplet size in the various embodiments of the present invention can be made by altering the size and/or shape of the aperture through which the internal phase issues and/or the external phase issues, the pressure to which the internal phase and/or the external phase is exposed, the rotation rate of devices that rotate to produce droplets of the internal phase, and/or the frequency or amplitude at which a vibrating member is vibrated.
- Various systems may involve parallel plate geometry (Couette flow geometry), alternative tube flow geometry (Poiseuille flow geometry), vibrations along the axis of the jet or transverse to the jet, and dispensing from individual capillary tubes.
- the internal phase 10 that is a fluid (such as an oil) that contains particles 20 is ejected through an aperture 22 into the external phase 12 (such as a gelatin and acacia solution).
- the internal phase 10 is under pressure provided by a pump 18 (or pumps) and generally travels in a direction indicated by arrows 24.
- the aperture 22 has a diameter ranging from about 10 ⁇ m to about 500 ⁇ m. Ejection is controlled such that the internal phase 10 forms a jet 26 that issues into the external phase 12.
- a vibrating member 14, such as a piezoelectric transducer, is driven at a frequency by a voltage source 16 and is used to impart a vibration to the jet 26.
- the jet 26 disintegrates into a train 30 of substantially monodisperse droplets 28 (only one droplet 28 is labeled) according, in part, to the frequency of the vibration.
- the frequency depends upon the aperture 22 size and the flow rate of the internal phase 10.
- This system has a large throughput. For example, at least about 300 ml/hr of about 250 ⁇ m diameter internal phase droplets can be processed. Furthermore, this embodiment can be scaled up and is suited to continuous manufacturing processes.
- FIG. 10-12 another embodiment of the invention, similar in function to that shown in Figure 1, vibrates and ejects an internal phase to form substantially uniformly sized droplets.
- Two tubes 70, 72 enter a sheath 78 that surrounds the apparatus 100 to allow the apparatus 100 to be submerged in an external phase while keeping the components within the apparatus 100 dry.
- the tubes 70, 72 screw into an upper plate 92.
- the tubes 70, 72 can be connected with the upper plate 92 in other manners, such as bonding.
- the tubes 70, 72 align with apertures in the upper plate 92.
- a diaphragm 84 is located between the upper plate 92 and a lower plate 94.
- the apertures in the upper plate 92 align with apertures in the diaphragm 84 and align with the ends 171, 173 of two channels 170, 172 that are formed in the top surface of the lower plate 94.
- the diaphragm 84 encloses the channels 170, 172 by covering their tops at the top surface of the lower plate 92.
- the channels 170, 172 lead to an ejection chamber 90 and an aperture 86 (which can have a particular shape) leading out of the apparatus 100.
- the ejection chamber 90 tapers from a large diameter circle to a smaller diameter circle as one moves from the diaphragm 84 to the aperture 86.
- Screws 96 are positioned such that they are located adjacent to the channels 170, 172 and the ejection chamber 90 to clamp the upper 92 and lower 94 plates together.
- the position of the screws 96 allows for a tight seal between the plates 92, 94 without the use of seals such as "O-rings.”
- the plates 92, 94 are typically constructed from a metal so that the screws' 96 clamping force creates a metal face seal.
- the aperture 86 can be constructed separately from the lower plate 92 and subsequently affixed to the lower plate 92 where the ejection chamber 90 terminates. Alternatively, the aperture 86 can be constructed directly in the lower plate 92.
- a vibrating member 80 such as a piezoelectric transducer, facilitates ejection of an internal phase into an external phase in a train 30 of substantially uniformly-sized droplets 28.
- the vibrating member 80 is mounted on a carriage, and a diaphragm 84 transmits vibration from the vibrating member 80 to the internal phase located in the ejection chamber 90.
- the lower plate 94, diaphragm 84, and upper plate 92 are sealed 82, and the upper plate 92 and the sheath 78 are sealed 82.
- the apparatus 100 initially is primed so that the internal phase fills the components of the apparatus 100 such that the apparatus 100 is substantially free from air bubbles.
- the apparatus 100 is primed by flushing the internal phase from a pressurized reservoir, through a three-way valve 96a, the inlet tube 70, the channels 170, 172 and ejection chamber 90, the outlet tube 72, and a second three-way valve 96b to exhaust the internal phase.
- the function of the outlet tube 72 is switched by adjusting three-way external valves 96a, 96b so that internal phase flows to the outlet tube 72 through the three-way valve 96b, causing the outlet tube 72 to act as an inlet.
- the internal phase enters into the apparatus 100 through both the inlet tube 70 and the outlet tube 72 (now acting as a second inlet tube).
- the internal phase is stored in and moves from a pressurized reservoir.
- the reservoir should be stirred or otherwise mixed to prevent the particles within the internal phase dispersion from settling under gravity.
- the internal phase can be agitated by mechanical stirring and/or sonication.
- Mechanical stirring is useful, for example, for mixing the internal phase down to the smallest length scales of turbulent flow and sonication is useful, for example, for breaking up agglomerations of particles on an even smaller scale.
- mixing can agitate materials of a certain size down to a lower bound that is determined by the size limit of turbulent flow properties. At least below this lower bound of size (and perhaps above this bound), sonication can agitate materials that are of this size that is less than the lower bound.
- the particles in the internal phase can be designed such that their chemical composition aids in keeping them separated from each other. For example, the particles can be constructed to exhibit stearic repulsion between particles.
- the internal phase flows to the slender inlet/outlet tubes 70, 72 of the emulsification system.
- the internal phase passes down the inlet/outlet tubes 70, 72, into the beginnings 171, 173 of the channels that are aligned with the inlet/outlet tubes 70, 72, and through the curved channels 170, 172 (in a direction indicated by arrows 180).
- the channels 170, 172 are machined into the surface of the lower plate 94 (best shown in Figure 11).
- the geometry of each channel 170, 172 is chosen to encourage further mixing of the internal phase. For example, flow through a curved channel induces a secondary flow that mixes the fluid(s) and particle(s) in the internal phase.
- this secondary flow is shown schematically as a plurality of continuous loop arrows 182 (only one is labeled) in an enlarged schematic view of one of the curved channels 170.
- the curved channels 170, 172 are used to maximize turbulent mixing in order to maintain the compositional uniformity of the internal phase, a flowing dispersion of one or more fluids and one or more species of particles.
- the Reynold's number should be larger than, for example, about 2000.
- the internal phase dispersion can exhibit non-Newtonian behavior in some situations.
- Application of a shear force to the internal phase (such as by pressurizing the internal phase to move it through the apparatus 100), in some instances, can cause viscosity of the internal phase to decrease relative to its viscosity when no shear force is applied.
- ⁇ may be taken as an effective viscosity (i. e. , the viscosity when shear force is applied) and can be calculated in accordance with standard techniques known in the field.
- Equation 1 is mathematically equivalent, but mathematically transformed relative to each other. These calculations are exemplary and are not intended to be limiting.
- the constraint of (1) or (2) bounds the minimum mean velocity of the internal phase in the channel.
- the required flow rate of the system typically, the aperture 86 and curved channels 170, 172 should not become clogged with the solid particles in the internal phase.
- the diameter of an aperture 86 and the cross-sectional area of the curved channels 170, 172 should be at least about 5 times, and preferably about 10 times, the diameter of the largest solid particles in the system.
- the shape of the aperture 86 and the curved channels 170, 172 should not change over time due to an abrading effect of the flowing internal phase.
- the aperture geometry may be selected from a wide variety of configurations, but it is preferable to use a smooth entrance to the aperture 86 from the ejection chamber 90 in this apparatus 100, as opposed to a sharp edge, to achieve longer aperture service-life. Smooth aperture entrances are preferable because, at high flow rates, the particles in the internal phase will gradually abrade any sharp edges, thereby modifying, as a function of service time, the aperture performance of those apertures with sharp edges.
- the aperture 86 can be made from, or coated with, an abrasion-resistant material such as stainless steel or sapphire.
- the apparatus 100 is operated in order to produce droplets of the internal phase containing particles that issue into an external phase.
- two methods exist in ink jet technology to produce drops of ink "drop-on-demand” and “continuous-jet.”
- Conventional drop-on-demand ink jet printers are activated by sending a voltage pulse to a piezoelectric transducer, which rapidly pressurizes the fluid in a small chamber.
- the fluid issues forth from an aperture attached to the chamber, thus ejecting a single drop on a time scale of about 5 ⁇ s to 10 ⁇ s. After ejection, the system is allowed to re-equilibrate over a longer time scale (approximately 50 ⁇ s to 10,000 ⁇ s).
- the drop-on-demand method contrasts with conventional continuous-jet ink jet devices, in which a pressurized fluid is jetted from an aperture, and the vibrations of a piezoelectric transducer excite a capillary instability in the jet.
- neither of these methods is appropriate for jetting the internal phase into a stationary external phase.
- Drop-on-demand systems do not impart adequate momentum to the ejected drops to enable them to be injected into a viscous external phase.
- Continuous jet systems are inadequate because the intensity of the capillary instability is reduced substantially by the presence of the external phase.
- Capillary instability is the phenomenon whereby a jet of fluid issuing from an aperture becomes unstable.
- the internal phase is pressurized to a static pressure E, and the piezoelectric transducer 80 is oscillated by a periodic voltage signal.
- the pressure and the piezoelectric excitation voltage signal are selected such that the flow rate from the aperture varies in manner similar to the profile shown in Figure 13.
- Figure 13 shows the velocity ("U") of the expelled internal phase over time ("t").
- the profile of Figure 13 can occur when the pressure of the internal phase is properly matched to the frequency and amplitude of the signal applied to the piezoelectric transducer 80 and when the ejection rate is about 1000 droplets/second.
- ejection velocity varies transiently from about zero to about 21 m s.
- This profile indicates that a slug of the internal phase, ejected from the aperture 86 at high speed, pinches-off near the aperture 86 due to the pulsatile flow imposed by the piezoelectric transducer 80. That is, the internal phase is ejected at high speed (a peak of the sinusoidal wave in Figure 13) and pinches off when the velocity of the internal phase approaches zero (a trough of the sinusoidal wave in Figure 13).
- Velocity of the internal phase is controlled by the static pressure of the system that moves the internal phase through the passageways of the apparatus 100 and the dynamic pressure of the vibrating member 80 that is superimposed on the static pressure.
- the dynamic pressure allows the system to oscillate between a high and low velocity.
- Figure 13 is exemplary and is not meant to be limiting.
- the velocity of the internal phase need not reach zero to create controlled disintegration of the jet of internal phase and the velocity of the internal phase can be considered high velocity at other values of velocity. These upper and lower values depend upon many variables such as the internal phase used. For example, it is contemplated that a decrease to even about 5 m/s from a higher velocity can create this controlled disintegration of the jet.
- performance of the apparatus 100 is distinct from a drop-on-demand ink jet, because it is operated in a continuous manner and typically does not re- equilibrate to an at-rest condition.
- performance of the apparatus 100 is distinct from a continuous ink jet, because the continuous ink jet solely relies upon capillary instability of an issued jet to form individual drops.
- the apparatus 100 is driven in a different manner from continuous ink jets, resulting in droplets that form within about a few droplet diameters of the aperture through which it issues.
- the internal phase is both pressurized and subjected to piezoelectric generated vibrations to create an oscillating pinching off of droplets at the aperture, while, in continuous ink jets, the vibration is tuned to enhance Rayleigh instability.
- the present invention combines high through-put with controlled droplet formation, and overcomes the problems with current ink-jet technology as described above.
- the apparatus 100 shown in Figures 10-12 is sensitive to a large number of design parameters and operating conditions.
- Some adjustable parameters include vibration of the vibrating member 80 (such as a piezoelectric transducer), the size and shape of the ejection chamber 90, the size and shape of the aperture 86, the size and shape of the channels 170, 172, and the size and thickness of the diaphragm 84.
- the vibrating member 80 must be designed so that it displaces a satisfactorily large portion of the volume of the chamber 90 from which the internal phase is ejected.
- the maximum volumetric displacement (“ ⁇ m ⁇ A: ”) of the internal phase in the ejection chamber 90 by the vibrating member 80 (via the diaphragm 84) is approximately given by:
- aV describes the maximum amount of volume displacement by the vibrating member 80 (and diaphragm 84) in the absence of the fluid pressure
- E and ⁇ P describes the pressure that works opposite the pressure from the vibrating member 80.
- designs of the invention must have a positive L V max to operate (i.e., internal phase must be displaced out of the ejection chamber 90 so that the internal phase issues out of the aperture 86) and, for that to occur, the diaphragm deflection resulting from the application of voltage to the vibrating member 80 must be greater than the diaphragm deflection resulting from the static pressure of the internal phase in the ejection chamber 90.
- V ranges from about 50 to about 300 volts
- E ranges from about 5 to about 50 psi.
- E can be increased if the seals 82 of the apparatus 100, as well as other components of the apparatus, are sufficient to support such pressure.
- the range of E depends, in part, upon the mechanical properties of the materials used to construct the apparatus 100, and it is contemplated that this range of E values will be expanded based upon choosing materials and designs that increase the integrity of the apparatus 100 under higher pressures.
- High pressure operation is useful because it enables higher through-put emulsification, forming more substantially uniformly-sized droplets of internal phase per time period than the amount formed at lower operating pressures.
- the nominal conditions described above enable several liters of internal phase per hour to be emulsified through a single aperture unit. Adding additional apertures also can allow higher throughput operation.
- the vibration can be tuned to intentionally make two species of monodisperse droplets at the same time.
- the apparatus can make two types of droplets where a droplet of one type is substantially uniformly-sized relative to other droplets of that type while a droplet of a second type is substantially uniformly-sized relative to other droplets of that type.
- the vibration can be tuned to make a group of droplets of about 300 ⁇ m and a group of smaller droplets.
- two sizes of substantially uniformly-sized droplets emerge from the same aperture one after the next according to a pattern (e.g., alternating large and small droplets).
- the ejection chamber 90 radius plays a role in determining the coefficients aand ⁇ . It is preferable to make the radius as large as possible to maximize the displacement of the internal phase, but for high speed operation, it is preferable to use a small radius. Thus, a balance needs to be reached to both maximize the displaced volume of the internal phase and to maximize the throughput of internal phase.
- the radius of the chamber 90 ranges from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.
- other radii are contemplated for other embodiments of the present invention, depending upon this balance of displacement volume and speed of operation, as well as the interplay with other variables.
- the length and cross-sectional area of the channels 170, 172 also are controllable variables.
- the channels 170, 172 can range in length from about 0.25 mm to about 15 mm, with cross-sectional areas ranging from about 20,000 ⁇ m 2 to about 500,000 ⁇ m 2 .
- the cross-sectional area of the channels 170, 172 can be reduced to increase the Reynold's number to enhance mixing.
- the channels 170, 172 can be fabricated using conventional machining, chemical etching, photolithographic processes, reactive ion etching, scribing, or any other technology useful for precision machining and microfabrication.
- the aperture 86 can have a diameter ranging from about a few ⁇ m to about several hundred ⁇ m or more, and preferably about 25 ⁇ m to about 200 ⁇ m. These apertures can be manufactured using techniques for precision machining or microfabrication, and can be constructed separately from the lower plate 94 and later affixed to the lower plate 94 or can be constructed from the lower plate 94 itself.
- the diaphragm 84 can be made from any material that is able to deflect under pressure from the vibrating member 80 and that has a suitable resiliency and stiffness (to avoid permanent deformation) during use to provide a reasonable service-life.
- a material that is useful as the diaphragm 84 is a stainless steel foil having a thickness ranging from about several ⁇ m to about several hundred ⁇ m, and preferably about 25 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m. Thinner foils are preferred, but foils that are too thin will tend to rupture or otherwise permanently deform during aggressive use.
- materials that are useful as the diaphragm 84 are polyimides, such as Kapton (available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE).
- the apparatus 100 enables substantially uniformly-sized droplets of internal phase to be ejected into an external phase.
- the resulting emulsion can be encapsulated to create an encapsulated electrophoretic display material, as described above.
- complex coacervation can be used.
- encapsulation techniques can be used.
- encapsulation may be effected by in situ polymerization utilizing an oil/water emulsion, which is formed by dispersing the internal phase (e.g., a dielectric liquid containing a suspension of pigment particles) in the aqueous environment of the external phase.
- Monomers polymerize to form a polymer with higher affinity for the internal phase than for the aqueous external phase, thus condensing around the emulsified oily droplets.
- in situ polymerization is that between urea and formaldehyde in the aqueous external phase of the oil (internal phase)/water (external phase) emulsion in the presence of a negatively charged, carboxyl-substituted, linear hydrocarbon polyelectrolyte material, such as poly (acrylic acid).
- the resulting capsule wall is a urea/formaldehyde copolymer, which discretely encloses the internal phase.
- the capsule is clear, mechanically strong, and has good resistivity properties.
- cross-linking agents for use in such processes include aldehydes, especially formaldehyde, glyoxal, or glutaraldehyde; alum; zirconium salts; and poly isocyanates.
- the coacervation approach also utilizes the oil/water emulsion of the internal and external phases.
- One or more colloids are coacervated (i.e., agglomerated) out of the aqueous external phase and deposited as shells around the oily droplets of the internal phase through control of temperature, pH and/or relative concentrations, thereby creating the capsule.
- Materials suitable for coacervation include gelatins and gum arabic.
- the interfacial polymerization approach relies on the presence of an oil-soluble monomer in the internal phase, which once again is present as an emulsion in the aqueous external phase.
- the monomers in the internal phase droplets react with a monomer introduced into the aqueous external phase, polymerizing at the interface between the internal phase droplets and the surrounding aqueous external phase and forming capsule walls around the droplets.
- the resulting walls are relatively thin and may be permeable, this process does not require the elevated temperatures characteristic of some other processes, and therefore affords greater flexibility in terms of choosing the dielectric liquid.
- the internal phase 10 containing a fluid and particles 20, as described above is fed into a hollow tube 32 according to arrow 34.
- the tube 32 is perforated along its outer surface with a plurality of small apertures 22. The diameter of these apertures can range from about 10 ⁇ m to about 500 ⁇ m.
- the tube 32 is spun in direction A at a particular rate, and the forces associated with the tube 32 rotation cause the internal phase 10 to extrude out through the apertures 22 (best shown in Figure 2B).
- droplets 28 of the internal phase 10 break off from the remainder of the internal phase 10 due to viscous interaction between internal phase 10 and the surrounding external phase 12.
- a number of trains 30 (only one train 30 is labeled) of droplets 28 are produced (best shown in Figure 2C).
- the external phase may be set into motion, and the perforated tube may be held at rest. As the internal phase flows out of the tube, the relative motion of the internal phase and the external phase results in a train of droplets, as described above.
- a vibrating member 14 such as a piezoelectric transducer, can be combined with the perforated tube 32 ( Figure 2D).
- the vibrating member 14 is excited, for example, with a source of voltage 16, and vibrates the internal phase to facilitate droplet production from the apertures 22. More particularly, the internal phase is forced through the perforated tube 32 such that a plurality of jets issue radially outward from the tube 32.
- the tube 32 is excited along its centerline axis (perpendicular to the axis of the jets). Vibrations are imparted to each of the jets, simultaneously, causing them to break up into several trains of substantially uniformly-sized droplets.
- FIGS 2A-2D offer similar advantages to those described above for Figures 1 and 10 - 14 and also offers the advantage that the rotation of the tube 32 allows fresh external phase 12 to be transported to the aperture 22 region in a continuous manner. Because it is difficult to maintain sufficient concentrations of stabilizing agents, such as sodium dodecylsulfate, very near to an aperture in many emulsification systems, the rotating tube 32 allows these stabilizing agents to be presented to regions near an aperture 22.
- Other similar designs can include rotating or oscillating perforated structures, such as spheres or plates, or systems that otherwise allow the external phase to flow past an aperture to replenish the local concentration of stabilizing agents.
- the internal phase 10 that includes a fluid and particles 20 flows under pressure through a narrow gauge tube 36.
- the ejection velocity of the internal phase 10 (containing particles 20) from the tube 36 is sufficiently large that the dispersion issues from the aperture 22 at the end of the tube 36 in a jet 26.
- the ejection velocity is sufficiently large to induce formation of substantially uniformly-sized droplets.
- a vibrating member 14, such as a piezoelectric transducer, is adjacent to the side of the tube 34.
- the vibrating member 14 can be driven by an applied voltage from a voltage source 16 such that the tip of the narrow gauge tube 36 vibrates transversely at a particular frequency.
- two vibrating members 14a, 14b such as piezoelectric transducers, are adjacent the tube 36.
- the double vibrating member 14a, 14b arrangement is configured such that the piezoelectric transducers 14a, 14b are out of phase.
- one piezoelectric expands while the other contracts.
- the motion results in the transverse vibration of the tip of the narrow gauge tube 36.
- the vibration frequency is chosen such that it matches or nearly matches a resonant frequency of the system.
- the tip of the narrow gauge tube 36 is submerged below the surface of the external phase 12 before the system is operated.
- Some variables such as the flow rate of internal phase 10 through the tube 36, the frequency of the vibration, and the amplitude of the vibration, can be controlled such that substantially uniformly-sized droplets 28 of internal phase 10 break off from the jet 26. These droplets 28 can form a train 30.
- vibrating the tube 36 with the vibrating member 14 leads to the formation of two trains of droplets 30a, 30b from a jet in one of two positions 26a, 26b as shown in Figures 4 A and 4B.
- the vibrating member 14 causes the tube 36 to bend back and forth.
- the tube 36 tip is shown in one position in solid lines and in a second position in broken lines, and the jets in one of two positions 26a, 26b and the droplets 28 are shown in solid or broken lines to correspond to the position of the tube 36 tip that produced them.
- flow of the internal phase out of the tube 36 is tuned to the vibration frequency of the tube 36.
- each time the tube changes direction a droplet breaks off of the jet at one of the positions 26a, 26b at or near the aperture through which the internal phase 10 issues.
- the flow rate is adjusted to emit a volume of internal phase 10, during one sweep of the tube 36, that is approximately equal to the desired droplet volume.
- the double jet 26a, 26b of the internal phase 10 becomes two trains 30a, 30b of droplets 28.
- Figures 4A and 4B show similar embodiments, but, In Figure 4A, the tip of the tube 36 is above the external phase 12, and in Figure 4B, the tip is in communication with the external phase 12.
- the piezoelectric transducer can be encapsulated in a reasonably compliant epoxy such that the transducer can still vibrate.
- the apparatus can be contained in a housing through which the tube for issuing the internal phase protrudes.
- the geometry of tube and vibrating member(s) may be altered to change the natural frequency and vibration characteristics of the system. Described above are a single vibrating member arrangement and a double, out-of-phase, vibrating member arrangement.
- a high speed valve 40 such as a solenoid valve, is placed upstream of a narrow gauge tube 40 or other structure having a small aperture.
- the internal phase 10 is pressurized by a pump 18 so that it jets out of an aperture, and the shutter valve 38, between the aperture and the pump 18, is pulsed to restrict the flow is a pulsatile manner.
- the resulting droplets 28 that break off from the jet 26 of internal phase 10 are substantially uniform in size and emerge in a train 30. These droplets 28 break off from the jet 26 at or near the aperture through which the internal phase flows.
- This type of high speed valve is commercially available from the Lee Company (Westbrook, CT).
- Complex droplets also can be formed from the controlled break-up of a compound fluid jet formed by coextrusion of two immiscible fluids through concentric nozzles.
- a fluid jet disintegrates into droplets by the growth of jet surface disturbances developed at the nozzle from which the fluid was forced.
- a minimum fluid flow rate is desirable in order for the jet to form. This relationship is given by the formula:
- flow rates are less than about 20 ml/min for a 200 micron aperture, or less than about 7 ml/min for a 74 micron aperture.
- a compound jet is produced when a jet of fluid from one aperture is extruded within a jet of another fluid so that a jet of two concentric threads of immiscible fluids is formed.
- an internal phase 10 containing particles 20 emerges from a center channel 52 through a nozzle 52a in a jet.
- the external phase 12 emerges through from a second channel 50 through a nozzle 50a in a jet.
- the second, outer channel 50 and nozzle 50a is adjacent to, concentric with, and surrounds the inner channel 52 and nozzle 52a.
- apertures nozzles and other structures through which the internal and/or external phases issue are referred to, generally, as apertures.
- complex droplets 54 form that have an external shell formed from the external phase 12.
- the shell of external phase 12 contains a core of the internal phase 10. Adjusting the relative flow rates of the external phase 12 and the internal phase 10 through their respective channels 50, 52 with apertures 50a, 52a is one way to control the ratio of shell thickness to core diameter of the complex droplet 54.
- the complex droplet's 54 shell of external phase 12 can be solidified around the core of internal phase 10 to create a capsule for use in electrophoretic display devices.
- a vibrating member 14, such as a piezoelectric element, can impart vibration to the compound jet of the external 12 and internal phases 10 in order to provide one way to control then the jet disintegration.
- This vibration enhances production of a series of substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets with a core of the internal phase 10 and a shell of the external phase 12.
- the internal phase 10 cores of the complex droplets, in a series of complex droplets are substantially uniformly sized. In the situation where there is no external vibration of the compound jet, the predominant disturbance of the jet leads to the "natural" fluctuation of the jet's diameter which has a wavelength equal to about 4.508 x (outer aperture diameter).
- This disturbance eventually causes the jet to break up to give compound droplets whose diameters are about 1.89 x (outer aperture diameter). Outer aperture diameter is approximately equal to the diameter of the jet.
- the wavelength of disturbance refers to the appearance of the jet where the walls of the jet are characterized by a sinusoidal shape. Vibration imparted to the jet by pulsation of the vibrating member 14 physically manifests itself by effecting the frequency of the dominant disturbance on the jet surface that leads to jet break-up.
- the minimum wavelength of that vibration is approximately equal to the aperture circumference (i.e., about ⁇ x (outer aperture diameter)).
- the aperture circumference i.e., about ⁇ x (outer aperture diameter)
- complex droplets are produced with about a diameter of about 1.68 x (outer aperture diameter). Therefore, complex droplets and/or finished capsules are produced that have reasonably uniform diameters (equal to about double the largest aperture diameter) and have controllable wall thickness.
- a second vibration can be imposed that is perpendicular to the direction of the flow of the compound jet. This second vibration comes from a source that is physically separated from the jet production apparatus, unlike the vibrating member 14, and serves to vibrate the compound droplets in order to maintain the concentricity of the internal phase core within the external phase shell.
- complex droplet size can be controlled by adjusting the excitation frequency according to the equation:
- D represents the diameter of complex droplets formed by disintegration of the compound jet
- Q represents total volumetric flow rate through both of the apertures
- / represents the frequency of excitation (vibration) of the fluids (compound jet).
- vibration frequencies in the range about 500 to about 80,000 Hz are useful. From the above equation it is discernable that flow rate and frequency can be varied to produce the same size complex droplet from a given aperture, provided that the other liquid flow conditions are met. For example, a high flow rate and a high vibration frequency rate will produce a certain sized complex droplet while a relatively lower flow rate combined with a relatively lower vibration frequency rate will produce substantially the same sized complex droplet.
- Typical capsules have a solid wall, such as a polymer.
- the external phase shell can include a solution of polymer(s) in a volatile solvent. The solvent is allowed to evaporate as the newly formed complex droplet falls from the nozzle or after collection in a suitable container. Evaporation is accomplished, for example, by reduced pressure or heat.
- the wall can be formed from a liquid monomer in the external phase, such as cyanoacrylates (such as ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate or n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate) or cyanomethacrylate, that polymerizes on contact with moist air.
- the external phase can include a mixture of liquid reactive monomers, oligomers, or pre- polymers that are mixed immediately prior to their entry into the coextrusion head.
- Polymerization to form a solid wall occurs after the complex droplet is formed.
- suitable wall materials include isocyanates, such as toluene diisocyanate (a monomer), that are combined with polyamines, such as 1 ,6-diaminohexane (a low molecular weight monomer) or polyethylene imine (a high molecular weight polymer) to form a polyurea wall.
- isocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate
- polyols such as ethylene glycol
- two-part epoxy systems such as 1 ,6-diaminohexane mixed with the prepolymer formed from the reaction of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A
- the external phase can include a liquid monomer, or mixtures of monomers, that can be polymerized when exposed to energy. For example, UV light can be directed onto newly formed complex droplets as they issue from the nozzles to cure the external phase shell into a capsule wall.
- UV light curable systems examples include Somos 2100, Somos 6500 (both available from DSM Somos, New Castle, DE), and Desolite (Catalog No. D6- 114) (available from DSM Desotech, Elgin, IL).
- heat can be used to cause thermal polymerization of the shell as the complex droplets form.
- heat curable systems include butyl methacrylate combined with benzoyl peroxide or low molecular weight silicone materials that cure rapidly if heated, such as Fluorogel (Catalog No. 3-679) (available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI).
- the external phase shell can include a molten polymer that solidifies when it cools.
- useful polymers include polyethylene-co- vinyl acetate ("EVA”), polyethylene, or low melting point Carbowax series polymers (available from Union Carbide, Danbury, CT).
- EVA polyethylene-co- vinyl acetate
- the external phase shell can include a latex dispersion. Water is removed from the shell of the complex droplet, forming a polymer wall.
- substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets (as well as substantially- uniformly sized cores of internal phase), that lead to substantially uniformly-sized capsules, can be formed from controlled jet disintegration, the complex droplets sometimes collide with other complex droplets in a train. This occurrence happens because the complex droplets catch up with one another.
- the distance between individually formed complex droplets can be increased by excitation amplitude modulation.
- a vibrating member such as a piezoelectric transducer, can be vibrated at larger amplitudes than those which lead to complex droplet collision.
- the spacing between the complex droplets increases and the number of collisions decreases. This solution may not be effective for large complex drops having diameters in the range of about millimeters.
- the distance between individually formed complex droplets can be increased by accelerating them away from the nozzle.
- the adjacent, concentric channels 50, 52 are, for example, placed at the wide end of a conical channel 58 through which a gas is flowed as indicated by direction of arrows 56.
- the gas carries the complex droplets 54 from the nozzle apertures 50a, 52a and through the conical channel 58.
- the gas velocity increases and the spacing between the complex droplets 54 increases, keeping them separated.
- the complex droplets 54 either have or are given an electrical charge, this same effect can be created with electrical forces rather than with the force of gas pressure.
- the external phase 12 shell can harden into a capsule wall in a shorter time period than the period during which the complex droplets 54 collide.
- the capsules are sufficiently formed such that, even if they collide, they will not coalesce.
- This effect can be achieved with very fast chemical reactions to create the wall or with very fast solvent evaporation during formation of the walls.
- These fast chemical reactions include those described above for cyanoacrylates or UV-curable systems.
- Fast evaporating solvents for use in the external phase can include dichloromethane.
- the external phase 12 is aqueous, the external phase 12 can include sodium alginate that, when exposed to an aerosol of calcium chloride solution, hardens the external phase 12 shell into a capsule wall.
- useful complex droplets can result in early-stage capsules with liquid walls that become solid at some later processing stage.
- These capsules are useful, for example, to coat into a close-packed monolayer of capsules, where highly deformable capsules assist in close packing.
- the capsules should be stored in some way that prevents their coalescence.
- such capsules could be stored in a collection vessel that contains a solution containing a surfactant. The surfactant would adsorb to the outside of the non-solid- walled capsules and provide stability to the dispersion.
- the surfactants can include ionic, low molecular weight surfactants such as sodium dodecylsulfate; nonionic, low molecular weight surfactants such as Triton X-100 (available from Sigma, St. Louis, MO); ionic, polymeric surfactants such as poly sodium styrene sulfonate or sodium carboxymethyl celluloses; and nonionic, polymeric surfactants such as poly vinyl alcohol.
- ionic, low molecular weight surfactants such as sodium dodecylsulfate
- nonionic, low molecular weight surfactants such as Triton X-100 (available from Sigma, St. Louis, MO)
- ionic, polymeric surfactants such as poly sodium styrene sulfonate or sodium carboxymethyl celluloses
- nonionic, polymeric surfactants such as poly vinyl alcohol.
- An alternative method to prevent coalescence of early-stage capsules is to use high viscosity storage materials, such as liquids containing xanthum gum or containing aqueous phase thickeners such as Drewthix 53L (available from the Drew Industrial Division of Ashland Chemical Company, Boonton, NJ), in the collection vessel to prevent capsule-capsule contact during storage.
- high viscosity storage materials such as liquids containing xanthum gum or containing aqueous phase thickeners such as Drewthix 53L (available from the Drew Industrial Division of Ashland Chemical Company, Boonton, NJ), in the collection vessel to prevent capsule-capsule contact during storage.
- the internal phase is a dispersion of electrophoretic particles in a dielectric fluid and the external phase is a suitable fluid to form the wall material.
- the internal phase fluid should be mixed before coextrusion so that all capsules have the same concentration of pigment particles. If the concentrations are not equal, the capsules formed from the complex droplets will have varying optical appearances and, as such, will result in non-uniform white states in the final device.
- the electrophoretic particles in the internal phase should be kept colloidally stable during the coextrusion process. The particles should not be allowed to aggregate.
- the coextrusion nozzle should be made of or coated with a material that is hard enough so that the dispersed pigment particles (such as titanium dioxide) in the internal phase do not abrade it.
- a material that is hard enough so that the dispersed pigment particles (such as titanium dioxide) in the internal phase do not abrade it.
- sapphire and diamond are useful.
- the wall material and/or the external phase preferably should be substantially insoluble in the internal phase during coextrusion and should be substantially chemically unreactive with it.
- the external phase contains a volatile solvent which is flash evaporated immediately after emergence from the nozzle, some intermixing between the phases can be tolerated.
- the wall material should be substantially transparent to facilitate production and use of electrophoretic displays.
- materials used in wall-forming chemical reactions should not react with materials in the internal phase.
- the internal phase should not be sensitive to UV radiation (e.g., UV exposure can bleach dyes in the internal phase).
- formation of the small 'satellite' droplets i.e., droplets of internal phase and/or external phase that are smaller than the substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets) as the liquid jet disintegrates should be substantially prevented.
- These satellite droplets can form small capsules that have poor electro-optic properties when made into displays. Satellite droplets can be prevented by making sure disintegration of the compound jet occurs in the range of Rayleigh instability.
- the rheology of the internal and external phases should be chosen so that coextrusion yields capsules that have an outer capsule wall and that the internal phase and the external phase do not mix. If the rheology is not properly chosen, the flow of the internal and external phases, in mutual contact in a jet, can lead to shear induced mixing of the phases in the jet, leading to poor capsules. For example, the fluids should not be so viscous that insufficient instability is present to have a controlled disintegration of the compound jet into substantially uniformly-sized complex droplets.
- capsules for some electrophoretic displays have diameters of about 300 ⁇ m.
- nozzle apertures of about 150 ⁇ m are useful in the practice of this method.
- the inner nozzle containing the internal phase should be almost 150 ⁇ m and the outer nozzle containing the external phase typically should be only slightly larger than the inner nozzle.
- This technique creates a complex droplet (that can be hardened into a capsule) with a relatively thin shell of external phase compared with the much larger core of internal phase. (However, in some situations, the size of the outer nozzle will vary from that described above depending upon the concentration of capsule wall-forming material in the external phase.
- the vibrating member should have excitation frequencies between about 0.5 kHz (at about a 1 ml/min flow rate) to about 80 kHz (at about a 15 ml/min flow rate) to produce complex droplets of about 300 ⁇ m in diameter.
- This excitation in readily applied to the internal phase in the central channel and nozzle by, for example, having a piezoelectric transducer in contact with the internal phase upstream from the nozzle.
- Transparent walls can be formed from epoxy monomers in the external phase when these monomers are exposed to UV light and polymerize.
- a relatively fast chemical reaction is desirable to produce complex droplets that are sufficiently hardened into capsules before potential collision events with other complex droplets, fluids, capsules or structures occur.
- Low viscosity epoxy monomers can provide smooth fluid flow through the nozzle.
- a dilute solution of a transparent elastomeric polymer in the external phase can yield useful capsule walls when a solvent in the external phase is evaporated. In this case, rapid solvent loss (to increase the speed of capsule wall formation) can be encouraged by coextrusion of the internal and external phases into a warm and/or reduced-pressure gas.
- the complex droplets or capsules can be collected in an appropriate liquid for storage. Because the capsules are eventually mixed with a binder and coated onto a flat surface, the complex droplets or capsules can be collected into the binder directly, or into a material which is readily miscible with the binder. In the case of water-based binders, this fluid can be water. Measures can be taken to prevent the complex droplets or capsules from sticking to one another in the collection liquid. Surfactants and/or dispersing agents can be used in the collection liquid to prevent the complex droplets or capsules from sticking to each other. Also, the collection liquid can be a quiescent reservoir positioned below the jet of external and internal phase so that capsules with hardened walls will fall into the collection liquid.
- the collection liquid can be flowed in the same direction as the jet stream of the internal and external phases.
- collection liquid 64 is located in a structure 60 and is moved in a direction (indicated by arrows 62) that is substantially similar to the direction in which the external 12 and internal 10 phases are extruded from the channels 50, 52 with nozzles 50a, 52a .
- the collection liquid 64 flows at a velocity that is similar velocity to that of the jet of internal 10 and external 12 phases, but the velocity can be greater than that of the jet in order to produce a separation effect as described for Figure 7, above.
- a three-channel, three-aperture nozzle can be used to collect complex droplets or capsules.
- the collection liquid is extruded through a third channel and nozzle.
- the third channel is concentric about both of the concentric channels containing the internal and external phases, and collection liquid flows through the outermost aperture and three-phase droplets are formed.
- the third aperture issues the collection liquid in contact with the external phase from the middle nozzle.
- a separate stream of collection liquid 64 is extruded through an outer channel 66 with a nozzle that is concentric with a second channel 50 with nozzle 50a that is concentric with a third channel 52 with nozzle 52a.
- the hollow cylinder of collection liquid 64 collapses at some distance from the nozzle (not shown) of the outer channel 66.
- the point at which the collection liquid 64 converges can be the same point at which it collides with a collection container (or any liquid within the collection container). This effect can be accomplished by adjusting the collection liquid 64 flow rate and/or distance from the collection container.
- the complex droplets (or capsules), themselves, are contained within the collapsing hollow cylinder of collection liquid 64 issuing from the outer nozzle of the outer channel 66.
- the collection liquid 64 can be a binder with which the capsules are coated to a substrate when constructing an encapsulated electrophoretic display, obviating the need for a separate step to mix the capsules with the binder.
- capsules can be formed as a dry powder that is mixed with a liquid binder for coating onto a substrate.
- a liquid binder for coating onto a substrate.
- aggregates of capsules impair coating performance.
- capsules should be prevented from sticking to one another, or, if the capsules are not prevented from sticking to one another, the adhesion can be reversed when the capsules are mixed with binder.
- a pair of immiscible fluids can be mixed into a droplet, before a separate encapsulation step to form a capsule containing two immicible fluids, using two concentric nozzles that are in communication with a pump. One of the fluids is expelled through one of the nozzles, and the other fluid is expelled through the other nozzle.
- This droplet can then be encapsulated, assuming the fluids are chemically compatible with the encapsulation solvent, by, for example, gelatin acacia encapsulation.
- a physical coextrusion process can be used to encapsulate the droplet.
- three concentric nozzles are attached to a pump.
- the droplets can be formed by pumping a dye-containing fluid solution through the inner nozzle, a particle dispersion-containing fluid through the middle nozzle, and an encapsulating polymer (as a solution or a melt) through the outer nozzle.
- an encapsulating polymer as a solution or a melt
- capsules are formed.
- the capsules can be hardened by evaporating a solvent or solvents used during the pumping procedure or, if any of the materials are pumped through the nozzle at a temperature greater than the ambient temperature, by cooling the capsules.
- a capsule with two immicible fluids, one containing particles is produced.
- unencapsulated droplets or encapsulated droplets During formation of unencapsulated droplets or encapsulated droplets according to the invention, several variables can be manipulated, depending upon, for example, the materials used. In the instance with two nozzles that form unencapsulated droplets, the dyed-fluid is pumped through the central nozzle and a second immiscible fluid containing dispersed particles is pumped through the outer nozzle, forming droplets. The droplets are extruded into an aqueous phase that has been prepared for encapsulation, described below.
- the droplets can be made one at a time using relatively low flow rates of the fluids through the nozzles, or the fluids can be co- extruded at relatively higher flow rates, for example, as a liquid jet that breaks up by Rayleigh instability into individual droplets. In either case, droplet formation can be assisted by vibration of the concentric nozzles using, for example, a piezoelectric stack.
- the spreading coefficients of the various liquids can be controlled. The spreading coefficient is a description of how one fluid spreads over another fluid.
- the spreading coefficient can be mathematically modeled. Denoting the three liquids in the two-nozzle system as A, B, C where B is the encapsulation fluid (water), the three spreading coefficients for the three liquids are defined as:
- g is the interfacial tension between two liquids. Assigning the liquids so that g(AB) > g(BC), droplets (containing a dye-fluid subdroplet and a particle-dispersed fluid subdroplet) can maintain a desired morphology when
- variables that can be altered, depending upon the particular compounds employed in droplet formation and encapsulation include pumping rate, flow rate, and viscosity.
- pumping rate typically, at least one of the pumping rates through one nozzle is different from another one of the pumping rates through a different nozzle.
- the flow rate of materials through the nozzles, relative to each other, as well as the overall flux of material through the nozzles, can be varied.
- the viscosity of the materials coming through the nozzles can affect the final morphology of the droplets.
- the apertures e.g., nozzles
- the apertures should be aligned so that they are concentric.
- two or more apertures can be aligned concentrically with high precision.
- the apertures can be on the same or on different planes.
- the technique can be used to ensure that an array of apertures aligns concentrically with another array of apertures.
- Alignment tolerances of about ⁇ 25 ⁇ m are achievable with current techniques.
- traditional mechanical alignment methods e.g., hard stops
- kinematic coupling techniques to align two or more apertures in two or more plates provides an alternative to current techniques.
- a kinematic coupling design may be implemented simply, cost-effectively achieving a precision alignment of the small apertures.
- the attainable level of precision can be improved from that of current techniques, particularly when apertures are smaller than about 100 ⁇ m.
- apertures that are less than 50 ⁇ m in diameter should be aligned within a tolerance of at least about l ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m, which is readily achievable using a kinematic coupling design.
- the present technique provides a mechanical alignment method that is low cost, precise, and repeatable.
- a kinematic coupling is used to precisely maintain the spacing between and alignment of multiple plates containing apertures.
- a kinematic coupling typically is used for very large objects (e.g., metrology frames used in large, precision machines) rather than small objects, such as the plates with apertures used in coextrusion as described above.
- the kinematic coupling is composed of the plates 120, 122, each plate 120, 122 with an aperture 124, 144 and with three triangular cross-section grooves 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136 (best shown in Figure 15B as section A-A through one of the grooves 128 of Figure 15A) in the surface of each plate 120, 122, and spherical balls 138, 140, 142 rigidly affixed in the grooves of one plate 122.
- the coupling maintains repeatable, precise alignment by providing 6 contact points (often referred to as "bearing surfaces") between the surfaces of the balls 138, 140, 142 and the plates 120, 122.
- the geometry of the coupling is chosen so that the six contact points fully constrain the motion of the plates 120, 122 with respect to one another.
- Figures 16A and 16B show a coextrusion system aligned with the kinematic technique.
- a first plate 146 with grooves 132, 134, 136 and balls 138, 140, 142 and an aperture 144 is aligned with a second plate 148 with a second aperture 150.
- Adjacent channels 152, 154 are formed within the plates 146, 148.
- the balls can be replaced with other shapes, such as cylinders with hemispherical ends.
- CMOS coupling-based devices that coextrude an internal phase and an external phase (or any coextruded materials).
- crystalline silicon wafers may be patterned, using photolithography techniques, to produce triangular cross-section trenches 158. These trenches may be used as the grooves for the kinematic coupling. Similar techniques can be used on coextrusion plates. Aperture holes may be drilled through the plates using many techniques, such as wet etching, dry etching, or laser drilling techniques.
- the balls for kinematic alignment may be made from such materials as alumina, sapphire, or ruby.
- the balls can be attached to the plates using techniques such as high temperature bonding or epoxy bonding.
- the ball diameter influences the stiffness of the kinematic coupling and also controls the separation distance between the surfaces of the two plates. This distance between the two plates influences the flow of fluid through the gap between the plates. A smaller gap corresponds with a higher pressure drop and a larger gap corresponds with a lower pressure drop. A very large pressure drop in the system is undesirable, as is turbulence in some embodiments.
- FIG 18 another configuration of two plates 250, 252 form a coextrusion design for producing a compound jet 266.
- the configuration is similar to that shown in Figures 5 A and 5B and produces a similar compound jet.
- These plates generally are aligned using the kinematic coupling technique outlined above.
- Grooves 254, 258 (only two are shown) are provided in a first plate 252 that align with grooves 256, 260 (only two are shown) in a second plate 250.
- Balls 262, 264 are seated in the grooves 254, 256, 258, 260 and align the plates 250, 252.
- the plates 250, 252 form two adjacent, concentric channels through with the internal phase 10 and the external phase 12 flow.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000609180A JP4582914B2 (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-04-06 | Method for making droplets for use in capsule-based electromotive displays |
CA002365847A CA2365847A1 (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-04-06 | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays |
EP00921745A EP1169121B1 (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-04-06 | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays |
AU42021/00A AU4202100A (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-04-06 | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12796499P | 1999-04-06 | 1999-04-06 | |
US60/127,964 | 1999-04-06 | ||
US09/413,009 | 1999-10-06 | ||
US09/413,009 US6262833B1 (en) | 1998-10-07 | 1999-10-06 | Capsules for electrophoretic displays and methods for making the same |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000059625A1 true WO2000059625A1 (en) | 2000-10-12 |
WO2000059625A9 WO2000059625A9 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
Family
ID=26826125
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/009090 WO2000059625A1 (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-04-06 | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6377387B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1169121B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP4582914B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU4202100A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2365847A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000059625A1 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1197262A2 (en) * | 2000-10-13 | 2002-04-17 | JAPAN as represented by DIRECTOR GENERAL OF NATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES | Method and apparatus for manufacturing microspheres |
EP1462158A1 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-09-29 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Droplet discharging device and manufacturing method of microcapsule |
EP1498174A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2005-01-19 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Process and apparatus for producing inorganic spheres |
WO2006046200A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-04 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Preparation of dispersions of particles for use as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging |
US7622148B2 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2009-11-24 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for manufacturing electrophoretic display element |
GB2467925A (en) * | 2009-02-19 | 2010-08-25 | Richard Graham Holdich | Membrane emulsification using oscillatory motion |
FR2964017A1 (en) * | 2010-09-01 | 2012-03-02 | Capsum | Fabricating a series of capsules comprises conveying in double casing of first and second liquid solution, forming a series of drops, falling each drop in a gas volume of gas at outlet of the casing and immersing drop in a gelling solution |
CN103933908A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-07-23 | 江苏大学 | Equipment and method for preparing microcapsules by liquid-liquid electrostatic micro-jet atomization |
EP3166112A4 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2018-03-07 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Method for manufacturing fuel container for laser fusion |
CN110218343A (en) * | 2019-04-22 | 2019-09-10 | 纳晶科技股份有限公司 | A kind of preparation method and dispersion, device of micro-and nano-particles dispersion |
Families Citing this family (250)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7848006B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2010-12-07 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays with controlled amounts of pigment |
US7079305B2 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2006-07-18 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
US8139050B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2012-03-20 | E Ink Corporation | Addressing schemes for electronic displays |
US7583251B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2009-09-01 | E Ink Corporation | Dielectrophoretic displays |
US7259744B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2007-08-21 | E Ink Corporation | Dielectrophoretic displays |
US7327511B2 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2008-02-05 | E Ink Corporation | Light modulators |
US6866760B2 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 2005-03-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
US7999787B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2011-08-16 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
US7193625B2 (en) * | 1999-04-30 | 2007-03-20 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein |
US7411719B2 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2008-08-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
US8040594B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2011-10-18 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-color electrophoretic displays |
US6704133B2 (en) | 1998-03-18 | 2004-03-09 | E-Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display overlays and systems for addressing such displays |
US7075502B1 (en) | 1998-04-10 | 2006-07-11 | E Ink Corporation | Full color reflective display with multichromatic sub-pixels |
AU5094699A (en) | 1998-07-08 | 2000-02-01 | E-Ink Corporation | Methods for achieving improved color in microencapsulated electrophoretic devices |
US7012600B2 (en) * | 1999-04-30 | 2006-03-14 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein |
US7119772B2 (en) * | 1999-04-30 | 2006-10-10 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein |
US7119759B2 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2006-10-10 | E Ink Corporation | Machine-readable displays |
US8009348B2 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2011-08-30 | E Ink Corporation | Machine-readable displays |
US8115729B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2012-02-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic display element with filler particles |
AU6365900A (en) * | 1999-07-21 | 2001-02-13 | E-Ink Corporation | Use of a storage capacitor to enhance the performance of an active matrix drivenelectronic display |
AU2001253575A1 (en) * | 2000-04-18 | 2001-10-30 | E-Ink Corporation | Process for fabricating thin film transistors |
US7893435B2 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2011-02-22 | E Ink Corporation | Flexible electronic circuits and displays including a backplane comprising a patterned metal foil having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough |
US6816147B2 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2004-11-09 | E Ink Corporation | Bistable electro-optic display, and method for addressing same |
JP4998910B2 (en) * | 2000-09-20 | 2012-08-15 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | Manufacturing method of organic material fine particles and twist ball display using the same |
US6548308B2 (en) * | 2000-09-25 | 2003-04-15 | Picoliter Inc. | Focused acoustic energy method and device for generating droplets of immiscible fluids |
JP2004536475A (en) * | 2000-12-05 | 2004-12-02 | イー−インク コーポレイション | Portable electronic device with additional electro-optical display |
US7030854B2 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2006-04-18 | E Ink Corporation | Apparatus for displaying drawings |
ATE324615T1 (en) * | 2001-04-02 | 2006-05-15 | E Ink Corp | ELECTROPHOREASE MEDIUM WITH IMPROVED IMAGE STABILITY |
US20050156340A1 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-07-21 | E Ink Corporation | Preparation of capsules |
US8390918B2 (en) * | 2001-04-02 | 2013-03-05 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays with controlled amounts of pigment |
US7679814B2 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2010-03-16 | E Ink Corporation | Materials for use in electrophoretic displays |
US6580545B2 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2003-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electrochromic-nanoparticle displays |
EP1393122B1 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2018-03-28 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles |
US8582196B2 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2013-11-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles and processes for the production thereof |
US6870661B2 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2005-03-22 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays containing magnetic particles |
US20040074931A1 (en) * | 2001-05-22 | 2004-04-22 | Coffelt, Jr. Louis Arthur | Dual microliter dosage system |
US7561324B2 (en) | 2002-09-03 | 2009-07-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays |
EP1407320B1 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2006-12-20 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and adhesive composition |
US6982178B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2006-01-03 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US7110163B2 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2006-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and lamination adhesive for use therein |
US7535624B2 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2009-05-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
WO2003007066A2 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2003-01-23 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optical display having a lamination adhesive layer |
US6967640B2 (en) * | 2001-07-27 | 2005-11-22 | E Ink Corporation | Microencapsulated electrophoretic display with integrated driver |
US6819471B2 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2004-11-16 | E Ink Corporation | Light modulation by frustration of total internal reflection |
US7038670B2 (en) | 2002-08-16 | 2006-05-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual mode switching |
TW550529B (en) * | 2001-08-17 | 2003-09-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display with dual-mode switching |
US7492505B2 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2009-02-17 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual mode switching |
US6825970B2 (en) * | 2001-09-14 | 2004-11-30 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for addressing electro-optic materials |
US9412314B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2016-08-09 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US7952557B2 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2011-05-31 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays |
US8125501B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2012-02-28 | E Ink Corporation | Voltage modulated driver circuits for electro-optic displays |
US8558783B2 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2013-10-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with reduced remnant voltage |
US7528822B2 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2009-05-05 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US8593396B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2013-11-26 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays |
US9530363B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2016-12-27 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and apparatus for driving electro-optic displays |
WO2003044765A2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2003-05-30 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays |
US6890592B2 (en) * | 2002-03-13 | 2005-05-10 | Appleton Papers Inc. | Uniform microcapsules |
US6950220B2 (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2005-09-27 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
US7223672B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2007-05-29 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for forming backplanes for electro-optic displays |
US7190008B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2007-03-13 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and components for use therein |
KR100896167B1 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2009-05-11 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electronic displays |
US7718099B2 (en) * | 2002-04-25 | 2010-05-18 | Tosoh Corporation | Fine channel device, fine particle producing method and solvent extraction method |
US7727040B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2010-06-01 | Imaging Systems Technology | Process for manufacturing plasma-disc PDP |
US8198812B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2012-06-12 | Imaging Systems Technology | Gas filled detector shell with dipole antenna |
US7405516B1 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2008-07-29 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-shell PDP with organic luminescent substance |
US8513887B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2013-08-20 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Plasma-dome article of manufacture |
US7932674B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2011-04-26 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-dome article of manufacture |
US6958848B2 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2005-10-25 | E Ink Corporation | Capsules, materials for use therein and electrophoretic media and displays containing such capsules |
US7110164B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2006-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
US9470950B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2016-10-18 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
US8049947B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2011-11-01 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US8363299B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2013-01-29 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
US7649674B2 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2010-01-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display with edge seal |
US7843621B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2010-11-30 | E Ink Corporation | Components and testing methods for use in the production of electro-optic displays |
US7554712B2 (en) | 2005-06-23 | 2009-06-30 | E Ink Corporation | Edge seals for, and processes for assembly of, electro-optic displays |
US7583427B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2009-09-01 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
JP4651383B2 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2011-03-16 | イー インク コーポレイション | Method for driving electro-optic display device |
US20080024482A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2008-01-31 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US20040031167A1 (en) * | 2002-06-13 | 2004-02-19 | Stein Nathan D. | Single wafer method and apparatus for drying semiconductor substrates using an inert gas air-knife |
US20040105036A1 (en) * | 2002-08-06 | 2004-06-03 | E Ink Corporation | Protection of electro-optic displays against thermal effects |
US7038656B2 (en) * | 2002-08-16 | 2006-05-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual-mode switching |
US7271947B2 (en) | 2002-08-16 | 2007-09-18 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual-mode switching |
US8129655B2 (en) * | 2002-09-03 | 2012-03-06 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium with gaseous suspending fluid |
US7839564B2 (en) | 2002-09-03 | 2010-11-23 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US20130063333A1 (en) | 2002-10-16 | 2013-03-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays |
CN1726428A (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2006-01-25 | 伊英克公司 | Backplanes for electro-optic displays |
US6922276B2 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2005-07-26 | E Ink Corporation | Flexible electro-optic displays |
TWI299101B (en) * | 2003-01-30 | 2008-07-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | High performance capsules for electrophoretic displays |
US6987603B2 (en) * | 2003-01-31 | 2006-01-17 | E Ink Corporation | Construction of electrophoretic displays |
US7339715B2 (en) * | 2003-03-25 | 2008-03-04 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for the production of electrophoretic displays |
US7910175B2 (en) * | 2003-03-25 | 2011-03-22 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for the production of electrophoretic displays |
WO2004088395A2 (en) * | 2003-03-27 | 2004-10-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic assemblies |
US10726798B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2020-07-28 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for operating electro-optic displays |
WO2004099862A2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2004-11-18 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays |
JP5904690B2 (en) | 2003-06-30 | 2016-04-20 | イー インク コーポレイション | Method for driving an electro-optic display |
US8174490B2 (en) * | 2003-06-30 | 2012-05-08 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays |
US20050122563A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2005-06-09 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays |
DE10334237A1 (en) * | 2003-07-28 | 2005-02-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Active sensor channel |
EP2698784B1 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2017-11-01 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display |
WO2005019360A1 (en) | 2003-08-25 | 2005-03-03 | Dip Tech. Ltd. | Ink for ceramic surfaces |
WO2005029458A1 (en) * | 2003-09-19 | 2005-03-31 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for reducing edge effects in electro-optic displays |
US8319759B2 (en) | 2003-10-08 | 2012-11-27 | E Ink Corporation | Electrowetting displays |
EP1671304B1 (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2008-08-20 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-wetting displays |
US7551346B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2009-06-23 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
US8177942B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2012-05-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
US7672040B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2010-03-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
US20110164301A1 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2011-07-07 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials for use therein |
EP2487674B1 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2018-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays |
WO2005044174A1 (en) * | 2003-11-07 | 2005-05-19 | Freund Corporation | Seamless capsule manufacturing method, seamless capsule manufacturing device, and seamless capsule |
US7772773B1 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2010-08-10 | Imaging Systems Technology | Electrode configurations for plasma-dome PDP |
US8928562B2 (en) * | 2003-11-25 | 2015-01-06 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and methods for driving same |
WO2005054933A2 (en) | 2003-11-26 | 2005-06-16 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with reduced remnant voltage |
US7094045B2 (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2006-08-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Microencapsulation system and method |
US7206119B2 (en) * | 2003-12-31 | 2007-04-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and method for driving same |
US7075703B2 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2006-07-11 | E Ink Corporation | Process for sealing electro-optic displays |
JP2005205338A (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2005-08-04 | Dainippon Toryo Co Ltd | Monodisperse particle manufacturing method |
JP4578818B2 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2010-11-10 | 理想科学工業株式会社 | Method for forming microcapsules |
US7388572B2 (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2008-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Backplanes for electro-optic displays |
US6970285B2 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2005-11-29 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Phase change electrophoretic imaging for rewritable applications |
US7492339B2 (en) * | 2004-03-26 | 2009-02-17 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays |
US8289250B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2012-10-16 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
US8129906B1 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2012-03-06 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Lumino-shells |
US20050253777A1 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2005-11-17 | E Ink Corporation | Tiled displays and methods for driving same |
US8113898B1 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2012-02-14 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Gas discharge device with electrical conductive bonding material |
US8368303B1 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2013-02-05 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Gas discharge device with electrical conductive bonding material |
US20080136774A1 (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2008-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
CN100557474C (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2009-11-04 | 伊英克公司 | Electro-optic displays |
US11250794B2 (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2022-02-15 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
US7453445B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2008-11-18 | E Ink Corproation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
JP5079977B2 (en) * | 2004-09-16 | 2012-11-21 | 大日本塗料株式会社 | Method for producing monodisperse particles |
TW200611045A (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-04-01 | Smart Displayer Technology Co Ltd | Flexible display device |
US7258428B2 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2007-08-21 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Multiple head concentric encapsulation system |
US8951608B1 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2015-02-10 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Aqueous manufacturing process and article |
US7662444B2 (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2010-02-16 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal microcapsule, method for producing the same, and liquid crystal display device using the same |
EP1842093A4 (en) * | 2005-01-26 | 2010-11-24 | E Ink Corp | Electrophoretic displays using gaseous fluids |
US8299696B1 (en) | 2005-02-22 | 2012-10-30 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-shell gas discharge device |
US7730746B1 (en) * | 2005-07-14 | 2010-06-08 | Imaging Systems Technology | Apparatus to prepare discrete hollow microsphere droplets |
US7556776B2 (en) * | 2005-09-08 | 2009-07-07 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Microfluidic manipulation of fluids and reactions |
US20080043318A1 (en) | 2005-10-18 | 2008-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Color electro-optic displays, and processes for the production thereof |
WO2007048096A2 (en) | 2005-10-18 | 2007-04-26 | E Ink Corporation | Components for electro-optic displays |
US20070091417A1 (en) * | 2005-10-25 | 2007-04-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media and displays with improved binder |
US7863815B1 (en) | 2006-01-26 | 2011-01-04 | Imaging Systems Technology | Electrode configurations for plasma-disc PDP |
EP1989529A4 (en) * | 2006-02-13 | 2010-09-01 | Agency Science Tech & Res | Method of processing a biological and/or chemical sample |
US7535175B1 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2009-05-19 | Imaging Systems Technology | Electrode configurations for plasma-dome PDP |
US8035303B1 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2011-10-11 | Imaging Systems Technology | Electrode configurations for gas discharge device |
US8390301B2 (en) * | 2006-03-08 | 2013-03-05 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
US7843624B2 (en) * | 2006-03-08 | 2010-11-30 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
TWI350793B (en) * | 2006-03-08 | 2011-10-21 | E Ink Corp | Methods for production of electro-optic displays |
US8610988B2 (en) | 2006-03-09 | 2013-12-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display with edge seal |
US7952790B2 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2011-05-31 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic media produced using ink jet printing |
JP4845576B2 (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2011-12-28 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | Thermal storage material microcapsule, thermal storage material microcapsule dispersion and thermal storage material microcapsule solid |
US8297959B2 (en) * | 2006-05-03 | 2012-10-30 | Terapia Celular, Ln, Inc. | Systems for producing multilayered particles, fibers and sprays and methods for administering the same |
US7903319B2 (en) * | 2006-07-11 | 2011-03-08 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and display with improved image stability |
US8018640B2 (en) | 2006-07-13 | 2011-09-13 | E Ink Corporation | Particles for use in electrophoretic displays |
US20080024429A1 (en) * | 2006-07-25 | 2008-01-31 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays using gaseous fluids |
US7492497B2 (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2009-02-17 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-layer light modulator |
US7986450B2 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2011-07-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
US7477444B2 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2009-01-13 | E Ink Corporation & Air Products And Chemical, Inc. | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
KR100795103B1 (en) | 2006-09-27 | 2008-01-17 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Microcapsule patterning method |
JP4968896B2 (en) * | 2006-09-27 | 2012-07-04 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Dispersion manufacturing apparatus and dispersion manufacturing method |
JP5101850B2 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2012-12-19 | 株式会社リコー | Display device manufacturing method and electrophoretic display device including the display device |
WO2008044459A1 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2008-04-17 | Freund Corporation | Apparatus for manufacturing seamless capsule |
US7649666B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2010-01-19 | E Ink Corporation | Components and methods for use in electro-optic displays |
US7667886B2 (en) | 2007-01-22 | 2010-02-23 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-layer sheet for use in electro-optic displays |
US7688497B2 (en) | 2007-01-22 | 2010-03-30 | E Ink Corporation | Multi-layer sheet for use in electro-optic displays |
US7826129B2 (en) | 2007-03-06 | 2010-11-02 | E Ink Corporation | Materials for use in electrophoretic displays |
US10319313B2 (en) * | 2007-05-21 | 2019-06-11 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving video electro-optic displays |
US9199441B2 (en) * | 2007-06-28 | 2015-12-01 | E Ink Corporation | Processes for the production of electro-optic displays, and color filters for use therein |
WO2009006248A1 (en) | 2007-06-29 | 2009-01-08 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and materials and methods for production thereof |
GB0712863D0 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2007-08-08 | Eastman Kodak Co | Monodisperse droplet generation |
GB0712862D0 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2007-08-08 | Eastman Kodak Co | A method of continuous ink jet printing |
GB0712861D0 (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2007-08-08 | Eastman Kodak Co | Continuous ink jet printing of encapsulated droplets |
US8902153B2 (en) | 2007-08-03 | 2014-12-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and processes for their production |
US20090263870A1 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2009-10-22 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | System and method for amplifying a nucleic acid molecule |
US20090122389A1 (en) * | 2007-11-14 | 2009-05-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic assemblies, and adhesives and binders for use therein |
EP2172264A1 (en) * | 2008-01-02 | 2010-04-07 | Ziel Biopharma Ltd | Process and apparatus for the production of microcapsules |
US20090226598A1 (en) * | 2008-02-11 | 2009-09-10 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Substrate Coating Apparatus Having a Solvent Vapor Emitter |
WO2009117730A1 (en) * | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays and color filters |
JP5904791B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2016-04-20 | イー インク コーポレイション | Method for driving an electro-optic display |
US9664619B2 (en) * | 2008-04-28 | 2017-05-30 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Microfluidic device for storage and well-defined arrangement of droplets |
JP2009276567A (en) * | 2008-05-14 | 2009-11-26 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | Manufacturing method of microcapsule for electrophoretic display |
US20100035325A1 (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Genome Corporation | Microcapsules and methods of use for amplification and sequencing |
US20100035323A1 (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Genome Corporation | Methods of using a multiple sheath flow device for the production of microcapsules |
US20110195474A1 (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2011-08-11 | Genome Corporation | Methods of using a multiple sheath flow device for the production of microcapsules |
US20100032295A1 (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Genome Corporation | Continuous film electrophoresis |
US20100034445A1 (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Genome Corporation | Continuous imaging of nucleic acids |
FR2937884A1 (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2010-05-07 | Osmooze | PROCESS FOR FORMING EMULSION FROM NON-MISCIBLE LIQUIDS IN THEM AND APPLICATION TO LIQUID SUPPLY OF A NEBULIZATION DEVICE |
US8457013B2 (en) | 2009-01-13 | 2013-06-04 | Metrologic Instruments, Inc. | Wireless dual-function network device dynamically switching and reconfiguring from a wireless network router state of operation into a wireless network coordinator state of operation in a wireless communication network |
US8234507B2 (en) | 2009-01-13 | 2012-07-31 | Metrologic Instruments, Inc. | Electronic-ink display device employing a power switching mechanism automatically responsive to predefined states of device configuration |
TWI484273B (en) * | 2009-02-09 | 2015-05-11 | E Ink Corp | Electrophoretic particles |
US8098418B2 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2012-01-17 | E. Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays, and color filters for use therein |
WO2010110843A1 (en) | 2009-03-25 | 2010-09-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | Droplet generator |
DE102009019370A1 (en) * | 2009-04-29 | 2011-01-27 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Process for encapsulating liquid or pasty substances in a crosslinked encapsulating material |
JP4715951B2 (en) * | 2009-07-16 | 2011-07-06 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Gel production equipment |
US8654436B1 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2014-02-18 | E Ink Corporation | Particles for use in electrophoretic displays |
KR101163707B1 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2012-07-09 | 한국과학기술원 | System for Forming Non-Contact Micro Array Pattern and Method for Forming the Non-Contact Micro Array Pattern |
EP2553522B1 (en) | 2010-04-02 | 2016-03-23 | E-Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media |
CN105654889B (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2022-01-11 | 伊英克公司 | Method for driving electro-optic display |
SA111320374B1 (en) | 2010-04-14 | 2015-08-10 | بيكر هوغيس انكوبوريتد | Method Of Forming Polycrystalline Diamond From Derivatized Nanodiamond |
US9205531B2 (en) | 2011-09-16 | 2015-12-08 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of fabricating polycrystalline diamond, and cutting elements and earth-boring tools comprising polycrystalline diamond |
US10005672B2 (en) | 2010-04-14 | 2018-06-26 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Method of forming particles comprising carbon and articles therefrom |
TWI484275B (en) | 2010-05-21 | 2015-05-11 | E Ink Corp | Electro-optic display, method for driving the same and microcavity electrophoretic display |
WO2012100205A2 (en) | 2011-01-21 | 2012-07-26 | Biodot, Inc. | Piezoelectric dispenser with a longitudinal transducer and replaceable capillary tube |
CA2848733A1 (en) | 2011-09-16 | 2013-03-21 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of fabricating polycrystalline diamond, and cutting elements and earth-boring tools comprising polycrystalline diamond |
US20130125910A1 (en) | 2011-11-18 | 2013-05-23 | Avon Products, Inc. | Use of Electrophoretic Microcapsules in a Cosmetic Composition |
US10080997B2 (en) * | 2012-03-16 | 2018-09-25 | Versitech Limited | System and method for generation of emulsions with low interfacial tension and measuring frequency vibrations in the system |
TWI554814B (en) | 2013-05-14 | 2016-10-21 | 電子墨水股份有限公司 | Colored electrophoretic displays |
ES2893766T3 (en) | 2013-10-22 | 2022-02-10 | E Ink Corp | An electrophoretic device with a wide operating temperature range |
US9361836B1 (en) | 2013-12-20 | 2016-06-07 | E Ink Corporation | Aggregate particles for use in electrophoretic color displays |
KR102023860B1 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2019-09-20 | 이 잉크 코포레이션 | Electro-optic display with a two-phase electrode layer |
EP3102638A4 (en) | 2014-02-06 | 2017-09-27 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles and processes for the production thereof |
US9506243B1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2016-11-29 | E Ink Corporation | Thermally-responsive film |
US9953588B1 (en) | 2014-03-25 | 2018-04-24 | E Ink Corporation | Nano-particle based variable transmission devices |
CA2963561A1 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2016-05-12 | E Ink Corporation | Applications of electro-optic displays |
WO2016126771A1 (en) | 2015-02-04 | 2016-08-11 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays with reduced remnant voltage, and related apparatus and methods |
US9499908B2 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2016-11-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Atomic layer deposition apparatus |
US9499906B2 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2016-11-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Coating substrate using bernoulli atomic-layer deposition |
US9528184B2 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2016-12-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Atomic-layer deposition method using compound gas jet |
US9506147B2 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2016-11-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Atomic-layer deposition apparatus using compound gas jet |
CN107851419B (en) | 2015-10-01 | 2021-06-29 | 伊英克公司 | Variable colour and transmissive cover |
US20180037351A1 (en) | 2016-08-08 | 2018-02-08 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Fluid Filling Nozzle, Apparatus, and Method of Filling a Container with a Fluid |
CN110268317B (en) | 2017-02-15 | 2022-10-21 | 伊英克加利福尼亚有限责任公司 | Polymer additives for color electrophoretic display media |
US9995987B1 (en) | 2017-03-20 | 2018-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Composite particles and method for making the same |
US10962816B2 (en) | 2017-06-16 | 2021-03-30 | E Ink Corporation | Flexible color-changing fibers and fabrics |
US10809590B2 (en) | 2017-06-16 | 2020-10-20 | E Ink Corporation | Variable transmission electrophoretic devices |
CN110603484B (en) | 2017-06-16 | 2023-05-02 | 伊英克公司 | Electro-optic medium comprising encapsulated pigments in a gelatin binder |
US10921676B2 (en) | 2017-08-30 | 2021-02-16 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium |
FR3073751B1 (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2021-09-24 | Univ Bordeaux | PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING CAPSULES SHAPED FROM AN EXTERNAL HYDROGEL ENVELOPE RETICULATED SURROUNDING A CENTRAL CORE |
JP7001217B2 (en) | 2017-12-22 | 2022-01-19 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electrophoresis display device and electronic device |
US11248122B2 (en) | 2017-12-30 | 2022-02-15 | E Ink Corporation | Pigments for electrophoretic displays |
CN108272119A (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2018-07-13 | 南昌大学 | A kind of device preparing microcapsules by temperature control solidification |
US11175561B1 (en) | 2018-04-12 | 2021-11-16 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic display media with network electrodes and methods of making and using the same |
WO2019209240A1 (en) | 2018-04-23 | 2019-10-31 | E Ink Corporation | Nano-particle based variable transmission devices |
US11656525B2 (en) | 2018-10-01 | 2023-05-23 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic fiber and methods of making the same |
US11635640B2 (en) | 2018-10-01 | 2023-04-25 | E Ink Corporation | Switching fibers for textiles |
US11754903B1 (en) | 2018-11-16 | 2023-09-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic assemblies and materials for use therein |
JP7299990B2 (en) | 2019-02-25 | 2023-06-28 | イー インク コーポレイション | Composite electrophoretic particles and variable permeability film containing the same |
CN110170127B (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2024-03-29 | 湖北及安盾消防科技有限公司 | Microminiature fire extinguishing device with rechargeable battery pack and fire extinguishing method thereof |
CN110375367A (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-10-25 | 续客商城(深圳)有限公司 | Kitchen ventilator |
US11761123B2 (en) | 2019-08-07 | 2023-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Switching ribbons for textiles |
JP2022552071A (en) * | 2019-08-28 | 2022-12-15 | マイクロキャプス アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | Apparatus and method for generating droplets |
GB201914105D0 (en) | 2019-09-30 | 2019-11-13 | Vlyte Innovations Ltd | A see-through electrophoretic device having a visible grid |
CN114868078A (en) | 2019-12-23 | 2022-08-05 | 伊英克公司 | Color electrophoretic layer comprising microcapsules with non-ionic polymer walls |
EP4114374A4 (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2024-04-03 | Univ Princeton | System and method for aerosol particle production of submicron and nano structured materials |
CN112844197B (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2023-05-12 | 美洲豹装饰股份有限公司 | Building coating emulsifying machine and emulsifying method thereof |
CN114307881B (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2023-03-17 | 中国长城工业集团有限公司 | Microcapsule preparation method and microcapsule preparation device |
TW202349091A (en) | 2022-02-25 | 2023-12-16 | 美商電子墨水股份有限公司 | Electro-optic displays with edge seal components and methods of making the same |
US20230350263A1 (en) | 2022-04-27 | 2023-11-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display stacks with segmented electrodes and methods of making the same |
CN114798025A (en) * | 2022-05-12 | 2022-07-29 | 山东大学 | Micro-droplet high-flux generating device |
CN116036973B (en) * | 2023-04-03 | 2023-06-09 | 汕头市印得好科技有限公司 | Offset printing ink dispersing device and method based on self-adjustment of raw material characteristic rotating speed |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3423489A (en) * | 1966-11-01 | 1969-01-21 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Encapsulation process |
CH563807A5 (en) * | 1973-02-14 | 1975-07-15 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Fine granules and microcapsules mfrd. from liquid droplets - partic. of high viscosity requiring forced sepn. of droplets |
US4123206A (en) * | 1977-02-07 | 1978-10-31 | Eastman Kodak Company | Encapsulating apparatus |
US4303433A (en) * | 1978-08-28 | 1981-12-01 | Torobin Leonard B | Centrifuge apparatus and method for producing hollow microspheres |
EP0778083A1 (en) * | 1995-12-07 | 1997-06-11 | Freund Industrial Co., Ltd. | Seamless capsule and method for manufacturing the same |
WO1999003626A1 (en) * | 1997-07-14 | 1999-01-28 | Aeroquip Corporation | Apparatus and method for making uniformly sized and shaped spheres |
Family Cites Families (239)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2766478A (en) | 1951-10-15 | 1956-10-16 | Gasoline Res Ind And Commercia | Encapsulating method and apparatus |
US2800457A (en) | 1953-06-30 | 1957-07-23 | Ncr Co | Oil-containing microscopic capsules and method of making them |
USRE25363E (en) | 1961-10-27 | 1963-04-02 | Magnetic writing materials set | |
US3384565A (en) | 1964-07-23 | 1968-05-21 | Xerox Corp | Process of photoelectrophoretic color imaging |
GB1096640A (en) | 1964-12-07 | 1967-12-29 | Monsanto Co | Micro-fiber spinning process |
US3460248A (en) | 1966-05-26 | 1969-08-12 | Clarence R Tate | Method for making micromagnets |
US3406363A (en) | 1966-05-26 | 1968-10-15 | Clarence R. Tate | Multicolored micromagnets |
US3585381A (en) | 1969-04-14 | 1971-06-15 | Ncr Co | Encapsulated cholesteric liquid crystal display device |
NL7005615A (en) | 1969-04-23 | 1970-10-27 | ||
DE2029463C3 (en) | 1969-06-12 | 1973-11-15 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd., Kadoma, Osaka (Japan) | Image recording and / or fermentation device |
US3612758A (en) | 1969-10-03 | 1971-10-12 | Xerox Corp | Color display device |
US3870517A (en) | 1969-10-18 | 1975-03-11 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Color image reproduction sheet employed in photoelectrophoretic imaging |
US3668106A (en) | 1970-04-09 | 1972-06-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic display device |
US3767392A (en) | 1970-04-15 | 1973-10-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic light image reproduction process |
US3792308A (en) | 1970-06-08 | 1974-02-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic display device of the luminescent type |
US3670323A (en) | 1970-12-14 | 1972-06-13 | Zenith Radio Corp | Image-display devices comprising particle light modulators with storage |
JPS4917079B1 (en) | 1970-12-21 | 1974-04-26 | ||
US3850627A (en) | 1971-01-06 | 1974-11-26 | Xerox Corp | Electrophoretic imaging method |
US3772013A (en) | 1971-01-06 | 1973-11-13 | Xerox Corp | Photoelectrophoretic imaging process employing electrically photosensitive particles and inert particles |
JPS5121531B2 (en) | 1971-07-29 | 1976-07-03 | ||
US4273672A (en) | 1971-08-23 | 1981-06-16 | Champion International Corporation | Microencapsulation process |
US3922255A (en) | 1972-05-15 | 1975-11-25 | Rohm & Haas | Method of producing uniform polymer beads |
CA1013843A (en) | 1972-09-11 | 1977-07-12 | Tadao Kohashi | Light modulating device |
GB1465701A (en) | 1973-11-22 | 1977-03-02 | Plessey Co Ltd | Electrophoretic suspension |
IT1031474B (en) | 1974-02-12 | 1979-04-30 | Plessey Handel Investment Ag | WORKING FLUID FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DEVICES FOR VISUAL IMAGE TAKING |
US4001140A (en) | 1974-07-10 | 1977-01-04 | Ncr Corporation | Capsule manufacture |
US4045327A (en) | 1974-08-28 | 1977-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Electrophoretic matrix panel |
US4041481A (en) | 1974-10-05 | 1977-08-09 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Scanning apparatus for an electrophoretic matrix display panel |
FR2318474A1 (en) | 1975-07-17 | 1977-02-11 | Thomson Csf | ELECTROPHORESIS DISPLAY DEVICE |
CH594263A5 (en) | 1975-11-29 | 1977-12-30 | Ebauches Sa | |
SE400841B (en) | 1976-02-05 | 1978-04-10 | Hertz Carl H | WAY TO CREATE A LIQUID RAY AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SET |
JPS584762B2 (en) | 1976-02-20 | 1983-01-27 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Percent display device |
US4143103A (en) | 1976-05-04 | 1979-03-06 | Xerox Corporation | Method of making a twisting ball panel display |
US4126854A (en) | 1976-05-05 | 1978-11-21 | Xerox Corporation | Twisting ball panel display |
FR2351191A1 (en) | 1976-05-11 | 1977-12-09 | Thomson Csf | PERFECTED ELECTROPHORESIS DEVICE |
US4088395A (en) | 1976-05-27 | 1978-05-09 | American Cyanamid Company | Paper counter-electrode for electrochromic devices |
US4068927A (en) | 1976-09-01 | 1978-01-17 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrophoresis display with buried lead lines |
US4071430A (en) | 1976-12-06 | 1978-01-31 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic image display having an improved switching time |
US4211668A (en) | 1977-03-07 | 1980-07-08 | Thalatta, Inc. | Process of microencapsulation and products thereof |
JPS5947676B2 (en) | 1977-04-11 | 1984-11-20 | 株式会社パイロット | magnetic panel |
US4126528A (en) | 1977-07-26 | 1978-11-21 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic composition and display device |
US4166800A (en) | 1977-08-25 | 1979-09-04 | Sandoz, Inc. | Processes for preparation of microspheres |
US4147932A (en) | 1977-09-06 | 1979-04-03 | Xonics, Inc. | Low light level and infrared viewing system |
US4203106A (en) | 1977-11-23 | 1980-05-13 | North American Philips Corporation | X-Y addressable electrophoretic display device with control electrode |
US4201691A (en) | 1978-01-16 | 1980-05-06 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Liquid membrane generator |
US4261653A (en) | 1978-05-26 | 1981-04-14 | The Bendix Corporation | Light valve including dipolar particle construction and method of manufacture |
DE2906652A1 (en) | 1979-02-02 | 1980-08-14 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY WITH WAX-COVERED PIGMENT PARTICLES |
US4419663A (en) | 1979-03-14 | 1983-12-06 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Display device |
US4314013A (en) | 1979-04-04 | 1982-02-02 | Xerox Corporation | Particle formation by double encapsulation |
US4279632A (en) | 1979-05-08 | 1981-07-21 | Nasa | Method and apparatus for producing concentric hollow spheres |
US4272596A (en) | 1979-06-01 | 1981-06-09 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic display device |
US4324456A (en) | 1979-08-02 | 1982-04-13 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic projection display systems |
US4218302A (en) | 1979-08-02 | 1980-08-19 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic display devices |
US4285801A (en) | 1979-09-20 | 1981-08-25 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic display composition |
JPS5932796B2 (en) | 1979-12-11 | 1984-08-10 | 株式会社パイロット | magnet reversal display magnetic panel |
US4419383A (en) | 1979-12-26 | 1983-12-06 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Method for individually encapsulating magnetic particles |
US4305807A (en) | 1980-03-13 | 1981-12-15 | Burroughs Corporation | Electrophoretic display device using a liquid crystal as a threshold device |
US4311361A (en) | 1980-03-13 | 1982-01-19 | Burroughs Corporation | Electrophoretic display using a non-Newtonian fluid as a threshold device |
US4666673A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1987-05-19 | The Dow Chemical Company | Apparatus for preparing large quantities of uniform size drops |
CA1166413A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1984-05-01 | Edward E. Timm | Process and apparatus for preparing uniform size polymer beads |
AT368283B (en) | 1980-11-07 | 1982-09-27 | Philips Nv | NOZZLE PLATE FOR AN INK JET PRINT HEAD AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SUCH A NOZZLE PLATE |
US4418346A (en) | 1981-05-20 | 1983-11-29 | Batchelder J Samuel | Method and apparatus for providing a dielectrophoretic display of visual information |
US4390403A (en) | 1981-07-24 | 1983-06-28 | Batchelder J Samuel | Method and apparatus for dielectrophoretic manipulation of chemical species |
US4435047A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1984-03-06 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal and method |
US4605284A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1986-08-12 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal and method |
US4707080A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1987-11-17 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal material, apparatus and method |
US5082351A (en) | 1981-09-16 | 1992-01-21 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal material, apparatus and method |
US4450440A (en) | 1981-12-24 | 1984-05-22 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Construction of an epid bar graph |
CA1190362A (en) | 1982-01-18 | 1985-07-16 | Reiji Ishikawa | Method of making a rotary ball display device |
US4522472A (en) | 1982-02-19 | 1985-06-11 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic image display with reduced drives and leads |
US4960351A (en) | 1982-04-26 | 1990-10-02 | California Institute Of Technology | Shell forming system |
FR2527843B1 (en) | 1982-06-01 | 1986-01-24 | Thomson Csf | ELECTRODE COMPRISING AN ELECTROCHROMIC POLYMER FILM WHICH CAN BE USED IN AN ENERGY STORAGE OR DISPLAY DEVICE |
FR2527844B1 (en) | 1982-06-01 | 1986-01-24 | Thomson Csf | ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE THAT CAN BE USED FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAY SYSTEM |
US4439507A (en) | 1982-09-21 | 1984-03-27 | Xerox Corporation | Layered photoresponsive imaging device with photogenerating pigments dispersed in a polyhydroxy ether composition |
US4538156A (en) | 1983-05-23 | 1985-08-27 | At&T Teletype Corporation | Ink jet printer |
JPS614020A (en) | 1984-06-18 | 1986-01-09 | Nissha Printing Co Ltd | Multicolor liquid crystal display device |
US4623706A (en) | 1984-08-23 | 1986-11-18 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for preparing uniformly sized polymer particles by suspension polymerization of vibratorily excited monomers in a gaseous or liquid stream |
US4732830A (en) | 1984-11-13 | 1988-03-22 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panels and associated methods |
US4655897A (en) | 1984-11-13 | 1987-04-07 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panels and associated methods |
US4648956A (en) | 1984-12-31 | 1987-03-10 | North American Philips Corporation | Electrode configurations for an electrophoretic display device |
US4643528A (en) | 1985-03-18 | 1987-02-17 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Encapsulated liquid crystal and filler material |
US5216530A (en) | 1985-06-03 | 1993-06-01 | Taliq Corporation | Encapsulated liquid crystal having a smectic phase |
US4620916A (en) | 1985-09-19 | 1986-11-04 | Zwemer Dirk A | Degradation retardants for electrophoretic display devices |
US4673303A (en) | 1985-10-07 | 1987-06-16 | Pitney Bowes Inc. | Offset ink jet postage printing |
US4742345A (en) | 1985-11-19 | 1988-05-03 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel apparatus and methods therefor |
JPH0628570B2 (en) | 1986-02-13 | 1994-04-20 | 雪印乳業株式会社 | Method and device for manufacturing capsule body |
JPS62201635A (en) * | 1986-02-27 | 1987-09-05 | Snow Brand Milk Prod Co Ltd | Production of microcapsule by spray cooling process |
US4891245A (en) | 1986-03-21 | 1990-01-02 | Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc. | Electrophoretic display particles and a process for their preparation |
FR2596566B1 (en) | 1986-04-01 | 1989-03-10 | Solvay | CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM 3-ALKYLTHIOPHENES, PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE AND ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE DEVICES CONTAINING THEM |
US4746917A (en) | 1986-07-14 | 1988-05-24 | Copytele, Inc. | Method and apparatus for operating an electrophoretic display between a display and a non-display mode |
US4748366A (en) | 1986-09-02 | 1988-05-31 | Taylor George W | Novel uses of piezoelectric materials for creating optical effects |
US5279694A (en) | 1986-12-04 | 1994-01-18 | Copytele, Inc. | Chip mounting techniques for display apparatus |
US4947219A (en) | 1987-01-06 | 1990-08-07 | Chronar Corp. | Particulate semiconductor devices and methods |
US4888140A (en) | 1987-02-11 | 1989-12-19 | Chesebrough-Pond's Inc. | Method of forming fluid filled microcapsules |
IT1204914B (en) | 1987-03-06 | 1989-03-10 | Bonapace & C Spa | PROCEDURE FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITTLE STABLE SUBSTANCES WITH POLYMERIC MIXTURES AND PROCESSES FOR THEIR APPLICATION |
US4919521A (en) | 1987-06-03 | 1990-04-24 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic device |
US4833464A (en) | 1987-09-14 | 1989-05-23 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic information display (EPID) apparatus employing grey scale capability |
US5017225A (en) | 1987-12-02 | 1991-05-21 | Japan Capsular Products Inc. | Microencapsulated photochromic material, process for its preparation and a water-base ink composition prepared therefrom |
DE3880120T2 (en) | 1987-12-07 | 1993-10-14 | Solvay | Conductive polymers of aromatic heterocyclic compounds substituted with ether groups, processes for their preparation, apparatus comprising these polymers, and monomers which enable such polymers to be obtained. |
US5161233A (en) | 1988-05-17 | 1992-11-03 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Method for recording and reproducing information, apparatus therefor and recording medium |
US5185226A (en) | 1988-03-23 | 1993-02-09 | Olin Corporation | Electrostatic method for multicolor imaging from a single toner bath comprising double-encapsulated toner particles |
US5250932A (en) | 1988-04-13 | 1993-10-05 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
US5070326A (en) | 1988-04-13 | 1991-12-03 | Ube Industries Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
US4931019A (en) | 1988-09-01 | 1990-06-05 | Pennwalt Corporation | Electrostatic image display apparatus |
US5119218A (en) | 1988-09-28 | 1992-06-02 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device having varistor elements |
JPH02131221A (en) | 1988-11-11 | 1990-05-21 | Pioneer Electron Corp | Photoconduction type liquid crystal light valve |
US4889603A (en) | 1988-12-09 | 1989-12-26 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of eliminating gas bubbles in an electrophoretic display |
FR2640626B1 (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1991-02-08 | Solvay | SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENES, CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM SUCH THIOPHENES, PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME, AND DEVICES CONTAINING THESE POLYMERS |
US5041824A (en) | 1989-03-02 | 1991-08-20 | Copytele, Inc. | Semitransparent electrophoretic information displays (EPID) employing mesh like electrodes |
ES2116981T3 (en) | 1989-03-16 | 1998-08-01 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | FILTER PRODUCTION AND DUPLICATION PROCEDURE, AND PRODUCTION PROCEDURE OF PHOTOSENSITIVE ORGANS PROVIDED WITH THESE FILTERS. |
JPH02274723A (en) | 1989-04-18 | 1990-11-08 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 3-substituted pyrrole polymer |
US5302235A (en) | 1989-05-01 | 1994-04-12 | Copytele, Inc. | Dual anode flat panel electrophoretic display apparatus |
US5053763A (en) | 1989-05-01 | 1991-10-01 | Copytele, Inc. | Dual anode flat panel electrophoretic display apparatus |
US5276113A (en) | 1989-05-22 | 1994-01-04 | Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Process for suspension polymerization |
US5508068A (en) | 1989-06-17 | 1996-04-16 | Shinko Electric Works Co., Ltd. | Cholesteric liquid crystal composition, color-forming liquid crystal composite product, method for protecting liquid crystal and color-forming liquid crystal picture laminated product |
JPH03109526A (en) | 1989-06-20 | 1991-05-09 | Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd | Active matrix substrate for liquid crystal display device |
US5066946A (en) | 1989-07-03 | 1991-11-19 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with selective line erasure |
FR2649396B1 (en) | 1989-07-10 | 1994-07-29 | Solvay | FLUORINATED THIOPHENES, CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM SUCH THIOPHENES, PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SAME AND DEVICES CONTAINING THESE POLYMERS |
US5268448A (en) | 1989-07-10 | 1993-12-07 | Solvay S.A. | Conducting polymers derived from fluorinated thiophenes |
JPH0344621A (en) | 1989-07-12 | 1991-02-26 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Method and device for displaying and display medium tube used therein |
US5128785A (en) | 1989-08-08 | 1992-07-07 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device substantially free from cross-talk having varistor layers coupled to signal lines and picture electrodes |
US5254981A (en) | 1989-09-15 | 1993-10-19 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display employing gray scale capability utilizing area modulation |
JP2712046B2 (en) | 1989-10-18 | 1998-02-10 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
CA2027440C (en) | 1989-11-08 | 1995-07-04 | Nicholas K. Sheridon | Paper-like computer output display and scanning system therefor |
US5128226A (en) | 1989-11-13 | 1992-07-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrophotographic element containing barrier layer |
US5177476A (en) | 1989-11-24 | 1993-01-05 | Copytele, Inc. | Methods of fabricating dual anode, flat panel electrophoretic displays |
US5077157A (en) | 1989-11-24 | 1991-12-31 | Copytele, Inc. | Methods of fabricating dual anode, flat panel electrophoretic displays |
US5057363A (en) | 1989-12-27 | 1991-10-15 | Japan Capsular Products Inc. | Magnetic display system |
FI91573C (en) | 1990-01-04 | 1994-07-11 | Neste Oy | Method for manufacturing electronic and electro-optical components and circuits |
JPH03205422A (en) | 1990-01-08 | 1991-09-06 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | Poly((3-pyrrolyl)acetic acid) |
US5066559A (en) | 1990-01-22 | 1991-11-19 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Liquid electrophotographic toner |
EP0443571A3 (en) | 1990-02-23 | 1992-04-15 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display panel |
EP0449117A3 (en) | 1990-03-23 | 1992-05-06 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Organic polymer and preparation and use thereof |
US5085918A (en) | 1990-05-15 | 1992-02-04 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Printed retroreflective sheet |
JP2554769B2 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1996-11-13 | 株式会社東芝 | Liquid crystal display |
US5151032A (en) | 1990-07-13 | 1992-09-29 | Kabushiki Kaisha Pilot | Magnetophoretic display panel |
JP2774868B2 (en) | 1990-10-19 | 1998-07-09 | 日本石油株式会社 | Method for producing polymer and organic magnetic substance |
US5099256A (en) | 1990-11-23 | 1992-03-24 | Xerox Corporation | Ink jet printer with intermediate drum |
US5255017A (en) | 1990-12-03 | 1993-10-19 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Three dimensional nozzle orifice plates |
US5250938A (en) | 1990-12-19 | 1993-10-05 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel having enhanced operation |
US5138472A (en) | 1991-02-11 | 1992-08-11 | Raychem Corporation | Display having light scattering centers |
US5223823A (en) | 1991-03-11 | 1993-06-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with plural electrically independent anode elements |
US5187609A (en) | 1991-03-27 | 1993-02-16 | Disanto Frank J | Electrophoretic display panel with semiconductor coated elements |
DE69102531T2 (en) | 1991-03-28 | 1994-09-29 | Dainippon Ink & Chemicals | Microcapsules, encapsulation method and method of using the same. |
US5315312A (en) | 1991-05-06 | 1994-05-24 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with tapered grid insulators and associated methods |
US5223115A (en) | 1991-05-13 | 1993-06-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with single character erasure |
JP3086718B2 (en) | 1991-06-24 | 2000-09-11 | 株式会社東芝 | Liquid crystal display device |
WO1993000156A1 (en) | 1991-06-29 | 1993-01-07 | Miyazaki-Ken | Monodisperse single and double emulsions and production thereof |
US5689282A (en) | 1991-07-09 | 1997-11-18 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Display device with compensation for stray capacitance |
US5360582A (en) | 1991-07-15 | 1994-11-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Nonlinear optical materials containing polar disulfone-functionalized molecules |
JPH0519306A (en) | 1991-07-16 | 1993-01-29 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Fully solid-state dimming device and dimming method with the same |
WO1993004411A1 (en) | 1991-08-16 | 1993-03-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Migration imaging with dyes or pigments to effect bleaching |
US5216416A (en) | 1991-08-19 | 1993-06-01 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with interleaved local anode |
CA2114650C (en) | 1991-08-29 | 1999-08-10 | Frank J. Disanto | Electrophoretic display panel with internal mesh background screen |
JP2551783Y2 (en) | 1991-10-21 | 1997-10-27 | 東光電気株式会社 | Cable guide link |
JP3164919B2 (en) | 1991-10-29 | 2001-05-14 | ゼロックス コーポレーション | Method of forming dichroic balls |
US5463492A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1995-10-31 | Research Frontiers Incorporated | Light modulating film of improved clarity for a light valve |
US5247290A (en) | 1991-11-21 | 1993-09-21 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of operation for reducing power, increasing life and improving performance of epids |
US5174882A (en) | 1991-11-25 | 1992-12-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrode structure for an electrophoretic display apparatus |
US5266937A (en) | 1991-11-25 | 1993-11-30 | Copytele, Inc. | Method for writing data to an electrophoretic display panel |
US5663224A (en) | 1991-12-03 | 1997-09-02 | Rohm And Haas Company | Process for preparing an aqueous dispersion |
US5260002A (en) | 1991-12-23 | 1993-11-09 | Vanderbilt University | Method and apparatus for producing uniform polymeric spheres |
JPH05177157A (en) * | 1991-12-26 | 1993-07-20 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Manufacture of microcapsule |
US5266098A (en) | 1992-01-07 | 1993-11-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Production of charged uniformly sized metal droplets |
US5876754A (en) * | 1992-01-17 | 1999-03-02 | Alfatec-Pharma Gmbh | Solid bodies containing active substances and a structure consisting of hydrophilic macromolecules, plus a method of producing such bodies |
JP2778331B2 (en) | 1992-01-29 | 1998-07-23 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Ink jet recording device |
US5293528A (en) | 1992-02-25 | 1994-03-08 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel and associated methods providing single pixel erase capability |
WO1993017413A1 (en) | 1992-02-25 | 1993-09-02 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel for blinking displayed characters |
US5411792A (en) | 1992-02-27 | 1995-05-02 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | Transparent conductive substrate |
ZA933185B (en) | 1992-05-08 | 1994-05-23 | Dick Co Ab | Encapsulated magnetic particles pigments and carbon black compositions and methods related thereto |
CA2070068C (en) | 1992-05-29 | 2000-07-04 | Masayuki Nakanishi | Magnetic display system |
US5298833A (en) | 1992-06-22 | 1994-03-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Black electrophoretic particles for an electrophoretic image display |
US5512162A (en) | 1992-08-13 | 1996-04-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Method for photo-forming small shaped metal containing articles from porous precursors |
US5270843A (en) | 1992-08-31 | 1993-12-14 | Jiansheng Wang | Directly formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal light shutter displays |
JPH06100353A (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1994-04-12 | Shinagawa Refract Co Ltd | Production of microcapsule for refractory |
US5279511A (en) | 1992-10-21 | 1994-01-18 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of filling an electrophoretic display |
US5543177A (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1996-08-06 | Xerox Corporation | Marking materials containing retroreflecting fillers |
JP3361131B2 (en) * | 1992-11-18 | 2003-01-07 | フロイント産業株式会社 | Seamless capsule manufacturing equipment |
US5389958A (en) | 1992-11-25 | 1995-02-14 | Tektronix, Inc. | Imaging process |
US5502476A (en) | 1992-11-25 | 1996-03-26 | Tektronix, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling phase-change ink temperature during a transfer printing process |
US5372852A (en) | 1992-11-25 | 1994-12-13 | Tektronix, Inc. | Indirect printing process for applying selective phase change ink compositions to substrates |
US5262098A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1993-11-16 | Xerox Corporation | Method and apparatus for fabricating bichromal balls for a twisting ball display |
US5402145A (en) | 1993-02-17 | 1995-03-28 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with arc driven individual pixels |
JPH07152024A (en) | 1993-05-17 | 1995-06-16 | Sharp Corp | Liquid crystal display element |
US5360689A (en) | 1993-05-21 | 1994-11-01 | Copytele, Inc. | Colored polymeric dielectric particles and method of manufacture |
US5552679A (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1996-09-03 | International En-R-Tech Incorporated | Electroluminescent and light reflective panel |
US5380362A (en) | 1993-07-16 | 1995-01-10 | Copytele, Inc. | Suspension for use in electrophoretic image display systems |
US5853755A (en) * | 1993-07-28 | 1998-12-29 | Pharmaderm Laboratories Ltd. | Biphasic multilamellar lipid vesicles |
US5411656A (en) | 1993-08-12 | 1995-05-02 | Copytele, Inc. | Gas absorption additives for electrophoretic suspensions |
EP0717870A4 (en) | 1993-09-09 | 1997-04-09 | Copytele Inc | Electrophoretic display panel with selective character addressability |
WO1995010107A1 (en) | 1993-10-01 | 1995-04-13 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with selective character addressability |
DE69412567T2 (en) | 1993-11-01 | 1999-02-04 | Hodogaya Chemical Co Ltd | Amine compound and electroluminescent device containing it |
US5403518A (en) | 1993-12-02 | 1995-04-04 | Copytele, Inc. | Formulations for improved electrophoretic display suspensions and related methods |
US5383008A (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1995-01-17 | Xerox Corporation | Liquid ink electrostatic image development system |
CN1149894A (en) | 1994-05-26 | 1997-05-14 | 考贝泰利公司 | Fluorinated dielectric suspensions for electrophoretic image displays and related methods |
US5673148A (en) | 1994-06-23 | 1997-09-30 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Encapsulated retroreflective elements and method for making same |
GB2292119B (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1998-12-30 | Chemitech Inc | A process for producing a magnetic display sheet using microcapsules |
GB2324273B (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1998-12-30 | Chemitech Inc | Microcapsules for magnetic display |
US5993850A (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 1999-11-30 | Skyepharma Inc. | Preparation of multivesicular liposomes for controlled release of encapsulated biologically active substances |
EP0791190B1 (en) | 1994-11-07 | 1999-09-29 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Signage articles and methods of making same |
US5650872A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1997-07-22 | Research Frontiers Incorporated | Light valve containing ultrafine particles |
US5729632A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1998-03-17 | Eastman Kodak Company | Reproduction apparatus and method for adjusting rendering with toners of different particle sizes |
US5694224A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1997-12-02 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus for tone adjustment correction on rendering gray level image data |
WO1996018920A1 (en) | 1994-12-16 | 1996-06-20 | Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Retroreflecting sheet which emits light when irradiated with ultraviolet ray |
US5745094A (en) | 1994-12-28 | 1998-04-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Electrophoretic display |
US5604027A (en) | 1995-01-03 | 1997-02-18 | Xerox Corporation | Some uses of microencapsulation for electric paper |
US5643506A (en) | 1995-02-03 | 1997-07-01 | The Mead Corporation | Continuous production of Emulsions and microcapsules of uniform particle size |
US5604070A (en) | 1995-02-17 | 1997-02-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Liquid toners with hydrocarbon solvents |
WO1996028756A1 (en) | 1995-03-09 | 1996-09-19 | Geo-Centers, Inc. | Conducting substrate, liquid crystal device made therefrom and liquid crystalline composition in contact therewith |
US5610455A (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1997-03-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electret containing syndiotactic vinyl aromatic polymer |
EP0778962B1 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 2001-08-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Lamination jacket and method for fusing a transferable image to a digital disc |
US5716550A (en) | 1995-08-10 | 1998-02-10 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrically conductive composition and elements containing solubilized polyaniline complex and solvent mixture |
GB2306229B (en) | 1995-10-13 | 1999-04-07 | Ibm | Diffusely reflective display cell |
US5582700A (en) | 1995-10-16 | 1996-12-10 | Zikon Corporation | Electrophoretic display utilizing phase separation of liquids |
US5693442A (en) | 1995-11-06 | 1997-12-02 | Eastman Kodak Company | Charge generating elements having modified spectral sensitivity |
US5767826A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-06-16 | Xerox Corporation | Subtractive color twisting ball display |
US5751268A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-05-12 | Xerox Corporation | Pseudo-four color twisting ball display |
US5717515A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-02-10 | Xerox Corporation | Canted electric fields for addressing a twisting ball display |
US5717514A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-02-10 | Xerox Corporation | Polychromal segmented balls for a twisting ball display |
US5708525A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-01-13 | Xerox Corporation | Applications of a transmissive twisting ball display |
US5737115A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-04-07 | Xerox Corporation | Additive color tristate light valve twisting ball display |
US5739801A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-04-14 | Xerox Corporation | Multithreshold addressing of a twisting ball display |
US5760761A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-06-02 | Xerox Corporation | Highlight color twisting ball display |
US5717283A (en) | 1996-01-03 | 1998-02-10 | Xerox Corporation | Display sheet with a plurality of hourglass shaped capsules containing marking means responsive to external fields |
US5714270A (en) | 1996-03-04 | 1998-02-03 | Xerox Corporation | Multifunctional recording sheets |
US5691098A (en) | 1996-04-03 | 1997-11-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Laser-Induced mass transfer imaging materials utilizing diazo compounds |
US5709976A (en) | 1996-06-03 | 1998-01-20 | Xerox Corporation | Coated papers |
US5754332A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1998-05-19 | Xerox Corporation | Monolayer gyricon display |
US5825529A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1998-10-20 | Xerox Corporation | Gyricon display with no elastomer substrate |
US5808783A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 1998-09-15 | Xerox Corporation | High reflectance gyricon display |
US5843259A (en) | 1996-08-29 | 1998-12-01 | Xerox Corporation | Method for applying an adhesive layer to a substrate surface |
US5930026A (en) | 1996-10-25 | 1999-07-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Nonemissive displays and piezoelectric power supplies therefor |
US5777782A (en) | 1996-12-24 | 1998-07-07 | Xerox Corporation | Auxiliary optics for a twisting ball display |
US5783614A (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-07-21 | Copytele, Inc. | Polymeric-coated dielectric particles and formulation and method for preparing same |
US5961804A (en) | 1997-03-18 | 1999-10-05 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microencapsulated electrophoretic display |
US5900858A (en) | 1997-05-30 | 1999-05-04 | Xerox Corporation | Rotation mechanism for bichromal balls of a twisting ball display sheet based on contact potential charging |
US5914806A (en) | 1998-02-11 | 1999-06-22 | International Business Machines Corporation | Stable electrophoretic particles for displays |
US6014247A (en) | 1998-06-05 | 2000-01-11 | Lear Automotive Dearborn, Inc. | Electronic ink dimming mirror |
US6097531A (en) * | 1998-11-25 | 2000-08-01 | Xerox Corporation | Method of making uniformly magnetized elements for a gyricon display |
-
2000
- 2000-04-06 AU AU42021/00A patent/AU4202100A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-04-06 JP JP2000609180A patent/JP4582914B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-04-06 CA CA002365847A patent/CA2365847A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-04-06 WO PCT/US2000/009090 patent/WO2000059625A1/en active Application Filing
- 2000-04-06 US US09/543,639 patent/US6377387B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-06 EP EP00921745A patent/EP1169121B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2010
- 2010-05-27 JP JP2010122121A patent/JP2010256911A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3423489A (en) * | 1966-11-01 | 1969-01-21 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Encapsulation process |
CH563807A5 (en) * | 1973-02-14 | 1975-07-15 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Fine granules and microcapsules mfrd. from liquid droplets - partic. of high viscosity requiring forced sepn. of droplets |
US4123206A (en) * | 1977-02-07 | 1978-10-31 | Eastman Kodak Company | Encapsulating apparatus |
US4303433A (en) * | 1978-08-28 | 1981-12-01 | Torobin Leonard B | Centrifuge apparatus and method for producing hollow microspheres |
EP0778083A1 (en) * | 1995-12-07 | 1997-06-11 | Freund Industrial Co., Ltd. | Seamless capsule and method for manufacturing the same |
WO1999003626A1 (en) * | 1997-07-14 | 1999-01-28 | Aeroquip Corporation | Apparatus and method for making uniformly sized and shaped spheres |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1197262A3 (en) * | 2000-10-13 | 2003-01-02 | JAPAN as represented by DIRECTOR GENERAL OF NATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES | Method and apparatus for manufacturing microspheres |
EP1197262A2 (en) * | 2000-10-13 | 2002-04-17 | JAPAN as represented by DIRECTOR GENERAL OF NATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES | Method and apparatus for manufacturing microspheres |
US7622148B2 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2009-11-24 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for manufacturing electrophoretic display element |
US7128387B2 (en) | 2003-03-28 | 2006-10-31 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Droplet discharging device and manufacturing method of microcapsule |
EP1462158A1 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-09-29 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Droplet discharging device and manufacturing method of microcapsule |
EP1498174A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2005-01-19 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Process and apparatus for producing inorganic spheres |
US8221882B2 (en) | 2003-06-18 | 2012-07-17 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Process and apparatus for producing inorganic spheres |
WO2006046200A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-04 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Preparation of dispersions of particles for use as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging |
GB2467925A (en) * | 2009-02-19 | 2010-08-25 | Richard Graham Holdich | Membrane emulsification using oscillatory motion |
FR2964017A1 (en) * | 2010-09-01 | 2012-03-02 | Capsum | Fabricating a series of capsules comprises conveying in double casing of first and second liquid solution, forming a series of drops, falling each drop in a gas volume of gas at outlet of the casing and immersing drop in a gelling solution |
CN103933908A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-07-23 | 江苏大学 | Equipment and method for preparing microcapsules by liquid-liquid electrostatic micro-jet atomization |
CN103933908B (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2016-04-06 | 江苏大学 | The Apparatus for () and method therefor of microcapsules is prepared in a kind of liquid liquid electrostatic microjet atomization |
EP3166112A4 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2018-03-07 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Method for manufacturing fuel container for laser fusion |
CN110218343A (en) * | 2019-04-22 | 2019-09-10 | 纳晶科技股份有限公司 | A kind of preparation method and dispersion, device of micro-and nano-particles dispersion |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6377387B1 (en) | 2002-04-23 |
CA2365847A1 (en) | 2000-10-12 |
JP2002541501A (en) | 2002-12-03 |
WO2000059625A9 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
JP2010256911A (en) | 2010-11-11 |
EP1169121B1 (en) | 2012-10-31 |
EP1169121A1 (en) | 2002-01-09 |
JP4582914B2 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
AU4202100A (en) | 2000-10-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US6377387B1 (en) | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays | |
US11141731B2 (en) | Formation and control of fluidic species | |
EP2164617B1 (en) | Monodisperse droplet generation | |
Serra et al. | Microfluidic‐assisted synthesis of polymer particles | |
Oh et al. | Hydrodynamic micro-encapsulation of aqueous fluids and cells via ‘on the fly’photopolymerization | |
EP1745839B1 (en) | Apparatus for producing emulsion | |
EP2162290B1 (en) | Continuous ink jet printing of encapsulated droplets | |
US8465706B2 (en) | On-demand microfluidic droplet or bubble generation | |
Liu et al. | Droplet‐based microreactor for the production of micro/nano‐materials | |
US20140017150A1 (en) | Microfluidic droplet generator | |
US20130273591A1 (en) | On-demand microfluidic droplet or bubble generation | |
EP2544806B1 (en) | Method and electro-fluidic device to produce emulsions and particle suspensions | |
WO2010110842A1 (en) | Droplet generator | |
JP5151058B2 (en) | Microcapsule sheet manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus | |
US20080182019A1 (en) | Hollow Microsphere Particle Generator | |
JP2005238118A (en) | Method and device for preparing solidified particle using micro-flow channel structure | |
JP4385886B2 (en) | Method for producing solid particles using microchannel structure | |
JP4470640B2 (en) | Fine particle manufacturing method and microchannel structure therefor | |
CN115138407A (en) | Double-aqueous-phase microcapsule generating device and generating method thereof | |
NL2025932B1 (en) | Micro-fluidic system and method | |
JP4616602B2 (en) | Method for producing monodisperse particles | |
CN111841439A (en) | Device and method for preparing uniform single emulsion drops in high flux | |
JP2004275916A (en) | Method for manufacturing mono-dispersed particle |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG UZ VN YU ZA ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2000921745 Country of ref document: EP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2365847 Country of ref document: CA Ref country code: CA Ref document number: 2365847 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP Ref document number: 2000 609180 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2000921745 Country of ref document: EP |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: C2 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG UZ VN YU ZA ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: C2 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
COP | Corrected version of pamphlet |
Free format text: PAGES 1/17-17/17, DRAWINGS, REPLACED BY NEW PAGES 1/17-17/17; DUE TO LATE TRANSMITTAL BY THE RECEIVING OFFICE |