WO2000079501A1 - Improved error compensation for process temperature transmitter - Google Patents
Improved error compensation for process temperature transmitter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000079501A1 WO2000079501A1 PCT/US2000/016501 US0016501W WO0079501A1 WO 2000079501 A1 WO2000079501 A1 WO 2000079501A1 US 0016501 W US0016501 W US 0016501W WO 0079501 A1 WO0079501 A1 WO 0079501A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- transmitter
- circuit
- current
- measurement
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
- G01K7/16—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using resistive elements
- G01K7/18—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using resistive elements the element being a linear resistance, e.g. platinum resistance thermometer
- G01K7/20—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using resistive elements the element being a linear resistance, e.g. platinum resistance thermometer in a specially-adapted circuit, e.g. bridge circuit
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08C—TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MEASURED VALUES, CONTROL OR SIMILAR SIGNALS
- G08C19/00—Electric signal transmission systems
- G08C19/02—Electric signal transmission systems in which the signal transmitted is magnitude of current or voltage
Definitions
- process variable transmitters to monitor process variables associated with substances such as solids, slurries, liquids, vapors, and gasses in chemical, pulp, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food and other food processing plants.
- Process variables include pressure, temperature, flow, level, turbidity, density, concentration, chemical composition and other properties .
- a process fluid temperature transmitter provides an output related to a sensed process substance temperature.
- the temperature transmitter output can be communicated over a process control loop to a control room, or the output can be communicated to another process device such that the process can be monitored and controlled.
- the transmitter includes a sensor, such as a resistance temperature device (RTD) .
- RTD resistance temperature device
- An RTD changes resistance in response to a change in temperature. By measuring the resistance of the RTD, temperature can be calculated. Such resistance measurement is generally accomplished by passing a known current through the RTD, and measuring the associated voltage developed across the RTD.
- a non-associated voltage is any voltage in an RTD circuit that is not generated by the flow of a measurement current. Examples of non-associated voltages include voltages due to the Seebec Effect and galvanic action. Reference may be made to the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, seventh edition.
- the Seebeck Effect provides that dissimilar metal junctions create junction voltages due to the union of dissimilar metals in a temperature gradient condition.
- the voltage measured across the RTD will include not only the associated voltage corresponding to the current passing through the RTD, but also the non- associated junction voltages as well. If compensation for these non-associated voltages is not provided, measurement error can result.
- Non-associated voltages due to the Seebeck Effect are present in many known RTD's.
- Such RTD's typically have at least one dissimilar metal junction.
- the sensing portion of an RTD may be constructed from a winding of platinum sensor wire that is electrically coupled to two or more leadwires.
- the leadwires are generally copper, and can often be plated with nickel.
- each junction of sensor wire to leadwire can include a platinum-nickel junction and a nickel-copper junction.
- the transition coupling is often a gold-plated tab to which both the sensor wire and the leadwire are attached. Use of the transition coupling adds additional dissimilar metal junctions.
- dissimilar metal junctions can also occur where the leadwires couple to transmitter terminals. In some instances such non-associated voltage error can approach .5% which is larger than the desired accuracy of .1°C over a 1000°C span.
- Non-associated voltages can also be created by galvanic action within an RTD circuit.
- the sensing wire is wound around a ceramic core that provides and insulating support for the sensor wire.
- the core will allow some current flow and can thus create an emf (electromotive force) that is a non-associated voltage within the RTD circuit.
- the error caused by galvanic action can be as large or greater than that caused by the Seebeck effect .
- a process fluid temperature transmitter provides a process fluid temperature output that is substantially independent of any non-associated voltage, thus reducing RTD measurement error.
- the transmitter includes a plurality of terminals that are couplable to a resistance temperature device (RTD) to form a circuit including at least one non-associated voltage source having a non-associated voltage.
- RTD resistance temperature device
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of process fluid temperature transmitter 12.
- FIG. 3 is a system block diagram of a process fluid temperature transmitter.
- FIG. 4 is a system block diagram of a process fluid temperature transmitter.
- FIG. 5 is a system block diagram of a process fluid temperature transmitter.
- FIG. 6 is a system block diagram of a process fluid temperature transmitter.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method performed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method performed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Although the present invention will be described with reference to embodiments of process fluid temperature transmitters, and the manner in which non- associated voltage correction is effected, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which are defined by the appended claims.
- Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the environment of a process fluid temperature transmitter in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
- Figure 1 shows process fluid control system 10 including process fluid temperature transmitter 12.
- Figure 2 illustrates process control system 10 including process fluid temperature transmitter 12 electrically coupled to control room 14 (modeled as a voltage source and resistance) over a process control loop 16.
- Transmitter 12 is mounted on and coupled to a process fluid container such as pipe 18. Transmitter 12 monitors the temperature of process fluid in process pipe 18 and transmits temperature information to control room 14 over loop 16.
- FIG. 3 is a system block diagram of process fluid transmitter 12 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- Process fluid temperature transmitter 12 includes loop communicator 20, a plurality of terminals 22, current source 24, voltage measurement device 26, and controller 28.
- Loop communicator 20 is couplable to process control loop 16 (shown in phantom) and is adapted to communicate over process control loop 16.
- Process control loop 16 is any physical configuration that is capable of passing signals related to process information.
- process control loop 16 can be a two-wire, 4-20 mA process control loop.
- a process variable transmitter coupled to such a process control loop controls the amount of current flowing through the loop such that the current corresponds to the process variable.
- the energization levels are low enough to comply with the intrinsic safety specification as set forth in the Factory Mutual Approval Standard entitled "Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III, Division 1 Hazardous (Classified) Locations," Class Number 3610, published October 1988.
- Some process variable transmitters can operate on such low energy levels that they can receive all required electrical power from a 4-20 mA process control loop.
- Loop communicator 20 can include a 4-20 mA communication section for analog communication.
- communicator 20 can include a Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART ® ) communication section, a FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus communication section, or any other appropriate section such as a Profibus section, a Controller Area Network (CAN) section, a DeviceNet section, or a Lonworks section.
- HART ® Highway Addressable Remote Transducer
- FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus communication section or any other appropriate section such as a Profibus section, a Controller Area Network (CAN) section, a DeviceNet section, or a Lonworks section.
- CAN Controller Area Network
- DeviceNet or a Lonworks section.
- various sections can be included together.
- a 4-20 mA section can be combined with a HART ® section to provide both analog and digital communication.
- loop communicator 20 is adapted for bi-directional communication over process control loop 16 according to one or more selected protocols in a known manner.
- Process control loop 16 can
- process control loop 16 can be a two-, three-, or four-conductor process control loop.
- the conductors themselves can be electrical wires, or fiber-optic media.
- a wireless process control loop such as an infrared (IR) loop or a radio-frequency (RF) loop
- the conductors can be omitted and the adaptation of loop communicator 20 for such wireless communication can be effected in a known manner.
- Figure 3 shows a pair of terminals 22 coupled to a resistance temperature device, such as RTD 30 (shown in phantom in Figure 3) .
- RTD 30 can be separate from transmitter 12 (as shown) or included within transmitter 12.
- Terminals 22 are couplable to RTD 30 to form a circuit having at least one non- associated voltage source 32 that has a non-associated voltage.
- Current source 24 is operably coupled to terminals 22 and is adapted to pass a measurement current through the plurality of terminals. Passing a known measurement current through an unknown resistance causes an associated voltage drop across the resistance that is indicative of the resistance.
- Current source 24 is shown in block form, and can be any current source that provides a known current output. Thus, current source 24 can include an unknown current source adapted to pass its current through a known resistor such that the current can be known. Alternately, current source 24 can be a known semiconductor current source or any other appropriate current source .
- Voltage measurement device 26 is coupled to terminals 22 and is adapted to provide a voltage value indicative of a voltage across terminals 22 including the non-associated voltage of the at least one non- associated voltage source 32, which can be a dissimilar metal junction.
- Voltage measurement device 26 can be an analog to digital converter, or any other appropriate device capable of measuring the voltage across terminals 22. If such measurement is performed while current source 24 is passing the measurement current through RTD 30, then the voltage measured will be related to the resistance of RTD 30, and thus the process fluid temperature.
- Controller 28 is coupled to voltage measurement device 26 and loop communicator 20. Controller 28 is adapted to provide a process temperature output value to loop communicator 20 for communication over process control loop 16.
- One aspect of embodiments of the invention is the removal of non-associated voltage effects from the process temperature output.
- the process temperature output value is related to the measured resistance of the RTD and substantially independent of the non-associated voltage of the at least one non-associated voltage source. Controller
- FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are system block diagrams of process fluid temperature transmitters 40, 50 and 60, respectively. Transmitters 40, 50, and 60 include many of the same components as transmitter 12 (shown in
- Power supply 42 is couplable to process control loop 16.
- Power supply 42 is adapted to receive power from process control loop 16 and provide the received power to the various components within transmitters 40, 50 and 60 as indicated by the arrow labeled "TO ALL."
- transmitters 40, 50 and 60 can be wholly powered with power received from process control loop 16.
- loop powered transmitters can be intrinsically safe, and be couplable to two, three, or four-wire process control loops.
- Controller 28 of transmitter 40 is coupled to current source 24. Controller 28 can thus control measurement current flow through RTD 46. In a first state, measurement current flows through RTD 46 and the voltage value provided by voltage measurement device 26 is indicative of both RTD resistance and the voltage of non-associated voltage source 48. In a second state, controller 28 issues an inhibit signal to current source 24 such that the measurement current is stopped.
- controller 28 receives an error value from voltage measurement device 26, which value is substantially solely indicative of the voltage of non-associated voltage source 48. By subtracting the error value from the voltage value measured during the first state, controller 28 calculates a process temperature output which is substantially independent of non-associated voltage. The output is provided to loop communicator 20 for transmission over process control loop 16.
- controller 28 of transmitter 40 can issue polarity commands to current source 24 instead of the inhibit signal.
- controller 28 can command that current source 24 provide current through RTD 46 in a first direction.
- controller 28 commands current source 24 to reverse the direction of current flow through RTD 46. Controller 28 then averages the absolute values of the voltage values measured during the first and second states to obtain the compensated process temperature output.
- FIG. 5 is a system block diagram of temperature transmitter 50.
- Controller 28 is coupled to switch 44 instead of current source 24.
- controller 28 instead of controller 28 issuing the inhibit signal directly to current source 24, controller 28 issues the signal to switch 44 which interrupts measurement current flow through RTD 46.
- operation of transmitter 50 is very similar to that of transmitter 40, and includes both first and second states, as described with respect to transmitter 40.
- FIG. 6 is a system block diagram of process fluid temperature transmitter 60 showing another embodiment of the invention.
- Transmitter 60 is similar to transmitter 50 (shown in Figure 5) except that transmitter 60 does not include switch 44, but includes capacitor 62 interposed within the RTD circuit.
- current source 24 provides an alternating measurement current.
- Capacitor 62 is appropriately selected to pass signals indicative of the measurement current, while isolating voltage measurement device 26 from direct current (DC) voltage.
- non-associated voltage source 48 Since the voltage of non-associated voltage source 48 is substantially fixed (DC) in comparison to the associated voltage created by the alternating measurement current flowing though RTD 46, the non- associated voltage will be essentially filtered from the measurement provided by voltage measurement device 26. Thus, in this embodiment, controller 28 need not perform any compensation on the process temperature output value.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method performed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. This method can also be embodied in computer instructions stored on computer-readable media.
- the method begins at block 70 where a voltage across the RTD circuit is measured while measurement current flows through the RTD circuit. As discussed above, such measurement will contain the associated voltage as well as a component due to any non-associated voltage present in the RTD circuit.
- the non-associated voltage alone, is measured. This can be done by stopping measurement current flow through the RTD circuit while obtaining a voltage value indicative of voltage across the RTD circuit while no current is flowing.
- the non-associated voltage measured during block 72 is removed from the voltage measured during block 70. and the resultant, compensated process temperature output is provided.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart of another method performed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- the illustrated method can also be embodied in computer instructions stored on computer-readable media.
- the method begins at block 80, where the voltage across an RTD is measured, much like block 70 (shown in Figure 7) .
- the measurement current flow is reversed.
- the voltage across the RTD is measured again.
- the two voltage values are combined mathematically to remove any non-associated voltage, and thus provide a process temperature output value.
- One example of such mathematical combination includes averaging the absolute values of the two voltage values. This provides a process temperature value that is substantially solely related to RTD resistance, and substantially independent of non-associated voltages such as dissimilar metal junction voltages.
- the compensated process temperature value is provided as an output .
- the current flow can be automatically periodically reversed, while in another embodiment, current reversal can occur at selected times based upon input received from a controller or input device.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10084718T DE10084718T1 (en) | 1999-06-17 | 2000-06-15 | Process temperature transmitter with improved error compensation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/335,212 | 1999-06-17 | ||
US09/335,212 US6356191B1 (en) | 1999-06-17 | 1999-06-17 | Error compensation for a process fluid temperature transmitter |
Publications (1)
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WO2000079501A1 true WO2000079501A1 (en) | 2000-12-28 |
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ID=23310766
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2000/016501 WO2000079501A1 (en) | 1999-06-17 | 2000-06-15 | Improved error compensation for process temperature transmitter |
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US (1) | US6356191B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE10084718T1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000079501A1 (en) |
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US6356191B1 (en) | 2002-03-12 |
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