WO2001011718A1 - Low profile steerable antenna - Google Patents

Low profile steerable antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001011718A1
WO2001011718A1 PCT/US2000/021530 US0021530W WO0111718A1 WO 2001011718 A1 WO2001011718 A1 WO 2001011718A1 US 0021530 W US0021530 W US 0021530W WO 0111718 A1 WO0111718 A1 WO 0111718A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
members
frame
axis
elements
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/021530
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Bernard Dov Geller
Original Assignee
Sarnoff Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sarnoff Corporation filed Critical Sarnoff Corporation
Publication of WO2001011718A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001011718A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/02—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole
    • H01Q3/04—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole for varying one co-ordinate of the orientation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture

Definitions

  • the invention relates to microwave antennas and, more particularly, the invention relates to steerable antennas.
  • Antennas designed for low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications systems are required to be steered in order to track moving satellites and acquire new satellites as they move into view of the antenna.
  • the antennas are steered either electronically or mechanically.
  • Full electronic steerability is the most desirable solution but is very expensive to implement.
  • Mechanical steerability is less expensive, but generally requires relatively large structures and large radomes to house the antenna structure. Large radomes, enclosing large radiating structures, are not acceptable for most consumer applications such as rooftop installations. Therefore, a need exists in the art for an antenna structure that provides a low profile, small size, and is inexpensive.
  • the antenna of the present invention comprises a frame that holds in place a plurality of antenna members.
  • Each antenna member comprises a pivotable, elongated louver having a plurality of antenna elements on one side and electronic circuitry on the opposing side.
  • the antenna elements are aligned to form a linear array along the length of the louver.
  • the members are coupled between the side walls of the frame to allow the members to pivot about a central axis of the member.
  • the plurality of antenna members are mounted in ladder form within the frame and all of the antenna members pivot simultaneously to form a mechanically steerable structure.
  • the antenna elements are mechanically steerable along a first axis of the antenna.
  • the electric circuits are coupled to the antenna elements and process the received signals from the antenna elements to electronically steer the antenna along a second axis of the antenna.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a low profile steerable antenna of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 depicts a portion of the antenna of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 depicts a schematic diagram of the mechanical steering equipment for the antenna of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of a low profile antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention.
  • the low profile antenna 100 comprises a frame 102 and a plurality of antenna members 104.
  • the frame 102 has a rectangular plan form and is comprised of four sides 102A, 102B, 102C and 102D.
  • Side walls 102B and 102C support the ends of the antenna members 104.
  • the antenna members are supported in a ladder arrangement such that the antenna members may freely pivot within the frame.
  • Each antenna member 104 comprises a louver 105 having a first side 108 and a second side 110, where the first side 108 supports a linear array of antenna elements 106 and the second side 110 supports electronics (shown in FIG.
  • the antenna elements 106 may be conductive patches, slits, or other radiating elements that are known in the art.
  • the antenna elements 106 are disposed on the first side 108 of the louver 105 in a spaced apart relation, where each element is spaced less than one-half of one wavelength apart from its neighboring elements. A wavelength is defined by the frequency of the signal driving or being received by the antenna elements 106.
  • the antenna array comprises N antenna elements 106 (e.g. , nine are shown) on each louver 105 and M louvers 105 (e.g. , seven are shown). The embodiment depicted is a nine by seven array of antenna elements.
  • the electronics (200 in FIG.
  • each louver 105 on each louver 105 includes a phase shifter to enable the antenna beam to be electronically steerable along the long axis 112 of a louver 105.
  • the louvers 105 are mechanically steered by simultaneously pivoting the louvers.
  • the electronics is used to compensate for any signal delay that may arise between antenna elements as well as steering the antenna beam in a direction that is parallel to the pivot axis 112.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a partial cross-sectional view of the side wall 102C and its interconnection to one antenna member 104 ⁇ .
  • Antenna member 104 ⁇ comprises an electronics package 200, an interconnecting conductive trace 202, a signal transfer coupler 205, a pivot pin 204 and a pivot socket 206, and an actuator connection 208.
  • the pivot pin 204 and the pivot socket 206 are conductive and comprise the signal transfer coupler 205.
  • the electronics 200 comprises, for example, a phase shifter to enable the antenna elements to steer an antenna beam along a first axis of the antenna (i.e. , the long axis 112 of a louver).
  • the pivot pin 204 and socket 206 are used for steering the antenna element along a second axis of the antenna (i.e. , orthogonal to the first axis).
  • Signals that are received by the antenna element 106 on the opposing side (108 in FIG. 1) of the antenna member 104 ⁇ are coupled through the louver 105 to the electronics 200.
  • the output of the electronics 200 is coupled to the conductive trace 202 which feeds the signals to the conductive pin 204.
  • the conductive pin 204 seats in a conductive socket 206 to couple the received signals from the pin to the socket.
  • the sockets of the antenna array are coupled together and connected to a satellite signal receiver (not shown).
  • the antenna members 104 are mechanically moved by the actuator connection 208. When moved by the actuator, the antenna member 104 pivots about the pin 204 causing the antenna array to be mechanically steered. All of the antenna members 104 are ganged together via the actuator connections 208 of each member such that all of the antenna members 104 steer simultaneously to provide an MxN element antenna array.
  • the pivot coupling structure of the signal transfer coupler 205 is illustrative of one type of coupler that may be used to couple RF signals from the antenna member 104 to the stationary side wall 102C.
  • the signal transfer coupler 205 is a coaxial cable.
  • the output of the electronics 200 is coupled to the coaxial cable 205, which in turn is coupled to the stationary side wall 102C.
  • Those skilled in the art could design many other varied connection structures.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of three antenna members 104. At times the antenna members differ in distance from a source radiator 302 by distances di and d_. in the illustrative example. Specifically, element 104 2 is a distance di further from the source 302 than element 104_ and element 104 ⁇ is a distance d_ + di further from the source 302 than element 104 ⁇ . As such, each element on a given member 104 must be phased appropriately with respect to elements 106, neighboring members 104, and the source 302 to insure that the received signals are coherently accumulated to form a composite signal at the output of the antenna array.
  • phasing the outputs of the antenna members is a trivial trigonometry exercise used to compute a delay that is introduced in the signal path.
  • the delay is proportional to the distance (a) between antenna elements on neighboring louvers at the angle ( ⁇ ) of the louver. If the distance is measured in wavelengths then the delay (in wavelengths) is
  • a sin( ⁇ ) delay. This delay is cumulatively added in the signal path coupled to each louver, i.e., the delay is N «delay where N is the louver number counting 0 for the louver furthest from the source 302.
  • the actuator connection 208 is driven linearly by actuator 300.
  • Actuator 300 may be a linear solenoid, a rack and pinion system, and the like.
  • the antenna array moves the actuator connection 208 to control the movement of the antenna members 104 along a first axis of the antenna. As these array members track the source, the antenna is assured to receive the signals from the lower earth orbit satellite.

Abstract

A low profile steerable antenna (100) that is steered in one axis by mechanical means (204, 206) and in another axis by an electrical means (200). Specifically, the antenna (100) comprises a frame (102) that holds in place a plurality of antenna members (104). Each antenna member (104) comprises a louver (105) having a plurality of antenna elements (106) on one side (108) and electronics (200) on the opposing side (110). The antenna members (104) are coupled to the side elements (102B, 102C) of the frame (102) to allow the members (104) to pivot about a central axis. The plurality of members (104) are stacked in ladder form and all pivot simultaneously to form a mechanically steerable structure. Phase shifters within the electronics (200) provide an electronically steerable apparatus.

Description

LOW PROFILE STEERABLE ANTENNA
This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 60/147,546, filed August 5, 1999, and is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to microwave antennas and, more particularly, the invention relates to steerable antennas.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
Antennas designed for low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications systems are required to be steered in order to track moving satellites and acquire new satellites as they move into view of the antenna. To facilitate satellite tracking, the antennas are steered either electronically or mechanically. Full electronic steerability is the most desirable solution but is very expensive to implement. Mechanical steerability is less expensive, but generally requires relatively large structures and large radomes to house the antenna structure. Large radomes, enclosing large radiating structures, are not acceptable for most consumer applications such as rooftop installations. Therefore, a need exists in the art for an antenna structure that provides a low profile, small size, and is inexpensive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The disadvantages associated with the prior art are overcome by a low profile steerable antenna that is mechanically steered in a first axis and electronically steered in a second axis. Specifically, the antenna of the present invention comprises a frame that holds in place a plurality of antenna members. Each antenna member comprises a pivotable, elongated louver having a plurality of antenna elements on one side and electronic circuitry on the opposing side. The antenna elements are aligned to form a linear array along the length of the louver. The members are coupled between the side walls of the frame to allow the members to pivot about a central axis of the member. The plurality of antenna members are mounted in ladder form within the frame and all of the antenna members pivot simultaneously to form a mechanically steerable structure. The antenna elements are mechanically steerable along a first axis of the antenna. The electric circuits are coupled to the antenna elements and process the received signals from the antenna elements to electronically steer the antenna along a second axis of the antenna.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a low profile steerable antenna of the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts a portion of the antenna of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 depicts a schematic diagram of the mechanical steering equipment for the antenna of FIG. 1.
To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of a low profile antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention. The low profile antenna 100 comprises a frame 102 and a plurality of antenna members 104. In one embodiment of the invention, the frame 102 has a rectangular plan form and is comprised of four sides 102A, 102B, 102C and 102D. Side walls 102B and 102C support the ends of the antenna members 104. The antenna members are supported in a ladder arrangement such that the antenna members may freely pivot within the frame. Each antenna member 104 comprises a louver 105 having a first side 108 and a second side 110, where the first side 108 supports a linear array of antenna elements 106 and the second side 110 supports electronics (shown in FIG. 2) for processing signals received by the antenna elements 106. The antenna elements 106 may be conductive patches, slits, or other radiating elements that are known in the art. The antenna elements 106 are disposed on the first side 108 of the louver 105 in a spaced apart relation, where each element is spaced less than one-half of one wavelength apart from its neighboring elements. A wavelength is defined by the frequency of the signal driving or being received by the antenna elements 106. The antenna array comprises N antenna elements 106 (e.g. , nine are shown) on each louver 105 and M louvers 105 (e.g. , seven are shown). The embodiment depicted is a nine by seven array of antenna elements. The electronics (200 in FIG. 2) on each louver 105 includes a phase shifter to enable the antenna beam to be electronically steerable along the long axis 112 of a louver 105. The louvers 105 are mechanically steered by simultaneously pivoting the louvers. As discussed below, the electronics is used to compensate for any signal delay that may arise between antenna elements as well as steering the antenna beam in a direction that is parallel to the pivot axis 112. By having the antenna array subdivided into louvers, the antenna has a very low profile for unobtrusive rooftop applications.
FIG. 2 depicts a partial cross-sectional view of the side wall 102C and its interconnection to one antenna member 104ι. Antenna member 104ι comprises an electronics package 200, an interconnecting conductive trace 202, a signal transfer coupler 205, a pivot pin 204 and a pivot socket 206, and an actuator connection 208. In the present embodiment of the invention, the pivot pin 204 and the pivot socket 206 are conductive and comprise the signal transfer coupler 205. The electronics 200 comprises, for example, a phase shifter to enable the antenna elements to steer an antenna beam along a first axis of the antenna (i.e. , the long axis 112 of a louver). The pivot pin 204 and socket 206 are used for steering the antenna element along a second axis of the antenna (i.e. , orthogonal to the first axis). Signals that are received by the antenna element 106 on the opposing side (108 in FIG. 1) of the antenna member 104ι are coupled through the louver 105 to the electronics 200. The output of the electronics 200 is coupled to the conductive trace 202 which feeds the signals to the conductive pin 204. The conductive pin 204 seats in a conductive socket 206 to couple the received signals from the pin to the socket. The sockets of the antenna array are coupled together and connected to a satellite signal receiver (not shown).
The antenna members 104 are mechanically moved by the actuator connection 208. When moved by the actuator, the antenna member 104 pivots about the pin 204 causing the antenna array to be mechanically steered. All of the antenna members 104 are ganged together via the actuator connections 208 of each member such that all of the antenna members 104 steer simultaneously to provide an MxN element antenna array. The pivot coupling structure of the signal transfer coupler 205 is illustrative of one type of coupler that may be used to couple RF signals from the antenna member 104 to the stationary side wall 102C. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the signal transfer coupler 205 is a coaxial cable. The output of the electronics 200 is coupled to the coaxial cable 205, which in turn is coupled to the stationary side wall 102C. Those skilled in the art could design many other varied connection structures.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of three antenna members 104. At times the antenna members differ in distance from a source radiator 302 by distances di and d_. in the illustrative example. Specifically, element 1042 is a distance di further from the source 302 than element 104_ and element 104ι is a distance d_ + di further from the source 302 than element 104ι. As such, each element on a given member 104 must be phased appropriately with respect to elements 106, neighboring members 104, and the source 302 to insure that the received signals are coherently accumulated to form a composite signal at the output of the antenna array. Appropriately phasing the outputs of the antenna members is a trivial trigonometry exercise used to compute a delay that is introduced in the signal path. The delay is proportional to the distance (a) between antenna elements on neighboring louvers at the angle (θ) of the louver. If the distance is measured in wavelengths then the delay (in wavelengths) is
a sin(θ) = delay. This delay is cumulatively added in the signal path coupled to each louver, i.e., the delay is N«delay where N is the louver number counting 0 for the louver furthest from the source 302.
To track the source using mechanical means, the actuator connection 208 is driven linearly by actuator 300. Actuator 300 may be a linear solenoid, a rack and pinion system, and the like. For example, as a low earth orbit satellite travels across the sky, the antenna array moves the actuator connection 208 to control the movement of the antenna members 104 along a first axis of the antenna. As these array members track the source, the antenna is assured to receive the signals from the lower earth orbit satellite. Although various embodiments which incorporate the teachings of the present invention have been shown and described in detail herein, those skilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments that still incorporate these teachings.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. An antenna (100) comprising: a stationary frame (102); a plurality of antenna members (104) pivotally mounted between opposing sides (102B, 102C) of said frame (102); a plurality of antenna elements (106) disposed on each of said antenna members (104); and a mechanical coupler (204, 206) attached to each of said antenna members (104); where in response to movement of said mechanical coupler (204, 206), each of said plurality of antenna members (104) pivot on a central axis of said antenna member (104).
2. The antenna of claim 1 further comprising electronics (200) coupled to each antenna member (104) to provide an electronically steerable antenna array.
3. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each of said antenna members (104) has a conductive pivot pin (204) set in a conductive pivot socket (206) for conducting signals between said pin (204) and said socket (206), where said socket (206) is fixed in said frame (102).
4. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each of said antenna members (104) has a conductive pivot socket (206) coupled to a conductive pivot pin (204) for conducting signals between said socket (206) and said pin (204), where said pin (204) is fixed to said frame (102).
5. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each of said antenna members (104) has a coaxial cable (205) for conducting signals to said frame (102).
6. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each of said plurality of antenna elements (106) is selected from the group consisting of conductive patches and slits.
7. A method of steering an antenna array (100), which comprises: mechanically pivoting a plurality of antenna members (104) so that said plurality of antenna members (104) steer the antenna (100) along a first axis; and electronically steering a plurality of antenna elements (106) disposed on each of said plurality of antenna members (104) so that said plurality of antenna elements (106) steer the antenna (100) along a second axis being orthogonal to said first axis.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said mechanical pivoting comprises simultaneously pivoting each of said plurality of antenna members (104) on a pivot pin (204).
9. The method of claim 7 wherein said electronic steering comprises phase shifting signals received by said plurality of antenna elements (106).
PCT/US2000/021530 1999-08-05 2000-08-07 Low profile steerable antenna WO2001011718A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14754699P 1999-08-05 1999-08-05
US60/147,546 1999-08-05
US59963100A 2000-06-22 2000-06-22
US09/599,631 2000-06-22

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Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001011718A1 true WO2001011718A1 (en) 2001-02-15

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002097919A1 (en) * 2001-06-01 2002-12-05 Fortel Technologies Inc Microwave antennas
WO2005062428A1 (en) * 2003-07-03 2005-07-07 Andrew Corporation Wideband dual polarized base station antenna offering optimized horizontal beam radiation patterns and variable vertical beam tilt
WO2005067098A1 (en) * 2004-01-07 2005-07-21 Raysat Cyprus Limited Mobile antenna system for satellite communications
EP1604427A2 (en) * 2003-02-18 2005-12-14 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Low profile antenna for satellite communication
US7061432B1 (en) 2005-06-10 2006-06-13 X-Ether, Inc. Compact and low profile satellite communication antenna system
EP1806808A2 (en) * 2005-12-30 2007-07-11 Raysat Antenna Systems, L.L.C. Applications for low profile two way satellite antenna system
EP2025040A2 (en) * 2005-10-16 2009-02-18 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Low profile antenna
US7639198B2 (en) 2005-06-02 2009-12-29 Andrew Llc Dipole antenna array having dipole arms tilted at an acute angle
US7663566B2 (en) 2005-10-16 2010-02-16 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Dual polarization planar array antenna and cell elements therefor
US7911400B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2011-03-22 Raysat Antenna Systems, L.L.C. Applications for low profile two-way satellite antenna system
US8761663B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2014-06-24 Gilat Satellite Networks, Ltd Antenna system
US8964891B2 (en) 2012-12-18 2015-02-24 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Antenna system calibration
WO2016196057A1 (en) * 2015-05-22 2016-12-08 Systems And Software Enterprises, Llc Hybrid steerable avionic antenna
US9583829B2 (en) 2013-02-12 2017-02-28 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Optimization of low profile antenna(s) for equatorial operation
US10222481B1 (en) 2009-12-07 2019-03-05 Rockwell Collins, Inc. System and method for providing space-based precision position correlations for promoting improved availability, accuracy and integrity

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US5043735A (en) * 1989-09-07 1991-08-27 Paul Wurth S. A. Device for determining the topographic map of the loading surface of a shaft furnace
US5245348A (en) * 1991-02-28 1993-09-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Tracking antenna system
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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002097919A1 (en) * 2001-06-01 2002-12-05 Fortel Technologies Inc Microwave antennas
EP1604427A4 (en) * 2003-02-18 2006-02-15 Starling Advanced Comm Ltd Low profile antenna for satellite communication
EP1604427A2 (en) * 2003-02-18 2005-12-14 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Low profile antenna for satellite communication
WO2005062428A1 (en) * 2003-07-03 2005-07-07 Andrew Corporation Wideband dual polarized base station antenna offering optimized horizontal beam radiation patterns and variable vertical beam tilt
US7911400B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2011-03-22 Raysat Antenna Systems, L.L.C. Applications for low profile two-way satellite antenna system
US8761663B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2014-06-24 Gilat Satellite Networks, Ltd Antenna system
WO2005067098A1 (en) * 2004-01-07 2005-07-21 Raysat Cyprus Limited Mobile antenna system for satellite communications
US7385562B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2008-06-10 Raysat Antenna Systems, L.L.C. Mobile antenna system for satellite communications
US6999036B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2006-02-14 Raysat Cyprus Limited Mobile antenna system for satellite communications
US7705793B2 (en) 2004-06-10 2010-04-27 Raysat Antenna Systems Applications for low profile two way satellite antenna system
US7639198B2 (en) 2005-06-02 2009-12-29 Andrew Llc Dipole antenna array having dipole arms tilted at an acute angle
US7061432B1 (en) 2005-06-10 2006-06-13 X-Ether, Inc. Compact and low profile satellite communication antenna system
US7663566B2 (en) 2005-10-16 2010-02-16 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Dual polarization planar array antenna and cell elements therefor
EP2025040A4 (en) * 2005-10-16 2009-08-05 Starling Advanced Comm Ltd Low profile antenna
EP2025040A2 (en) * 2005-10-16 2009-02-18 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Low profile antenna
EP1806808A3 (en) * 2005-12-30 2007-12-19 Raysat Antenna Systems, L.L.C. Applications for low profile two way satellite antenna system
EP1806808A2 (en) * 2005-12-30 2007-07-11 Raysat Antenna Systems, L.L.C. Applications for low profile two way satellite antenna system
US10222481B1 (en) 2009-12-07 2019-03-05 Rockwell Collins, Inc. System and method for providing space-based precision position correlations for promoting improved availability, accuracy and integrity
US8964891B2 (en) 2012-12-18 2015-02-24 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Antenna system calibration
US9583829B2 (en) 2013-02-12 2017-02-28 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Optimization of low profile antenna(s) for equatorial operation
WO2016196057A1 (en) * 2015-05-22 2016-12-08 Systems And Software Enterprises, Llc Hybrid steerable avionic antenna
US10468759B2 (en) 2015-05-22 2019-11-05 Systems And Software Enterprises, Llc Hybrid steerable avionic antenna

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