WO2001022528A1 - Antenas multinivel - Google Patents

Antenas multinivel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001022528A1
WO2001022528A1 PCT/ES1999/000296 ES9900296W WO0122528A1 WO 2001022528 A1 WO2001022528 A1 WO 2001022528A1 ES 9900296 W ES9900296 W ES 9900296W WO 0122528 A1 WO0122528 A1 WO 0122528A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
multilevel
antennas
elements
level
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES1999/000296
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Carles Puente Baliarda
Jordi Romeu Robert
Carmen Borja Borau
Jaume Anguera Pros
Jordi Soler Castany
Original Assignee
Fractus, S.A.
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Priority to DE69924535T priority Critical patent/DE69924535T2/de
Priority to MXPA02003084A priority patent/MXPA02003084A/es
Priority to AT99974041T priority patent/ATE292329T1/de
Priority to BRPI9917493-6A priority patent/BR9917493B1/pt
Priority to DE29925006U priority patent/DE29925006U1/de
Priority to ES99974041T priority patent/ES2241378T3/es
Priority to EP99974041A priority patent/EP1223637B1/en
Priority to PCT/ES1999/000296 priority patent/WO2001022528A1/es
Priority to EP05000379A priority patent/EP1526604A1/en
Priority to CNB998169609A priority patent/CN100355148C/zh
Priority to EP08164491A priority patent/EP2083475A1/en
Priority to CN2007101851114A priority patent/CN101188325B/zh
Priority to JP2001525799A priority patent/JP4012733B2/ja
Priority to AU59840/99A priority patent/AU5984099A/en
Application filed by Fractus, S.A. filed Critical Fractus, S.A.
Publication of WO2001022528A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001022528A1/es
Priority to US10/102,568 priority patent/US20020140615A1/en
Priority to US10/963,080 priority patent/US7015868B2/en
Priority to US11/102,390 priority patent/US7123208B2/en
Priority to US11/179,257 priority patent/US7397431B2/en
Priority to US11/550,276 priority patent/US7505007B2/en
Priority to US11/550,256 priority patent/US7394432B2/en
Priority to US11/780,932 priority patent/US7528782B2/en
Priority to US12/400,888 priority patent/US8009111B2/en
Priority to US13/036,819 priority patent/US8154462B2/en
Priority to US13/044,189 priority patent/US8154463B2/en
Priority to US13/411,212 priority patent/US8330659B2/en
Priority to US13/669,916 priority patent/US20130057450A1/en
Priority to US13/732,743 priority patent/US8976069B2/en
Priority to US13/732,750 priority patent/US9000985B2/en
Priority to US13/732,761 priority patent/US9054421B2/en
Priority to US13/732,755 priority patent/US8941541B2/en
Priority to US13/929,441 priority patent/US9240632B2/en
Priority to US14/825,829 priority patent/US9362617B2/en
Priority to US15/137,782 priority patent/US9761934B2/en
Priority to US15/670,866 priority patent/US10056682B2/en
Priority to US16/035,981 priority patent/US20180323500A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/10—Resonant antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/20—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements characterised by the operating wavebands
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H01Q5/342—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes
    • H01Q5/357—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes using a single feed point
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/40—Imbricated or interleaved structures; Combined or electromagnetically coupled arrangements, e.g. comprising two or more non-connected fed radiating elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/50—Feeding or matching arrangements for broad-band or multi-band operation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/06—Details
    • H01Q9/065—Microstrip dipole antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antennas formed by a set of similar geometric elements (polygons, polyhedra) electromagnetically coupled and grouped in such a way that each of the basic elements that compose it is distinguished in the antenna structure.
  • the antenna can operate simultaneously on several frequencies and / or its size can be significantly reduced.
  • the present invention has its application mainly within the field of telecommunications and more specifically in radiocommunication systems.
  • the antennas began to develop at the end of the last century after James C. Maxwell in 1864 postulated the fundamental laws of electromagnetism. He must be attributed to Heinrich Hertz in 1886 the invention of the first antenna with which he demonstrated the transmission in the air of electromagnetic waves. In the mid-forties the fundamental restrictions of the antennas were demonstrated in terms of their reduction in size relative to the wavelength and in the early sixties the first antennas appeared frequency independent. Propellers, spirals, logoperiodic groups, cones and structures defined exclusively by angles for the realization of broadband antennas were proposed at that time.
  • antennas of the fractal or multifractal type were introduced (Patent No. 9501019), which due to their geometry had a multifrequency behavior and, in certain cases, a small size.
  • multitriangular antennas (Patent No. 9800954) were introduced that operated simultaneously in the GSM 900 and GSM 1800 bands.
  • the antennas described in this patent have their origin in the fractal and multitriangular type antennas, although they solve several practical problems that limit the behavior of said antennas and reduce their applicability in real environments.
  • fractal objects are a mathematical abstraction that includes an infinite number of elements; Although it is possible to generate antennas whose shape is based on such fractal objects incorporating a finite number of iterations, the performance of said antennas is limited to the particular geometry of the antenna. For example, the position of the bands and their relative spacing is linked to fractal geometry, and it is not always feasible, feasible or economical to design the antenna while maintaining its fractal appearance and at the same time positioning the bands in their proper place in the radio spectrum. Without going any further, the truncation effect is a clear example of the limitation of using a real fractal type antenna that attempts to approximate the theoretical behavior of the ideal fractal antenna. This effect breaks the behavior of the ideal fractal structure in the lower band, displacing it with respect to its theoretical position relative to the other bands and making, in short, that the antenna must have an excessive size that hinders its practical application.
  • Multitriangular structures were an example of non-fractal structures whose geometry was designed so that the antennas could be used in GSM and DCS cell phone base stations.
  • the antennas described in said patent were formed by three triangles linked exclusively by their vertices, of the appropriate size to operate in the bands 890 MHz - 960 MHz and 1710 MHz - 1880 MHz. It was a particular solution, designed for a specific environment, and that did not include the versatility and flexibility needed to address other antenna designs for other environments.
  • Multilevel antennas come to solve the operational limitations of fractal and multitriangular antennas. Its geometry is much more flexible, rich and varied, allowing the operation of the antenna from just two to multiple bands, as well as a greater versatility in terms of diagrams, band positions and impedance levels for some examples.
  • multilevel antennas are characterized by being composed of a series of elements that are distinguished in the overall structure. Precisely due to the fact that it clearly shows several levels of detail (that of the overall structure and that of the individual elements that compose it), the antennas offer a multiband behavior and / or a small size. Its name also has its origin in such characteristic property.
  • the present invention consists of an antenna whose radiating element is characterized by its geometric shape, which is basically constituted by several polygons or polyhedra of the same type. That is to say, constituted, for example, by triangles or squares, pentagons, hexagons, and even circles or ellipses as the limit case of polygons with a large number of sides, as well as tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms, dodecahedrons, etc.), coupled between yes electrically (either through at least one point of contact, such as through a small separation that provides a capacitive coupling) and grouped into higher level structures so that the polygonal elements continue to be distinguished in the antenna body or polyhedral that compose it.
  • the structures thus generated can be grouped into higher level structures analogously to the basic elements, and so on until they reach as many levels as the antenna designer desires.
  • the denomination of multilevel antenna comes precisely from the fact that at least two levels of detail are distinguished in the antenna body; that of the global structure and that of most of the elements (polygons or polyhedra) that constitute it. This is achieved by ensuring that the contact or intersection zone (if any) between most of the elements that make up the antenna is only a fraction of the perimeter or surrounding area of such polygons or polyhedra.
  • the antenna has the same adaptation level or standing wave ratio in different bands
  • the antenna has practically the same radiation patterns at different frequencies.
  • This property is due precisely to the multilevel structure of the antenna, that is, to the fact that most of the basic elements (polygons or polyhedra of the same category) that compose it continue to be distinguished in the antenna structure.
  • the number of frequency bands is proportional to the number of scales or sizes of the polygonal elements or similar assemblies in which they are grouped, contained in the geometry of the main radiating element.
  • the multilevel structure antennas usually have a smaller size than usual compared to other simpler structure antennas (for example constituted by a single polygon or polyhedron). This is due to the fact that the path that the electric current travels over the multilevel structure is more tortuous and longer than in the case of a simple geometry, due precisely to the gaps existing between the different polygonal or polyhedral elements. Such voids force a certain path for the current (which precisely must avoid these gaps), traveling a longer length and therefore resonating at a lower frequency.
  • its geometry rich in edges and discontinuities facilitates the radiation process, relatively increasing the radiation resistance of the antenna and reducing the quality factor Q, that is, increasing its bandwidth.
  • multilevel geometry consisting of polygons or polyhedra of the same class electromagnetically coupled and grouped together to form a larger size structure.
  • multilevel geometry most of the elements are clearly visible since their contact, intersection or interconnection zone (if any) with the rest of the elements is always less than 50% of its perimeter.
  • multilevel antennas can present a multiband behavior (the same or similar behavior in several frequency bands) and / or operate at a reduced frequency, which allows it to reduce its size.
  • Multiband behavior is achieved by grouping several single-band individual antennas or by incorporating reactive elements into the antenna (concentrated elements such as inductors or capabilities or its integrated versions such as posts or indentations) that force the appearance of new resonance frequencies.
  • Multilevel antennas on the contrary base their behavior on their particular geometry, offering greater flexibility to the antenna designer in terms of the number of bands (proportional to the number of levels of detail), their position, relative spacing and width and therefore , offering better and more varied benefits to the final product.
  • the multilevel structure can be used in any of the known configurations for antennas.
  • Manufacturing techniques are also not characteristic of multilevel antennas, being able to use the most appropriate for each structure or application. By way of example: printing on metallized dielectric substrate by photolithography (printed circuit technique); die cut on metal plate, repulsed on dielectric, etc.
  • Figure 1 shows a particular example of a multilevel element consisting only of triangular type polygons.
  • Figure 2 shows examples of mounting multilevel antennas in different configurations: monopole (2.1), dipole (2.2), patch (2.3), coplanar antenna (2.4), horn (2.5-2.6) and battery (array) (2.7).
  • Figure 3 shows examples of multilevel structures based on triangles.
  • Figure 4 shows examples of multilevel structures based on parallelepipeds.
  • Figure 5 shows examples of multilevel structures based on pentagons.
  • Figure 6 shows examples of multilevel structures based on hexagons.
  • Figure 7 shows examples of multilevel structures based on polyhedra.
  • Figure 8 shows an example of a specific mode of operation of a multilevel antenna in patch configuration for GSM (900 MHz) and DCS (1800 MHz) cellular telephone base stations.
  • Figure 9 shows the input parameters (return losses over 50 ohms) of the multilevel antenna described in the previous figure.
  • Figure 10 shows the radiation patterns of the multilevel antenna of Figure 8: the horizontal and vertical plane.
  • Figure 11 shows an example of a specific mode of operation of a multilevel antenna in configuration Monopole for wireless communication systems indoors or in local radio network access environments.
  • Figure 12 shows the input parameters (return losses over 50 ohms) of the multilevel antenna described in the previous figure.
  • Figure 13 shows the radiation diagrams for the multilevel antenna of Figure 11.
  • the present invention consists of an antenna that contains at least one construction element in the form of a multilevel structure.
  • a multilevel structure is characterized by being formed from the meeting of several polygons or polyhedra of the same type (by way of example, triangles, parallelepipeds, pentagons, hexagons, etc., even circles or ellipses as polygon boundary cases with a large number of sides, as well as tetrahedra, hexahedrons, decahedrons, dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, etc.) electromagnetically coupled together.
  • the electromagnetic coupling is achieved either by proximity, or by direct contact between elements.
  • a multilevel structure or figure is distinguished from another conventional figure precisely by the interconnection (if any) between the elements that constitute it (polygons or polyhedra). In a multilevel structure, at least 75% - lu ⁇
  • the multilevel structure it is easy to recognize geometrically and distinguish most of the basic elements that make up the structure individually, presenting at least two levels of detail: that of the global structure and that of the polygonal or polyhedral elements that compose it .
  • the denomination of multilevel comes precisely from this characteristic and the fact that polygons or polyhedra can be included in a wide variety of sizes;
  • several multi-level structures can be grouped and electromagnetically coupled to each other forming higher level structures. In a multilevel structure all constituent elements are polygons with the same number of sides, or polyhedra with the same number of faces. Logically, this characteristic is broken when several multilevel structures of different nature are grouped and electromagnetically coupled together forming higher level meta-structures.
  • a multilevel element consisting exclusively of triangles of different shapes and sizes is shown in Figure 1. Note how in this particular case, in each structure, each and every one of the elements (triangles, in black) that constitute it are distinguished since the triangles only overlap in a small region of their perimeter, in this particular case by the vertices. Examples of mounting multi-level antennas in different configurations are shown in Figure 2: monopole (21), dipole (22), patch (23), coplanar antenna (24), profile horn (25) and front (26) and battery (array) (27). With what should be noted that, whatever its configuration, the multilevel antenna is distinguished from other antennas by the geometry of its characteristic radiant element.
  • Figure 3 shows more examples of multilevel structures (3.1-3.15) of triangular origin, all of them constituted by triangles. Note the case (3.14) as an evolution of the case (3.13); Despite the contact between the 4 triangles, 75% of the elements (three triangles except the central one) have more than 50% of their perimeter released.
  • Figure 4 describes multilevel structures (4.1-4.14) whose constituent elements are parallelepipeds (squares, rectangles, rhombuses ). Note that the constituent elements of the structure are always distinguished individually (at least most of them). In the case (4.12), in particular, the elements have 100% of their perimeter released, there is no physical connection between them (the coupling is produced by proximity thanks to the mutual capacity between elements).
  • Figures 5, 6 and 7 illustrate, by way of example and in no case with a limited desire, other multilevel structures based on pentagons, hexagons and polyhedra, respectively.
  • multilevel antennas can be used in any of the known configurations for antennas; by way of example and without this being a limitation: dipoles, monopolies, patch or microstrip antennas, coplanar antennas, reflector antennas, rolled antennas and even in battery arrays of antennas.
  • the multilevel structure constitutes part of the characteristic radiant element of such configurations, such as: the arm, the mass plane or both components in a monopole; one arm or both in a dipole; the patch or printed element in the case of a microstrip, patch or coplanar antenna; the reflector in case of a reflector antenna; or the conical section or even the antenna walls in the case of a horn type configuration. It is even possible to choose a loop type antenna configuration in which the geometry of the loop or loops is the outer perimeter of a multilevel structure. In short, the difference between a multilevel antenna and a conventional antenna, basically lies in the geometry of the radiating element or some of its components and not in its particular configuration.
  • the implementation of multilevel antennas is not limited to any of them in particular, being able to use any of those existing and future development techniques and materials that are considered more convenient for each environment or application, put that its inventive essence lies in the geometry used for the multilevel structure and never in its concrete configuration.
  • the multilevel structure can be constructed, for example, by sheets, pieces of conductive or superconducting material, by printing on dielectric substrates (rigid or flexible) covered with a metallic layer as if they were printed circuits, by the interweaving of several dielectric materials that make up the multilevel structure, etc., always depending on the specific needs of each case and application.
  • the implementation of the antenna depends on the chosen configuration (monopole antenna, dipole, patch, horn, reflector ).
  • the multisimilar structure is implemented on a metal support (a simple procedure is to apply a photolithography process to a virgin printed circuit dielectric plate) and the structure is mounted to a standard microwave connector, which in the case of the monopole or patch, in turn is connected to a ground plane (typically a metal plate or housing) as in any other conventional antenna case.
  • two identical multilevel structures constitute the two arms of the antenna; in an opening antenna, the multilevel geometry can constitute the wall or part of the metal wall of the horn or the cross section of the horn, and finally, in the case of a reflector, the multisimilar element or a set thereof It may constitute or cover the reflective element.
  • multilevel antennas are mainly due to their particular geometry and are: the possibility of operating simultaneously in several frequency bands in a similar way (similar radiation and impedance diagrams) and the possibility of reducing their size with respect to other conventional antennas.
  • An example of the advantage of using a multiband antenna in a real environment is the AM1 multilevel antenna, which is described later, for GSM and DCS environments. These antennas are designed to meet the radio specifications in both cell phone systems. Using a single GSM and DCS multilevel antenna for both bands (900 MHz and 1800 MHz) cell phone operators can reduce the cost and environmental impact of their base station networks while increasing the number of users (customers) that It supports the network.
  • Such antennas are based on fractal geometry, geometry based on abstract mathematical concepts of difficult practical implementation.
  • geometric objects whose Haussdorf dimension is a non-integer number are usually defined as fractal. This means that fractal objects only exist as abstraction or concept, but that such geometries are not plasmatable (strictly speaking) in a tangible object or graphic.
  • antennas based on joy Geometry has been developed and described extensively in scientific literature, although its geometry is not, in scientific terms, strictly fractal.
  • the Sierpinski antenna has a multiband behavior with N bands spaced frequently by a factor of 2 and although under that spacing, it could be considered for use in the GSM 900 MHz and GSM 1800 MHz (or DCS) communication networks , its inadequate radiation pattern and its size, at these frequencies, prevent it from being used in a real environment.
  • multilevel structures In no case should multilevel structures be confused with antenna groupings (or arrays). Although it is true that a group is constituted by a set of equal antennas, in a group or array it is usually pretended that the elements are electromagnetically decoupled, just the opposite of what It is chased on multi-level antennas. In a group of antennas, each and every one of the elements is usually fed individually, either through specific transmitters or receivers for each element, or through a signal distribution network, while in a multilevel antenna the structure is excited in a few of its elements and the rest are coupled electromagnetically or by direct contact (in a region not exceeding 50% of the perimeter or surface of the adjacent elements).
  • a multilevel antenna In a group of antennas, it is sought to increase the directivity of an individual antenna or to form the diagram for a specific application; In a multilevel antenna, a multiband behavior or a reduction in antenna size is sought, which implies an application that is absolutely different from that of clusters. From now on, in order not to confuse the groupings of polygons in multilevel structures with the classic groupings of antennas, the name of array will be reserved for the latter.
  • AM1 and AM2 Multilevel Antennas
  • This model consists of a multi-level patch antenna, represented in Figure 8, which operates simultaneously in the GSM 900 (890 MHz - 960 MHz) and GSM 1800 (1710 MHz - 1880 MHz) bands and offers a sector radiation pattern in The horizontal plane.
  • the antenna is primarily intended (although not limited to it) for use in GSM 900 and 1800 cell phone base stations.
  • the multilevel structure (8.10), or patch of the antenna is formed by a copper sheet printed on a standard fiberglass printed circuit board.
  • the multilevel geometry is made up of 5 triangles (8.1-8.5) joined by the vertex area as indicated in Figure 8, with an external perimeter in the form of an equilateral triangle of 13.9 cm in height (8.6).
  • the lower triangle has a height (8.7) of 8.2 cm and together with the two additional adjacent triangles form a triangular perimeter structure 10.7 cm high (8.8).
  • the multilevel patch (8.10) is mounted parallel to a 22 x 18.5 cm rectangular aluminum ground plane (8.9).
  • the separation between the patch and the ground plane is 3.3 cm, which is maintained with a pair of dielectric spacers that act as support
  • the connection to the antenna is made at two points of the multilevel structure, one for each operating band (GSM 900 and GSM 1800).
  • the excitation is produced by a vertical metal pole perpendicular to the mass plane and the multilevel structure, capacitively terminated by a metal plate that is electrically coupled by proximity (capacitive effect) to the patch. It is a usual system in antennas in patch configuration, through which it is sought to compensate for the inductive effect of the post with the capacitive effect of its termination.
  • the circuit that interconnects the element and the access port to the antenna or connector (8.13) is connected to the base of the excitation post.
  • Said interconnection circuit (8.11) can be performed in technology microstrip, coaxial or strip-line, to give some examples, and incorporates conventional adaptation networks that transform the impedance measured at the base of the post at 50 ohms (with a typical tolerance in the Stationary Wave Ratio (ROE) typical in these applications less than 1.5) that are required on the antenna input / output connector.
  • Said connector is usually of type N or SMA in base station environments for micro-cells.
  • the interconnection network (8.11) can integrate a diplexer, allowing the antenna to be present in a configuration of two connectors (one for each band) or a single connector for both bands.
  • a parallel stub of equal to average electrical length can be connected to the base of the excitation post in the DCS band wavelength, in the central frequency of DCS, and terminated in open circuit.
  • a parallel stub terminated in an open circuit of slightly longer than a quarter of a wavelength can be connected to the center frequency of the GSM band.
  • Said stub introduces a capacity at the base of the connection that can be adjusted to compensate for the residual inductive effect that the post has.
  • said stub has a very low impedance in the band of
  • FIGS 9 and 10 show the typical radio behavior of this specific embodiment of a multi-level dual antenna.
  • Figure 9 shows the return losses (L r ) in GSM (9.1) and DCS (9.2), typically below - 14 dB (which is equivalent to ROE ⁇ 1.5), so the antenna is well adapted in both operating bands (890 MHz-960 MHz and 1710 MHz-1880 MHz).
  • This model consists of a multi-level antenna in monopole configuration, represented in Figure 11, for wireless communication systems indoors or in local radio network access environments.
  • the antenna operates similarly simultaneously in the bands 1880 MHz-1930 MHz and 3400 MHz-3600 MHz, for example in installations with the DECT system.
  • the multilevel structure is formed by three or five triangles (see Figure 11 and Figure 3.6) to which an inductive loop (11.1) is added.
  • the antenna has a diagram of omnidirectional radiation in the horizontal plane and is mainly designed (although not limited to it) for ceiling or floor mounting.
  • the multilevel structure is printed on a dielectric substrate (11.2) Rogers * RO4003 5.5 cm wide, 4.9 cm high and 0.8 mm thick, and with a dielectric permittivity equal to 3.38.
  • the multilevel element is composed of three triangles (11.3-11.5) joined by the vertex zone; the lower triangle (11.3) has a height of 1.82 cm, while the multilevel structure has a total height of 2.72 cm.
  • an inductive loop (11.1) is added to the multilevel element at the top, with a trapezoidal shape in this specific application, so that the total size of the radiating element is 4.5 cm.
  • the multilevel structure is mounted perpendicularly on a metallic ground plane (11.6) of aluminum (for example) of square or circular section with about 18 cm of side or diameter respectively.
  • the lower vertex of the element is placed in the center of the mass plane and constitutes the excitation point of the antenna.
  • Said interconnection network can be implemented in microstrip, strip-line or coaxial technology (to name a few examples) although in this specific embodiment the microstrip configuration was chosen.
  • the network can be used as an impedance transformer, adapting the impedance at the vertex of the multilevel element with the 50 Ohms (L r ⁇ - 14 dB, ROE ⁇ 1.5) required in the connector input / output
  • Figures 12 and 13 summarize the radio-electrical behavior of the antenna in the lower (1900) and upper (3500) bands.
  • Figure 12 shows the standing wave ratio (ROE) in both bands: Figure 12.1 for the band between 1880 and 1930 MHz, and Figure 12.2 for the band between 3400 and 3600 MHz.
  • ROE standing wave ratio
  • Typical radiation patterns are shown in Figure 13. Diagrams (13.1), (13.2) and (13.3) at 1905 MHz measured in the vertical plane, in the horizontal and in the antenna plane, respectively. And the diagrams (13.4), (13.5) and (13.6) at 3500 MHz measured in the vertical, horizontal, and antenna planes, respectively.
  • An omnidirectional behavior can be observed in the horizontal plane, and a typical bilobular diagram in the vertical plane, the typical directivity of the antenna being greater than 4 dBi in the 1900 band and 6 dBi in the band of
  • Both the AM1 and AM2 antenna will typically be covered with a dielectric radome practically transparent to electromagnetic radiation, whose function will be to protect the radiating element and the connection network from external aggressions, in addition to providing them with an aesthetic external appearance. It is not considered necessary to make the content of this description more extensive so that a person skilled in the art can understand its scope and the advantages derived therefrom, as well as carry out the practical realization thereof.

Abstract

Antenas en las que el elemento radiante respectivo contiene al menos una estructura multinivel formada por conjuncto de elementos geométricos (polígonos o poliedros) similares acoplados electromagnéticamente y agrupados de tal manera que en la estructura de la antena se distinguen cada uno de los elementos básicos que la componen. El diseño está realizado de modo que aporta dos importantes ventajas: la antena puede operar simultáneamente en varias frecuencias y/o su tamaño puede reducirse significativamente. De esta manera se puede conseguir un comportamiento radioeléctrico multibanda, es decir, un comportamiento similar a diferentes bandas de frecuencia.

Description

ANTENAS MU TINIVEL
D E S C R I P C I Ó N
OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN
La presente invención se refiere a antenas formadas por un conjunto de elementos geométricos (polígonos, poliedros) similares acoplados electromagnéticamente y agrupados de tal manera que en la estructura de la antena se distinguen cada uno de los elementos básicos que la componen.
De manera más concreta, se refiere a un diseño geomé- trico particular de dichas antenas mediante el que se aportan dos ventajas fundamentales: la antena puede operar simultáneamente en varias frecuencias y/o su tamaño puede reducirse significativamente.
La presente invención tiene su aplicación principalmente dentro del campo de las telecomunicaciones y más concretamente en los sistemas de radiocomunicación.
ANTECEDENTES Y SUMARIO DE LA INVENCIÓN
Las antenas empezaron a desarrollarse a finales del siglo pasado a partir de que James C. Maxwell en 1864 postulara las leyes fundamentales del electromagnetismo. Debe atribuirse a Heinrich Hertz en 1886 el invento de la primera antena con la que demostraba la transmisión en el aire de las ondas electromagnéticas. A mediados de los años cuarenta se demostraron las restricciones fundamentales de las antenas en cuanto a su reducción de tamaño relativo a la longitud de onda y a principios de los años sesenta aparecieron las primeras antenas independientes de la frecuencia. Se propusieron por aquel entonces hélices, espirales, agrupaciones logoperiódicas, conos y estructuras definidas exclusivamente por ángulos para la realización de antenas de banda ancha.
En 1995 se introdujeron las antenas de tipo fractal o multifractal (Patente n° 9501019) , las cuales por su geometría presentaban un comportamiento multifrecuencia y, en determinados casos, un tamaño reducido. Posteriormente se introdujeron las antenas multitriangulares (Patente n° 9800954) que operaban simultáneamente en las bandas de GSM 900 y GSM 1800.
Las antenas descritas en la presente patente tienen su origen en las antenas de tipo fractal y multitriangular, aunque solventan varios problemas de tipo práctico que limitan el comportamiento de dichas antenas y reducen su aplicabilidad en entornos reales.
Desde el punto de vista científico, las antenas estrictamente fractales son irrealizables puesto que los objetos fractales son una abstracción matemática que incluye un número infinito de elementos; si bien es posible generar antenas cuya forma esté basada en tales objetos fractales incorporando un número finito de iteraciones, las prestaciones de dichas antenas están limitadas a la geometría particular de la antena. Por ejemplo, la posición de las bandas y su espaciado relativo está ligado a la geometría fractal, y no siempre es factible, viable o económico diseñar la antena manteniendo su apariencia fractal y posicionando al mismo tiempo las bandas en su lugar adecuado del espectro radioeléctrico. Sin ir más lejos, el efecto de truncamiento supone un claro ejemplo de la limitación que supone utilizar una antena de tipo fractal real que intente aproximar el comportamiento teórico de la antena fractal ideal . Dicho efecto rompe el comportamiento de la estructura fractal ideal en la banda inferior, desplazándola respecto a su posición teórica relativa a las demás bandas y haciendo, en definitiva, que la antena deba presentar un tamaño desmesurado que dificulta su aplicación práctica.
Además de dichos problemas de tipo práctico, no siempre es posible modificar la estructura fractal para presentar el nivel de impedancia o el diagrama de radiación que se adecúen a las necesidades de cada aplicación. Por todos estos motivos, a menudo es necesario apartarse de la geometría fractal y recurrir a otro tipo de geometrías que ofrecen una mayor flexibilidad y versatilidad en cuanto a posición de las bandas frecuenciales de la antena, niveles de adaptación e impedancias, polarización y diagramas de radiación
Las estructuras multitriangulares (Patente n° 9800954) eran un ejemplo de estructuras no fractales cuya geometría estaba diseñada para que las antenas pudieran ser utilizadas en estaciones base de telefonía celular GSM y DCS . Las antenas descritas en dicha patente estaban formadas por tres triángulos unidos exclusivamente por sus vértices, del tamaño adecuado para operar en las bandas 890 MHz - 960 MHz y 1710 MHz - 1880 MHz . Se trataba de una solución particular, pensada para un entorno concreto, y que no recogía la versatilidad y flexibilidad necesarias para abordar otros diseños de antena para otros entornos.
Las antenas multinivel vienen a solventar las limitaciones operativas de las antenas fractales y multitriangulares. Su geometría es mucho más flexible, rica y variada, permitiendo la operación de la antena desde tan solo dos hasta múltiples bandas, así como una mayor versatilidad en cuanto a diagramas, posiciones de las bandas y niveles de impedancia por poner algunos ejemplos. Sin ser fractales, las antenas multinivel se caracterizan por estar compuestas por una serie de elementos que se distinguen en el global de la estructura. Precisamente por el hecho de mostrar claramente varios niveles de detalle (el de la estructura global y el de los elementos individuales que la componen) , las antenas ofrecen un comportamiento multibanda y/o un tamaño reducido. Su nombre también tiene su origen en tal propiedad característica.
La presente invención consiste en una antena cuyo elemento radiante se caracteriza por su forma geométrica, que está constituida básicamente por varios polígonos o poliedros del mismo tipo. Es decir constituida, por ejemplo, por triángulos o bien cuadrados, pentágonos, hexágonos, e incluso círculos o elipses como caso límite de polígonos con un gran número de lados, así como tetraedros, hexaedros, prismas, dodecaedros, etc.), acoplados entre sí eléctricamente (ya sea a través de al menos un punto de contacto, como a través de una pequeña separación que proporcione un acoplamiento capacitivo) y agrupados en estructuras de nivel superior de manera que en el cuerpo de la antena se siguen distinguiendo los elementos poligonales o poliédricos que la componen. A su vez, las estructuras así generadas pueden agruparse en estructuras de nivel superior de forma análoga a como lo hacen los elementos básicos, y así sucesivamente hasta llegar a tantos niveles como el diseñador de la antena desee .
La denominación de antena multinivel proviene precisamente del hecho que en el cuerpo de la antena se distinguen al menos dos niveles de detalle; el de la estructura global y el de la mayoría de los elementos (polígonos o poliedros) que la constituyen. Ello se consigue garantizando que la zona de contacto o intersección (en caso de existir) entre la mayoría de los elementos que componen la antena sea únicamente una fracción del perímetro o área circundante de tales polígonos o poliedros.
Una de las particularidades de las antenas multinivel es que su comportamiento radioeléctrico puede ser similar en múltiples bandas frecuenciales. Los parámetros de entrada de la antena (impedancia y diagrama de radiación) se mantienen parecidos en múltiples bandas frecuenciales
(es decir, la antena presenta la misma cota de adaptación o relación de onda estacionaria en las distintas bandas) y a menudo, la antena presenta prácticamente los mismos diagramas de radiación a distintas frecuencias . Esta propiedad se debe precisamente a la estructura multinivel de la antena, es decir, al hecho de que en la estructura de la antena se sigan distinguiendo la mayoría de los elementos básicos (polígonos o poliedros de la misma categoría) que la componen. El número de bandas frecuenciales es proporcional al número de escalas o tamaños de los elementos poligonales o de los conjuntos similares en que se agrupan, contenidos en la geometría del elemento radiante principal.
Además de su comportamiento multibanda, las antenas de estructura multinivel suelen presentar un tamaño más reducido del habitual comparado con otras antenas de estructura más simple (por ejemplo constituidas por un único polígono o poliedro) . Ello se debe a que el camino que recorre la corriente eléctrica sobre la estructura multinivel es más tortuoso y largo que en el caso de una geometría simple, debido precisamente a los vacíos existentes entre los distintos elementos poligonales o poliédricos. Tales vacíos fuerzan un determinado camino para la corriente (que precisamente debe evitar esos huecos) , recorriendo una mayor longitud y por lo tanto resonando a una frecuencia inferior. Además, su geometría rica en aristas y discontinuidades facilita el proceso de radiación, incrementando relativamente la resistencia de radiación de la antena y reduciendo el factor de calidad Q, es decir aumentando su ancho de banda.
Así pues, las características fundamentales de las antenas multinivel son:
- Su geometría multinivel, constituida por polígonos o poliedros de la misma clase acoplados electromagnéticamente y agrupados para formar una estructura de tamaño superior. En la geometría multinivel, la mayoría de los elementos son claramente visibles puesto que su zona de contacto, intersección o interconexión (en caso de existir) con el resto de elementos es siempre inferior al 50% de su perímetro.
El comportamiento radioeléctrico derivado de su geometría: las antenas multinivel pueden presentar un comportamiento multibanda (el mismo comportamiento o similar en varias bandas f ecuenciales) y/o operar a una frecuencia reducida, lo cual le permite reducir su tamaño.
Se describen ya en la literatura especializada algunos diseños de antena que permiten cubrir algunas pocas bandas, sin embargo en tales diseños el comportamiento multibanda se consigue a base de agrupar varias antenas individuales monobanda o de incorporar elementos reactivos en la antena (elementos concentrados como inductores o capacidades o sus versiones integradas tales como postes o hendiduras) que fuerzan la aparición de nuevas frecuencias de resonancia. Las antenas multinivel por el contrario basan su comportamiento en su particular geometría, ofreciendo una mayor flexibilidad al diseñador de la antena en cuanto al número de bandas (proporcional al número de niveles de detalle) , su posición, espaciado relativo y anchura y por lo tanto, ofreciendo mejores y más variadas prestaciones al producto final .
La estructura multinivel puede utilizarse en cualquiera de las configuraciones conocidas para antenas. A modo de ejemplo y sin que ello suponga una limitación: dipolos, monopolos, antenas parche o microstrip, antenas coplanares, antenas de reflector, antenas enrolladas e incluso en baterías (arrays) de antenas. Las técnicas de fabricación tampoco son características de las antenas multinivel, pudiéndose utilizar la más adecuada para cada estructura o aplicación. A modo de ejemplo: impresión sobre substrato dieléctrico metalizado mediante fotolitografiado (técnica de circuito impreso) ; troquelado sobre plancha metálica, repulsado sobre dieléctrico, etc.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS
Otras características y ventajas de la invención se pondrán de manifiesto a partir de la descripción detallada que sigue de una realización preferida de la invención, tomada a título de ejemplo ilustrativo y no limitativo con referencia a los dibujos que se acompañan, en los que:
La Figura 1 muestra un ejemplo particular de elemento multinivel constituido únicamente por polígonos de tipo triangular. La Figura 2 muestra ejemplos de montaje de antenas multinivel en distintas configuraciones: monopolo (2.1), dipolo (2.2), parche (2.3), antena coplanar (2.4), bocina (2.5-2.6) y batería (array) (2.7).
La Figura 3 muestra ejemplos de estructuras multinivel basadas en triángulos.
La Figura 4 muestra ejemplos de estructuras multinivel basadas en paralepípedos .
La Figura 5 muestra ejemplos de estructuras multinivel basadas en pentágonos.
La Figura 6 muestra ejemplos de estructuras multinivel basadas en hexágonos.
La Figura 7 muestra ejemplos de estructuras multinivel basadas en poliedros.
La Figura 8 muestra un ejemplo de un modo concreto de funcionamiento de una antena multinivel en configuración parche para estaciones base de telefonía celular GSM (900 MHz) y DCS (1800 MHz) .
La Figura 9 muestra los parámetros de entrada (pérdidas de retorno sobre 50 ohmios) de la antena multinivel descrita en la figura anterior.
La Figura 10 muestra los diagramas de radiación de la antena multinivel de la Figura 8 : el plano horizontal y el vertical .
La Figura 11 muestra un ejemplo de un modo concreto de funcionamiento de un antena multinivel en configuración monopolo para sistemas de comunicación sin hilo en interiores o en entornos de acceso local a redes vía radio.
La Figura 12 muestra los parámetros de entrada (pérdidas de retorno sobre 50 ohmios) de la antena multinivel descrita en la figura anterior.
La Figura 13 muestra los diagramas de radiación para la antena multinivel de la Figura 11.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA REALIZACIÓN PREFERIDA DE LA INVENCIÓN
Para llevar a cabo la descripción detallada que sigue de la realización preferida de la presente invención, se hará referencia permanente a las Figuras de los dibujos, a través de las cuales se han utilizado las mismas referencias numéricas para las partes iguales o similares.
La presente invención consiste en una antena que contiene al menos un elemento constructivo en forma de estructura multinivel. Una estructura multinivel se caracteriza por estar formada a partir de la reunión de varios polígonos o poliedros del mismo tipo (a modo de ejemplo, triángulos, paralepípedos, pentágonos, hexágonos, etc., incluso círculos o elipses como casos límite de polígono con un gran número de lados, así como tetraedros, hexaedros, decaedros, dodecaedros, icosaedros, etc.) acoplados entre sí electromagnéticamente. El acoplo electromagnético se consigue bien por proximidad, bien por contacto directo entre elementos. Una estructura o figura multinivel se distingue de otra figura convencional precisamente por la interconexión (en caso de existir) entre los elementos que la constituyen (los polígonos o poliedros) . En una estructura multinivel, al menos el 75% - lu ¬
de los elementos que la componen tienen más del 50% de su perímetro (en el caso de polígonos) o superficie (en el caso de poliedros) liberado de contacto con cualquiera de los otros elementos que componen la estructura. Así pues, en la estructura multinivel es fácil reconocer geométricamente y distinguir individualmente a la mayoría de los elementos básicos que conforman la estructura, presentando al menos dos niveles de detalle: el de la estructura global y el de los elementos poligonales o poliédricos que la componen. La denominación de multinivel proviene precisamente de esta característica y del hecho que los polígonos o poliedros pueden incluirse en una gran variedad de tamaños; además, varias estructuras multinivel pueden agruparse y acoplarse electromagnéticamente entre sí formando estructuras de nivel superior. En una estructura multinivel todos los elementos constitutivos son polígonos con el mismo número de lados, o poliedros con el mismo número de caras. Lógicamente, esta característica se rompe cuando varias estructuras multinivel de distinta naturaleza se agrupan y acoplan electromagnéticamente entre si formando meta-estructuras de nivel superior.
De manera que, en las Figuras de la 1 a la 7 se muestran algunos casos particulares de estructuras multinivel .
En la Figura 1 se muestra un elemento multinivel constituido exclusivamente por triángulos de distinta forma y tamaño. Obsérvese como en este caso particular en dicha estructura se distinguen todos y cada uno de los elementos (triángulos, en negro) que la constituyen puesto que los triángulos únicamente se solapan en una pequeña región de su perímetro, en este caso concreto por los vértices. En la Figura 2 se muestran ejemplos de montaje de antenas multinivel en distintas configuraciones: monopolo (21), dipolo (22), parche (23), antena coplanar (24), bocina de perfil (25) y de frente (26) y batería (array) (27) . Con lo que cabe destacar que, cualquiera que sea su configuración, la antena multinivel se distingue de otras antenas por la geometría de su elemento radiante característico .
En la Figura 3 se muestran más ejemplos de estructuras multinivel (3.1-3.15) de origen triangular, todas ellas constituidas por triángulos. Obsérvese el caso (3.14) como evolución del caso (3.13); a pesar del contacto entre los 4 triángulos el 75% de los elementos (tres triángulos a excepción del central) tiene más del 50% de su perímetro liberado.
En la Figura 4 se describen estructuras multinivel (4.1-4.14) cuyo elemento constitutivo son paralepípedos (cuadrados, rectángulos, rombos...). Obsérvese que siempre se distinguen los elementos constitutivos de la estructura individualmente (al menos la mayoría de ellos) . En el caso (4.12), en concreto, los elementos tienen el 100% de su perímetro liberado, no existiendo ninguna conexión física entre ellos (el acoplamiento se produce por proximidad gracias a la capacidad mutua entre elementos) .
En las Figuras 5, 6 y 7 se ilustran, a modo de ejemplo y en ningún caso con afán limitativo, otras estructuras de tipo multinivel basados en pentágonos, hexágonos y poliedros, respectivamente.
Es necesario enfatizar que la diferencia entre las antenas multinivel y otras antenas existentes radica en su particular geometría, no en su configuración como antena o en los materiales que se utilizan para su construcción. Así pues la estructura multinivel puede utilizarse en cualquiera de las configuraciones conocidas para antenas; a modo de ejemplo y sin que ello suponga una limitación: dipolos, monopolos, antenas parche o microstrip, antenas coplanares, antenas de reflector, antenas enrolladas e incluso en baterías (arrays) de antenas. En general, la estructura multinivel constituye parte del elemento radiante característico de tales configuraciones, como por ejemplo: el brazo, el plano de masa o ambos componentes en un monopolo; un brazo o ambos en un dipolo; el parche o elemento impreso en el caso de una antena microstrip, parche o coplanar; el reflector en caso de una antena de reflector; o la sección cónica o incluso las paredes de la antena en el caso de una configuración tipo bocina. Incluso es posible escoger una configuración de antena tipo espira en la que la geometría del bucle o bucles sea el perímetro externo de una estructura multinivel. En definitiva, la diferencia entre una antena multinivel y una antena convencional, radica básicamente en la geometría del elemento radiante o de alguno de sus componentes y no en su configuración particular.
En cuanto a los materiales y tecnología de construcción, la implementación de antenas multinivel no está limitado a ninguna de ellos en particular, pudiéndose utilizar cualquiera de aquellas técnicas y materiales existentes o de futuro desarrollo que se estimen más convenientes para cada entorno o aplicación, puesto que su esencia inventiva radica en la geometría utilizada para la estructura multinivel y nunca en su configuración concreta. Así pues, la estructura multinivel puede construirse, por ejemplo, mediante láminas, piezas de material conductor o superconductor, mediante impresión en substratos dieléctricos (rígidos o flexibles) recubiertos de una capa metálica como si se tratara de circuitos impresos, mediante la imbricación de varios materiales dieléctricos que conformen la estructura multinivel, etc., siempre dependiendo de las necesidades específicas de cada caso y aplicación. Una vez construida la estructura multinivel, la implementación de la antena depende de la configuración elegida (antena monopolo, dipolo, parche, bocina, reflector...) . En los casos monopolo, espira, dipolo y parche, por ejemplo, se implementa la estructura multisimilar en un soporte metálico (un procedimiento sencillo consiste en aplicar un proceso de fotolito- grafiado a una placa dieléctrica virgen de circuito impreso) y se monta la estructura a un conector estándar de microondas, que en el caso del monopolo o parche, a su vez está conectado a un plano de masa (típicamente una placa o carcasa metálica) como en cualquier otro caso de antena convencional. En el caso del dipolo, dos estructuras multinivel idénticas constituyen los dos brazos de la antena; en una antena de apertura, la geometría multinivel puede constituir la pared o parte de la pared metálica de la bocina o bien la sección transversal de la misma, y finalmente, en el caso de un reflector, el elemento multisimilar o un conjunto de los mismos puede constituir o recubrir el elemento reflectante .
Las propiedades más relevantes de las antenas multinivel se deben principalmente a su particular geometría y son: la posibilidad de operar simultáneamente en varias bandas frecuenciales de forma similar (diagramas de radiación e impedancia similares) y la posibilidad de reducir su tamaño respecto a otras antenas convencionales
(basadas exclusivamente en un único polígono o poliedro) . Tales propiedades son de especial relevancia en el entorno de los sistemas de comunicación. El hecho de operar simultáneamente en varias bandas frecuenciales permite que una única antena multinivel integre varios sistemas de comunicación en vez de dedicar una antena para cada sistema o servicio como suele hacerse convencionalmente . La reducción de tamaño es especialmente interesante cuando se trata de disimular la antena ya sea por su impacto visual en el paisaje urbano o rural, ya sea por su efecto anti -estético o anti-aerodinámico cuando la antena se incorpora a un vehículo o equipo de telecomunicación portátil .
Un ejemplo de la ventaja que supone utilizar una antena multibanda en un entorno real lo constituye la antena multinivel AM1, que se describe más adelante, para entornos GSM y DCS . Dichas antenas están diseñadas para cumplir las especificaciones radioeléctricas en ambos sistemas de telefonía celular. Utilizando una única antena multinivel GSM y DCS para ambas bandas (900 MHz y 1800 MHz) los operadores de telefonía celular pueden reducir el coste y el impacto ambiental de sus redes de estaciones base al mismo tiempo que aumentar el número de usuarios (clientes) que soporta la red.
Es especialmente relevante diferenciar las antenas multinivel de las antenas fractales. Tales antenas se basan en la geometría fractal, geometría basada en conceptos matemáticos abstractos de difícil implementación práctica. En la literatura científica especializada se suele definir como fractal aquellos objetos geométricos cuya dimensión de Haussdorf es un número no entero. Ello significa que los objetos fractales sólo existen como abstracción o concepto, pero que tales geometrías no son plasmables (en sentido estricto) en un objeto o gráfico tangible. Bien es verdad que antenas basadas en dicha geometría han sido desarrolladas y descritas ampliamente en la literatura científica, aunque su geometría no es, en términos científicos, estrictamente fractal. Si bien es verdad que algunas de tales antenas ofrecen un comportamiento multibanda (su diagrama de radiación e impedancia se mantiene prácticamente constante en varias bandas frecuenciales) , no ofrecen por sí solas todas las prestaciones que se requiere de una antena para su aplicabilidad en un entorno práctico. Así pues la antena de Sierpinski por ejemplo, tiene un comportamiento multibanda con N bandas espaciadas frecuencialmente por un factor 2 y aunque en virtud de ese espaciado podría pensarse en su utilización en las redes de comunicaciones GSM 900 MHz y GSM 1800 MHz (o DCS) , su inadecuado diagrama de radiación y su tamaño, a esas frecuencias, le impiden en la práctica ser utilizadas en un entorno real . En definitiva, para conseguir que una antena además de ofrecer un comportamiento multibanda cumpla con todas y cada una de las especificaciones que se le exigen en cada aplicación particular, casi siempre es necesario apartarse de la geometría fractal y recurrir, por ejemplo, a antenas de geometría multinivel. A modo de ejemplo, ninguna de las estructuras detalladas en las figuras 1, 3, 4, 5 y 6 son fractales. Todas tienen una dimensión de Hausdorff igual a 2, que coincide con su dimensión topológica. Análogamente, ninguna de las estructuras multinivel de la figura 7 son fractales, siendo su dimensión de Hausdorff igual a 3, coincidiendo con su dimensión topológica.
No debería confundirse en ningún caso las estructuras multinivel con las agrupaciones de antenas (o arrays) . Si bien es verdad que una agrupación esta constituida por un conjunto de antenas iguales, en una agrupación o array se suele pretender que los elementos estén desacoplados electromagnéticamente, justamente lo contrario de lo que se persigue en las antenas multinivel. En una agrupación de antenas todos y cada uno de los elementos suelen alimentarse individualmente, bien mediante transmisores o receptores de señal específicos para cada elemento, bien mediante una red de distribución de señal, mientras que en una antena multinivel se excita la estructura en algunos pocos de sus elementos y los restantes se acoplan electromagnéticamente o por contacto directo (en una región no superior al 50% del perímetro o superficie de los elementos colindantes) . En una agrupación de antenas se busca aumentar la directividad de una antena individual o conformar el diagrama para una aplicación concreta; en una antena multinivel se persigue obtener un comportamiento multibanda o bien una reducción del tamaño de la antena, lo cual supone una aplicación absolutamente distinta a la de las agrupaciones. En adelante, para no confundir las agrupaciones de polígonos en estructuras multinivel con las agrupaciones clásicas de antenas se reservará para estas últimas la denominación de array.
A continuación se describen como ejemplo, no limitativo e ilustrativo, dos modos particulares de funcionamiento de Antenas Multinivel (AM1 y AM2) para un entorno y aplicación concretos.
MODO AM1
Este modelo consiste en una antena tipo parche multinivel, representada en la Figura 8, que opera simultáneamente en las bandas de GSM 900 (890 MHz - 960 MHz) y GSM 1800 (1710 MHz - 1880 MHz) y ofrece un diagrama de radiación sectorial en el plano horizontal. La antena está pensada principalmente (aunque no limitada a ello) para el uso en estaciones base de telefonía celular GSM 900 y 1800. La estructura multinivel (8.10), o parche de la antena, está formada por una lámina de cobre de impresa sobre una placa de circuito impreso de fibra de vidrio estándar. La geometría multinivel la constituyen 5 triángulos (8.1-8.5) unidos por la zona del vértice tal y como se indica en la Figura 8, con un perímetro externo en forma de triángulo equilátero de 13.9 cm de altura (8.6). El triángulo inferior tiene una altura (8.7) de 8.2 cm y conjuntamente con los dos triángulos adicionales adyacentes configuran una estructura de perímetro triangular de 10.7 cm de altura (8.8) .
El parche multinivel (8.10) se monta paralelamente a un plano de tierra (8.9) de aluminio rectangular de 22 x 18.5 cm. La separación entre el parche y el plano de tierra es de 3.3 cm, separación que se mantiene con un par de espaciadores dieléctricos que actúan a modo de soporte
(8.12) .
La conexión a la antena se realiza en dos puntos de la estructura multinivel, uno para cada banda de funcionamiento (GSM 900 y GSM 1800) . La excitación se produce mediante un poste metálico vertical perpendicular al plano de masa y a la estructura multinivel, terminado capacitivamente mediante una chapa metálica que se acopla eléctricamente por proximidad (efecto capacitivo) al parche. Se trata de un sistema habitual en antenas en configuración parche, mediante el cual se persigue compensar el efecto inductivo del poste con el efecto capacitivo de su terminación.
En la base del poste de excitación se conecta el circuito que interconecta el elemento y el puerto de acceso a la antena o conector (8.13) . Dicho circuito de interconexión (8.11) puede realizarse en tecnología microstrip, coaxial o strip-line, por poner algunos ejemplos, e incorpora redes de adaptación convencionales que transforman la impedancia medida en la base del poste a los 50 ohmios (con una tolerancia típica en la Relación de Onda Estacionaria (ROE) típica en estas aplicaciones menor de 1.5) que se requieren en el conector de entrada / salida de la antena. Dicho conector suele ser de tipo N o SMA en entornos de estaciones base para micro-celda.
Además de adaptar impedancia y proporcionar la interconexión con el elemento radiante, la red de interconexión (8.11) puede integrar un diplexor, permitiendo que la antena se presente en una configuración de dos conectores (uno para cada banda) o bien un único conector para ambas bandas.
En el caso de una configuración de doble conector, para aumentar el aislamiento entre los terminales GSM 900 y el GSM 1800 (DCS) , se puede conectar en la base del poste de excitación en la banda DCS un stub paralelo de longitud eléctrica igual a media longitud de onda, en la frecuencia central de DCS, y terminado en circuito abierto. Análogamente, en la base del hilo de GSM 900 se podrá conectar un stub paralelo terminado en circuito abierto de longitud eléctrica ligeramente superior a un cuarto de longitud de onda a la frecuencia central de la banda GSM. Dicho stub introduce una capacidad en la base de la conexión que puede ser ajustada para compensar el efecto inductivo residual que presenta el poste. Además, dicho stub presenta una muy baja impedancia en la banda de
DCS, lo que contribuye a aumentar el aislamiento entre conectores en dicha banda. En las Figuras 9 y 10 se muestra el comportamiento radioeléctrico típico de esta realización concreta de antena multinivel dual .
En la Figura 9 se muestran las pérdidas de retorno (Lr) en GSM (9.1) y DCS (9.2), típicamente por debajo de - 14 dB (que es a efectos equivalente a ROE <1.5), por lo que la antena está bien adaptada en ambas bandas de funcionamiento (890 MHz-960 MHz y 1710 MHz-1880 MHz) .
Los diagramas de radiación del plano vertical (10.1 y 10.3) y del plano horizontal (10.2 y 10.4) en ambas bandas se muestran en la Figura 10. Se observa claramente que ambas antenas radian mediante un lóbulo principal en la dirección perpendicular (10.1 y 10.3) a la antena, y que en el plano horizontal (10.2 y 10.4) ambos diagramas son del tipo sectorial, con un ancho de haz típico a 3 dB de 65°. La directividad (d) típica en ambas bandas es d>7 Db.
Modo AM2
Este modelo consiste en un antena multinivel en configuración monopolo, representada en la Figura 11, para sistemas de comunicación sin hilo en interiores o en entornos de acceso local a redes vía radio.
La antena opera de forma similar simultáneamente en las bandas 1880 MHz-1930 MHz y 3400 MHz-3600 MHz, por ejemplo en instalaciones con el sistema DECT. La estructura multinivel esta formada por tres o cinco triángulos (ver Figura 11 y Figura 3.6) a los que se añade un bucle inductivo (11.1) . La antena presenta un diagrama de radiación omnidireccional en el plano horizontal y esta principalmente pensada (aunque no limitada a ello) para montaje en techo o suelo. La estructura multinivel está impresa sobre un substrato dieléctrico (11.2) Rogers* RO4003 de 5.5 cm de anchura, 4.9 cm de altura y 0.8 mm de grosor, y de permitividad dieléctrica igual a 3.38. El elemento multinivel se compone de tres triángulos (11.3-11.5) unidos por la zona del vértice; el triángulo (11.3) inferior tiene una altura de 1.82 cm, mientras que la estructura multinivel tiene una altura total de 2.72 cm. Para reducir el tamaño global de la antena, al elemento multinivel se le añade un bucle inductivo (11.1) en la parte superior, con forma trapezoidal en esta aplicación concreta, con lo que el tamaño total del elemento radiante es de 4.5 cm.
La estructura multinivel se monta perpendicularmente sobre un plano de tierra (11.6) metálico (de aluminio por ejemplo) de sección cuadrada o circular con unos 18 cm de lado o diámetro respectivamente. El vértice inferior del elemento se coloca en el centro del plano de masa y constituye el punto de excitación de la antena. En ese punto se conecta la red de interconexión que enlaza el elemento radiante con el conector de entrada/salida. Dicha red de interconexión puede implementarse en tecnología microstrip, strip-line o coaxial (por citar algunos ejemplos) aunque en esta realización concreta se eligió la configuración microstrip. Además de la interconexión entre elemento radiante y conector, la red puede utilizarse como transformador de impedancias, adaptando la impedancia en el vértice del elemento multinivel con los 50 Ohmios (Lr<- 14 dB, ROE <1.5) que se requieren en el conector de entrada / salida.
Las Figuras 12 y 13 resumen el comportamiento radio- eléctrico de la antena en las bandas inferior (1900) y superior (3500) . En la Figura 12 se muestra la relación de onda estacionaria (ROE) en ambas bandas: la figura 12.1 para la banda entre 1880 y 1930 MHz, y la figura 12.2 para la banda entre 3400 y 3600 MHz. En dichas gráficas se observa que la antena está bien adaptada, puesto que las pérdidas de retorno son inferiores a 14 dB, o lo que es lo mismo, ROE <1.5 en toda la banda de interés.
En la Figura 13 se muestran los diagramas de radiación típicos. Los diagramas (13.1), (13.2) y (13.3) a 1905 MHz medidos en el plano vertical, en el horizontal y en el plano de la antena, respectivamente. Y los diagramas (13.4), (13.5) y (13.6) a 3500 MHz medidos en el plano vertical, horizontal, y el de la antena, respectivamente.
Puede observarse un comportamiento omnidireccional en el plano horizontal, y un típico diagrama bilobular en el plano vertical, siendo la directividad típica de la antena superior a 4 dBi en la banda 1900 y 6 dBi en la banda de
3500.
Cabe destacar del funcionamiento de la antena, que el comportamiento es muy similar en ambas bandas (tanto en ROE como en diagrama) , lo que la convierten en una antena multibanda.
Tanto la antena AM1 como la AM2 , típicamente irán recubiertas de un radomo dieléctrico prácticamente transparente a la radiación electromagnética, cuya función será proteger el elemento radiante y la red de conexión de agresiones externas, además de proporcionarles un estético aspecto externo. No se considera necesario hacer más extenso el contenido de la presente descripción para que un experto en la materia pueda comprender su alcance y las ventajas que del mismo se derivan, así como llevar a cabo la realización práctica de la misma.
No obstante, puesto que lo descrito anteriormente corresponde solamente con una forma de ejecución preferida, se comprenderá que dentro de su esencialidad podrán introducirse múltiples variaciones de detalle, asimismo protegidas, que podrán afectar al conjunto o a sus partes, sin apartarse por ello del marco de la invención, y que en particular pueden estar referidas a la forma, el tamaño y/o los materiales utilizados en la fabricación del conjunto o de sus partes.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1.- Antena caracterizada por contener al menos una estructura multinivel que consiste en un conjunto de elementos poligonales o poliédricos de la misma clase (del mismo número de lados o caras) aunque no necesariamente del mismo tamaño, acoplados entre sí electromagnéticamente de manera que la zona de contacto entre los elementos no cubra la mayor parte del perímetro o área en al menos la mayoría de los polígonos o poliedros, de modo que la zona de contacto entre elementos sea inferior al 50% del perímetro o área en al menos el 75 % de los polígonos o poliedros, permitiendo de esta forma que en la estructura multinivel se sigan distinguiendo geométricamente la mayoría de los polígonos o poliedros que la constituyen.
2.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel está constituida exclusivamente por triángulos.
3.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel está constituida exclusivamente por polígonos de una sola clase como son: polígonos de cuatro lados, pentágonos, hexágonos, heptágonos, octágonos, decágonos, dodecágonos, círculos o elipses, entre otros.
4.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque dicha estructura multinivel está constituida exclusivamente por poliedros, o por cilindros o por conos .
5.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel se monta perpendicularmente al plano de tierra en configuración tipo monopolo.
6.- Antena multinivel, según reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel se monta paralelamente al plano de tierra en configuración de antena tipo parche o antena microstrip.
7.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicaciones 5 y 6, caracterizada porque en antenas con configuración tipo parche el elemento multinivel constituye alguno de los elementos radiantes de una estructura parche o microstrip planar con parches parásitos en varios niveles.
8.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel constituye: los dos brazos de una antena en configuración dipolo, parte de la antena en configuración coplanar, al menos una de las caras en una bocina piramidal.
9.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel o su perímetro conforman la sección transversal de una antena tipo bocina cónica o piramidal .
10.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque el perímetro de la estructura multinivel determina la forma de al menos un bucle en una antena tipo espira.
11.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque puede formar parte de una agrupación (o array) de antenas.
12.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel se construye en material conductor, superconductor, dieléctrico o una combinación de ellos.
13.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicación 12, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel conforma la geometría de los huecos practicados en una estructura metálica, superconductora o dieléctrica.
14.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la antena presenta un comportamiento multibanda, es decir, presenta un nivel de impedancia y un diagrama de radiación similar en varias bandas frecuenciales, de manera que la antena mantiene básicamente la misma operatividad y funcionalidad radioeléctrica en dichas bandas.
15.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la antena presenta un tamaño reducido comparado con una antena circular, cuadrada o triangular cuyo perímetro se pueda circunscribir a la estructura multinivel y que opere en la misma frecuencia (misma frecuencia de resonancia) .
16.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicación 14, caracterizada porque el comportamiento multibanda le permite operar simultáneamente en varias frecuencias y ser compartida así por varios servicios o sistemas de comunicación.
17.- Antena multinivel, según la reivindicación 14, caracterizada porque se aplica en estaciones base de telefonía móvil, en terminales de comunicación (transmisores o receptores) , en vehículos, satélites de comunicaciones o en sistemas radar.
18.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel en aquellos casos que radia poco eficientemente puede utilizarse como resonador multibanda o miniatura.
19.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la antena incorpora además del elemento multinivel un circuito de interconexión que enlaza la estructura con el conector de entrada/salida, y que puede utilizarse para incorporar redes de adaptación de impedancias, filtros o diplexores.
20.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque la estructura multinivel se carga con elementos capacitivos o inductivos para modificar su tamaño, frecuencias de resonancia, diagrama de radiación o impedancia.
21.- Antena multinivel, según las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizada porque varias estructuras multinivel del mismo tipo (mismo polígono o poliedro característico, mismo número, disposición y acoplamiento entre elementos) referidas como estructuras de primer nivel , se agrupan en estructuras de nivel superior de forma parecida a como lo hacen los elementos poligonales o poliédricos que constituyen la estructura multinivel de primer nivel.
PCT/ES1999/000296 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Antenas multinivel WO2001022528A1 (es)

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MXPA02003084A MXPA02003084A (es) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Antenas multinivel.
CNB998169609A CN100355148C (zh) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 多级天线
EP05000379A EP1526604A1 (en) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Multilevel antenna
BRPI9917493-6A BR9917493B1 (pt) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 antena de nìveis múltiplos.
DE29925006U DE29925006U1 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrebenenantenne
ES99974041T ES2241378T3 (es) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Antenas multinivel.
EP99974041A EP1223637B1 (en) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Multilevel antennae
PCT/ES1999/000296 WO2001022528A1 (es) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Antenas multinivel
AT99974041T ATE292329T1 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrebenenantenne
DE69924535T DE69924535T2 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrebenenantenne
CN2007101851114A CN101188325B (zh) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 多级天线
EP08164491A EP2083475A1 (en) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Multilevel antennae
JP2001525799A JP4012733B2 (ja) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 マルチレベルアンテナ
AU59840/99A AU5984099A (en) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Multilevel antennae
US10/102,568 US20020140615A1 (en) 1999-09-20 2002-03-18 Multilevel antennae
US10/963,080 US7015868B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2004-10-12 Multilevel Antennae
US11/102,390 US7123208B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2005-04-08 Multilevel antennae
US11/179,257 US7397431B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2005-07-12 Multilevel antennae
US11/550,276 US7505007B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2006-10-17 Multi-level antennae
US11/550,256 US7394432B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2006-10-17 Multilevel antenna
US11/780,932 US7528782B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2007-07-20 Multilevel antennae
US12/400,888 US8009111B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2009-03-10 Multilevel antennae
US13/036,819 US8154462B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2011-02-28 Multilevel antennae
US13/044,189 US8154463B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2011-03-09 Multilevel antennae
US13/411,212 US8330659B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2012-03-02 Multilevel antennae
US13/669,916 US20130057450A1 (en) 1999-09-20 2012-11-06 Multilevel antennae
US13/732,755 US8941541B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2013-01-02 Multilevel antennae
US13/732,761 US9054421B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2013-01-02 Multilevel antennae
US13/732,743 US8976069B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2013-01-02 Multilevel antennae
US13/732,750 US9000985B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2013-01-02 Multilevel antennae
US13/929,441 US9240632B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2013-06-27 Multilevel antennae
US14/825,829 US9362617B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2015-08-13 Multilevel antennae
US15/137,782 US9761934B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2016-04-25 Multilevel antennae
US15/670,866 US10056682B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2017-08-07 Multilevel antennae
US16/035,981 US20180323500A1 (en) 1999-09-20 2018-07-16 Multilevel antennae

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