WO2001025421A2 - Materials and method for detecting interaction of cftr polypeptides - Google Patents

Abstract

The subject invention concerns materials and methods for detecting the interaction of CFTR proteins. In one embodiment, the method can be used to determine whether one CFTR polypeptide interacts with a second CFTR polypeptide. The subject invention also concerns materials and methods for screening for drugs or compositions that can restore or enhance interaction of CFTR proteins containing mutation(s) that reduce or prevent dimerization of the proteins. The assay of the present invention can be used to screen a large number of compounds in a high throughput format. The subject invention also pertains to host cells useful in the methods of the invention. The subject invention also concerns compositions and methods for treating patients afflicted with cystic fibrosis.

Description

DESCRIPTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING INTERACTION OF CFTR POLYPEPTIDES

Cross-Reference to Related Applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/157,996, filed October 6, 1999; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/181,892, filed February 11, 2000; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/182,373, filed February 14, 2000.

Background of the Invention Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disease of Caucasians in North America, occurring at a frequency of approximately 1 in 2500 births (Welsh et al, 1995). The disease results from defective function of the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis

Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein in a variety of tissues, including the pancreas and the lung epithelium. Riordan et al. (1989), Rommens et al. (1989) and Kerem et al. (1989) describe the cloning and sequencing of the CFTR gene. U.S. Patent No. 5,543,399 to Riordan et al. discloses the purification of CFTR protein. Normal CFTR protein is a membrane protein that functions as a cAMP-regulated chloride channel. The ΔF508 mutation in the CFTR gene, which is characterized by a deletion of the phenylalanine amino acid at position 508 of the CFTR protein, is the defect associated with most cases of CF. A CFTR protein having the ΔF508 mutation does not exit the ER and proceed on to the plasma membrane (Cheng et al, 1990; Gregory et al, 1991). It has been found that the ΔF508 mutation causes the temperature-sensitive misprocessing of the mutant protein that prevents the protein from exiting the ER (Denning et al, 1992).

The absence of CFTR protein in the pancreatic duct results in the blockage of the duct by a thick mucus that prevents pancreatic enzymes from passing from the pancreas to the intestine. Without treatment, CF patients decline as a consequence of malnutrition associated with insufficient pancreatic function. However, pancreatic enzymes may be introduced into the diet of CF patients as a means of reversing the effects of pancreatic insufficiency

Unlike in the pancreas, the absence of CFTR function in lung epithelium results in a severe lung disease that cannot be readily reversed or controlled by conventional treatment Lack of CFTR function in the lung results in airway fluid with an altered ion composition, thereby creating a favorable environment for disease-causing bacteria to colonize the lung Additionally, mucus secreted into the lung becomes thick and viscous, preventing normal clearing of the bacteria from the airways The chronic bacterial infection leads to destruction of lung tissue and loss of lung function Current treatments for CF lung disease involve physical therapy to aid mucus clearance and antibiotic therapy to treat the lung infection Although these treatments slow the progression of disease, they do not reverse it Patients with CF consequently die prematurely, usually by the age of 30

CF cells lack CFTR chloride channel activity because they have mutant CFTR genes that encode a defective CFTR protein Thus, providing a patient with a copy of a normal human CFTR gene by way of gene therapy methods may provide an alternative to conventional therapies for the treatment of CF Gene therapy strategies for the treatment of CF thus involve delivery of a normal wildtype human CFTR gene to mutant CF epithelial cells within the lung to restore normal CFTR chloride channel activity Gene transfer of the CFTR gene can be accomplished by several different delivery methods

Recombinant viral vectors containing the wildtype CFTR gene provide one potential means to deliver the CFTR gene to CF cells For example, recombinant adenovirus containing the wildtype CFTR gene have been shown to efficiently transfer the wildtype CFTR gene into CF epithelium, and correct the chloride channel defect (Welsh et al , 1994, Zabner et al, 1993) However, high doses of virus are generally required to obtain an efficacious response, which in time can cause inflammation resulting from the immune response to the viral proteins Other viruses that might be used for CF gene therapy include AAV (Adeno-associated virus) (Flotte et al, 1994), retrovirus and lentivirus The use of these viruses for gene therapy is also limited by the immune response to the high titer doses required for an efficacious response Gene transfer can also be achieved by transfection of CF cells by lipid-DNA complexes composed of plasmid DNA containing the CFTR cDNA in association with catiomc or neutral lipids (Zabner et al , 1997) Gene therapy utilizing lipid-DNA complexes is a potential alternative to the use of viral vectors and presents a lower risk for an associated inflammatory immune response However, gene transfer with lipid-DNA complexes is inefficient, so that only a small fraction of cells receive the therapeutic gene As a consequence, only a very limited correction of the chloπde channel defect is possible Another alternative for CF therapy is to identify drugs that have efficacy in treating the disease However, the process of identifying potential drugs typically involves the screening of large numbers of compounds from a chemical library Thus, the assay used to screen the library for active compounds must be specific for a desired activity, as well as rapid and cost effective However, current drug screening strategies using mammalian cells and assays for CFTR chloride conductance are costly and labor intensive Thus, there remains a need in the art for a means for rapidly screening potential drugs for the treatment of CF from among the hundreds of thousands of chemicals that can be tested

Brief Summary of the Invention The subject invention concerns mateπals and methods for detecting the interaction of CFTR proteins In one embodiment, the method can be used to determine whether one CFTR NBD1 polypeptide interacts with a second CFTR NBD 1 polypeptide using a yeast dual hybrid assay The subject methods can be used to determine whether mutations to the CFTR polypeptide reduce or eliminate dimerization of the CFTR polypeptides The present methods can also be used to screen and identify revertant mutations that restore dimerization of a mutant CFTR polypeptide, as well as mutations that enhance dimerization and CFTR activity greater than that of wildtype protein

The subject invention also provides mateπals and methods for efficiently identifying and screening for compounds, drugs and other such compositions that facilitate proper dimerization of the CFTR polypeptides Compounds identified using materials and methods of the present invention are candidate agents for use in treating patients having CF In one embodiment, a yeast dual hybπd assay is used to identify compounds that can restore dimerization of a protein comprising a region of a CFTR polypeptide having a mutation, such as ΔF508, that prevents dimerization The assay methods of the present invention can be used to evaluate a large number of compounds in a high throughput format The use of a yeast growth bioassav exemplified herein is fast and inexpensive in compaπson to current screening procedures that involve mammalian cells and assays for CFTR channel activity

The subject invention also concerns compositions and methods for treating CF The compositions of the invention can be used to restore, promote or enhance the dimeπzation of CFTR protein and/or its exit from the ER and proper localization in the cell

Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows an example of a plate with a positive-testing plant leaf disc on selective media using a yeast two-hybrid assay of the present invention

Figures 2A-2C show growth of two-hybπd yeast strains containing wildtype and mutant CFTR NBD1 The yeast strain YRG2 was transformed with pADGAL4 and pBDGAL4 constructs containing wildtype and mutant CFTR NBD1 as indicated Each strain was grown in synthetic complete media lacking leucine and tryptophan, and equal a quots of cells in 10-fold dilutions were spotted to synthetic complete media lacking leucine, tryptophan and histidine Dilutions for each strain proceed from right to left, with the spots from most dilute cultures corresponding to the tapered end of the triangle

Plates were incubated at either 21°C (Figure 2A) or 37°C (Figure 2B) (for 3 days and 5 days respectively) Glycerol was added to the media to a final concentration of 1 5 M as indicated (1 5 M Glyc) (Figure 2C)

Figure 3 shows correction of theΔF508 dimeπzation defect by I539T and G550E The yeast strain YRG2 (Stratagene) was transformed with pADGAL4 and pBDGAL4 constructs containing wildtype and mutant CFTR NBD1 as indicated Each strain was grown in synthetic complete media lacking leucine and tryptophan, and equal ahquots of cells in 10-fold dilutions were spotted to synthetic complete media lacking leucine, tryptophan and histidine Dilutions for each strain proceed from right to left, with the spots from most dilute cultures corresponding to the tapered end of the triangle Plates were incubated at 37°C for 5 days Figure 4 shows the effect of the revertant mutations I539T and G550E on CFTRΔF508 chloπde channel activity in FRT stable cell lines FRT stable cell lines were seeded in permeable Milhcell supports (Milhpore) at a density of 2 5 x 10⁵ cells/ cm² After 6 to 7 days monolayers were mounted on Ussmg chambers and the ΔI^α was recorded 5 mm after stimulation with 10 mM forskolin and 0 1 mM IB MX (Sheppard et al , 1994)

Bπef Description of the Sequences SEQ ID NO:l is a primer for PCR amplification of a fragment of a cDNA encoding CFTR

SEQ ID NO:2 is a pπmer for PCR amplification of a fragment of a cDNA encoding CFTR

SEQ ID NO: 3 is a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a wildtype CFTR protein SEQ ID NO:4 is an ammo acid sequence of a wildtype CFTR protein

Detailed Disclosure of the Invention The subject invention concerns mateπals and methods for detecting the interaction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) proteins The method can be used to determine whether one CFTR polypeptide interacts with a second CFTR polypeptide Preferably, the CFTR polypeptides are mammalian More preferably, the CFTR polypeptides are human CFTR polypeptides The methods of the present invention are based on the discover} that the wildtype CFTR protein forms dimers, and that dimeπzation is essential for the exit of the CFTR protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) As descπbed herein, a method of the present invention for detecting or determining the interaction of a first CFTR polypeptide with a second CFTR polypeptide comprises contacting the CFTR polypeptides and determining whether the polypeptides interact using a system where if interaction does occur then a detectable signal or change is induced in the assay system In one embodiment, dimerization involves an association of the first nucleotide binding fold (NBD1) of one CFTR monomer with the NBD1 of another CFTR monomer The methods of the present invention can model the temperature-sensitive misprocessing of mutant CFTR proteins

In one embodiment, a method of the invention for detecting or determining the mteraction of a first CFTR polypeptide with a second CFTR polypeptide comprises (a) providing a first fusion protein compπsing all or a portion of a first CFTR protein and a

DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable reporter gene, (b) providing a second fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a second CFTR polypeptide and a transcriptional activation domain of a transcriptional activator that can activate transcπption of the detectable reporter gene, (c) contacting the first fusion protein and the second fusion protein under conditions where if the first fusion protein and the second fusion protein interact then the interaction causes the transcπptional activation domain to activate transcπption of the detectable reporter gene, and (d) detecting transcπption of the detectable reporter gene or expression of the detectable reporter gene product By "detectable gene" it is meant that expression of the gene or its gene product can be detected The detectable gene can be engineered with sequences that bπng the gene under control of the transcriptional activator For example, where the GAL4 transcπptional activator is to be used, the UAS_G (upstream activation site, galactose) site (Keegan et al , 1986, Ma and Ptashne, 1987) can be incorporated upstream of the transcription start site of the detectable gene In a preferred embodiment, the fusion proteins are provided in a double transformant host cell, such as a yeast cell The polynucleotide sequences encoding the fusion proteins can be incorporated into suitable expression vectors or plasmids, such as pAD-GAL4 or pBD-GAL4 for use in yeast cells Other suitable vectors and plasmids are known in the art and can be readily selected by the ordinarily skilled artisan Once the sequences encoding the fusion proteins are inserted in the vector or plasmid, the vector or plasmid can be incorporated into the host cell using standard methods, resulting in a double transformant host cell

In additional embodiments, the interaction of a first CFTR polypeptide with a second CFTR polypeptide can be detected in a host cell by the interaction of signal transduction fusion proteins, or by the interaction of proteins resulting in cleavage of a ubiquitin fusion protein These methods of detecting protein protein interactions, by SOS recruitment (Aronheim et al , 1997) or by a split ubiquitin sensor (Johnsson and Varshavsky, 1997), respectively, are well known to those skilled in the art and are contemplated within the scope of methods of the present invention The preferred host cell for these embodiments is yeast In another embodiment, the interaction of a first CFTR polypeptide with a second CFTR polypeptide is detected by interaction of signal transduction fusion proteins within a bacteπal cell Methods for detecting protein protein interactions in bactena are also known by those skilled in the art (Kaπmova et al , 1998) The CFTR portion of the fusion protein can contain one or more mutations of the wildtype ammo acid sequence The mutations contemplated can include ammo acid substitutions, deletions and insertions Any mutation, including mutations to CFTR already known in the art and associated with CF can be prepared in the sequence of the CFTR polypeptide and used in the methods of the present invention The CFTR protein of the fusion protein can include the entire coding sequence of the protein or a fragment thereof In one embodiment, dual hybπd systems can be used in the methods of the present invention Dual hybrid systems are described in U S Patent Nos 5,283,173 and 5,468,614, which are herein incorporated by reference Dual hybrid reagents are also available from commercial suppliers such as CLONTECH Laboratories (Palo Alto, CA) and Stratagene (La Jolla, CA) In a preferred embodiment, all or a portion of a first human or mammalian CFTR gene is cloned into a suitable plasmid that, when expressed in a host cell, provides a hybπd protein comprising a first CFTR protein, or a variant or fragment thereof, and a DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable gene in the host cell All or a portion of a second human or mammalian CFTR gene is also cloned into a suitable plasmid that, when expressed in the host cell, provides a hybrid protein compπsing a second CFTR protein, or a variant or fragment thereof, and a transcriptional activation domain that can activate transcription of the detectable gene in the host cell when the transcriptional activation domain is brought into close proximity with the detectable gene Preferably, the first and second CFTR polypeptides are identical, however, the use of first and second CFTR polypeptides that are different, for example in amino acid sequence or length, is also contemplated within the scope of the present invention The expression plasmids encoding the hybrid proteins can be introduced into a host cell using standard methods known in the art, such as electroporation or transfection by calcium phosphate precipitation Preferably, the portion of the CFTR protein expressed in the hybrid proteins includes the first nucleotide binding domain (NBDl), or a functional fragment thereof, of human CFTR The polynucleotides encoding the first and second fusion proteins are exposed to conditions where the fusion proteins are expressed If the CFTR polypeptides of the expressed hybrid proteins interact, then the DNA binding domain and transcriptional activation domain of the transcπptional activator are brought into close proximity sufficient to cause transcπption of the detectable gene Where transcπption or expression of the detectable gene is observed, this is indicative of interaction of the CFTR portion of the fusion proteins

As taught herein, wildtype human CFTR used in the subject dual hvbπd methods interact and result in transcπption of the detectable gene in the host cell in the dual hybπd embodiment described herein Mutations that reduce or prevent dimerization of CFTR proteins can be identified using the methods and mateπals of the present invention because these mutant CFTR proteins do not interact and, therefore, transcπption of the detectable gene in the host cell does not occur In an exemplified embodiment, the ΔF508 mutation is shown to interfere with CFTR interaction

In those embodiments where protein protein interaction is indicated by transcription of a detectable reporter gene, then any suitable DNA-binding domain and transcriptional activation domain can be used in the subject invention as long as the domains can be used to activate transcπption of the detectable gene when the DNA- binding domain and transcriptional activation domain are brought into sufficiently close proximity to each other The DNA-binding domain and transcriptional actuation domain can be derived from the same protein or from different proteins Examples of suitable domains are known m the art and can be obtained from, for example, yeast GAL4 GCN 1 and ADR In an exemplified embodiment of the invention, the domains are derived from yeast GAL4 protein Non-yeast DNA-binding and/or transcriptional activation domains are also contemplated for use in the present invention and include, for example, a DNA- binding domain derived from the prokaryotic LexA protein and an 88-resιdue peptide

(B42) capable of activating transcπption (CLONTECH Laboratoπes, Palo Alto, CA) DNA-binding domains and transcriptional activation domains for use in mammalian host cells are also available.

The host cells can be any suitable prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, including bacterial, yeast or mammmalian cells Preferably, the host cell is a yeast cell More preferably, the yeast cell is Saccharomyces

The interaction of the first hybrid protein and the second hybrid protein in the host cell causes a measurably greater expression of the detectable gene than that observed where the first hybrid protein and the second hybrid protein do not interact or interact at a reduced level The detectable gene used in the present invention can be any gene whose transcription can be detected when the detectable gene is expressed as a result of the interaction of the CFTR fusion protein containing the DNA-binding and transcπptional activation domains Typically, expression of the gene is detected directly or indirectly by detecting the expression product of the detectable gene For example, the detectable gene may provide for drug resistance or encode an enzyme or other product that can be readily measured or detected Such measurable activity may include providing the host cell with the ability to grow only when the detectable reporter gene is expressed, or providing for the presence of detectable protein or enzyme activity only when the detectable reporter gene is expressed Suitable detectable genes are well known in the art Examples of detectable genes include lacZ (which encodes β-galactosidase), HIS3, LEU2 and the like In an exemplified embodiment, the detectable gene is the HIS3 gene Host cells can be selected that lack or are defective in the detectable gene activity Thus, if host cells that are normally unable to synthesize histidine are grown on a medium lacking histidine, then only those cells that are expressing the HIS3 gene as a result of CFTR protein interaction can grow, or at least grow at an efficient rate, on the medium lacking histidine Growth of cells only in the presence of a test drug or compound is indicative that the drug or compound has restored interaction of the CFTR proteins Methods for detecting protein interactions mediated by small molecule small ligands have been described in the art (Berlin, 1997)

In an exemplified embodiment of the invention, the NBDl region of CFTR (containing arnino acids 351-650) was cloned into two plasmids, pBDGAL4 and pADGAL4, (Stratagene) that produce the NBDl -DNA binding domain fusion protein and the NBDl -activation domain fusion protein, respectively, when co-expressed in yeast When these proteins associate and form a dimer in yeast, transcription of the detectable gene occurs The dimerization of the fusion proteins is required for growth of host cells in selective media If the NBDl coding region of one or both of the two plasmids is modified to contain the ΔF508 mutation and then expressed in yeast, the growth of the yeast is substantially impaired upon the selective media The impaired growth of the yeast cells on the selective media results from the mutatιon(s) which prevent the dimerization of the proteins

The subject invention also concerns unique host cells that can be used to model wildtype CFTR protein dimerization, and which can also be used to model the effect of

CF mutations on dimerization In a preferred embodiment, the host cells are yeast cells, such as Saccharomyces cervistae or other suitable cells The host cells are genetically engineered to express a hybrid protein that comprises a first human or other mammalian CFTR protein fused to a DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable gene in the host cell The host cells are also engineered to express a second hybπd protein that compπses human or mammalian CFTR protein fused to a transcπptional activator domain that can activate transcription of the detectable gene in the host cell when the transcπptional activator domain is brought into sufficiently close proximity with the detectable gene in the host cell In a preferred embodiment, the portion of the CFTR protein expressed in the hybπd proteins is the first nucleotide binding domain (NBDl) of a human or other mammalian CFTR protein In another embodiment, the first and/or second human or other mammalian CFTR protein that forms part of a hybrid protein in the host cell contains a mutation, such as, for example, the ΔF508 mutation Using the host cells of the present invention, one can determine whether a particular mutation or mutations of one or both of the CFTR proteιn(s) will effect dimeπzation of the CFTR proteins The host cells can be used in the methods of the present invention to detect interaction of CFTR proteins and to screen for drugs or compounds that can restore or enhance dimeπzation of CFTR proteins that contain mutations impacting dimeπzation The present invention also concerns methods and materials for screening and identifying compositions that restore or enhance interaction of CFTR proteins In one embodiment, a method of the present invention for identifying a compound that facilitates interaction of CFTR polypeptides comprises contacting a host cell with the compound Preferably, the host cell comprises a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a first CFTR protein and a DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable gene, and a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a second CFTR polypeptide and a transcriptional activation domain of a transcriptional activator that can activate transcription of the detectable gene, however, the first or second CFTR polypeptides, or both the first and second polypeptides, used in the subject method comprise a mutation that reduces or prevents interaction of said fusion proteins The polynucleotide encoding the first CFTR polypeptide and the second CFTR polypeptide are expressed in the host cell under conditions in which the detectable gene is expressed when the first CFTR polypeptide and the second CFTR polypeptide interact If, in the presence of the test compounds, the detectable gene is expressed in the host cell at a level greater than the level of expression observed in the host cell in the absence of the compound, then that compound can be used in restoring interaction and dimerization of mutant CFTR polypeptides

If either the first or second CFTR polypeptides, or both the first and second polypeptides used in the subject method comprise the temperature-sensitive ΔF508 mutation, interaction of the fusion proteins will be reduced when cells are incubated at the nonpermissive temperature The polynucleotide encoding the first CFTR polypeptide and the second CFTR polypeptide are therefore expressed in the host cell incubated at the nonpermissive temperature resulting in impaired interaction between the first CFTR polypeptide and the second CFTR polypeptide, and reduced expression of the detectable gene If a compound is added to the host cell incubated at the nonpermissive temperature, and the expression of the detectable gene is greater than the expression of the detectable gene in the host cell incubated at the nonpermissive temperature in the absence of the compound, then that compound can be used in restoring dimerization of CFTR polypeptides comprising the ΔF508 mutation The present invention concerns methods for screening chemical compounds for drug candidates with activity to correct the dimeriztion defect associated with mutant CFTR NBDl containing the ΔF508 mutation In the preferred embodiment, the YRG2- ΔF strain is spread at low density (5 0 xlO⁶ cells per plate) on the surface of selective yeast media in a petπ dish plate The media is SC-LEU-TRP-HIS (yeast nitrogen base w/o ammo acids, and supplemented with all ammo acids except leucine, tryptophan and histidine) Onto the surface of the plate is then placed one or more filter paper discs soaked in a solvent solution containing a test compound The compound can be anv small molecule of synthetic or natural product origin, or a natural product extract, and the solvent can be any suitable solvent with the preferred solvent being DMSO The plate is incubated for one to three days at 37°C A compound that demonstrates activity to correct the NBD1ΔF508 dimerization defect will diffuse into the media and cause the

YRG2-ΔF yeast strain to grow at an increased rate in the proximity of the filter paper disc containing the active compound The enhanced growth of the YRG2-ΔF yeast around a filter paper disc thus indicates the presence of an active compound within the test disc If the sample tested is a pure compound, the compound can then be anaylzed further in secondary assays to determine its activity to restore CFTRΔF508 cAMP-stimulated chloride channel activity in mammalian cells expressing CFTRΔF508 (Sheppard et al , 1994) If the sample being tested is a complex mixture of chemical compounds in a natural product extract, the extract can be fractionated by standard techniques and the fractions assayed using the YRG2-ΔF yeast as described above to identify fractions with the purified active compound In another embodiment of the method, media used m screening compounds can contain 3-amιno-2,3,4-tπazole at a concentration of about 1 5mM to make the assay more selective for compounds with high activity In yet another embodiment of the method, the screening of compounds can be done using YRG2-ΔF grown in SC-LEU-TRP-HIS broth in microtiter plates incubated at 37°C with test compounds added to the liquid culture Compounds that correct the dimerization defect of YRG2-ΔF in this format will be detectable by detection of enhanced turbitity of individual micotiter wells containing an active compound

The present invention also concerns plants and isolated extracts thereof that contain compounds or compositions that facilitate, enhance or restore dimeπzation of CFTR polypeptides Plants that have tested positive for compounds capable of facilitating dimeπzation of CFTR polypeptides include 7) ichiha species The present invention also concerns the compounds identified as facilitating, enhancing or restoring CFTR dimerization Active compounds identified using the yeast mating and two-hybrid assays described herein can be purified from plants using standard biochemical function methods known in the art. The present invention also concerns methods for screening plants for compounds of interest In one embodiment, fragments of plant leaves are prepared from a plant to be tested and screened for bioactive compounds using a yeast-based assay of the present invention A plant containing a compound that facilitates or enhances dimerization of mutant CFTR polypeptides is indicated by growth of yeast on a selective media The methods described herein for screening the plants are efficient because a large number of plants can be tested on one petri dish and the results can be determined within a few days

As exemplified herein, plants can be screened for bioactive compounds using a yeast two-hybrid assay according to the present invention In the two hybrid methods of the invention, plants are screened using a yeast strain which contains a CF mutation that prohibits or interferes with the dimerization of CFTR proteins In the absence of dimerization, the strain cannot grow on a selective media, such as, for example, a histidine-deficient media when the host cells are unable to synthesize histidine Thus, growth of the yeast around plant tissue will be observed when the tissue contains a compound that enhances dimerization between the CFTR polypeptides in the yeast strain A composition that restores the ability of the hybrid proteins containing mutations in the CFTR proteins to interact can then be secondarily tested for activity to restore cAMP-stimulated chloride channel function in mammalian cells expressing CFTR having the same mutation Drugs and compounds that restore dimerization and function in vitro can be further evaluated to confirm in vivo efficacy in treating clinical CF disease Thus, the subject invention also concerns materials and methods for identifying compounds useful in treating CF

The subject invention also concerns methods for treating CF by providing a drug or other compound that restores, promotes or enhances the dimerization of CFTR protein and/or its exit from ER In one embodiment, an effective amount of a drug or compound identified using the methods of the present invention is administered to a CF patient The amount of the drug or compound to be administered can be readily determined by the ordinarily skilled clinician having the benefit of the subject disclosure. If the drug or compound is a protein, then the drug or compound can also be provided to a CF patient by gene therapy methods A polynucleotide sequence encoding the protein can be delivered to CF cells of a patient either in vivo or ex vivo using standard gene transfer methods and constructs The drug or compound is expressed in the CF cell and thereby promotes dimerization of the mutant CFTR protein to enable the CFTR protein to properly localize and function as in a normal, non-CF cell

The subject invention also concerns drugs, compounds, polypeptides and biologically active fragments thereof, antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, polynucleotides and other agents identified using the methods of the invention that restore, promote or enhance the in vivo dimerization of CFTR protein and/or its exit from ER in a cell The drugs and compounds of the present invention can be used to treat CF patients according to the methods described herein

The subject invention also concerns methods for screening for second site mutations that coπect the defect in mutant CFTR For example, using the methods of the subject invention, one can screen for mutations that correct a CFTR gene carrying the ΔF508 mutation In one embodiment, the present invention can be used to screen for second site mutations that provide increased expression and function of CFTR that is greater than that observed for normal wildtype CFTR expression The present invention also concerns mutant CFTR genes that contain second site mutations that correct the CF defect and provide increased expression and function of CFTR substantially the same as or greater than normal human wildtype CFTR

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification

Following are examples which illustrate procedures for practicing the invention These examples should not be construed as limiting All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted Materials and Methods Construction of plasmids and transformed yeast cells. The HYBRIZAP Two- Hybrid System (Stratagene, LaJoUa, CA) was used for construction of gene fusions of the GAL4 activation domain and GAL4 DNA binding domain to CFTR NBD 1. Fusion genes constructed with plasmids pAD-GAL4 and pBD-GAL4 were expressed in yeast strain

YRG2 (genotypes at a, ura3-52, his3-200, ade2-101, lys2-801, trpl-901, leι -3, 112, gal4-542, gal80-538, LYS2::UAS_GAL1-TATA _GAL1-HIS3 URA::UAS_{GAL4 17mere(x3)} TATA _CYC1-lacZ). The plasmids pSWICK-CFTR (obtained from Dr. Michael Welsh, University of Iowa) and pSwick-CFTRΔF508 contain the full length wildtype CFTR cDNA and mutant CFTR cDNA (containing ΔF508) respectively. Derivatives of these plasmids

(pSwick-BXWT and pSwick BXΔF respectively) that contain a Sma I restriction site at CFTR nucleotide position 1626 and a Xho I site at nucleotide position 1808 were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis.

First, a DNA fragment containing CFTR amino acids T351-F492 was produced using pSwick-BXWT plasmid DNA as template and the primers PRNBD1-R1 (5'-

CGCGGAATTCACTCGGCAATTTCCC-3') (SEQ ID NO: l) and PRNBD1-PST (5'- GCGCCTGCAGTTAAGAACAGAATGAAAT-3') (SEQ ID NO:2) in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting 142 bp DNA fragment contained an Eco Rl restriction endonuclease site preceding the CFTR amino acid T351 and a Pst I site following CFTR amino acid S492. The fragment was restricted with EcoRl and Pst I restriction endonucleases, and ligated into the unique Eco RI and Pst I restriction sites within pAD-GAL4 to produce pADPRNBDl in which CFTR amino acids are T351-S492 joined in frame to the pAD-GAL4 transcription activation domain. A second GAL4- CFTR fusion plasmid was constructed in which a 951 bp Hpal-Taql DNA fragment from pSwick-BXWT (containing CFTR amino acids R334-F650, and with the ends of the fragment made blunt by kenow fragment) was purified from an agarose gel and ligated into the Sma I site of plasmid pBDGAL4 to produce PBD-N. The pBD-N plasmid DNA was then cut with Eco RI and Bam HI and the vector molecule purified from an agarose gel. The purified Eco RI-Bam HI pBD-N vector molecule was then ligated to an Eco RI- Bam HI restriction fragment from pADPRNBDl (containing amino acids T351-S492 of

CFTR), producing pBDPN-WT. The pBDPN-WT plasmid contains CFTR amino acids T351-F650 fused in frame to the GAL4 DNA binding domain This region contains the predicted cytosolic region that precedes NBDl, the NBDl region, and also a segment that had previously been ascribed to the R domain The plasmid pBDPN-WT also contains the TRPl gene of yeast, and replication oπgin from the yeast 2μ plasmid The Eco Rl-Pst I fragment from pBDPN-WT (containing CFTR amino acids T351-F650) was then cloned into the EcoRI and Pst sites of pADGAL4, producing pADPN-WT pADPN-WT contains CFTR amino acids T351-F650 fused in frame to the GAL4 activation domain The pADPN-WT plasmid also contains the LEU2 gene of yeast and the replication origin of the yeast 2μ circle Both plasmids pBDPN-WT and pADPN-WT were introduced by transformation into yeast cell strain YGR-2 to produce cells designated as YRG2-WT

A plasmid identical to pBDPN-WT, but containing the ΔF508 mutation

(pBDPNΔF) was constructed by cutting pBDPN-WT with Bam HI and Xho I and replacing the approximately 180 bp Bam Hl-Xho I fragment (containing the wildtype

CFTR region P499-R560) with the coπesponding Bam Hl-Xho I fragment from pSwick- BXΔF containing the ΔF508 mutation Similarly, a plasmid identical to pADPN-WT, but containing the ΔF508 mutation was constructed Both plasmids pBDPN-ΔF and pADPN- ΔF were introduced by transformation into yeast cell strain YGR-2 to produce cells designated as YRG2-ΔF

Example 1 — Interaction of CFTR proteins

A protein protein interaction between the CFTR NBDl polypeptide segment in each GAL4 fusion protein encoded by pBDPN-WT and pADPN-WT plasmids in YRG2- WT is expected to activate transcription of the HIS3 reporter gene in yeast, resulting in a HIS+ phenotype Accordingly, the YRG2-WT strain was streaked onto agar plates containing synthetic complete media lacking tryptophan, leucine, and histidine (SC-HIS,

-LEU, -TRP) to determine the HIS phenotype As shown in Table 1, the YRG2-WT strain was phenotypically HIS^* at all temperatures tested (21 °C, 30°C, and 34°C), indicating that the two NBDl fusion proteins associated in vivo to activate GAL4 transcription The YRG2 strain containing either the pBDPN-WT plasmid or the pADPN-WT plasmid alone was unable to grow on media lacking histidine The wildtype

CFTR NBDl segment is thus able to self-associate and form dimers at 21 °C, 30 °C and 34°C When grown in liquid culture media (SC-HIS, -LEU, -TRP), at 21 °C, 30°C, and 34 °C, the YRG2-WT yeast strain had a generation time of approximately 300, 138 and 420 minutes, respectively.

When the YRG2-ΔF strain was streaked onto solid media (SC-HIS, -LEU, -TRP) and incubated at 21 °C, colonies formed within three days (Table 2) The YRG2-ΔF colonies were approximately the same size as colonies produced by YRG2-WT grown under the same conditions However, when YRG2-ΔF was streaked onto SC-HIS-LEU- TRP solid media and incubated at 30 °C, only small colonies were apparent after three days (substantially smaller in size than YRG2-WT colonies grown under the same growth conditions) Colonies were not apparent (or were detectable only as extremely small micro-colonies) when YRG2-ΔF was streaked onto solid SC-HIS, -LEU, -TRP media and incubated at 34 °C The ΔF508 mutation thus conferred a temperature-sensitive HIS+ phenotype to the yeast strain containing pADPN-ΔF and pBDPN-ΔF To further enhance the temperature-sensitive HIS- colony phenotype of the YRG2-ΔF strain relative to the YRG2-WT strain, it is advantageous to incorporate 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole at a concentration of 1.5mM into the SC-HIS-LEU-TRP media The addition of 1 5mM 3- amino-l,2,4-triazole to the SC-HIS-LEU-TRP media prevents colony formation of the YRG2-ΔF strain when grown at 30°C for three days, but does not inhibit colony formation of the YRG2-WT strain grown under the same conditions The temperature-sensitive growth HIS+ phenotype was also observed when

YRG2-ΔF was grown in SC-HIS-LEU-TRP liquid culture media at 21 °C, 30°C and 34°C (Table 2) When incubated at 2PC, the generation time of YRG2-ΔF was observed to be approximately 400 minutes, which is comparable to the generation time of YRG2-WT under the same growth conditions However, when incubated at 30°C, the generation time of YRG2-ΔF was approximately 1380 minutes, which is substantially longer than the generation time of the YRG2-WT strain (138 minutes) at this temperature The generation time of YRG2-ΔF incubated at 34°C (>4320 minutes) was also increased substantially as compared to YRG2-WT (420 minutes) These results indicate that the ΔF508 mutation interferes with the dimerization of NBDl in a temperature-sensitive manner. Further, the effect of the ΔF508 mutation on YRG2-ΔF growth rate is analogous to the temperature-sensitive effect of ΔF508 on the processing of CFTRΔF508, indicating the folding defect of CFTRΔF508 has been faithfully modeled with the YRG2-ΔF yeast strain.

Example 2 — Screening of Plants for Compounds Using the Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay The YRG- F yeast strain used for this assay expresses two hybrid genes consisting of the N-terminal nucleotide binding domain of CFTR which contains the cystic fibrosis causing mutation ΔF508 (NBDl ΔF508), fused to the DNA binding domain of the GAL4 transcription activator (GAL4BD) in the first hybrid and to the GAL4 activation domain (GAL4AD) of the second hybrid.

The yeast strain is used as a bioassay tool for the detection of dimerization of the NBDl ΔF508 domain of CFTR. In the mutant human CFTR chloride channel containing the ΔF508 mutation, defective dimerization of the channel is impaired in a temperature- sensitive manner. Similarly, the dimerization of NBDl ΔF508 in the YRG2-ΔF strain (the binding of the GAL4BD-NBD1 ΔF508 fusion protein to the GAL4AD-NBD1 ΔF508 fusion protein) is temperature-sensitive In the absence of NBDl ΔF508 dimeπzation, the YRG2-ΔF strain cannot activate transcription of the HIS3 gene which prevents the strain from growing on selective media lacking histidine at temperatures higher that 21 °C Because the YRG2-ΔF strain is not capable of growing in a medium lacking the amino acid histidine as a result of defective NBDl ΔF508 dimerization, it can be used in a plate assay to screen for compounds, such as those present in plant leaves, that promote the association of the two NBDl ΔF508 The association of NBDl ΔF508 brings the Gal4 activation and DNA binding domain together, thereby activating HIS3 synthesis and permitting growth of the yeast in a medium lacking histidine

To use the YRG2-ΔF strain for screening purposes, a lawn of the YRG2-ΔF strain is spread onto selective media This media contains yeast nitrogen base and all amino acids except for histidine, leucine, and tryptophan The media also contains 3 -amino 1,2,4-tπazole at a concentration of 1 5 mM The addition of the 3-amιno 1,2,4-tπazole to the media inhibits the residual HIS3 enzyme activity present in the YRG2-ΔF strain, thereby producing a tighter his- phenotype of the YRG2-ΔF strain on media lacking histidine The YRG2-ΔF strain was added to the selective media, along with leaf discs to be screened and the plates were incubated at 30°C for several days Increased growth of the YRG2-ΔF strain around a leaf disc indicates the presence of a compound in the disc that reversed the ΔF508 dimeπzation defect Figure 1 shows a plate containing a leaf disc

(denoted by arrow) that was positive for the presence of compounds that permitted growth of the YRG2-ΔF strain in the two-hybrid assay

Example 3 — Analysis of NBDl protein protein interactions by the yeast two-hybrid system

Because the ΔF508 mutation occurs in the NBDl domain of CFTR, the dimeπzation of CFTR proteins may involve NBDl and, thus, the ΔF508 mutation may result m defective NBDl dimeπzation To test whether NBDl is able to dimeπze in vivo, the two-hybπd system of yeast was utilized The yeast two-hybrid system is an effective tool for demonstrating the binding interaction of two protein domains The system is based on the well-characterized interaction of the DNA-binding domain (BD) and transcπption-activation domain (AD) of the GAL4 transcription factor of yeast The association of these two domains within the GAL4 protein results in the specific initiation of transcπption of a reporter gene in yeast, but when these domains are expressed in yeast as separate domains, neither is capable of transcriptional activation in the absence of specific interaction with the other The two-hybrid system was used to devise a phenotypic assay for the binding of the CFTR NBDl domain to itself

The DNA sequence encoding wildtype CFTR NBDl T351-F650 was cloned in frame into the carboxy-terminus of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain on a yeast plasmid pBD-GAL4 (Stratagene) This plasmid (pBDGAL4-WT), contains a fusion protein consisting of the GAL4 DNA binding domain fused to CFTR NBD 1 expressed under the control of the yeast ADH1 promoter and also contains the yeast selectable marker TRP1 and the 2μ origin of replication The same segment of CFTR NBDl was also cloned in frame into the GAL 4 activation domain on pADGAL4 (with the yeast selectable marker LEU2 and 2μ oπgin) This plasmid (pADGAL4-WT) contains a fusion protein consisting of the GAL transcription-activation domain fused to NBDl expressed under the regulation of the ADH1 promoter, and also contains the LEU2 gene of yeast and the 2μ origin of replication

The two plasmids were transformed into yeast strain YRG2 to produce YRG2- WT The YRG2 strain has the endogenous GAL4 transcription factor deleted and has auxotrophies trpl, leu2, and hιs3 Association of the two fusion proteins mediated by the interaction of NBDl domains on each protein results in the transcriptional activation of the reporter gene, HIS3 that is regulated by GAL4 in YRG2 Activation of the HIS3 gene in yeast allows the YRG strain to grow on media lacking histidine, conferring a HIS+ phenotype As shown m Figures 2A-2C, interaction between the NBDl fusions in YRG- WT results in a HIS+ phenotype at both 21°C and 37°C The wildtype CFTR NBDl segment is thus able to self-associate and form dimers

The ΔF508 mutation was introduced into both pBDGAL4-WT and pADGAL4- WT, creating pBDGAL4-ΔF and pADGAL4-ΔF, respectively, and both plasmids were used to transform YRG2 (producing YRG-ΔF) Unlike the YRG-WT strain the YRG-ΔF strain was phenotypically HIS- when tested for growth on selective media lacking histidine at 37°C However, when tested for growth on selective media lacking histidine at 21°C the YRG2 strain was phenotypically HIS+ Thus, the ΔF508 mutation conferred a temperature-sensitive HIS+ phenotype to the yeast strain containing pADΔF and pBDΔF, analogous to the temperature-sensitive processing defect observed for CFTRΔF508 A strain containing pBDΔF and pADWT (YRG-ΔF/WT) was also temperature-sensitive, indicating that heterodimers between a mutant ΔF508 NBDl and a wildtype NBDl could form at the permissive temperature (21°C), but not at the nonpermissive temperature (37°C) These results indicate that the ΔF508 mutation prevents the dimerization of NBDl in a temperature-sensitive manner Further, temperature-sensitive dimerization of mutant NBDl containing the ΔF508 mutation is rescued by a concentration of 1 5M glycerol in the growth media (Figure 2C), indicating that the same interventions that correct the CFTRΔF508 folding defect in animal cell cultures (Sato, 1996, Brown, 1996) also restored dimerization of the NBDl in the yeast two-hybπd system

To further assess the effect of CF mutations on dimeπzation of NBDl, CF-causing mutations were introduced into the pBD-WT and pAD-WT constructs and expressed these constructs in YRG2 As shown in Figures 2A-2C, the CF-causing mutations ΔI507 and S549R result in defective NBDl dimeπzation Like ΔF508, these mutations result in defective processing of CFTR Another CF-causing mutations, G551D was also introduced into NBDl within pBD-WT and pAD-WT, and did not result in defective NBDl dimeπzation in yeast In CFTR, the G551D mutation does not result in defective processing, but instead affects CFTR function Defective dimeπzation of NBDl was thus associated only with CF mutations that cause defective processing These results suggest that the molecular defects associated with CF mutations are effectively modeled in yeast strain YRG2-ΔF The present invention is based upon the discovery that dimerization of NBDl between CFTR protein monomers is required for processing of the CFTR, and that processing of CFTRΔF508 is defective because of an inability of mutant CFTR protein to form dimers It follows that interventions that restore dimeπzation of mutant CFTR NBDl contaimng the ΔF508 mutation, should also restore processing of CFTRΔF508 A small molecule drug or other compound that promotes dimerization of NBDl would thus constitute a drug intervention that restores CFTRΔF508 processing and function Example 4 — Preparation of revertant mutants that restore dimeπzation in ΔF508

Second-site revertant mutations in NBDl that restore dimerization of NBDl would constitute a genetic intervention that restores CFTRΔF508 processing and function Revertants of the ΔF508 dimeπzation defect were identified using the two- hybπd system Revertant mutations would be expected to restore defective dimerization in yeast, and also correct the processing defect of CFTRΔF508 when introduced into a CFTRΔF508 cDNA allele expressed in mammalian cells In order to isolate revertants of the ΔF508 dimerization defect, the fact that the formation of dimers between a wildtype NBDl and mutant NBD1ΔF508 is defective at the nonpermissive temperature (Figures 2A-2C), as it is in YRG2-ΔF (where both NBDl fusion proteins contain ΔF508) was exploited If grown at the permissive temperature however, this "heterozygote strain is HIS+ indicating that the mutant NBDl is able to assume a wildtype- ke conformation and form dimers with the wildtype NBDl domain if allowed to fold at low temperature Revertants of the ΔF508 dimerization defect can therefore be selected as mutations that occur in the mutant NBDl and cause it to assume a configuration that is more like wildtype CFTR NBDl at the nonpermissive temperature The strategy for isolation of a ΔF508 dimeπzation revertant therefore involved /// vitio mutagenesis of pBD-ΔF plasmid DNA, and subsequent transformation of this mutagenized DNA into YRG2 yeast containing the pAD-WT plasmid It was anticipated that second-site mutations within the mutant NBDl containing ΔF508 could restore heterodimer formation with wildtype

NBDl, giving nse to transformants that were HIS+ at 37°C Two revertant mutations of the ΔF508 dimerization defect, G550E and I539T, were identified as revertants of the ΔF508 dimeπzation defect in the two-hybrid system 1539T and G550E were introduced into plasmids pBD-ΔF and pAD-ΔF, transformed YRG2 and assayed the HIS phenotype of resulting transformants As indicated in Figure 3, the HIS+ phenotype of these strains

(containing pBD-ΔF/I539T and pAD-ΔF/I539T or containing pBD-ΔF/G550E and pAD- ΔF/G550E) indicates that the I539T and G550E mutations restore in vivo dimerization of mutant NBDl containing ΔF508

To demonstrate that ΔF508 revertant mutations 1539T and G550E restore processing of CFTRΔF508 in mammalian cells, CFTRΔF508 cDNA alleles containing either I539T or G550E were constructed for expression in mammalian cells The 1539T and G550E mutations were introduced into the plasmid expression vector pSWICK (Swick et al , 1992) (producing pSWICK-CFTRΔF508/I539T and pSWICK- CFTRΔF508/G550E) using oligonucleotide mutagenesis and the polymerase chain reaction The pSWICK-CFTRΔF508/I539T plasmid DNA (15 μg ) and pSWICK- CFTRΔF508/G550E DNA (15 μg ) were then each mixed with 15 ug of pcDNA3 1 plasmid DNA (Invitrogen), which contains the gene encoding Zeocin (Invitrogen) resistance Each mixture of plasmid DNAs was then complexed with DMR E-C hpid (Gibco) and used to transfect Fisher Rat Thyroid cells to obtain stable cell line transformants Transformants were selected as Zeocin resistant colonies, that were then expanded and subcloned Cell lines expressing either CFTRΔF508/I539T

CFTRΔF508/G550E, wildtype CFTR or mutant CFTRΔF508 were then grown as monolayers in Mimcells, and mounted into Ussing chambers to assay for cAMP- stimulated chloride channel activity (Sheppard et al , 1994) As shown in Figure 4, a control cell line expressing wildtype CFTR produces a cAMP-stimulated chloπde current of approximately 67 μ Amps/cm², whereas a cell line expressing CFTRΔF508 produces approximately 1 7 μAmps/cm² The cell lines expressing CFTRΔF508/I539T and CFTRΔF508/G550E each produced a significantly higher level of cAMP-stimulated chloride current (approximately 26 μAmps/cm² and 17 μAmps/cm², respectively) as compared to a cell line expressing CFTRΔF508, indicating that both revertant mutations restore CFTRΔF508 processing leading to functional CFTRΔF508 protein at the plasma membrane These results indicate that a genetic intervention to correct dimeπzation of a mutant NBDl results in coπection of the CFTRΔF508 processing defect and increased CFTRΔF508 cAMP-stimulated chloride channel activity

Example 5 — Screening for molecules to correct the CFTRΔF508 dimenzation defect

As a means for identifying small molecule candidate drugs that correct the

CFTRΔF508 dimeπzation defect, the methods of the present invention were used to screen plants for compounds with activity to increase CFTRΔF508 chloride channel processing and function The YRG2-ΔF strain was used to identify a plant of the genus Tπchilia that produces a compound with activity to reverse the dimeπzation defect in

YRG2-ΔF An extract was prepared from leaf material of the plant and fractionated by standard methods Fractions were assayed using the YRG2-ΔF strain to detect activity (i.e., activity to reverse the NBDl dimerization defect resulting from the ΔF508 mutation) A compound with activity was purified from the plant extract and designated TS3 The TS3 compound was then assayed for activity to coπect the CFTRΔF508 chloride channel defect in mammalian cells

The TS3 compound was added at a concentration of 40 uM to the cell culture media of FRT cells grown in Millicells for three days Cells were incubated in the presence of TS3 for an additional 72 hours To assay cells for CFTRΔF508 cAMP- stimulated activity, the monolayers were mounted into Ussing chambers, cAMP agonists were added and the resulting peak change in chloride conductance was measured

(Sheppard et al, 1994) Table 3 shows the mean cAMP-stimulated currents for untreated CFTRΔF508 expressing cells (n=4), and for CFTRΔF508 cells treated with TS3 for 48 hours (n=4) The results show that incubation of cells expressing the mutant CFTRΔF508 chloride channel with TS3 results in an approximately 70% increase in cAMP-stimulated chloride channel activity as compared to untreated cells expressing CFTRΔF508 This data indicates that the TS3 compound has activity to coπect the molecular defect of CFTRΔF508 leading to increased functional activity at the plasma membrane The data additionally demonstrate that the YRG2-ΔF yeast strain is an effective means to identify and purify compounds that have activity to correct the molecular defect causing cystic fibrosis

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.

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Claims

Claims I claim 1 A method for detecting or determining the interaction of a first CFTR polypeptide with a second CFTR polypeptide, said method comprising (a) providing a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a first CFTR polypeptide and a DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable gene, (b) providing a second polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a second CFTR polypeptide and a transcriptional activation domain of a transcriptional activator that can activate transcription of said detectable gene, (c) incorporating said first and second polynucleotide into a host cell comprising said detectable gene wherein transcription of said detectable gene is under control of said transcriptional activator, (d) expressing said polynucleotide encoding said first CFTR polypeptide and said second CFTR polypeptide under conditions in which said detectable gene is expressed when said first CFTR polypeptide and said second CFTR polypeptide interact, and (e) detecting transcription of said detectable marker gene or expression of the gene product of said detectable gene.

2 The method according to claim 1, wherein said host cell is a yeast cell

3 The method according to claim 2, wherein said yeast cell is Saccharomyces

4 The method according to claim 1 , wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell

5 The method according to claim 1, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a mammalian CFTR polypeptide

6 The method according to claim 1, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises amino acid residue 351 through 650 of the human CFTR protein sequence

7 The method according to claim 1, wherein said detectable gene is selected from the group consisting of lacZ, LEU2 and HI S3

8 The method according to claim 1, wherein said DNA binding domain comprises the DNA binding domain of GAL4 protein

9 The method according to claim 1, wherein said transcπptional activation domain comprises the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4 protein

10 The method according to claim 1, wherein said CFTR polypeptides are mutant CFTR polypeptides

11 The method according to claim 1, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises a mutation in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBDl)

12 The method according to claim 10, wherein said mutant CFTR polypeptide contains a ΔF508 mutation

13 The method according to claim 1, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a wild type CFTR polypeptide

14 A method of identifying a compound that facilitates interaction of CFTR polypeptides, said method comprising (a) contacting a host cell with said compound, wherein said host cell comprises a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein compπsing all or a portion of a first CFTR protein and a DNA binding domain of a transcπptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable gene, and a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein compπsing all or a portion of a second CFTR polypeptide and a transcriptional activation domain of a transcπptional activator that can activate transcπption of a detectable gene, wherein said host cell further comprises said detectable gene wherein transcription of said detectable gene is under control of said transcπptional activator, wherein said first and second CFTR polypeptides compπse a mutation that reduces or prevents interaction of said fusion proteins, (b) expressing said polynucleotide encoding said first CFTR polypeptide and said second CFTR polypeptide under conditions in which said detectable gene is expressed when said first CFTR polypeptide and said second CFTR polypeptide interact, and, (c) determining whether said detectable gene is expressed in said host cell at a level greater than the level of expression observed in said host cell in the absence of said compound

15 The method according to claim 14, wherein said host cell is a yeast cell

16 The method according to claim 15, wherein said yeast cell is Saccharomyces

17 The method according to claim 14, wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell

18 The method according to claim 14, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a mammalian CFTR polypeptide

19 The method according to claim 14, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises amino acid residue 351 through 650 of the human CFTR protein sequence

20 The method according to claim 14, wherein said detectable gene is selected from the group consisting of lacZ, LEU2 and HIS3

21 The method according to claim 14, wherein said DNA binding domain comprises the DNA binding domain of GAL4 protein

22 The method according to claim 14, wherein said transcπptional activation domain comprises the transcπptional activation domain of GAL4 protein

23 The method according to claim 14, wherein said CFTR polypeptides are mutant CFTR polypeptides

24 The method according to claim 14, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises a mutation in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBDl)

25 The method according to claim 23, wherein said mutant CFTR polypeptide contains a ΔF508 mutation

26 The method according to claim 14, wherein said compound is present in a plant and said host cells is contacted with a tissue sample from said plant

27 The method according to claim 26, wherein said tissue sample is a leaf disc from said plant

28 The method according to claim 14, wherein said host cell is contacted with a sample present or absorbed on a filter paper disc

29 The method according to claim 14, wherein increased growth of said host cells is used for determining whether said detectable gene is expressed in said host cells at a level greater than the level of expression observed in said host cells in the absence of said compound

30 The method according to claim 14, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a wild type CFTR polypeptide

31 The method according to claim 14, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide or a biologically active fragment thereof, an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and a polynucleotide

32 A method for detecting or determining the interaction of a first CFTR polypeptide with a second CFTR polypeptide, said method comprising (a) providing a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a first CFTR protein and a DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable marker gene; (b) providing a second fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a second CFTR polypeptide and a transcriptional activation domain of a transcriptional activator that can activate transcription of the detectable marker gene, (c) contacting said first fusion protein and said second fusion protein under conditions where if said first fusion protein and said second fusion protein interact then said interaction causes said transcriptional activation domain to activate transcription of said detectable marker gene, and (d) detecting transcription of said detectable marker gene or expression of the gene product of said detectable marker gene

33 The method according to claim 32, wherein said host cell is a yeast cell

34 The method according to claim 33, wherein said yeast cell is Saccharomyces

35. The method according to claim 32, wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell

36 The method according to claim 32, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a mammalian CFTR polypeptide.

37 The method according to claim 32, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises amino acid residue 351 through 650 of the human CFTR protein sequence

38 The method according to claim 32, wherein said detectable gene is selected from the group consisting of lacZ, LEU2 and HIS3

39 The method according to claim 32, wherein said DNA binding domain comprises the DNA binding domain of GAL4 protein

40. The method according to claim 32, wherein said transcriptional activation domain comprises the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4 protein.

41. The method according to claim 32, wherein said CFTR polypeptides are mutant CFTR polypeptides.

42. The method according to claim 32, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises a mutation in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBDl).

43. The method according to claim 41, wherein said mutant CFTR polypeptide contains a ΔF508 mutation.

44. The method according to claim 32, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a wild type CFTR polypeptide.

45. A host cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a first CFTR protein and a DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator that can bind to a site on a detectable gene and a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a second CFTR protein and a transcriptional activation domain of a transcriptional activator that can activate transcription of said detectable gene.

46. The method according to claim 45, wherein said host cell is a yeast cell.

47. The method according to claim 46, wherein said yeast cell is Saccharomyces.

48. The method according to claim 45, wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell.

49. The method according to claim 45, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a mammalian CFTR polypeptide. 50 The method according to claim 45, wherein said CFTR polypeptide compπses amino acid residue 351 through 650 of the human CFTR protein sequence

51 The method according to claim 45, wherein said detectable gene is selected from the group consisting of lacZ, LEU2 and HIS3

52 The method according to claim 45, wherein said DNA binding domain compπses the DNA binding domain of GAL4 protein

53 T e method according to claim 45, wherein said transcriptional activation domain comprises the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4 protein

54 The method according to claim 45, wherein said CFTR polypeptides are mutant CFTR polypeptides

55 The method accordmg to claim 45, wherein said CFTR polypeptide comprises a mutation in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD 1 )

56 The method according to claim 54, wherein said mutant CFTR polypeptide contains a ΔF508 mutation

57 The method according to claim 45, wherein said CFTR polypeptide is a wild type CFTR polypeptide