WO2001093413A1 - Energy conversion device - Google Patents

Energy conversion device Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001093413A1
WO2001093413A1 PCT/GB2001/002343 GB0102343W WO0193413A1 WO 2001093413 A1 WO2001093413 A1 WO 2001093413A1 GB 0102343 W GB0102343 W GB 0102343W WO 0193413 A1 WO0193413 A1 WO 0193413A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy conversion
conversion device
battery
electrical
load
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2001/002343
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Stephen William Mahon
Adrian Robert Bowles
Owen James Thomas
Philip Barry Cogan
Original Assignee
Qinetiq Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0013127A external-priority patent/GB0013127D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0104829A external-priority patent/GB0104829D0/en
Application filed by Qinetiq Limited filed Critical Qinetiq Limited
Priority to AU2001274204A priority Critical patent/AU2001274204A1/en
Publication of WO2001093413A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001093413A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
    • H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B3/00—Footwear characterised by the shape or the use
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B3/00—Footwear characterised by the shape or the use
    • A43B3/34—Footwear characterised by the shape or the use with electrical or electronic arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/32—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from a charging set comprising a non-electric prime mover rotating at constant speed
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
    • H02N11/002—Generators

Definitions

  • This invention relates to energy conversion devices and in particular energy conversion devices suitable for charging batteries.
  • an energy conversion device comprising at least one element having a first end, and a second end, amplification means in mechanical communication with the first end of the at least one element, electrical connection means in electrical communication with the at least one element and a housing surrounding the at least one element whereby on application of a load on the amplification means, the load is amplified and transmitted to the element.
  • An element is defined as a piece of material which is preferably elongate in form. Suitable materials for the element include electroceramics (such as piez;oelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric materials) and magnetostrictive materials.
  • C ⁇ a/d, where ⁇ is the permittivity of the material, a is the area of the element and d is the distance between the electrodes).
  • the housing that surrounds the at least one element is preferably made from a material which is stiffer than the element. This minimises the energy conversion inefficiency by reducing undesirable yielding and deformation within the housing structure. Some protection to the element is afforded and the transfer of energy from the lever means to the element is maximised thus improving the efficiency of the device.
  • the amplification means comprises lever means which is more preferably a lever.
  • the lever means not only allows for the amplification of the load applied to the element thus optimising the energy output but also allows for the direction of the load to be changed from, for example, vertical to horizontal.
  • the direction of the load or force applied to the element is along the axis defined by the polarisation axis of the material the element is made from.
  • the element is preferably only connected to the housing at its first end and second end. Preferably the element is pivotally connected at the first end. This results in a . small deflection of the element when a load is transmitted by the amplification means to the element. This deflection causes a supplementary compression of the element thus enabling more energy to be produced by the device.
  • the element is an electroceramic material.
  • Suitable materials include lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead titanate (PT), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), lead zinc niobate (PZN) and lithium niobate tantalate. These materials may include additions of lanthanum, niobium, iron, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, manganese and strontium. Other suitable materials will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. If more than one element is used, it is preferable that they are either pieces of the same material or that materials which undergo similar dimensional changes when stressed and have similar maximum working stress are used. When more than one element is used, the energy produced for each movement of the lever means is increased as each individual element is subject to the amplification.
  • Ferroelectric materials have a maximum working stress above which, depolarisation or damage of the material occurs so, the amount of amplification of the load has an upper limit.
  • a battery charger comprising at least one energy conversion device further comprising means to convert the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery.
  • a shoe comprising at least one energy conversion device further comprising means to convert the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery.
  • a device as described herein is suitable for use in any apparatus where there is a load applied to an object, for example in a computer keyboard or a car tyre.
  • Figures la and lb show a side view of an energy conversion device comprising one element according to the present invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a suitable design for an element made from a low capacitance piezoceramic material.
  • Figure 3 shows a circuit suitable for converting the electrical signal received from the energy conversion device into a signal suitable for use by a battery.
  • Figure la shows a side view of an energy conversion device comprising one elongate element 1 surrounded by a housing 2 and in mechanical communication with a lever 3 which, when moved in the direction shown by the arrow 4 puts the element under strain.
  • the element 1 is pivotally attached 5 at one end. Electrical communication means (not shown) enable the electric power produced by the deformation to be removed from the element.
  • the element 1 is a piezoelectric material.
  • the compressive stress on the element 1 is maximised by the use of the lever 3 to a level below that which induces depolarisation or damage, typically lOOMPa.
  • energy is proportional to the stress squared it is critical to maximise this stress, which precludes the more commonly used 'soft' piezoelectrics which although favoured for their high voltages per unit stress cannot be subjected to suitably high stress.
  • the direction of the load or force is transferred along the elongate dimension of the element. This dimension is along the polarisation axis of the material the element is made from.
  • Figure lb shows a side view of an energy conversion device shown in figure la when a load is applied to the device.
  • the lever 3 has been moved in the direction shown by the arrow 4.
  • the element 1 is now under strain.
  • the rigidity of the housing 2 means that a high proportion of the strain from the application of the load is transferred to the element 1.
  • High strain is shown by light colouration of the figure i.e. the region of the housing in mechanical communication with the element and the element itself.
  • the energy produced is maximised with high volume of material and thus a number of elements can be connected in series.
  • FIG. 2 shows a suitable design for an element made from a low capacitance piezoceramic material.
  • the element 10 has two elongate parts 11 and 12 which are positioned along a single axis longitudinally.
  • the polarisation vectors 13, 14 of the two parts oppose, each being directed towards a junction 14 formed between the two parts.
  • a first electrode 15 is attached to the junction 14. Electrodes having an opposite charge to the first electrode are attached to the opposite ends of the two parts 16, 17 and conveniently connected. The differently charged electrodes must be isolated from each other to avoid short circuit and dissipation of the energy.
  • the two parts 11, 12 of the element are stressed producing a strain within the material of the element 10.
  • the electrical fields produced by each part are either directed towards the junction 14 or the opposite ends of the parts of the element 16, 17. Either way, the electrical energy produced by the electrical fields can be extracted via the electrodes.
  • the induced voltage from the application of a force on the element could be converted to electrical energy by the use of a coil wrapped around the element.
  • Figure 3 shows a circuit 19 suitable for converting the electrical signal received from the energy conversion device 20 into a signal suitable for use by a battery 21.
  • a transformer 22 reduces the voltage of the signal.
  • a rectifier circuit 23 then rectifies the signal which is subsequently applied across the battery 21.
  • a solar power source 23 may be used to supplement the power from the energy conversion device 20.
  • the signal received from the electroceramic element has high impedance, high voltage and a frequency of about 1.5Hz.
  • the inductance of the transformer 22 should be high to impedance match the signal.
  • the rectifier circuit coverts alternating current into direct current.
  • the battery 21, is connected across the rectifier circuit. More than one battery 21,21a may be connected to the circuit.
  • a solar power source 23 may also be connected to the battery 21. This requires protection diodes 24, 25 to prevent battery discharge in low light conditions.
  • a circuit such as that described above may be incorporated into a battery charger or, alternatively, may be housed with the energy conversion device.
  • An example of this is when the energy conversion device is housed within a shoe and it is the action of walking that produces the energy.
  • the circuit may also be housed within the shoe, which would be provided with a connection socket allowing connection to a battery.

Abstract

An energy conversion device is disclosed having at least one element having a first end and a second end, amplification means in mechanical communication with the first end of the at least one element, electrical connection means in electrical communication with the at least one element; and a housing surrounding the at least one element whereby on application of a load on the amplification means, the load is amplified and transmitted to the at least one element. Also disclosed are a battery charger comprising at least one energy conversion device further comprising means to convert the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery and a shoe comprising at least one energy conversion device further comprising means to convert the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery.

Description

Energy Conversion Device
This invention relates to energy conversion devices and in particular energy conversion devices suitable for charging batteries.
The use of materials which convert energy for power generation is not new. An example of such a material is a piezoelectric material which converts mechanical to electrical energy. Some previous attempts have used high capacitance (c) piezoelectric devices which produce lower voltages (v) which may be processed with semiconductor electronics to produce a useable output. Multilayer thin films of polymeric piezoelectric materials which are connected electrically in parallel produce such a high capacitance device however, the power generation of such films (rate of change of electrical energy E = 1/2.CV2 ) is too low to be of much practical use, for example as a battery charger.
Other work has focused on the use of a unimorph or pre-stressed thin film of a piezoceramic material. These materials produce higher voltages when stressed which results in a low capacitance device and so more power is generated. Problems include energy loss whilst transforming the voltage to useable levels and the fragility resulting in a short life span due to operating the devices in a flexural mode
It is an object of this present invention to provide an energy conversion device which is suitable for charging and recharging batteries.
According to a first aspect of the present invention an energy conversion device comprising at least one element having a first end, and a second end, amplification means in mechanical communication with the first end of the at least one element, electrical connection means in electrical communication with the at least one element and a housing surrounding the at least one element whereby on application of a load on the amplification means, the load is amplified and transmitted to the element.
An element is defined as a piece of material which is preferably elongate in form. Suitable materials for the element include electroceramics (such as piez;oelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric materials) and magnetostrictive materials. The capacitance of a device is related to the material used and its geometry (C = εa/d, where ε is the permittivity of the material, a is the area of the element and d is the distance between the electrodes). When the element is in elongate form, the device has a lower capacitance than when an element of the same material is used in plate form. As capacitance is inversely proportional to voltage produced, an elongate element will result in increased power generation when compared to a plate made from the same material.
The housing that surrounds the at least one element is preferably made from a material which is stiffer than the element. This minimises the energy conversion inefficiency by reducing undesirable yielding and deformation within the housing structure. Some protection to the element is afforded and the transfer of energy from the lever means to the element is maximised thus improving the efficiency of the device.
Preferably, the amplification means comprises lever means which is more preferably a lever. The lever means not only allows for the amplification of the load applied to the element thus optimising the energy output but also allows for the direction of the load to be changed from, for example, vertical to horizontal. Preferably the direction of the load or force applied to the element is along the axis defined by the polarisation axis of the material the element is made from.
The element is preferably only connected to the housing at its first end and second end. Preferably the element is pivotally connected at the first end. This results in a . small deflection of the element when a load is transmitted by the amplification means to the element. This deflection causes a supplementary compression of the element thus enabling more energy to be produced by the device.
Preferably the element is an electroceramic material. Suitable materials include lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead titanate (PT), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), lead zinc niobate (PZN) and lithium niobate tantalate. These materials may include additions of lanthanum, niobium, iron, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, manganese and strontium. Other suitable materials will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. If more than one element is used, it is preferable that they are either pieces of the same material or that materials which undergo similar dimensional changes when stressed and have similar maximum working stress are used. When more than one element is used, the energy produced for each movement of the lever means is increased as each individual element is subject to the amplification.
Ferroelectric materials have a maximum working stress above which, depolarisation or damage of the material occurs so, the amount of amplification of the load has an upper limit.
According to a second aspect of the present invention is a battery charger comprising at least one energy conversion device further comprising means to convert the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery.
According to a third aspect of the present invention is a shoe comprising at least one energy conversion device further comprising means to convert the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery.
A device as described herein is suitable for use in any apparatus where there is a load applied to an object, for example in a computer keyboard or a car tyre.
The invention will now be described, by example only, with reference to the figures in which:
Figures la and lb show a side view of an energy conversion device comprising one element according to the present invention.
Figure 2 shows a suitable design for an element made from a low capacitance piezoceramic material.
Figure 3 shows a circuit suitable for converting the electrical signal received from the energy conversion device into a signal suitable for use by a battery. Figure la shows a side view of an energy conversion device comprising one elongate element 1 surrounded by a housing 2 and in mechanical communication with a lever 3 which, when moved in the direction shown by the arrow 4 puts the element under strain. The element 1 is pivotally attached 5 at one end. Electrical communication means (not shown) enable the electric power produced by the deformation to be removed from the element.
In this case the element 1 is a piezoelectric material. The compressive stress on the element 1 is maximised by the use of the lever 3 to a level below that which induces depolarisation or damage, typically lOOMPa. As energy is proportional to the stress squared it is critical to maximise this stress, which precludes the more commonly used 'soft' piezoelectrics which although favoured for their high voltages per unit stress cannot be subjected to suitably high stress. The direction of the load or force is transferred along the elongate dimension of the element. This dimension is along the polarisation axis of the material the element is made from.
Figure lb shows a side view of an energy conversion device shown in figure la when a load is applied to the device. The lever 3 has been moved in the direction shown by the arrow 4. The element 1 is now under strain. The rigidity of the housing 2 means that a high proportion of the strain from the application of the load is transferred to the element 1. High strain is shown by light colouration of the figure i.e. the region of the housing in mechanical communication with the element and the element itself.
The energy produced is maximised with high volume of material and thus a number of elements can be connected in series.
Figure 2 shows a suitable design for an element made from a low capacitance piezoceramic material. The element 10 has two elongate parts 11 and 12 which are positioned along a single axis longitudinally. The polarisation vectors 13, 14 of the two parts oppose, each being directed towards a junction 14 formed between the two parts. A first electrode 15 is attached to the junction 14. Electrodes having an opposite charge to the first electrode are attached to the opposite ends of the two parts 16, 17 and conveniently connected. The differently charged electrodes must be isolated from each other to avoid short circuit and dissipation of the energy.
On the application of a force to one end of the element 10, the two parts 11, 12 of the element are stressed producing a strain within the material of the element 10. As the polarisation vectors 13, 14 of the two parts of the element 10 oppose, the electrical fields produced by each part, as a result of the stress applied, are either directed towards the junction 14 or the opposite ends of the parts of the element 16, 17. Either way, the electrical energy produced by the electrical fields can be extracted via the electrodes.
An alternative to the abovementioned arrangement would be to use a stack of multilayer piezoelectric materials connected electrically in parallel. This arrangement results in a device which has a lower voltage output but higher electrical current, and is suitable for battery charging and applications in which the conditioning electronics cannot easily survive exposure to high voltages produced by low capacitance devices.
If a magnetostrictive element were used, the induced voltage from the application of a force on the element could be converted to electrical energy by the use of a coil wrapped around the element.
Figure 3 shows a circuit 19 suitable for converting the electrical signal received from the energy conversion device 20 into a signal suitable for use by a battery 21. A transformer 22 reduces the voltage of the signal. A rectifier circuit 23 then rectifies the signal which is subsequently applied across the battery 21. A solar power source 23 may be used to supplement the power from the energy conversion device 20.
The signal received from the electroceramic element (not shown) has high impedance, high voltage and a frequency of about 1.5Hz. The inductance of the transformer 22 should be high to impedance match the signal. The rectifier circuit coverts alternating current into direct current. The battery 21, is connected across the rectifier circuit. More than one battery 21,21a may be connected to the circuit. Optionally, a solar power source 23 may also be connected to the battery 21. This requires protection diodes 24, 25 to prevent battery discharge in low light conditions.
A circuit such as that described above, may be incorporated into a battery charger or, alternatively, may be housed with the energy conversion device. An example of this is when the energy conversion device is housed within a shoe and it is the action of walking that produces the energy. The circuit may also be housed within the shoe, which would be provided with a connection socket allowing connection to a battery.

Claims

Claims
1. An energy conversion device comprising at least one element having a first end and a second end; amplification means in mechanical communication with the first end of the at least one element; electrical connection means in electrical communication with the at least one element; and a housing surrounding the at least one element whereby on application of a load on the amplification means, the load is amplified and transmitted to the at least one element.
2. An energy conversion device as claimed in claim 1 whereby the amplification means comprises lever means.
3. An energy conversion device as claimed in any preceding claim whereby the housing is a polymer composite or metal.
4. An energy conversion device as claimed in any preceding claim whereby the element is connected to the housing at its first end and second end.
5. An energy conversion device as claimed in claim 4 whereby the element is pivotally connected to the housing at one end.
6. An energy conversion device as claimed in any preceding claim whereby the element is a low capacitance piezoceramic material.
7. An energy conversion device as claimed in claim 6 whereby the elecfroceramic material is selected from the group comprising PZT, PLZT, PT, PMN, PZN.
8. A battery charger comprising at least one energy conversion device as claimed in any preceding claim connected to a battery by circuitry suitable for converting the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery. A shoe comprising at least one energy conversion device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7 connectable to a battery by circuitry suitable for converting the electrical signal produced by the element into a signal suitable for use by a battery.
An energy conversion device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
PCT/GB2001/002343 2000-05-31 2001-05-25 Energy conversion device WO2001093413A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001274204A AU2001274204A1 (en) 2000-05-31 2001-05-25 Energy conversion device

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0013127A GB0013127D0 (en) 2000-05-31 2000-05-31 Piezoelectric device
GB0013127.6 2000-05-31
GB0104829A GB0104829D0 (en) 2001-02-27 2001-02-27 Energy conversion device
GB0104829.7 2001-02-27

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001093413A1 true WO2001093413A1 (en) 2001-12-06

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2001/002343 WO2001093413A1 (en) 2000-05-31 2001-05-25 Energy conversion device

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2001274204A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2001093413A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2750281A1 (en) * 2011-11-09 2014-07-02 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Piezoelectric power generation element

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4281298A (en) * 1978-10-13 1981-07-28 Fujitsu Limited Flexural transducer
EP0522882A2 (en) * 1991-07-12 1993-01-13 Jonathan Christopher Mott Products incorporating piezoelectric material
US5495682A (en) * 1995-03-01 1996-03-05 Chen; Shi-Hiu Dynamoelectric shoes

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4281298A (en) * 1978-10-13 1981-07-28 Fujitsu Limited Flexural transducer
EP0522882A2 (en) * 1991-07-12 1993-01-13 Jonathan Christopher Mott Products incorporating piezoelectric material
US5495682A (en) * 1995-03-01 1996-03-05 Chen; Shi-Hiu Dynamoelectric shoes

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2750281A1 (en) * 2011-11-09 2014-07-02 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Piezoelectric power generation element
EP2750281A4 (en) * 2011-11-09 2015-04-01 Murata Manufacturing Co Piezoelectric power generation element
US9350273B2 (en) 2011-11-09 2016-05-24 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Piezoelectric power generating device having a stress applying member

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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