WO2001095292A2

WO2001095292A2 - Reading teaching method

Info

Publication number: WO2001095292A2
Application number: PCT/DE2001/002113
Authority: WO
Inventors: Reinhard Werth
Original assignee: Reinhard Werth
Priority date: 2000-06-07
Filing date: 2001-06-06
Publication date: 2001-12-13
Also published as: DE10028085A1; DE10028085C2; WO2001095292A3; AU7745601A

Abstract

The invention relates to a reading teaching method comprising the following steps: displaying on a display device a text to be read, optically highlighting the text passage to be read, having the highlighted text passage read by the test person, and highlighting an adjacent text passage to be read next, whereby the adjacent text passage to be read next is highlighted depending on an agreement criterion for the assessment of which several alternatives are available.

Description

Reading learning process

The invention relates to a reading learning method with the following steps:

Displaying a text to be read on a display device,

Optical highlighting of a text passage to be read by means of a marking,

Reading of the marked text passage by the test person,

Marking an adjacent text passage to be read next, according to the preamble of claim 1.

When reading a text fluently, a sequence of reading steps is carried out. These consist of several sub-steps. The first sub-step ("saccade interval") consists in the fact that the gaze is directed at the first word. The point ("fixation point"), which is the target of the gaze, is identified by at least one jump (saccade) into the fovea of the retina (the Place of sharpest vision). If it is a word that consists of only a few letters, the gaze is aimed approximately in the middle of the word. In the second sub-step, the eyes remain aligned for a certain time interval so that the fixation point is imaged in the center of the fovea of the retina ("fixation interval"). During this second sub-step, letters become at the fixation point itself as well as to the left and right of the fixation point lying letters seen at the same time ("sensory interval"). These can form a part of a word, a word or several words and are hereinafter referred to as "text passage to be read". The third sub-step ("retrieval interval") immediately follows the sensory interval and possibly overlapping the fixation interval and comprises exactly the time interval, that is needed to recall the sounds (phonemes) and / or meanings associated with the letters and words seen.

During normal reading of a text, the text can still be fixed during the polling interval, or eye movements can be carried out to the next fixing point. The retrieval of phonemes and / or meanings from the memory on the one hand, the fixation of a text passage and the execution of eye movements on the other hand can thus take place in whole or in part simultaneously. This means that the polling interval of a reading step can overlap in whole or in part with the saccade interval and / or the sensory interval of the following reading step. The saccade interval of the following reading step can begin at the earliest after the end of the sensory interval of the current reading step. The view leaves the fixation point of the text section to be read and turns to the next text section to be read. To do this, the eyes jump to the next fixation point. Visual performance is suppressed during the saccade. That means that at the moment this is rapid Eye movement no letters or words are recognized. The new fixation point does not have to be exactly the middle of the following word, but can be to the left or right of the middle of the word. While the eyes are on the fixation site, several letters to the left and right of the new fixation site are seen again at the same time (new sensory interval). Each jump in the eye must be large enough to see the letters that have not been seen in the previous fixation phase and that follow the letters seen in the last fixation phase. If the word or the first part of the word has been seen, there is a jump to the next word or the next part of the word that has not yet been seen. The eyes then remain focused on the new fixation site until several letters have been seen to the left and right of the fixation site of this word and then initiate the next jump, etc.

Reading therefore consists of a sequence of phases: the eyes are moved to a fixation point (saccade interval), the eyes remain focused on the fixation point (fixation interval), several letters are seen at the same time (sensory interval), the phonemes belonging to the letters and words and / or meanings are retrieved from memory (retrieval interval), and the phonemes are pronounced when reading aloud.

The sequence of fixation intervals and eye jumps is necessary because the human eye can only see sufficiently sharply for reading in a small area in its center. What lies outside of this center can only be perceived with reduced visual acuity. However, the outside of the eye can discover that something is out of the center. Then the brain initiates a look jump, by which the stimulus discovered in the periphery of the visual field is shifted to the visual field center. Only here can he be seen clearly, precisely analyzed and recognized.

Longer words are so large that they extend beyond the sharp-sighted area of the eye. Therefore, several jumps must be made to move parts of the word one after the other into the area of sharpest vision. If the jumps in the eye are too large when reading a longer word, parts of the word are skipped and cannot be seen clearly at any time.

In addition, the structures of the brain that control eye movements must extend the fixation interval until the letters to be read at the same time have been safely seen during the sensory interval. The length of the fixation interval, the time required to see the letters and words and to retrieve phonemes and meanings must therefore be coordinated. In the known reading learning methods, parameters such as the location that is to be fixed after each gaze jump, the scope of the text passage to be read in a reading step, the amplitude of the gaze jumps, the length of the saccade interval, the length of the fixation interval, the length of the sensory interval, the The length of the polling interval and the interfering influences of the text, which is in the vicinity of the text passage to be read in this reading step, are not or not adequately controlled. As a result, the decisive parameters that influence reading performance are not taken into account or are not taken sufficiently into account.

A well-known method of reading learning, which is practiced, for example, in school classes, is that the students are shown a text for reading aloud and the teacher uses the pointer to control the jumps in the eyes of the reading students. On the one hand, this has the disadvantage that almost all of the parameters mentioned above are not checked. The same applies to methods that only divide the text into syllables or into other segments, the size of which is not adapted to the individually determined ability to see several letters within a sensory interval and do not take into account the required retrieval time of a subject.

Printed segmented texts are also known, in which the control of the above-mentioned parameters is limited to the scope of the text passage to be read in each reading step.

Finally, software programs for children are known in which a text is displayed on the screen and is read aloud at the same time, the text passages that are currently read out being optically highlighted so that the child should follow the text while listening. However, such programs do not support the necessary active practice of a learner, nor do they address the child's individual reading skills, such as reading speed or the parameters mentioned above.

The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method with which reading is learned in such a way that, during active practice, the parameters on which the reading is based can be precisely controlled and adapted to the skills of the respective test person required for reading, the control of these parameters can be carried out without the active participation of a caregiver, in order to enable the test person to practice controlled practice independently.

This object is achieved for the method described in the introduction by the characterizing features of claim 1. Advantageous further developments are the subject of the dependent claims. According to the invention, the adjacent text passage to be read next is marked in

Depends on whether the test person fulfills a match criterion, which is rated as correct reading of a text passage to be read. Only in this case should the next one be read

Text passage are marked.

According to the invention, the match criterion can be determined by several alternatives: a) in the case of loud or quiet reading by i. ongoing measurement of the direction of view and eye movements of the test person, for example by measuring the dipole of the eyes (for example by means of an electrooculagram), ii. Determination of a first period of time from the beginning of a marking of the text passage to be read until the beginning of the fixation of the area to be fixed with the eyes (“fixation site”), which is part of the text passage to be read, by the test person, and iii. Comparison of the first time span with a second period of time typically required for this, wherein a match of the two periods of time within predetermined fluctuation ranges as fulfillment of the

Match criterion is evaluated. A value typically measured earlier in the same test subject or a value measured earlier in the case of other test subjects can be used, for example, as a typically required period of time.

In this way, the subject's saccade interval can be observed during reading and used as the basis of the match criterion. b) for loud or quiet reading by i. continuous measurement of the gaze direction and eye movements of the test person as under a) i., ii. Determining a first period of time from the beginning to the end of the fixation of a fixation point by the subject, optionally in the case of reading aloud using speech recognition, the subject can check that the text passage to be read is an additional condition to be fulfilled, and iii. Comparison of the first time period with a second time period typically required for this, wherein a match of the two time periods within predetermined fluctuation ranges as fulfillment of the

Match criterion is evaluated. A value typically measured earlier in the same test subject or a value measured earlier in the case of other test subjects can be used, for example, as a typically required period of time. This measurement can be done either by measuring the fixation time as under a) i. or by determining the minimum presentation time required for correct reading. In this way, the subject's sensory interval can be observed during reading and used as the basis of the match criterion. c) when reading aloud by i. Measuring a first period of time from the beginning of the marking of the text passage to be read to the beginning or end of the utterance of the first phoneme of the text passage to be read when the test person reads correctly, distinguishing correct from incorrect reading by means of speech recognition, and ii. Proceed analogously to a) iii.

In this way, the so-called "reading interval" of the subject during the

Reading observed and used as the basis of the match criterion.

When reading aloud, this enables a considerably reduced equipment expenditure compared to versions a) and b), since the determination of viewing directions and eye movements is dispensed with. d) when reading aloud by iv. continuous measurement of the gaze direction and eye movements of the test person as under a) i. v. Determining a first period of time from the beginning of the fixation of the marking of the text passage to be read to the beginning or end of the utterance of the first phoneme of the text passage to be read by the test person when reading correctly, wherein correct reading is distinguished from incorrect reading using speech recognition, and iii. Proceed analogously to a) iii.

In this way, the subject's so-called "fixation call-up interval" can be observed during reading and used as the basis of the match criterion. E) When reading aloud using speech recognition software, whereby agreement between the

Read and the passage to be read as fulfillment of the

Match criterion is evaluated. In this way, the ability of the

Subjects, the sounds belonging to the letters and words seen

(Phonemes) and / or retrieve meanings from memory, observed and as

Based on the match criterion.

These various alternatives can be used to control various parameters on which reading is based, and in this way also specifically control individual sub-steps of a reading step (saccade interval, sensory interval, fixation interval and polling interval). This is it it is also possible to address specific strengths and weaknesses of a subject at the level of individual sub-steps in the reading learning method according to the invention. It is common to all alternatives that the match criterion is determined without the active participation of a caregiver and thus the entire method can be used by the test subject without the active participation of a caregiver.

Below are preferred embodiments using drawings that are only illustrative

Embodiments included explained. Show it

1 is a blind text with a marking of the text passage to be read,

2 shows a blind text with the marking of the text passage to be read and another

Marking, Fig. 3-5 a blind text with a marking of the text passage to be read - consisting of two

Partial markings in different designs

In FIG. 1, a dummy text is used as an example to show how a point to be read is highlighted using a marker (MI). Any deviations in the font, for example with regard to luminance, contrast, color, size, position, font or font, additional lines such as underlining or framing, or variations in the background, for example with regard to luminance, contrast, can be used as a marking for optically highlighting the text passage to be read. Color or pattern, in static or changing over time, for example flashing form are used.

In a first further development, in the case of alternatives c), d) and e), speech recognition software ("Voice Control") can be used as speech recognition software. In this way, the vocabulary that can be recognized during the reading exercise can be improved in favor of better runtime properties text passages to be read and, if necessary, neighboring text passages and optionally a few additional voice commands.

In another development, the speech recognition or speech recognition function of the software used is used only for partial portions of the text passage to be read in each case, for example syllables or easily recognizable phonemes, in order to achieve even more favorable runtime properties. This can be sufficient to recognize whether the test person deviates significantly from the text to be read.

In a further development of this, emphasized syllables or parts thereof are mainly used as partial scopes. This is advantageous because syllables usually emphasize themselves from Stand out background noise better and are therefore easier to process for speech recognition software. The preferred use of stressed syllables is particularly useful when less emphasis is placed on the exact pronunciation of stressed syllables when learning to read.

Alternatively, in another development, mainly unstressed syllables or parts thereof are used as partial catches. This is particularly useful if particular emphasis is placed on the precise pronunciation of unstressed syllables when learning to read.

A further development of one of the above methods described below consists in that the match criterion for the optical highlighting of an adjacent text passage is determined by a marking on the basis of reading the immediately preceding text passage. This ensures that a marking only appears when the immediately preceding reading step is successful, i.e. by fulfilling the match criterion. In this way, the subject controls his reading speed himself and can read a text passage that is incorrect, i.e. Failure to meet the match criteria, be encouraged to reread the incorrectly read passage.

In another development, the visual highlighting of a neighboring text passage is carried out by a marking (Ml) after a predetermined period of time after the immediately preceding marking has appeared, but in addition depending on the fulfillment of the match criterion on the basis of reading the penultimate or a further text passage , The result of this is that if the reading is correct, the test person is given the reading speed for this text passage to be read and the marking does not appear at another passage to be read only if a text passage was previously read incorrectly. This further development can also be used in combination with the above further development, namely that some text passages to be read are to be read at a reading speed controlled by the test subject and other text passages to be read at a predetermined reading speed.

In another development, the time period from the beginning of the marking (MI) of a text passage to the beginning of the marking of the text passage to be read next is adapted to the reading performance of the test person, ie to the previously shown ability or inability to fulfill the matching criterion. For example, the predetermined reading speed can be increased as the subject's reading performance increases and decreased as the reading performance decreases. In another development, the optical highlighting of the text passages to be read by the marking (MI) essentially remains until the text passage to be read next is marked. This is advantageous, for example, in cases in which the subject controls his reading speed himself, in order not to specify an external duration for any of the sub-steps.

In an alternative development, the optical highlighting of the text passages to be read is carried out by the marking (Ml) for a predetermined duration, which is generally shorter than the time interval until the marking of the text passage to be read next. As a result of this duration, a maximum value can be specified externally for the subject's saccade interval, and the maintenance of the fixation can also be practiced and checked when the marking disappears.

In a further development of this, the duration of the marking (MI) is adapted to the reading performance of the subject. For example, the duration of the marking can be shortened as the subject's reading performance increases and extended as the reading performance decreases.

In another development, the scope of the marked text passages to be read is adapted to the reading performance of the subject. For example, the scope can be increased as the subject's reading performance increases and decreased as the reading performance decreases.

In another development, the marked text passage to be read is only displayed for a predetermined period of time and is not displayed during the subsequent reading of the subject. This enables the control and monitoring of the sensory interval in which the test person sees the letters of the text passage to be read, while his gaze fixes a fixation point in the text passage to be read.

In a development of this, the period of time during which the text passage to be read is displayed is adapted to the reading performance of the subject. For example, this period of time can be shortened as the subject's reading performance increases and extended as the reading performance decreases.

As explained in FIG. 2, a second marking (M2) is used in another development, which optically changes the appearance of the text in the vicinity of the first marking. Such a change takes place, for example, through a different luminance, contrast, color, size, position or type of font or luminance, contrast, color or pattern of the background. In this way, the environment of the text passage to be read is changed so that it can influence the reading of the text passage to be read. Such influencing can, for example, by Masking effects, distraction of attention, triggering eye movement or similar mechanisms occur. For example, the text passage to be read can be limited to the right and / or left, ie the text is only shown to the extent that it should be seen and read in the current reading step. In the subsequent reading step, the visible text is extended by the next text passage to be read and marked with the text passage to be read, etc.

In another development, the characteristics of the first or second markings (M1, M2) can be changed within selectable time intervals. If, for example, the reading performance has reached a certain level for a certain form of at least one of the markings, reading can be practiced for another form of at least one of the markings until a certain level of performance is reached again, etc. As a result, one or both markings can become increasingly visual are used in a less pronounced manner and the text passages to be read are thereby becoming more and more similar to the rest of the text to be read, as a result of which the supportive effect of the marking becoming weaker is increasingly withdrawn.

As shown in FIG. 3, in another development, the first marking (MI) comprises at least two partial markings, of which the first partial marking (MLA) serves to mark the fixation point and the second partial marking (MLB) is a text passage directly adjacent to the fixation point compared to the rest Highlights text. The first partial marking (Mla) can be optically more pronounced than the second in order to better serve as a fixation site. The second partial marking (Mlb) marks letters to the left and / or right of the first partial marking and, in conjunction with the marking (Mla), indicates the scope of the text passage to be read. The partial markings (Mla) and (Mlb) can occur simultaneously or with a time delay. In this way, it becomes even more precise than with just a homogeneous marking of the text passage to be read to control the fixation points, the extent of the text passage to be read, the length of the saccade, fixation, sensory and retrieval intervals as well as the width of the eye jumps of the test subjects ,

As shown by way of example in FIG. 4, in an advantageous development, a graphic character or a letter of the text passage to be read is used as the first partial marking (Mla). In order to bring about the fixation thereon, this first partial marking can be made, for example, by a strongly differing, clearly visible color.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, in a particularly advantageous development, the graphic character or letter used as the first partial marking (Mla) is more difficult to recognize - in the present example, reduced in size. This is how to recognize this sign compared to the other difficult, so that this must be fixed in order to be recognized, what the fixation of precisely this sign by the test person effectively supports.

In another development, a pair of partial markings (Mlb) flanking the first partial marking (Mla) on both sides are produced as second partial markings, as is already shown by way of example in FIGS. 3-5. This is particularly advantageous in the case of text passages to be read that comprise three or more letters, since the parts of the visual field seen by the eye are thus used both to the left and right of the fixation point, and the text passage to be read is therefore better used in the area of the visual field that is seen sharply is centered.

Unless otherwise noted, the features of the developments described above can be combined with one another as desired or used alternatively.

The technical implementation takes place with the aid of a computer program with program code means in order to carry out the steps of the method when the program is executed on a computer.

In an advantageous embodiment, the computer program is on a computer-readable

Disk saved.

The invention is explained below on the basis of concrete examples.

Example 1:

An exemplary embodiment consists in that at least one letter with a yellow background serves as a partial marking Mla and as many green-marked letters are marked to the left and to the right of it as partial markings Mlb as a test person read simultaneously with the yellow letter, which serves as a marking of the fixation point should. For example, if a subject is only able to recognize up to four letters at the same time, one letter to the left and two letters to the right of the letter with a yellow background, which serves as the fixation point, are marked in green. The instruction is to look at the yellow letter, but at the same time to read the green letters. Reading can then be practiced with a different length of presentation of the fixation site, with different successive locations of the fixation site, with a different number of letters marked to the left and right of the fixation site. The subject should practice reading more and more letters during a specified fixation interval and a specified retrieval interval, reading several letters during increasingly shorter fixation intervals and increasingly shorter retrieval intervals, making smaller or larger jumps in the eye while reading, fixing a fixation mark for certain time intervals and doing so read several letters at the same time. Example 2:

In a further development of the first exemplary embodiment, a number of letters smaller than the letters with a colored background are shown following the letters with a green background (Mlb) (marking M2). The aim is to reduce the distracting influence of the letters next to the colored letters, and to practice reading a text with a gradual increase in the distracting influence. In a fixation phase, the subject is supposed to fix the yellow background and at the same time only read the yellow and green letters aloud. If the test person is able to read underlaid letters in this way, the letters that were presented in reduced form in the previous exercise rounds (marking M2) will be displayed somewhat larger in the next exercise rounds. Under these conditions, texts are practiced until a certain reading performance has been achieved. In the following exercises, the letters presented in reduced form are enlarged by a certain amount. Under these conditions, texts are practiced until a certain reading level is reached. The reduced letters will be enlarged again by a certain amount in the following exercises, etc.

Embodiment 3

In a further development of examples 1 and 2, the letters to be fixed are highlighted yellow (Mla) and a maximum of two letters to the left and right, green (Mlb) and at least 4 letters to the left and right outside are highlighted with a reduced contrast (M2) shown. These markings (Mla), (Mlb) and (M2) remain for a certain time (e.g. 300 milliseconds) and then jump so far that the letter that was to the right of the last green marked letter, after the movement of the markings, the Letter is at the left end of the left green marker. If the subject fixes the yellow marking for less than a certain time (e.g. 250 milliseconds), the marking remains longer than the preset time, and the yellow and green marked letters are underlined or an acoustic signal sounds. The underline or the acoustic signal indicate that the colored letters should be fixed and read again.

Embodiment 4

As an alternative to observing and checking the subject's fixation as in Example 3, it is also possible, for example, to use a speech recognition program to determine which letters have been read and whether the letters have been read correctly. If the letters were read incorrectly or if letters other than the marked letters were read, the preset chronological and spatial sequence of the markings changes in such a way that the colored markings last longer remains and is indicated by the underlining of the colored letters or by an acoustic signal that the marked letters should be fixed and read again.

Example 5:

In a further development of the above exemplary embodiments, the time that a marking (Mla) has to be fixed in order for the letters marked with the markings (Mla) and (Mlb) to be read correctly can be continuously measured and stored. If these letters appear again in the same order or if letters are offered that have the same or similar features as letters that have already been read, the time that these later offered letters are marked is determined from the time that was used in an earlier performance Letters or letters with the same or similar characteristics were measured.

Claims

claims

1. Reading process with the following steps:

Displaying a text to be read on a display device,

Optical highlighting of a text passage to be read by means of a marking,

Reading of the marked text passage by the test person,

Marking of an adjacent text passage to be read next, characterized in that the marking of the adjacent text passage to be read next is carried out depending on the fulfillment of a match criterion, which is alternatively determined: a) in the case of loud or quiet reading by

• continuous measurement of the gaze direction and eye movements of the test person,

• Determination of the first period of time from the beginning of the marking of the text passage to be read until the beginning of the fixation of the spot to be fixed with the eyes ("fixation spot") by the test subject, and

Comparing the first time period with a second time period typically required for this, wherein a match of the two time periods within predetermined fluctuation ranges is evaluated as fulfilling the match criterion; b) by reading aloud or quietly

• Determine the first period of time from the beginning to the end of the fixation of the fixation site by the subject, and

Comparing the first time period with a second time period typically required for this when reading correctly, wherein a match of the two time periods within predetermined fluctuation ranges is evaluated as fulfillment of the match criterion; c) when reading aloud

• Measuring a first period of time from the beginning of the marking of the text passage to be read until the beginning or end of the pronouncement of the first phoneme of the text passage to be read by the test person when reading correctly, a distinction being made between correct reading and incorrect reading using speech recognition software, and

Comparing this first time period with a second time period typically required for this, wherein a match of the two time periods within predetermined fluctuation ranges is evaluated as fulfilling the match criterion; d) when reading aloud

Measuring a first period of time from the beginning of the fixation of the marking of the text to be read to the beginning or end of pronouncing the first phoneme of the text passage to be read by the test person when reading correctly, distinguishing correct from incorrect reading using speech recognition software, and

Comparing the first time period with a second time period typically required for this, wherein a match of the time periods within predetermined fluctuation ranges is evaluated as fulfillment of the match criterion; e) in the case of reading aloud using speech recognition software, whereby agreement between what has been read and the text passage to be read is regarded as fulfillment of the agreement criterion.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the case of the alternatives c), d) and e) a speech recognition software is used as speech recognition software.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the case of the alternatives c), d) and e) the speech recognition or speech recognition is limited to partial extent of the text passage to be read in each case.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the partial scopes are mainly limited to stressed syllables or parts thereof.

5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the partial scopes are mainly limited to unstressed syllables or parts thereof.

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the match criterion for the optical highlighting of an adjacent text passage is determined by a marking on the basis of reading the immediately preceding text passage.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the visual highlighting of an adjacent text passage is determined by a marking after a predetermined period of time after the appearance of the immediately preceding marking, but in an additional dependence on the fulfillment of the match criterion on the basis of reading the penultimate or a further text passage.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the predetermined time period after the appearance of the immediately preceding mark on the reading performance of the subject, i.e. is adjusted to its previously shown ability or inability to meet the match criterion.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the optical highlighting of the text to be read by marking remains essentially until the marking of the text to be read next.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that the optical highlighting of the text to be read appears through a marking for a predetermined duration, which is usually shorter than the time interval until marking the text to be read next.

11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the duration of the appearance of the marker is adapted to the reading performance of the subject.

12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the scope of the marked text to be read is adapted to the reading performance of the subject.

13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the text passage to be read is only displayed for a predetermined period of time and is not displayed during the subsequent reading of the subject.

14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the time period during which the text passage to be read is displayed is adapted to the reading performance of the subject.

15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by

Create a second marker that visually changes the appearance of the text in the vicinity of the first marker.

16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the expression of the first or second markings can be changed within selectable time intervals.

17. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first marking comprises at least two partial markings, of which the first partial marking is used to mark the fixation point and the second partial marking highlights a text passage directly adjacent to the fixation point with respect to the rest of the text.

18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that a graphic character or a letter of the text passage to be read is used as the first partial marking.

19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that the graphic character or letter used as the first partial marking is reduced or otherwise difficult to see.

20. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, characterized in that a pair of partial markings flanking the first partial markings are flanked as second partial markings.

21. Computer program with program code means to carry out the steps of the method according to one of the preceding claims when the program is executed on a computer.

22. Computer program with program code means according to claim 21, which are stored on a computer-readable data carrier.