WO2002009856A1 - Bipolar membrane - Google Patents
Bipolar membrane Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002009856A1 WO2002009856A1 PCT/GB2001/003421 GB0103421W WO0209856A1 WO 2002009856 A1 WO2002009856 A1 WO 2002009856A1 GB 0103421 W GB0103421 W GB 0103421W WO 0209856 A1 WO0209856 A1 WO 0209856A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- bipolar
- inorganic material
- inert inorganic
- membranes
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920006318 anionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003935 Flemion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003010 cation ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2383/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2383/02—Polysilicates
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention provides a bipolar membrane with improved conductivity.
- Bipolar membranes were originally developed about twenty years ago for water splitting applications. They were used in the production of industrially useful acids and bases from low cost salts of their neutralising products.
- a bipolar membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane. The membrane can be incorporated into an electrochemical cell, between the anode and the cathode, where it functions as an electrolyte. An interface between the membranes maintains electrical continuity.
- the membranes are typically composed of polymeric material.
- fluorinated polymer cation exchange membranes include National membranes from DuPont and Flemion membranes from Asahi Glass Co. Solvay membranes from Stantech are fluorinated polymer anion exchange membranes.
- the membranes can be joined using a laminating process, eg using heat and pressure, or by casting or spraying the cation selective layer on top of a previously prepared cross-linked anion exchange membrane.
- a number of pre-formed bipolar membranes are also commercially available (see references in Handbook of Industrial Membranes, Keith Scott, Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1995, Oxford, UK).
- bipolar membranes are often not very high. Typically, a bipolar membrane would have one tenth of the conductivity of the proton conductor Nafion. Higher conductivity would be desirable to avoid ohmic losses and joule heating.
- the poor conductivity of bipolar membranes may be due to poor interfacial contact between the two membrane types or may arise from the low conductivity of anion exchange membranes.
- EP 0 600 470 discloses a bipolar membrane wherein an inorganic ion exchange material forms a layer at the interface between the two membrane types.
- the layer may comprise materials such as titania, zirconia, aluminosilicates and zeolites.
- An ion exchange polymer having an electric charge opposite to the inorganic ion exchange material may also be incorporated into the interface layer.
- the present invention seeks to provide bipolar membranes with good interfacial contact between the two membrane types. Accordingly, the present invention provides a bipolar membrane wherein an inert inorganic material is present in the interfacial region between the two membranes and the inert inorganic material is impregnated with one or more types of ion-conducting polymer. The inert inorganic material acts as a host for the ion-conducting polymer and does not have significant ion exchange functionality.
- the surface area of the inert inorganic material is from 10 to 1000m 2 per gram, preferably from 100 to 1000m 2 per gram.
- the material is present as a layer between the two membrane types, and is preferably present across the whole interfacial region.
- the particle size is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 microns to allow processing of the layer by screen-printing or spraying.
- the layer of inert inorganic material is suitably porous to allow incorporation of polymer and preferably the porosity is between 25 and 75%.
- the term "inert inorganic material” is used to describe an inorganic material that does not have significant ion exchange functionality.
- the inert inorganic material is carbon, silicon carbide, a carbide or a nitride.
- the material is carbon.
- the carbon may be functionalised to optimise the properties of the bipolar membrane.
- the carbon may be doped with metals such as platinum or ruthenium to improve the hydrophilicity of the material at the interface. The wetting capabilities of the material are likely to influence the interfacial contact between the membranes.
- the layer of inert inorganic material is very thin, suitably from
- 0.1 - 20 microns more suitably from 0.5 - 5 microns.
- the bipolar membranes can be made by combining a cationic membrane sheet (preferably comprising a fluorinated polymer) with an anionic membrane sheet (preferably comprising a fluorinated or similar chemically stable polymer) in a laminating process, suitably by hot pressing.
- a cationic membrane sheet preferably comprising a fluorinated polymer
- an anionic membrane sheet preferably comprising a fluorinated or similar chemically stable polymer
- One or more of the membrane surfaces is coated with an inert inorganic material prior to the laminating step.
- the coating process can be carried out using common techniques including screen-printing and spraying.
- the material is impregnated with one or more types of solubilised polymer. Impregnation is suitably achieved by methods known in the art such as spraying or screen-printing.
- Preferably material coated onto the cationic membrane is impregnated with solubilised cationic polymer, and high surface area material coated onto the anionic membrane is impregnated with solubilised anionic polymer.
- the membranes are combined so that the inert inorganic material is at the interface of the membranes.
- a further method of forming the bipolar membranes comprises taking an anionic membrane sheet, coating with an inert inorganic material that has been impregnated with one or more types of solubilised polymer, and then forming a cationic membrane layer by fabricating a layer of cationic polymer onto the material, eg by casting, spraying or printing.
- a cationic membrane sheet can be coated with a layer of inert inorganic material that has been impregnated with one or more types of solubilised polymer, and then a layer of anionic polymer can be fabricated onto the high surface area material.
- a yet further method of forming the bipolar membranes comprises taking a cationic membrane sheet and coating with the inert inorganic material impregnated with anionic polymer. This forms the bipolar membrane entity without the need for either a separate anionic membrane sheet or a separate anionic membrane coating step.
- This embodiment of the invention is likely to have particularly good conductivity because the thickness of the anionic membrane layer is minimised.
- an anionic membrane could be used in sheet form with a coating of the inert inorganic material impregnated with cationic polymer.
- the invention further provides an electrochemical cell comprising a bipolar membrane according to the invention.
- the invention yet further provides an electrochemical cell that generates electricity comprising a bipolar membrane according to the invention.
- the decrease in ohmic resistance afforded by the bipolar membrane improves the cell power density.
- the invention also provides a method of operating an electrochemical cell comprising a solid polymer membrane electrolyte, characterised in that the membrane electrolyte is a bipolar membrane according to the invention.
Abstract
A bipolar membrane characterised by the presence of an inert inorganic material in the interfacial region between the two membranes is disclosed. The inert inorganic material is impregnated with one or more types of ion-conducting polymer. Electrochemical cells comprising the bipolar membranes and processes for making the bipolar membranes are also disclosed.
Description
BIPOLAR MEMBRANE The present invention provides a bipolar membrane with improved conductivity.
Bipolar membranes were originally developed about twenty years ago for water splitting applications. They were used in the production of industrially useful acids and bases from low cost salts of their neutralising products. A bipolar membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane. The membrane can be incorporated into an electrochemical cell, between the anode and the cathode, where it functions as an electrolyte. An interface between the membranes maintains electrical continuity. The membranes are typically composed of polymeric material.
Separate cation and anion exchange membrane materials, in both solid and solubilised forms are commercially available. Examples of fluorinated polymer cation exchange membranes include Nation membranes from DuPont and Flemion membranes from Asahi Glass Co. Solvay membranes from Stantech are fluorinated polymer anion exchange membranes. The membranes can be joined using a laminating process, eg using heat and pressure, or by casting or spraying the cation selective layer on top of a previously prepared cross-linked anion exchange membrane. A number of pre-formed bipolar membranes are also commercially available (see references in Handbook of Industrial Membranes, Keith Scott, Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1995, Oxford, UK).
The conductivity of bipolar membranes is often not very high. Typically, a bipolar membrane would have one tenth of the conductivity of the proton conductor Nafion. Higher conductivity would be desirable to avoid ohmic losses and joule heating.
The poor conductivity of bipolar membranes may be due to poor interfacial contact between the two membrane types or may arise from the low conductivity of anion exchange membranes.
EP 0 600 470 discloses a bipolar membrane wherein an inorganic ion exchange material forms a layer at the interface between the two membrane types. The layer may comprise materials such as titania, zirconia, aluminosilicates and zeolites. An ion exchange polymer having an electric charge opposite to the inorganic ion exchange material may also be incorporated into the interface layer.
The present invention seeks to provide bipolar membranes with good interfacial contact between the two membrane types. Accordingly, the present invention provides a bipolar membrane wherein an inert inorganic material is present in the interfacial region between the two membranes and the inert inorganic material is impregnated with one or more types of ion-conducting polymer. The inert inorganic material acts as a host for the ion-conducting polymer and does not have significant ion exchange functionality.
Suitably, the surface area of the inert inorganic material is from 10 to 1000m2 per gram, preferably from 100 to 1000m2 per gram. Suitably the material is present as a layer between the two membrane types, and is preferably present across the whole interfacial region. The particle size is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 microns to allow processing of the layer by screen-printing or spraying. The layer of inert inorganic material is suitably porous to allow incorporation of polymer and preferably the porosity is between 25 and 75%.
The term "inert inorganic material" is used to describe an inorganic material that does not have significant ion exchange functionality. Suitably, the inert inorganic material is carbon, silicon carbide, a carbide or a nitride. Preferably the material is carbon. The carbon may be functionalised to optimise the properties of the bipolar membrane. For example, the carbon may be doped with metals such as platinum or ruthenium to improve the hydrophilicity of the material at the interface. The wetting capabilities of the material are likely to influence the interfacial contact between the membranes.
Preferably the layer of inert inorganic material is very thin, suitably from
0.1 - 20 microns, more suitably from 0.5 - 5 microns.
The bipolar membranes can be made by combining a cationic membrane sheet (preferably comprising a fluorinated polymer) with an anionic membrane sheet (preferably comprising a fluorinated or similar chemically stable polymer) in a laminating process, suitably by hot pressing. One or more of the membrane surfaces is coated with an inert inorganic material prior to the laminating step. The coating process can be carried out using common techniques including screen-printing and spraying.
The material is impregnated with one or more types of solubilised polymer. Impregnation is suitably achieved by methods known in the art such as spraying or screen-printing. Preferably material coated onto the cationic membrane is impregnated with solubilised cationic polymer, and high surface area material coated onto the anionic membrane is impregnated with solubilised anionic polymer. The membranes are combined so that the inert inorganic material is at the interface of the membranes.
A further method of forming the bipolar membranes comprises taking an anionic membrane sheet, coating with an inert inorganic material that has been impregnated with one or more types of solubilised polymer, and then forming a cationic membrane layer by fabricating a layer of cationic polymer onto the material, eg by casting, spraying or printing. Similarly, a cationic membrane sheet can be coated with a layer of inert inorganic material that has been impregnated with one or more types of solubilised polymer, and then a layer of anionic polymer can be fabricated onto the high surface area material.
A yet further method of forming the bipolar membranes comprises taking a cationic membrane sheet and coating with the inert inorganic material impregnated with anionic polymer. This forms the bipolar membrane entity without the need for either a separate anionic membrane sheet or a separate anionic membrane coating step. This embodiment of the invention is likely to have particularly good conductivity because the thickness of the anionic membrane layer is minimised. Alternatively, an anionic membrane could be used in sheet form with a coating of the inert inorganic material impregnated with cationic polymer.
The invention further provides an electrochemical cell comprising a bipolar membrane according to the invention.
The invention yet further provides an electrochemical cell that generates electricity comprising a bipolar membrane according to the invention. The decrease in ohmic resistance afforded by the bipolar membrane improves the cell power density.
The invention also provides a method of operating an electrochemical cell comprising a solid polymer membrane electrolyte, characterised in that the membrane electrolyte is a bipolar membrane according to the invention.
Claims
1. A bipolar membrane wherein an inert inorganic material is present in the interfacial region between the two membranes and the inert inorganic material is impregnated with one or more types of ion-conducting polymer.
2. A bipolar membrane according to claim 1, wherein the surface area of the inert inorganic material is from 10 to 1000m2 per gram.
3. A bipolar membrane according to any preceding claim, wherein the inert inorganic material is present as a layer between the two membrane types, and is present across the whole interfacial region.
4. A bipolar membrane according to claim 3, wherein the thickness of the layer of inert inorganic material is from 0.1 to 20 microns.
5. A bipolar membrane according to any preceding claim, wherein the particle size of the inert inorganic material is in the range 0.1 to 10 microns.
6. A bipolar membrane according to any preceding claim, wherein the inert inorganic material is selected from carbon, silicon carbide, carbides or nitrides.
7. A bipolar membrane according to claim 6, wherein the inert inorganic material is functionalised carbon.
8. A bipolar membrane according to any preceding claim, wherein the cationic membrane comprises a fluorinated polymer membrane.
9. A process for making bipolar membranes, wherein a cationic membrane sheet is combined with an anionic membrane sheet by a laminating process characterised in that at least one of the membrane surfaces at the interface of the two membranes has been coated with an inert inorganic material that that has been impregnated with one or more types of ion-conducting polymer.
10. A process for making bipolar membranes, wherein a membrane sheet is coated with an inert inorganic material, and a membrane layer of opposite polarity is deposited onto the material by casting, spraying or printing.
11. A process for making bipolar membranes, wherein a membrane sheet is coated with an inert organic material impregnated with one or more solubilised polymers of opposite polarity to the polymers in the membrane sheet.
12. A bipolar membrane made by a process according to any one of claims 9 to 11.
13. An electrochemical cell comprising a bipolar membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or 12.
14. An electrochemical cell that generates electricity comprising a bipolar membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or 12.
15. A method of operating an electrochemical cell comprising a solid polymer membrane electrolyte, characterised in that the membrane electrolyte is a bipolar membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or 12.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2001276475A AU2001276475A1 (en) | 2000-08-01 | 2001-07-31 | Bipolar membrane |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB0018722.9A GB0018722D0 (en) | 2000-08-01 | 2000-08-01 | Bipolar membrane |
| GB0018722.9 | 2000-08-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2002009856A1 true WO2002009856A1 (en) | 2002-02-07 |
Family
ID=9896660
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2001/003421 WO2002009856A1 (en) | 2000-08-01 | 2001-07-31 | Bipolar membrane |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2001276475A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB0018722D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002009856A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4584246A (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1986-04-22 | Chinese Petroleum Corp. | Bipolar membranes |
| DE4026154A1 (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1992-02-20 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Bipolar membrane for sepn. by electrodialysis - comprises anion- and cation-selective layers and intermediate ultra-thin layer of polyelectrolyte complex with excess acid or basic gps. |
| US5288378A (en) * | 1990-09-28 | 1994-02-22 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Guard membranes for use in electrodialysis cells |
| EP0600470A2 (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1994-06-08 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Bipolar membrane |
| US5961796A (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 1999-10-05 | Lynntech, Inc. | Bipolar membranes with fluid distribution passages |
-
2000
- 2000-08-01 GB GBGB0018722.9A patent/GB0018722D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2001
- 2001-07-31 WO PCT/GB2001/003421 patent/WO2002009856A1/en active Application Filing
- 2001-07-31 AU AU2001276475A patent/AU2001276475A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4584246A (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1986-04-22 | Chinese Petroleum Corp. | Bipolar membranes |
| DE4026154A1 (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1992-02-20 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Bipolar membrane for sepn. by electrodialysis - comprises anion- and cation-selective layers and intermediate ultra-thin layer of polyelectrolyte complex with excess acid or basic gps. |
| US5288378A (en) * | 1990-09-28 | 1994-02-22 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Guard membranes for use in electrodialysis cells |
| EP0600470A2 (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1994-06-08 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Bipolar membrane |
| US5961796A (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 1999-10-05 | Lynntech, Inc. | Bipolar membranes with fluid distribution passages |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0018722D0 (en) | 2000-09-20 |
| AU2001276475A1 (en) | 2002-02-13 |
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