WO2002056070A1 - Optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet ray, optical fiber probe, and method of manufacturing the optical fiber and optical fiber probe - Google Patents
Optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet ray, optical fiber probe, and method of manufacturing the optical fiber and optical fiber probe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002056070A1 WO2002056070A1 PCT/JP2002/000123 JP0200123W WO02056070A1 WO 2002056070 A1 WO2002056070 A1 WO 2002056070A1 JP 0200123 W JP0200123 W JP 0200123W WO 02056070 A1 WO02056070 A1 WO 02056070A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- optical fiber
- ultraviolet light
- clad
- core
- silica glass
- Prior art date
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- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 169
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 49
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100352919 Caenorhabditis elegans ppm-2 gene Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 abstract description 35
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract 3
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 3
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004017 vitrification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane Chemical compound B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000219977 Vigna Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010726 Vigna sinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007496 glass forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
- G02B6/02333—Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/01205—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
- C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
- C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
- C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
- C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
- C03B37/02781—Hollow fibres, e.g. holey fibres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
- C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
- C03C13/045—Silica-containing oxide glass compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
- C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
- C03C13/045—Silica-containing oxide glass compositions
- C03C13/046—Multicomponent glass compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
- C03C23/0095—Solution impregnating; Solution doping; Molecular stuffing, e.g. of porous glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/104—Coating to obtain optical fibres
- C03C25/105—Organic claddings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/104—Coating to obtain optical fibres
- C03C25/1065—Multiple coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/60—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags by diffusing ions or metals into the surface
- C03C25/607—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags by diffusing ions or metals into the surface in the gaseous phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
- C03C4/0085—Compositions for glass with special properties for UV-transmitting glass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02347—Longitudinal structures arranged to form a regular periodic lattice, e.g. triangular, square, honeycomb unit cell repeated throughout cladding
-
- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/102—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type for infrared and ultraviolet radiation
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/241—Light guide terminations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/262—Optical details of coupling light into, or out of, or between fibre ends, e.g. special fibre end shapes or associated optical elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant
- C03B2201/10—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant doped with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant
- C03B2201/12—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant doped with fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/20—Doped silica-based glasses doped with non-metals other than boron or fluorine
- C03B2201/21—Doped silica-based glasses doped with non-metals other than boron or fluorine doped with molecular hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
- C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
- C03B2203/14—Non-solid, i.e. hollow products, e.g. hollow clad or with core-clad interface
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
- C03B2203/42—Photonic crystal fibres, e.g. fibres using the photonic bandgap PBG effect, microstructured or holey optical fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide
- C03C2201/10—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide containing boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide
- C03C2201/12—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide
- C03C2201/14—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide containing boron and fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/20—Doped silica-based glasses containing non-metals other than boron or halide
- C03C2201/21—Doped silica-based glasses containing non-metals other than boron or halide containing molecular hydrogen
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02033—Core or cladding made from organic material, e.g. polymeric material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02395—Glass optical fibre with a protective coating, e.g. two layer polymer coating deposited directly on a silica cladding surface during fibre manufacture
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03694—Multiple layers differing in properties other than the refractive index, e.g. attenuation, diffusion, stress properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission, an optical fiber probe, and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission capable of transmitting ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 300 nm or less.
- the present invention relates to an optical fiber probe suitable as a probe for a microscope, an optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light, and a method of manufacturing the optical fiber probe.
- optical fibers have been used for information communication, etc., as well as in the field of medical equipment, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, etc., and have also been used in excimer lasers used in lithography in the semiconductor manufacturing process. I have.
- the optical fiber is made of silica glass or the like, and a low refractive index cladding is provided around a high refractive index core.
- the core is doped with germanium, phosphorus, etc. to increase the refractive index.
- the cladding is doped with boron, fluorine, etc. to lower the refractive index.
- excimer lasers for example, ArF lasers and KrF lasers emit high-energy ultraviolet light of 193 nm and 248 nm.
- These high-energy ultraviolet light so-called deep ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 200 to 300 nm, or so-called vacuum ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 200 nm or less, can be propagated in air to produce H 20 or ⁇ 2
- the transmission was impossible due to the large loss due to the absorption by the presence of.
- an exposure apparatus using an excimer laser has been a large-scale apparatus. In order to reduce the size of an exposure apparatus using such an excimer laser, there has been a demand for the use of an optical fiber that can be easily handled.
- Excimer lamps also use deep ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light.
- the Kishimaranpu for example, X e 2 lamps, K r C l lamps, X e C l lamps respectively 1 7 2 nm, 2 2 2 nm, 3 0 of 8 nm deep ultraviolet light, emits vacuum ultraviolet light.
- Such excimer lamps are used in surface cleaning devices that optically decompose and remove dirt attached to the surface of semiconductor wafers and liquid crystal display glass by irradiating ultraviolet light.
- an optical fiber for miniaturization and easy handling for the same reason as in the exposure apparatus.
- the optical fiber changes its transmittance depending on the wavelength of the deep ultraviolet light or vacuum ultraviolet light to be transmitted.
- near-field microscopes for detecting so-called near-field light have been developed, and these near-field microscopes are used to observe and destroy cells and minute bodies such as DNA.
- the sample to be measured is placed on an inverted triangular total anti-if prism, and light is incident on the total reflection prism from the back surface of the sample so as to satisfy the total reflection condition on the sample surface.
- a surface wave called near-field light is generated near the surface of the sample.
- an optical fiber probe having a silica glass clad provided around a core made of silica glass containing a predetermined amount of germanium is known. Had been used. However, in an optical fiber probe having such a configuration, it is possible to propagate so-called vacuum ultraviolet light having a wavelength region of 200 nm or less and so-called deep ultraviolet light having a wavelength region of 200 to 300 nm. It is difficult, and the deterioration due to the transmission of vacuum ultraviolet light and deep ultraviolet light is so severe that it cannot be used.
- an optical fiber in order to use an optical fiber as a probe for a near-field microscope, it is necessary to sharpen the tip of the optical fiber to the wavelength of light or less.
- a method of sharpening the tip of such an optical fiber for example, a method of immersing the tip of an optical fiber in an etching solution as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-104244 is disclosed.
- the dissolution rate in the etching solution is determined by the composition of the etching solution and the material of each layer constituting the optical fiber.
- the optical fiber is formed of a core and a clad made of silica glass, the etching cannot be efficiently advanced, and a desired sharp portion can be formed at the tip of the optical fiber. There was a drawback that it was difficult to form.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve such difficulties.
- the present invention has a high transmittance for ultraviolet light such as deep ultraviolet light, vacuum ultraviolet light, and the like.
- ultraviolet light such as deep ultraviolet light, vacuum ultraviolet light, and the like.
- vacuum ultraviolet light and deep ultraviolet light can be propagated at a high transmittance.
- the ultraviolet light transmitting optical fiber of the present invention has a core made of silica glass having a fluorine content of 100 to 100 Oppm.
- the optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention may be a silica glass having a fluorine content of 100 to 700 ppm, or a boron content of 200 ppm to 100 ppm. It has a cladding made of silica glass with a content of 0 O ppm.
- the optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light of the present invention has a clad made of an ultraviolet transmitting resin.
- An optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light according to the present invention has a clad having a plurality of hollow holes parallel to an optical axis.
- the optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light of the present invention has a protective coating layer provided on the outer periphery of the clad.
- the method for producing an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention is characterized in that a thin tube having one hollow hole at the center is arranged around the core, the outer periphery is covered and integrated, spun, and then the hydrogen is produced. The impregnation process is performed.
- a protective layer is coated on the outer periphery of the clad during spinning.
- the method for producing an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention comprises forming a protective coating layer after impregnation with hydrogen.
- the effect of impregnating with hydrogen after spinning can be particularly enhanced in the effect of preventing deterioration due to irradiation with ultraviolet light. It can be applied to transmission of light and vacuum ultraviolet light.
- the optical fiber probe of the present invention In the optical fiber probe having a sharpened tip portion, the optical fiber has a core made of silica glass having a fluorine content of 100 to 100 ppm.
- the optical fiber in the optical fiber probe of the present invention has a silica content of 100 to 700 ppm in the outer periphery of the core or a silica glass or boron content of 2000 to 1000 ppm. It is provided with a cladding made of silica glass having a concentration of 100 ppm.
- optical fiber in the optical fiber probe of the present invention is provided with a clad made of an ultraviolet transmitting resin on the outer periphery of the core.
- the optical fiber in the optical fiber probe of the present invention has a clad having a plurality of hollow holes parallel to the optical axis on the outer periphery of the core.
- the optical fiber in the optical fiber probe of the present invention has a protective layer on the outer periphery of the clad.
- optical fiber in the optical fiber probe of the present invention has a protective coating layer on the outer periphery of the protective layer.
- an optical fiber having a clad made of silica glass containing a predetermined amount of fluorine around a core made of silica glass containing a predetermined amount of fluorine, etc.
- Optical fiber probe that can transmit deep ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light with high transmittance, prevent deterioration due to irradiation with deep ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light, and can be stable over a long period of time. Can be provided.
- the tip of the optical fiber is sharpened with an etching solution.
- the etching solution used in the method for manufacturing an optical fiber probe of the present invention is a 2 to 46% aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution.
- the core and the cladding contain fluorine and the hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution is used as the etching solution, the conventional silica containing germanium is used. With a core made of glass The etching can proceed more efficiently than the optical fiber, and the tip of the optical fiber can be sharpened to a desired shape.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the optical cable for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the optical cable for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the optical cable for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a process chart showing a method for manufacturing an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a process chart showing a method for producing an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a process chart showing a method for producing an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing characteristics of the optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram illustrating characteristics of the optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view of the optical fiber probe of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing a processing state of the distal end portion of the optical fiber in the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory view showing the state of etching of an optical fiber according to the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram showing a comparison of the etching rate of the optical fiber in the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram showing characteristics of a conventional optical fiber.
- FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram showing characteristics of a conventional optical fiber.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an ultraviolet light transmitting optical fiber of the present invention
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are cross-sectional views of another embodiment of the ultraviolet light transmitting optical fiber of the present invention. Note that
- the optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission 2 of the present invention includes a core 5, and a clad 6a provided on an outer periphery of the core 5, and a protective layer 7 is provided on the outer periphery of the clad 6a if necessary. And a protective coating layer 8.
- the core 5 is made of silica glass having a fluorine content of 100 to 1 OOO ppm. Such fluorine has conventionally been doped into the cladding to reduce the refractive index.
- the silica glass forming the core 5 contains 100 to 1 ppm of fluorine in the silica glass to transmit the ultraviolet light transmitted through the optical fiber. Light transmittance can be increased.
- the reason why the content of fluorine with respect to the silica glass is 10 Oppm or more is that when the content is less than 1 OOppm, the transmittance of ultraviolet light transmitted through the optical fiber is reduced, and the content is set to ⁇ m or less.
- the silica glass having a fluorine content of 100 to 1 OOOppm it is preferable to contain 011 groups in a range of 4 to 7 pm from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of the optical fiber due to ultraviolet light irradiation.
- the range of the OH group is set to 4 to 7 ppm. If it is less than 4 ppm, it is not possible to prevent a decrease in the transmittance of ultraviolet light transmitted in the optical fiber, and if it exceeds 7 ppm. This is because the transmittance is reduced.
- the cladding 6a is composed of silica glass having a fluorine content of 1000 to 7 OOOppm or silica glass having a boron content of 2000 to 10000 ppm.
- silica glass having a fluorine content of 1000 to 7 OOOppm or silica glass having a boron content of 2000 to 10000 ppm By including such a predetermined amount of fluorine or boron in the silica glass, it is possible to prevent a decrease in transmittance of light transmitted through the optical fiber.
- the reason why the content of fluorine with respect to the silica glass was set to 1 OOOppm or more was considered in consideration of the content of fluorine contained in the core 5, and the case where the content was set to 7000 ppm or less was because the saturation of fluorine with respect to the silica glass was The amount is taken into account.
- the content of boron in silica glass is set to 2 OOOppm, if it is less than 20 OOppm, it is necessary to prevent a decrease in the transmittance of light transmitted through the optical fiber due to the relationship with the refractive index of the core 5.
- the reason why the concentration is set to 100 OOppm or less is that the saturation amount of boron with respect to silica glass is taken into consideration.
- a clad 6a made of silica glass containing a predetermined amount of fluorine or boron is provided on the outer periphery of the core 5, but instead of the clad 6a, FIG. As shown, a clad 6b made of an ultraviolet transmitting resin may be formed on the outer periphery of the core 5.
- an ultraviolet transmitting resin a fluororesin is preferable, but from the viewpoint of light transmittance, an amorphous fluororesin is preferable. Since the transmittance of crystalline fluororesin decreases due to light scattering, when used as cladding 6b The crystallinity of the fluororesin is preferably 30% or less.
- the crystallinity is preferably set to 20% or less.
- a fluororesin a fluoropolymer having an aliphatic ring structure in the main chain, for example, amorphous perfluororesin (trade name: Cytop (manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.)) is preferably used. You.
- a clad 6c having a large number of hollow holes H may be formed around the core 5 instead of the clad 6a.
- the hollow hole H is formed parallel to the optical axis of the optical fiber, and is provided so that the total cross-sectional area is about 10 to 60% with respect to the cross-sectional area of the optical fiber.
- the large number of hollow holes H are provided so as to be uniformly arranged with respect to the cross section of the clad 6c.
- the presence of air in the hollow hole H can lower the refractive index of the core 5 so that light transmission is optimized with respect to the refractive index of the core 5.
- the diameter of the claddings 6a, 6b, and 6c is set to 200 m for the core 5 having a diameter of 150 m, and the diameter of the core 5 having the diameter of 800 m is also determined. 100 m.
- the protective layer 7 is provided for mechanically protecting the optical fiber and protecting it from the environment.
- a silicone resin, a polyimide resin, a urethane resin, an acrylate resin, or the like is used as the protective layer 7.
- the protective layer 7 is provided with a thickness of 100 to 250 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the protective layer 7 is less than 100 m, the core 5 and the claddings 6a, 6b, 6c cannot be sufficiently protected.
- the protective coating layer 8 is provided to increase the strength of the optical fiber.
- Nylon resin is preferable as the material of the protective coating layer 8.
- the protective coating layer 8 is provided with a thickness of 400 to 600 m. If the thickness of the protective coating layer 8 is less than 400 ⁇ m, sufficient strength cannot be obtained.
- the core is fabricated on a quartz glass by depositing S i 0 2 particles having a predetermined amount Te cowpea to flame hydrolysis or direct vitrification of creating by vitrification, by a separate sintering step Tokoroisu -It can be formed by a gate method or the like.
- Optical fibers for transmission of ultraviolet light with silica glass cladding containing a certain amount of fluorine or boron are VAD method (gas phase shafting method), OVD method (external method), MC VD method (internal method)
- VAD method gas phase shafting method
- OVD method exitternal method
- MC VD method internal method
- a hollow dope tube having an outer diameter of about 3 Omm is formed from silica glass containing a predetermined amount of fluorine or boron, and the core rod formed earlier is inserted. Preforms can be created. Then, the preform is spun to produce an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission.
- spinning can be performed by heating and melting the preform in a furnace 24 and adjusting the winding speed by a winder 25 so as to have a predetermined diameter.
- a predetermined amount of resin forming the protective layer 26 is extruded downstream of the furnace 24 from a dice machine 27 around the clad, and the resin is crosslinked by a crosslinking device 28.
- Crosslinking by heating or crosslinking by UV irradiation is performed, and the solidification or solution is removed to form a protective layer.
- a silicone resin or a polyimide resin is used as the protective layer, heat crosslinking is performed, and when a urethane-based resin or an acrylate resin is used, UV irradiation crosslinking is performed.
- the core rod formed by the above-described method is heated and melted by a furnace 29 as shown in FIG. 5, and the winding speed is adjusted by a winding machine 30 so as to have a predetermined diameter.
- the transparent resin is extruded, and UV crosslinking of the ultraviolet transparent resin is performed by the crosslinking device 12.
- a predetermined amount of resin forming the protective layer 14 is extruded from the dice 13 around the ultraviolet-transmitting resin, and the cross-linking device 15 heat-crosslinks the resin to form a resin.
- the protective layer 14 is formed by cross-linking with UV irradiation to produce an optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light.
- a direct vitrification method in which a predetermined amount of SiO 2 particles are deposited on quartz glass and vitrified by flame hydrolysis, Then, a so-called soot method, etc., made by another sintering process, is used to make a quartz rod 16 (Fig. 6a) with a diameter of about 3 Omm.
- the material of the quartz rod 16 can be the same silica glass as the material of the core.
- the quartz rod 16 does not necessarily have to be a hexagonal prism, and a circular tube may be used.
- a hole 17 (FIG. 6b) is formed in the center of the quartz rod 16.
- a quartz rod 16 with a hole 17 is drawn to a diameter of about 1 mm, and a core rod 18 serving as a core is built into the center of the drawn quartz port 16a (Fig. ).
- the assembly incorporating the core rod 18 is covered with a quartz pipe 19 to form a preform 40 having an outer diameter of about 3 Omm (FIG. 6D). Thereafter, the preform 40 is spun into an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission having a predetermined diameter.
- the protective layer can be formed by a method similar to the method described above.
- hydrogen treatment is performed.
- the hydrogen treatment is performed in order to prevent deterioration of the optical fiber due to irradiation with ultraviolet light.
- Hydrogen treatment can be performed by impregnating the optical fiber with hydrogen.
- the hydrogen impregnation treatment can be performed by leaving in hydrogen at a pressure of 0.5 to 15 MPa and a temperature of 20 to 10 CTC.
- the hydrogen treatment can be performed for a long time, for example, it can be performed for 50 hours or more, but the treatment for 50 hours can obtain an effective result for preventing deterioration of the optical fiber due to ultraviolet irradiation. If the hydrogen treatment under the above conditions is less than 2 hours, a sufficient effect of preventing ultraviolet irradiation from being deteriorated cannot be obtained.
- the protective coating layer can be formed by melting a nylon resin or the like, extruding it from a die to the outer periphery of the optical fiber, and cooling.
- optical fiber termination is performed to complete the final product.
- the end surface is polished and connectors are attached as required.
- fluorine-doped silica glass with a fluorine content of 100 to 200 ppm and an OH group content of 4 to 7 ppm (trade name: AQX, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.)
- AQX OH group content of 4 to 7 ppm
- a silica glass clad with an amount of 200 ppm was formed.
- the core diameter was set at 600 m and the clad diameter was set at 750 m.
- the transmittance of ultraviolet light of each wavelength transmitted through the optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light lm before and after the irradiation of ultraviolet light was measured using a laser beam.
- Figure 7 shows the measurement results. According to the figure, the transmittance T 1 before irradiation with ultraviolet light and the transmittance T 2 after irradiation with ultraviolet light are almost equal, and the transmittance of the optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light is almost deteriorated even when irradiated with ultraviolet light. I can understand that I did not.
- Irradiation conditions with the above-mentioned ArF excimer laser were as follows: light density: 20 mJ / cm 2 / pu 1 se, repetition frequency: 20 Hz, pulse number: 600 pu 1 se, The transmittance was measured by measuring the transmittance of ultraviolet light of each wavelength passing through 1 m of the optical fin for ultraviolet light transmission before and after repeated irradiation.
- the ultraviolet light transmitting optical fiber of the present invention can increase the transmittance of ultraviolet light, can improve the reduction of the transmittance due to the irradiation of ultraviolet light, and can reduce the influence of inferiority. Can be reduced.
- the transmittance was not reduced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, indicating that the characteristics were significantly improved.
- FIG. 9 shows a longitudinal sectional view of the optical fiber probe of the present invention.
- the same parts as those in FIGS. 1 to 3 are denoted by the same reference numerals.
- the optical fiber probe 1 of the present invention has a sharp portion 3 formed by sharpening the tip of an optical fiber 2, and the outer peripheral surface of the sharp portion 3 is indicated by a dashed line in the figure. Is provided with a metal coating 4 for shielding light.
- the angle (0) of the sharp part 3 is about 20 to: I 50 degrees.
- the optical fiber 2 the above-described optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet light is used. If an optical fiber having such a configuration is used as a probe for a near-field microscope, deep ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light can be propagated with high transmittance. Deterioration can be prevented, and a stable optical fiber probe can be provided over a long period of time.
- the optical fiber probe having such a configuration can be applied to an exposure apparatus using an excimer laser using deep ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light, and a surface cleaning apparatus using an excimer lamp.
- a predetermined portion of the optical fiber 2 is cut perpendicularly to the optical axis, a predetermined length of the protective coating layer 8 and the predetermined length of the protective layer 7 are peeled from the end of the cut portion, and the Clean outer surfaces of pads 6a, 6b, 6c.
- the vessel 9 is filled with a 2 to 46% aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution 10, and the aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution 10 is filled with the photofino 2 shown in FIG. Immerse the tip and leave it for a predetermined time.
- hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution is set to 2 to 46% is that if the value is less than the specified value, the tip of the optical fiber cannot be efficiently etched, and if the value exceeds the specified value, the surface of the core 5 becomes rough. Because.
- a sharp part 3 of the optical fiber of about 50 degrees is obtained.
- a metal coating 4 for light shielding is applied to the outer surface of the optical fiber obtained in this manner, except for the transmitted light portion of the sharp portion 3, by a vacuum deposition / sputtering method or the like.
- the optical fiber probe of the invention is obtained.
- the core 5 is made of fluorine-doped silica glass (trade name: AQX, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) having a fluorine content of 100 to 200 ppm and an OH group content of 4 to 7 ppm.
- a cladding 6a of silica glass with an amount of 200 ppm was formed.
- the core diameter was 10 ⁇ m
- the clad diameter was 125 ⁇ m.
- An optical fiber made of silica glass with a diameter of 125 m and a core made of silica glass with a diameter of 10 m were prepared.
- the etching of the optical fiber T5 of the embodiment proceeds about 100% in about 120 minutes, and the etching of the optical fiber T6 of the comparative example proceeds only about 40%. .
- the tip of the optical fiber is sharpened with an etching solution.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the tip of the optical fiber may be mechanically polished or etched by gas. May be sharpened.
- the diameter of the optical fiber is also arbitrary, and the probe may be formed with a diameter of 20 m to 2 mm.
- a silica glass containing a predetermined amount of fluorine is used for a core, and a predetermined amount of fluorine is used for a clad.
- silica glass containing boron or UV-transmitting resin, or having a hollow hole to increase the transmittance in transmission of deep ultraviolet light or vacuum ultraviolet light, and to irradiate ultraviolet light. It is possible to prevent a decrease in transmittance.
- the characteristics of an optical fiber for ultraviolet light transmission after hydrogen treatment can be remarkably improved.
- the present invention can be suitably applied to an exposure apparatus using an excimer laser using deep ultraviolet light or vacuum ultraviolet light, and a surface cleaning apparatus using an excimer lamp. The size can be reduced.
- a predetermined amount of fluorine or borane is provided around the core made of silica glass containing a predetermined amount of fluorine. Since an optical fiber such as one provided with a clad made of silica glass containing silicon is used, deep ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light can be propagated with high transmittance. Deterioration due to irradiation with ultraviolet light and vacuum ultraviolet light can be prevented, and a stable optical fiber probe can be provided over a long period of time.
- the core and the clad contain fluorine and the hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution is used as an etching solution, the conventional silica glass containing germanium is used. Etching can be performed more efficiently than an optical fiber having a core made of, and a desired sharp portion can be efficiently formed.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/399,967 US6944380B1 (en) | 2001-01-16 | 2002-01-11 | Optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet ray, optical fiber probe, and method of manufacturing the optical fiber probe |
EP02715729A EP1353199A4 (en) | 2001-01-16 | 2002-01-11 | OPTICAL FIBER FOR TRANSMITTING ULTRAVIOLET RAYS, OPTICAL FIBER PROBE, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE OPTICAL FIBER AND THE OPTICAL FIBER PROBE |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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JP2001-7111 | 2001-01-16 | ||
JP2001007111A JP3393120B2 (ja) | 2001-01-16 | 2001-01-16 | 紫外光伝送用光ファイバー及びその製造方法 |
JP2001-248684 | 2001-08-20 | ||
JP2001248684A JP3793435B2 (ja) | 2001-08-20 | 2001-08-20 | 光ファイバプローブ及びその製造方法 |
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WO2002056070A1 true WO2002056070A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
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PCT/JP2002/000123 WO2002056070A1 (en) | 2001-01-16 | 2002-01-11 | Optical fiber for transmitting ultraviolet ray, optical fiber probe, and method of manufacturing the optical fiber and optical fiber probe |
Country Status (3)
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US (1) | US6944380B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1353199A4 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002056070A1 (ja) |
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CN114323392A (zh) * | 2022-03-11 | 2022-04-12 | 中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所 | 用于爆轰测试的探针、探针组件、测量装置及测量方法 |
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US6944380B1 (en) | 2005-09-13 |
EP1353199A1 (en) | 2003-10-15 |
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