WO2002061940A1 - Cmos power amplifier with reduced harmonics and improved efficiency - Google Patents
Cmos power amplifier with reduced harmonics and improved efficiency Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002061940A1 WO2002061940A1 PCT/IB2002/000177 IB0200177W WO02061940A1 WO 2002061940 A1 WO2002061940 A1 WO 2002061940A1 IB 0200177 W IB0200177 W IB 0200177W WO 02061940 A1 WO02061940 A1 WO 02061940A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- output
- amplifier
- power amplifier
- differential
- cmos
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
- H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/217—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers
- H03F3/2176—Class E amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
- H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
- H03F1/0288—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers using a main and one or several auxiliary peaking amplifiers whereby the load is connected to the main amplifier using an impedance inverter, e.g. Doherty amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/56—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for
- H03F1/565—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for using inductive elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
- H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/217—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers
- H03F3/2178—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers using more than one switch or switching amplifier in parallel or in series
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/60—Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators
- H03F3/602—Combinations of several amplifiers
- H03F3/604—Combinations of several amplifiers using FET's
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of electronics, and in particular to a power amplifier for use in a CMOS device, such as a wireless transmitter.
- CMOS technology is commonly used for devices that require minimal power consumption, such as handheld telephones.
- Power amplifiers such as used in the output stage of a wireless transmitter, however, are commonly fabricated with GaAs, Bipolar, or PHEMT technologies.
- CMOS technology advances, it is becoming an attractive alternative for use in power amplifiers, based on its small feature sizes, low cost, and relatively high efficiency (low power loss). Because CMOS transistors are small and the cost of fabrication is low, complex designs that may not be economically feasible in other technologies are often quite feasible in CMOS.
- Fig. 1 illustrates an example prior art power amplifier 100, commonly referred to as a Class F power amplifier.
- a Class F power amplifier "High efficiency power amplifier for microwave and millimeter frequencies" by William S. Kopp and Sam D. Pritchett, published in the IEEE MTT Symposium Digest, 1989, pp. 857-858, presents the principles of a Class F power amplifier, and is incorporated by reference herein.
- the transmission line T is tuned to short even-order harmonics, and a match network Co, Lo, CL is designed to match the load RL, so as to pass the fundamental frequency and attenuate the third-order harmonics.
- the capacitor CL being parallel to RL, reduces the impedance associated with the load RL, while Lo cancels any remaining reactive impedance seen by the transistor.
- the signal is AC coupled through the capacitor Co.
- the conventional Class F power amplifier substantially attenuates the even harmonics, via the transmission line T, and the third harmonic via the match network Co, Lo, CL, but the attenuation provided for the third harmonic is often insufficient for some applications.
- the third harmonic remains at a high level is that, with a quarter wave transmission line T to cancel the even order harmonics, the impedance of the line T is minimum with respect to the second harmonic, but maximum with respect to the third harmonic. Therefore, third harmonics actually increase at the drain of the transistor Ml, and, even with the match-filtering, third-order harmonics at the output of the amplifier can still be high.
- the precise tuning of the transmission line T to correspond to the second- order harmonics can affect the attenuation that is achievable for the even-order harmonics. Improved attenuation of harmonics properly shapes the output waveform, and also results in higher efficiencies, as less power is wasted propagating unwanted harmonics.
- Efficiency enhancement over a wide range of power is essential for today's wireless applications, because mobile terminals do not usually transmit at maximum output power.
- a high energy efficiency results in longer battery-life, reduces the requirements for heat dissipation, and so on.
- CMOS Class F amplifier that uses a differential input to eliminate even-order harmonics, thereby avoiding the need for circuits that are tuned to the second harmonic. This also minimizes the sensitivity of the design to changes in the second harmonic frequency and/or the particular component values selected for the tuned circuit. Third-order harmonics are reduced by controlling the phase relationship between the differential inputs. Additional efficiency is achieved by dynamically controlling the impedance of the amplifier as a function of output power level.
- Fig. 1 illustrates an example schematic of a prior art Class F power amplifier.
- Fig. 2 illustrates an example schematic of a CMOS Class F power amplifier in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a wireless transmitter in accordance with this invention.
- Figs. 4A and 4B illustrate example timing diagrams associated with differential input signals in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 5 illustrates an example schematic of a further enhanced CMOS Class F power amplifier in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 6 illustrates an example timing diagram associated with differential and ancillary input signals for dynamically adjusting the impedance of the power amplifier of Fig. 5 in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 2 illustrates an example schematic of a CMOS Class F power amplifier 200 in accordance with this invention.
- the input signal is split into differential input signals Ninn and Ninp, and each of the input signals Ninn and Ninp are provided to a corresponding power amplifier stage 21 On, 21 Op.
- the output Non, Nop of each stage 21 On, 21 Op feed the primary coil of an output transformer K, and the secondary coil of the output transformer K feeds the load RL.
- Fig. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a wireless transmitter 300 that includes a power amplifier 200 in accordance with this invention.
- a modulator 330 provides the input to the power amplifier 200, by modulating the output of an audio amplifier 310 with a carrier signal from an RF oscillator 320.
- the load RL of Fig. 2 corresponds to an antenna that transmits the output of the power amplifier 200.
- the power amplifier 200 is designed to suppress the harmonics of the carrier signal.
- the pulse duration of each 41 On, 41 Op of the out of phase signals Ninn and Vinp is controlled to be less than 180 degrees, and preferably to 120 degrees.
- the splitter 220 of Fig. 2 asserts the Vinn signal for one-third of the input signal period, and, at each negative zero-crossing, the splitter 220 asserts the Ninp signal for one-third of the input signal period.
- the duration of one-third of the input signal period for each of the differential input signals has been found to substantially reduce the third-order harmonics, while still maintaining the second-order harmonic cancellation at the output transformer K of Fig. 2.
- the output match stages Con, Lon, CLn, RL and Cop, Lop, CLp, and RL of the power amplifier 200 of Fig. 2 can be designed to further reduce, for example, fifth-order harmonics, using filter techniques common in the art.
- Fig. 5 illustrates an example schematic of a further enhanced CMOS Class F power amplifier 200' in accordance with this invention. As taught in "A NEW HIGH
- Fig. 6 illustrates an example timing diagram associated with differential and ancillary input signals for dynamically adjusting the impedance of the power amplifier of Fig. 5 in accordance with this invention.
- the ancillary inputs Vinn2 and Vinp2 that drive the transistors Mn2 and Mp2 of Fig. 5 are out of phase with the corresponding inputs Vinn and Vinp, and at a reduced magnitude.
- the precise duration of the pulses on ancillary inputs Vinn2 and Vinp2 is not material; in a preferred embodiment, the durations of the pulses on the ancillary inputs Vinn2 and Vinp2 correspond to the durations of the pulses on the primary inputs Vinp and Vinn, to simplify the circuit design.
- the amplitudes of the ancillary inputs Ninn2 and Ninp2 are set so as to provide an increasing circuit impedance with decreasing output power levels, thereby providing a substantially constant efficiency over varying output power levels.
- Fig. 4B illustrates an alternative means of dynamically adjusting the impedance of the circuit of Fig. 2 by applying ancillary pulses 420p and 420nto the input voltages Ninn and Ninp. Because each stage in a differential circuit typically only operates during half a cycle, the ancillary pulses 420p and 420n can be applied during the stages' traditional "off state, so that the transistors Mp, Mn of Fig. 2 can be used in lieu of the transistors Mn2, Mp2 of Fig. 5, respectively, to adjust the impedance of the network, during their conventional "off state.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02737632A EP1358713A1 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2002-01-21 | Cmos power amplifier with reduced harmonics and improved efficiency |
JP2002561366A JP2004519126A (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2002-01-21 | CMOS power amplifier with reduced harmonics and improved efficiency |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/774,775 | 2001-01-31 | ||
US09/774,775 US6359513B1 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2001-01-31 | CMOS power amplifier with reduced harmonics and improved efficiency |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002061940A1 true WO2002061940A1 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
Family
ID=25102257
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2002/000177 WO2002061940A1 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2002-01-21 | Cmos power amplifier with reduced harmonics and improved efficiency |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6359513B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1358713A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004519126A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1455984A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002061940A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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WO2004068700A2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-08-12 | Qualcomm Incorporated | High linearity low noise amplifier |
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ATE525800T1 (en) * | 2002-08-19 | 2011-10-15 | Nxp Bv | HIGH POWER DOHERTY AMPLIFIER |
US7327803B2 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2008-02-05 | Parkervision, Inc. | Systems and methods for vector power amplification |
US7355470B2 (en) | 2006-04-24 | 2008-04-08 | Parkervision, Inc. | Systems and methods of RF power transmission, modulation, and amplification, including embodiments for amplifier class transitioning |
US7372336B2 (en) * | 2004-12-31 | 2008-05-13 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Small-sized on-chip CMOS power amplifier having improved efficiency |
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US7911272B2 (en) | 2007-06-19 | 2011-03-22 | Parkervision, Inc. | Systems and methods of RF power transmission, modulation, and amplification, including blended control embodiments |
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US8031804B2 (en) | 2006-04-24 | 2011-10-04 | Parkervision, Inc. | Systems and methods of RF tower transmission, modulation, and amplification, including embodiments for compensating for waveform distortion |
US7937106B2 (en) * | 2006-04-24 | 2011-05-03 | ParkerVision, Inc, | Systems and methods of RF power transmission, modulation, and amplification, including architectural embodiments of same |
US8280325B2 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2012-10-02 | Broadcom Corporation | Configurable transmitter |
US8315336B2 (en) | 2007-05-18 | 2012-11-20 | Parkervision, Inc. | Systems and methods of RF power transmission, modulation, and amplification, including a switching stage embodiment |
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US10063197B2 (en) * | 2014-03-05 | 2018-08-28 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Circuits for power-combined power amplifier arrays |
US9614541B2 (en) | 2014-10-01 | 2017-04-04 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Wireless-transmitter circuits including power digital-to-amplitude converters |
KR101643287B1 (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-07-29 | 가천대학교 산학협력단 | Asymmetric doherty amplifier using class f |
US9929704B2 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2018-03-27 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Class E2 amplifier |
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-
2001
- 2001-01-31 US US09/774,775 patent/US6359513B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-01-21 JP JP2002561366A patent/JP2004519126A/en active Pending
- 2002-01-21 EP EP02737632A patent/EP1358713A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-01-21 WO PCT/IB2002/000177 patent/WO2002061940A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-01-21 CN CN02800209A patent/CN1455984A/en active Pending
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US4345502A (en) * | 1979-12-26 | 1982-08-24 | Cbs Inc. | Musical instrument performance amplifier |
WO1997005695A1 (en) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-13 | Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. | Field effect transistor cable television line amplifier |
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Title |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004068700A2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-08-12 | Qualcomm Incorporated | High linearity low noise amplifier |
WO2004068700A3 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-11-04 | Qualcomm Inc | High linearity low noise amplifier |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1358713A1 (en) | 2003-11-05 |
CN1455984A (en) | 2003-11-12 |
JP2004519126A (en) | 2004-06-24 |
US6359513B1 (en) | 2002-03-19 |
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