WO2003060749A1 - System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal - Google Patents
System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003060749A1 WO2003060749A1 PCT/US2002/018361 US0218361W WO03060749A1 WO 2003060749 A1 WO2003060749 A1 WO 2003060749A1 US 0218361 W US0218361 W US 0218361W WO 03060749 A1 WO03060749 A1 WO 03060749A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- indicia
- negotiable instrument
- ecc
- agreement
- transaction
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q30/00—Commerce
- G06Q30/06—Buying, selling or leasing transactions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/04—Payment circuits
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/04—Payment circuits
- G06Q20/042—Payment circuits characterized in that the payment protocol involves at least one cheque
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
- G06Q20/10—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems
- G06Q20/108—Remote banking, e.g. home banking
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
- G06Q20/20—Point-of-sale [POS] network systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07G—REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS
- G07G1/00—Cash registers
- G07G1/12—Cash registers electronically operated
Definitions
- the present invention relates in general to point-of-sale systems, and in particularly, to processing a negotiable instrument utilizing a point-of-sale system.
- the present invention relates to a method and system for efficiently processing a negotiable instrument via a point-of-sale system during a sale transaction.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,164,528 discloses a system and method for effecting payments for point-of- sale purchases of goods and services paid from consumer funds secured in bank checking or depository accounts.
- Each sale or "transaction event” is an electronic and “paperless” event that eliminates the costly and time-intensive traditional check processing methods.
- the system utilizes a magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) reader and a point-of- sale terminal.
- MICR magnetic ink character recognition
- the required customer information is read from the check, and a sales slip is printed, which includes the retail establishment information, amount of the transaction, and a section for the customer contact information. This contact information is manually completed by the customer at the point-of-sale.
- the customer signs the sales slip, authorizing the retail establishment to remove funds from the customer's account.
- this process takes a substantial amount of time, unlike a cash transaction or credit card transaction. This is particularly because the customer's contact information has to be manually written. Other customer's are made to wait in line until the customer information is completed written down, and often customers avoid check out lines when they see a customer ahead of them pull out their check books to pay for their purchases. The longer time to complete processing each customer also leads to inefficiency in the check out process and loss of dollars.
- One solution to this problem involves the utilization of check imaging printers; however the image files are very large and require significant point-of-sale system memory.
- ECC ECC to transmit and store check images.
- the cost of purchasing new check out system to support ECC is prohibitive.
- the cost is multiplied by the number of check out terminals required to support the larger numbers of customers.
- adoption of the system and method disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. patent would require retailers to halt business transactions for a lengthy period while newer machines and systems are installed and tested. Replacing all retail checkout hardware for a large retailer would therefore be time consuming and cost prohibitive.
- a check imaging system forces the retailer to change the entire account balancing and record retrieval process.
- the present invention thus recognizes that it would be desirable to provide an efficient electronic check conversion system at a point-of-sale by which processing of a negotiable instrument such as a check is completed without manual input of customer contact information or other transaction information.
- a method and system by which overall time of an ECC transaction is reduced would be a welcomed improvement.
- the invention further realizes that it would be desirable to provide more efficient ECC processing without incurring significant hardware and system costs for established retailers.
- the invention further realizes that it would be desirable to provide more efficient ECC without having to change the retailer's cash balancing and record retrieval processes.
- the system utilized to implement the present invention includes at least one point-of-sale (POS) terminal, a verification system, and an electronic settlement network.
- the POS terminal includes a printer, MICR scanner, and optical scanner.
- MICR scanner When a customer presents a check to pay for a transaction at the POS, the checker runs the check through an MICR scanner, which captures the MICR information from the check. The MICR information is forwarded to the verification system for approval of the check for
- ECC ECC Agreement slip
- the agreement slip includes a signature line for the purchaser to sign. Once the purchaser signs the agreement slip, he returns the slip to the checker. The slip is retained by the retailer and handled for cash balancing similarly to a charge card slip. The point-of-sale terminal automatically voids the negotiable instrument prior to the instrument being returned to the purchaser to complete the transaction.
- the entire process is completed with a traditionally POS system with only the addition of an optical scanner.
- Use of the optical scanner to scan the contact information and create a digitized image, which is later reproduced in the agreement saves a significant amount of time in the processing of the check payment.
- the digitized image file is used only by the printer and is discarded after the purchaser's contact information is printed on the ECC Agreement slip. Thus, the requirement to transmit and store the digitized image file is eliminated.
- Figure 1A illustrates a high-level block diagram of an exemplary point-of-sale system, which may be utilized to implement an illustrative embodiment of the present invention
- Figure IB depicts a high-level block diagram of a point-of-sale terminal in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 illustrates a high-level logic flowchart depicting a method of processing a negotiable instrument at a point-of-sale system in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 3A depicts an agreement prepared by a printer at the point-of-sale terminal in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 3B illustrates a voided negotiable instrument after electronic check processing in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a system and method for improving the efficiency of electronic check conversion (ECC) processing at a point-of-sale terminal (POS).
- ECC electronic check conversion
- POS point-of-sale terminal
- Point-of-sale terminal(s) 10 communicates with a central verification data processing system 12, herein referred to as "verification system" 12, which may be implemented as a retailer's host computer system.
- Point-of- sale terminal(s) 10 is connected to verification system 12, which is in turn connected to settlement network 14.
- POS terminal 10 receives the contact and account information of a purchaser, and contacts verification system 12 to determine whether or not the purchaser's account is authorized for ECC.
- Various criteria may be utilized to authorize the transaction for ECC settlement. According to the illustrative embodiment, for example, ECC settlement may be applicable only for local banks and there may be a restriction on payroll checks and money orders, etc.
- point-of-sale terminal(s) 10 communicates information regarding the purchaser's account number and the amount to be debited to an electronic settlement network 14 to complete the debiting of the purchaser's account. This part of the processing occurs in the background similar to a credit card transaction and appears as an immediate approval and payment at the POS retail environment. The entire ECC process is described in greater detail below.
- MICR printer/scanner may be utilized so long as it provides a low character substitution rate of the magnetic reader for accurate scanning capabilities.
- a new optical scanner is provided to complete the scanning of contact information from the check as will become more clear below.
- a current printer/scanner may be modified to enable optical scanning of the address information off of the face of the check to create a digitized image.
- supporting software for this scanner is not required to provide Optical Character Recognition (OCR) as conversion of the digitized image of the contact information is not needed in the illustrative embodiment. That is, the invention only requires that the digitized image be reproduced in a clear enough manner to represent the contact information when printed.
- OCR Optical Character Recognition
- FIG. IB there is illustrated a block diagram of point-of-sale terminal(s) 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- a negotiable instrument e.g., check
- contact and account information for the purchaser may be entered into memory 28 utilizing register keyboard 20 or check reader 22.
- the illustrative embodiment preferably utilizes check reader 22 to minimize overall processing time as utilization of keyboard necessarily involves additional time for a checker to enter check information.
- Check reader 22 comprises at least two components: a magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) reader 22a and an optical scanner 22b.
- MICR reader 22a scans the negotiable instrument to retrieve the purchaser's account information.
- the optical scanner 22b also reads the MICR line. Both the information read by the MICR reader 22a and the information read by the optical scanner 22b are analyzed by a software algorithm to determine a most accurate set of MICR numbers.
- optical scanner 22b captures the purchaser's contact information (e.g., address, phone number, and/or driver's license) presented on the face of the negotiable instrument by scanning the negotiable instrument.
- the calculation of a transaction total for items inputted via bar code reader (i.e., UPC scanner) or keyboard 20 of the register is utilized as a total amount required to complete the transaction at the point-of-sale system 10.
- keyboard 20 may be utilized to enter information regarding the amount (e.g., a total value) owed by the purchaser to complete the current transaction. This total and all information scanned by check reader 22 is temporarily stored in the printer's memory 28.
- Processor 26 also relays the purchaser account information and the amount required to complete the transaction to verification system 12 via communication device 30, which may be implemented as any type of network coupling device such as a modem or an ethernet card, to determine whether the purchaser's negotiable instrument is authorized for the transaction.
- Communication device 30 may be implemented as any type of network coupling device such as a modem or an ethernet card, to determine whether the purchaser's negotiable instrument is authorized for the transaction.
- Printer 24 prints information scanned by optical scanner 22a and calculated total, etc., onto an agreement, as is described below in more detail.
- FIG. 2 there is depicted a high-level logic flowchart illustrating the method of processing a negotiable instrument at a point-of-sale terminal, which may be implemented utilizing a verification system, an electronic settlement network, and a point-of-sale terminal that includes a magnetic check scanner, a printer, and an optical scanner.
- the information scanned from a negotiable instrument presented at the point-of-sale enables the retailer to verify and debit a purchaser's account electronically while conforming to established check processing methods and systems utilized by the retailer.
- the process steps of Figure 2 includes overlap of both human components (checker and purchaser) and electronic components (printer, scanner, verification system, etc.) to provide a big picture presentation of the complete processing of a negotiable instrument via ECC at the POS.
- the method of the present invention begins at block 200, and continues to block 201 which depicts the commencement of a purchase transaction by which a checker rings up the customer's selected items on his register (POS terminal) by scanning their bar codes or manually inputting them on the keyboard.
- POS terminal POS terminal
- the checker totals the items a shown at block 202, and then, as illustrated at block 203, the customer presents a negotiable instrument (i.e., check) to the checker as tender for the transaction.
- the printed check information contains all necessary data for completion of ECC and the customer does not have to manually fill out the check with the total and his signature.
- the checker inserts the negotiable instrument into the check reader as depicted at block 205 to read the MICR line.
- the MICR line may be read via any reliable method available.
- the MICR line is read by a magnetic head and the optical scanner.
- the magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) reader and the optical scanner read the MICR line as shown at block 207.
- the MICR reader and optical scanner read the account information, which includes the account number, from the MICR field located at the bottom of the negotiable instrument.
- Both the information read by the MICR reader 22a and the information read by the optical scanner 22b are analyzed by a software algorithm to determine a most accurate set of MICR numbers.
- the acquired MICR information is then forwarded to the retailer's verification system for authorization as shown at block 208. This process may take a few seconds.
- ECC electronic check conversion
- the checker is prompted to select ECC as indicated at block 212.
- the checker may select "Yes” or "No” although normal implementation of the invention may assume that the checker will always select Yes since this payment process is more efficient.
- the retailer may choose not to offer that choice to the customer and automatically submit the negotiable instrument via ECC.
- the checker queries if the customer would permit the retailer to process the check as an ECC as depicted at block 213. This step assumes that the customers are familiar with ECC or that the retailer has previously advised the customers about the use of ECC.
- the verification system approval process returns as shown at block 214.
- the verification system approval process will likely return before or about the time the customer responds to the checkers query.
- a deterrnination is then made as depicted at block 215, whether the verification system authorization has returned positive. If the verification system authorization is negative, the existing "check tender denied" process for standard check procedures are implemented as shown at block 216.
- the check is not eligible for ECC or the customer chooses not to approve ECC or the verification system does not authorize the check payment, then the check is processed via the current retailer's check processing procedures, which typically entails manually writing the check, checking purchasers H), and retaining the check for later collection of funds from the purchaser' s bank.
- the checker then keys in the customer's approval of ECC a shown at block 218. Then, as shown at block 219, the optical scanner automatically captures an image of a first indicia from the negotiable instrument.
- the first indica is a set of contact and/or account information for the customer that is read directly from the negotiable instrument (e.g., the mailing address information from the check). In one embodiment, this process is completed in parallel with the MICR read if it does not negatively affect the speed of the MICR read operation.
- the optical scanner is utilized to read the contact information and the processor stores the information in a temporary memory location (e.g., the printer's memory) in the point-of- sale terminal.
- the ECC Signature Agreement Slip comprises some or all of the following information: store identification information such as number and address, transaction information (e.g., amount, date), ECC legal verbiage, digitized image of the customer's contact/address information, additional verbiage stating that the customer agrees to the transaction information and verifies that the contact/address information is correct, and a signature line.
- the purchaser's contact information is printed from the digitized image, which may be temporarily stored in the printer's memory.
- the digitized image file is used only by the printer and is discarded after the purchaser's contact information is printed on the ECC Agreement slip.
- the requirement to transmit and store the digitized image file is eliminated.
- the agreement includes the purchaser's contact information and account information, the amount to be debited from the account, language authorizing ECC, and a field for the purchaser's authorization mark (i.e., signature).
- the purchaser's contact information allows the retailer to later contact the purchaser, which may be necessary if, for example, the purchaser's checking account does not include sufficient funds to cover the ECC approved total.
- FIG. 3A there is depicted a sample ECC signature agreement 150 utilized by the purchaser to authorize the electronic check conversion and the transfer of funds according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the retailer's contact information At the top of the agreement is the retailer's contact information
- retailer's contact information 152 which may include a name, address, and phone number.
- purchaser's contact information 154 optically scanned by check reader 22 from the negotiable instrument and automatically printed on agreement 150 as a digitized image. The automatic printing results in increased efficiency at the point-of-sale.
- the customer was required to manually write the purchaser contact information on the agreement.
- purchaser contact information 154 which allows the retailer to contact the purchaser in the event that the retailer encounters problems collecting on the ECC amounts.
- Sale amount 156 indicates the debit amount to be authorized by the purchaser.
- ECC agreement 158 discloses the terms of electronic check conversion.
- the purchaser's signature on signature line 160 indicates that the purchaser agrees to the terms of electronic check conversion and the transfer of funds.
- the checker removes the ECC Signature Agreement slip from the printer and verifies that the customer contact/address information is clear/readable as shown at block 221. This is rather important in the process because the digitized image may occasionally be skewed if captured with a low resolution scanner, and the store has no other way of identifying and contacting the customer if something later goes wrong with collecting the ECC payment.
- the checker hands the ECC Signature Agreement to the customer who then signs on the signature line as indicated at block 222.
- the customer may first review the Agreement prior to signing it. While the process of having the customer sign the agreement is being undertaken, the printer automatically prints VOK) across the face of the check as shown at block 223. Additionally, the printer may print some information about the transaction (e.g., date and total) for the customer's convenience when later reconciling his check book or purchases.
- Figure 3B illustrates a voided negotiable instrument 162 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The check is then presented for removal by the checker. Meanwhile, the printer also prints a customer transaction receipt that includes a copy of the ECC verbiage as shown at block 224.
- the checker When the purchaser has completed signing the ECC Signature Agreement, the checker confirms that the signature on the ECC Agreement slip matches the customer name/address or information (or signature from a driver's license, etc.) printed on the agreement as depicted at block 225.
- the checker puts the signed ECC signature Agreement slip in the cash drawer as shown at block 226, and then as illustrated at block 227, the checker retrieves the voided check and transaction receipt from the printer and hands them to the customer.
- the secondary receipt may be printed with/without the payment information and is provided to the customer for his records.
- the ECC Agreement slip is retained by the retailer and handled for cash balancing similarly to a charge card slip.
- An electronic request for funds is generated and transmitted electronically to the settlement network as shown at block 228.
- the signed printed receipt with the ACH agreement is placed in the cashier drawer and accounted for just like a check. The only difference is that the receipt does not have to be deposited into a local bank.
- the signed ACH agreement is retained by the merchant and used if the payment "bounces".
- the MICR number and transaction amount is transmitted to the bank electronically and no paper is sent through the clearing process.
- the system and method for the electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale incorporates the benefits of electronic check conversion while utilizing existing check processing methods and systems.
- An optical scanner or a keyboard is utilized to enter a total value for a transaction.
- a negotiable instrument is presented by a purchaser as tender for a point-of-sale.
- a check reader scans a first indicia from the negotiable instrument and sends the scanned indicia to a verification system to determine whether or not the instrument is acceptable for ECC. If the instrument is acceptable, the point-of-sale terminal transmits an amount to an electronic settlement network to complete the debiting of the purchaser's account. Then, the point-of-sale terminal prints an agreement for execution by the purchaser, which authorizes the electronic check conversion and the completion of the transaction. Finally, the negotiable instrument is voided and returned to the purchaser as proof of the transaction.
- the process does not require large image files to be transmitted from the printer to the verification system and then to be stored by the host computer.
- the paper ACH agreements may be easily stored similarly to the way journal tapes are stored and actual checks do not have to be deposited with the retailer's bank.
- the electronic clearing process is much less expensive than the paper clearing process.
- the disclosed process is faster/more efficient than the normal ACH process that prints the ACH agreement on the check because the customer can sign the receipt agreement while the check is being voided (otherwise, the time to sign the check adds to the total check-out time) and also because the customer does not have to manually write the contact information.
- the invention thus accomplishes several goals in its implementation of ECC.
- POS register peripheral devices (2) Easily understandable process for customers; (3) Easily understandable process for retailer's store associates (including checkers, cash office, and others); (4) Fits retailer's existing store operations (e.g. cash drawer balancing operations, etc.); (5) Implementable on all existing retailer POS register configurations (e.g., 4683 loop to 4694 Ethernet); (6) Minimize the requirement for equipment upgrades (register, controller, DASD, etc.); (7) Supports migration to "SafeCheck” type solution if industry bypasses "ECC”; and (8) Allow eventual implementation of signature capture/slip elimination at the POS.
- the invention provides more efficient check processing by retrieving the contact information from the check and the customer not having to write that information off as in current art. Further, the invention rninimizes performance issues, system memory size and communication issues because there is no requirement to transmit and store image files, which are typically large. The current store balancing and financial processes are retained, but made easier since no forwarding of checks to the retailer's bank is required.
- EEPROMs Electrically Programmable Read Only Memories
- recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives and CD- ROMs
- transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003560775A JP4542780B2 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-05-20 | System and method for electronic check conversion at point-of-sale terminals |
CA002470254A CA2470254C (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-05-20 | System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal |
KR1020047001359A KR100702426B1 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-05-20 | System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal |
AU2002315030A AU2002315030A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-05-20 | System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal |
EP02741963A EP1476822A4 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-05-20 | System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/038,033 | 2002-01-02 | ||
US10/038,033 US6644546B2 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-01-02 | System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003060749A1 true WO2003060749A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
Family
ID=21897727
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/018361 WO2003060749A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2002-05-20 | System and method for electronic check conversion at a point-of-sale terminal |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6644546B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1476822A4 (en) |
JP (2) | JP4542780B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100702426B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1650289A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002315030A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2470254C (en) |
TW (1) | TWI232393B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003060749A1 (en) |
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US11301824B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2022-04-12 | The Clearing House Payments Company LLC | Electronic payment clearing and check image exchange systems and methods |
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US11816666B2 (en) | 2014-10-29 | 2023-11-14 | The Clearing House Payments Company L.L.C. | Secure payment processing |
US11042882B2 (en) | 2015-07-01 | 2021-06-22 | The Clearing House Payments Company, L.L.C. | Real-time payment system, method, apparatus, and computer program |
US11694168B2 (en) | 2015-07-01 | 2023-07-04 | The Clearing House Payments Company L.L.C. | Real-time payment system, method, apparatus, and computer program |
US11436577B2 (en) | 2018-05-03 | 2022-09-06 | The Clearing House Payments Company L.L.C. | Bill pay service with federated directory model support |
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EP1476822A4 (en) | 2008-01-16 |
AU2002315030A1 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
JP2005534085A (en) | 2005-11-10 |
CA2470254A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
KR100702426B1 (en) | 2007-04-04 |
TW200307876A (en) | 2003-12-16 |
US6644546B2 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
EP1476822A1 (en) | 2004-11-17 |
US20030121966A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
JP2008181560A (en) | 2008-08-07 |
CA2470254C (en) | 2008-02-05 |
JP4542780B2 (en) | 2010-09-15 |
TWI232393B (en) | 2005-05-11 |
CN1650289A (en) | 2005-08-03 |
KR20040068536A (en) | 2004-07-31 |
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