WO2004046286A1 - Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters - Google Patents

Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004046286A1
WO2004046286A1 PCT/US2003/036241 US0336241W WO2004046286A1 WO 2004046286 A1 WO2004046286 A1 WO 2004046286A1 US 0336241 W US0336241 W US 0336241W WO 2004046286 A1 WO2004046286 A1 WO 2004046286A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel component
fatty acid
candle
component comprises
ester
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2003/036241
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
John Schroeder
Irene Shapiro
Jeffrey Nelson
Original Assignee
Stepan Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stepan Company filed Critical Stepan Company
Priority to EP03789750A priority Critical patent/EP1567625A4/en
Priority to AU2003294268A priority patent/AU2003294268A1/en
Publication of WO2004046286A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004046286A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C5/00—Candles
    • C11C5/002—Ingredients

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to candles and more specifically to mixtures of components that provide candles having enhanced performance . Description of the Related Art
  • Candle mixtures derived from natural fats, oils and waxes have been known for centuries.
  • candle formulations based on glycerides, e.g. stearin or fatty acids, e.g. stear ⁇ c acid, ' were very popular ' before the advent of petroleum.
  • fossile fuel-derived materials have become more popular, and hydrocarbons from petroleum sources are now the primary starting materials for combustion mixtures used to manufacture candles, liquid candles or lamps. This shift away from natural to petroleum-based materials is almost complete.
  • petroleum derivatives had a superior performance, e.g. as regards quality of burn (minimal sooting, odor, whiteness of light, etc.) and tended to be lower in cost.
  • the invention provides candles made using traditional fuel materials such as petroleum-derived paraffins and/or carboxylic fatty acids, e.g. stearic acid, with lower alkyl esters of fatty acids of general formula R 1 -C (0) -O-R 2 wherein R 1 is C ⁇ 2 -C 28 alkyl and R 2 is C 1 -C3 alkyl.
  • burn performance these candle mixtures perform generally equal or better than that of paraffin based burning application and are also obtained from naturally occurring and renewable sources. Similar improvements in performance were found when these- e-s-ters were added- t ⁇ a-t-ty acid candle mixtures. In addition, these mixtures are more malleable, less prone to cracking and easier to sculpt than mixtures based on fatty acids alone.
  • the invention relates to candle mixtures comprising naturally occurring fatty acid esters, and in particular fatty acid methyl esters as the primary fuel source or as a partial source replacing petroleum-derived fuels such as paraffins or white oils.
  • fatty acid esters provide superior burning performance compared to other natural materials such as natural triglycerides and can be also used in candle mixtures comprising fatty acids.
  • the invention provides a solid candle comprising a fuel component that can be petroleum derived paraffin, naturally occurring fatty acids and triglycerides thereof, and from about 25-90 percent in weight of C!-C 3 alkyl esters of C ⁇ 2 -C 2 8 fatty acids and mixtures thereof as combustion enhancers disposed within the fuel component.
  • a solid candle wherein the fuel component is 100% esters is also provided.
  • Lower alkyl esters, and in particular methyl esters are highly oxygenated species .
  • a methyl ester of a saturated C ⁇ 6 carbon chain fatty acid has two oxygen for seventeen carbon atoms or 11.8% by weight in oxygen. This high level of oxygenation yields a fuel source with excellent burn. It was also discovered that this high level of oxygenation results in low sooting combined with a good quality of light.
  • mixtures of these esters and long chain carboxylic acids had an excellent burn performance and improved physical properties over candle mixtures based on long chain carboxylic acids alone.
  • combinations of said acids and esters with paraffin wax also yielded -superior candle mixtures with enhanced combustion.
  • the term "burn rate" defines the velocity of combustion of a lit candle.
  • the burn rate of a candle such as: the type and size of the wick; the type of material used as a fuel source; minor components (fragrances, dyes, etc.); the shape and size of the candle itself; and whether a candle is in a container or free standing. Additional factors like the ambient temperature, the absence or presence of drafts, the velocity of airflow and the humidity of the atmosphere can also affect the burn rate .
  • the fatty acid esters methyl esters that are saturated and C ⁇ 6 or greater in length are preferred. Said esters are solid at room temperature and handle similarly to paraffin, readily incorporating into solid candle mixtures. C 12 to C 1 5 and unsaturated esters may also be used, but this will generally result in a softening of the candle. In general, solid esters are preferred for the manufacture of solid candles. In this process, the candle material has to be melted in order to incorporate esters in the mixture.
  • a -solid, candle- comprising, a- fuel component, .from about 25% to about 90% in weight of a C ⁇ -C 3 ester of a C ⁇ 2 -C 28 fatty acid, and a wick.
  • Paraffin is a preferred fuel component
  • the ester is preferably a methyl ester of a saturated C ⁇ 6 -C ⁇ 8 fatty acid.
  • Candle mixtures of this type had low sooting and an excellent quality of light, and, as seen in Example 1, higher methyl ester levels resulted in higher burn rates.
  • the fuel component comprises C ⁇ 2 -C 2 8 fatty acids and/or triglycerides thereof, preferably stearic acid, and the ester is preferably a methyl ester of a saturated C ⁇ 6 -C ⁇ 8 fatty acid.
  • the ester is preferably a methyl ester of a saturated C ⁇ 6 -C ⁇ 8 fatty acid.
  • Another embodiment of the ' invention provides an improved solid candle wherein the improvement comprises a C 1 -C 3 alkyl ester of a C ⁇ 2 -C 28 fatty acid or a mixture thereof within the fuel component.
  • the ester preferably a methyl ester of a C12-Q28 f at ty acid, and most preferably a Cis-Ci ⁇ fatty acid, can be from about 25 to 100% of the total weight of the candle.
  • the fuel component may also -comprise paraffin, or C ⁇ 2 -C 28 fatty acids, or a mixture thereof.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides an improved method of generating light and heat from a solid candle having a wick in contact with a fuel component, wherein the improvement comprises from about 25% to about 90% percent by weight of the candle of a C 1 -C3 alkyl ester of a C 12 -C 28 fatty acid or mixture thereof provided within the fuel component.
  • the alkyl ester is more preferably a methyl ester of a C ⁇ 2 -C 22 fatty acid, and most preferably of a Cie-Ci s fatty acid.
  • the fuel component may also comprise paraffin, or C ⁇ 2 -C 2 8 fatty acids, or mixtures thereof. More preferably, the fatty acid is stearic acid.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides an improved method for manufacturing solid candles having a wick in contact with a fuel component.
  • the method includes allowing a liquid fluid component in contact with a wick to solidify in a mold, and the improvement comprises adding to the fuel component prior to allowing it to solidify from about 25-90 percent by weight of the candle of a C 1 -C 3 alkyl ester of a C ⁇ 2 -C 28 fatty acid or . a mixture thereof.
  • the ester is a methyl ester of a C12-C22 fatty acid, and most preferably of a C ⁇ 6 -C ⁇ 8 fatty acid.
  • the fuel component preferably comprises paraffin and/or C ⁇ 2 -C 2 8 fatty acids, most preferably stearic acid.
  • Fatty Acid 100 70 60 50 40 (C18 hydrogenated fatty acid) C16/C18 0 30 40 ' 50 . 60 100
  • the method of the present invention is useful in reducing the amount of petroleum hydrocarbon fuel used in burning applications such as candles and liquid candles or lamps. Since the esters described in this method are bio-renewable, the use of the method of the present invention may reduce future dependence on precious and dwindling petroleum resources .

Abstract

Combustible mixtures for burning applications, such as candles and liquid candles or lamps, comprising low-weight alkyl esters of fatty acids, and preferably methyl esters, as combustion enhancers are disclosed. These esters constitute a natural, renewable alternative to petroleum-derived fuels. The invention is based on the discovery that alkyl esters mixed with paraffin-based or carboxylic acid-based candle fuels yield combustible mixtures with enhanced combustion performance.

Description

Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters
Background of the Invention Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to candles and more specifically to mixtures of components that provide candles having enhanced performance . Description of the Related Art
Candle mixtures derived from natural fats, oils and waxes have been known for centuries. For example, candle formulations based on glycerides, e.g. stearin or fatty acids, e.g. stearϊc acid,' were very popular' before the advent of petroleum. In the last hundred plus years, however, fossile fuel-derived materials have become more popular, and hydrocarbons from petroleum sources are now the primary starting materials for combustion mixtures used to manufacture candles, liquid candles or lamps. This shift away from natural to petroleum-based materials is almost complete. The reason for this change was two fold: petroleum derivatives had a superior performance, e.g. as regards quality of burn (minimal sooting, odor, whiteness of light, etc.) and tended to be lower in cost. Thus solid and liquid paraffin and other petrochemical materials dominate the burning application market today. It is only within the last decade or two that concerns about the long-term availability and the rising cost of petroleum-based materials have become an issue. The knowledge that the world petroleum supply is finite has spurred research aimed at developing natural, low-cost alternatives.
Environmental concerns have also played a part in the search for natural petroleum alternatives. However, given the performance of previously known natural materials, there has been little driving force to use natural or oleo- chemical methods. Amongst the naturally occurring, renewable sources of combustible materials, esters of fatty acids, and iir particular - methyl -esters, are prime eand-idates as petroleum substitutes.
Several patents disclose fuel mixtures containing methyl esters, not as fuel sources but as adjuncts in gel type candles. These patents include U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,055, U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,102, U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,144, U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,194, U.S. Pat. No.5, 578,089, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,705. Several of these patents cite U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,705, wherein the use of methyl esters to achieve hardness in a gel or clear gel type candle is disclosed. U. S. Pat. No. 6,111,055 discloses low polarity liquid solvents in gel type candles, with a preference for petroleum-derived low polarity mineral oils. Fatty acid esters are' also mentioned as another class of suitable low polarity solvents.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides candles made using traditional fuel materials such as petroleum-derived paraffins and/or carboxylic fatty acids, e.g. stearic acid, with lower alkyl esters of fatty acids of general formula R1-C (0) -O-R2 wherein R1 is Cι2-C28 alkyl and R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. In terms of "burn performance", these candle mixtures perform generally equal or better than that of paraffin based burning application and are also obtained from naturally occurring and renewable sources. Similar improvements in performance were found when these- e-s-ters were added- tø a-t-ty acid candle mixtures. In addition, these mixtures are more malleable, less prone to cracking and easier to sculpt than mixtures based on fatty acids alone.
Thus, the invention relates to candle mixtures comprising naturally occurring fatty acid esters, and in particular fatty acid methyl esters as the primary fuel source or as a partial source replacing petroleum-derived fuels such as paraffins or white oils. These esters provide superior burning performance compared to other natural materials such as natural triglycerides and can be also used in candle mixtures comprising fatty acids.
In a general embodiment, the invention provides a solid candle comprising a fuel component that can be petroleum derived paraffin, naturally occurring fatty acids and triglycerides thereof, and from about 25-90 percent in weight of C!-C3 alkyl esters of Cι2-C28 fatty acids and mixtures thereof as combustion enhancers disposed within the fuel component. A solid candle wherein the fuel component is 100% esters is also provided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1. Burn rate performance (g/min) of candles manufactured with candle mixtures containing 140 deg F meltpoint "paraffin and C16-C18 hydrogenated methyl esters.
Figure 2. Burn rate performance (g/min) of candles manufactured with candle mixtures containing C18 (stearic) fatty acid and C16-C18 hydrogenated methyl esters.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION 01? THE INVENTION
Lower alkyl esters, and in particular methyl esters are highly oxygenated species . A methyl ester of a saturated Cι6 carbon chain fatty acid has two oxygen for seventeen carbon atoms or 11.8% by weight in oxygen. This high level of oxygenation yields a fuel source with excellent burn. It was also discovered that this high level of oxygenation results in low sooting combined with a good quality of light. Moreover, mixtures of these esters and long chain carboxylic acids had an excellent burn performance and improved physical properties over candle mixtures based on long chain carboxylic acids alone. In addition, combinations of said acids and esters with paraffin wax also yielded -superior candle mixtures with enhanced combustion. The term "burn rate" defines the velocity of combustion of a lit candle. Many factors affect the burn rate of a candle, such as: the type and size of the wick; the type of material used as a fuel source; minor components (fragrances, dyes, etc.); the shape and size of the candle itself; and whether a candle is in a container or free standing. Additional factors like the ambient temperature, the absence or presence of drafts, the velocity of airflow and the humidity of the atmosphere can also affect the burn rate . Among the fatty acid esters, methyl esters that are saturated and Cχ6 or greater in length are preferred. Said esters are solid at room temperature and handle similarly to paraffin, readily incorporating into solid candle mixtures. C12 to C15 and unsaturated esters may also be used, but this will generally result in a softening of the candle. In general, solid esters are preferred for the manufacture of solid candles. In this process, the candle material has to be melted in order to incorporate esters in the mixture.
Accordingly, in a general embodiment of the invention, a -solid, candle- is provided comprising, a- fuel component, .from about 25% to about 90% in weight of a Cχ-C3 ester of a Cι2-C28 fatty acid, and a wick. Paraffin is a preferred fuel component, and the ester is preferably a methyl ester of a saturated Cι6-Cι8 fatty acid. Candle mixtures of this type had low sooting and an excellent quality of light, and, as seen in Example 1, higher methyl ester levels resulted in higher burn rates.
In another preferred embodiment the fuel component comprises Cι2-C28 fatty acids and/or triglycerides thereof, preferably stearic acid, and the ester is preferably a methyl ester of a saturated Cι6-Cι8 fatty acid. As seen in Example 2, generally uniform burn rates were achieved with mixtures of this type, together with unexpected improvements in the physical properties of the candles. Long chain fatty acids of this type are often very hard in a candle form. This renders the material prone to cracking, breakage, shrinkage," and difficulty in carving/finishing. The addition of esters to the mixture ameliorated or eliminated this problem.
Another embodiment of the' invention provides an improved solid candle wherein the improvement comprises a C1-C3 alkyl ester of a Cι2-C28 fatty acid or a mixture thereof within the fuel component. The ester, preferably a methyl ester of a C12-Q28 fatty acid, and most preferably a Cis-Ciβ fatty acid, can be from about 25 to 100% of the total weight of the candle. The fuel component may also -comprise paraffin, or Cι2-C28 fatty acids, or a mixture thereof.
Another embodiment of the invention provides an improved method of generating light and heat from a solid candle having a wick in contact with a fuel component, wherein the improvement comprises from about 25% to about 90% percent by weight of the candle of a C1-C3 alkyl ester of a C12-C28 fatty acid or mixture thereof provided within the fuel component. The alkyl ester is more preferably a methyl ester of a Cι2-C22 fatty acid, and most preferably of a Cie-Cis fatty acid. The fuel component may also comprise paraffin, or Cι2-C28 fatty acids, or mixtures thereof. More preferably, the fatty acid is stearic acid.
Another embodiment of the invention provides an improved method for manufacturing solid candles having a wick in contact with a fuel component. The method includes allowing a liquid fluid component in contact with a wick to solidify in a mold, and the improvement comprises adding to the fuel component prior to allowing it to solidify from about 25-90 percent by weight of the candle of a C1-C3 alkyl ester of a Cι2-C28 fatty acid or . a mixture thereof. Preferably, the ester is a methyl ester of a C12-C22 fatty acid, and most preferably of a Cι6-Cι8 fatty acid. The fuel component preferably comprises paraffin and/or Cι2-C28 fatty acids, most preferably stearic acid.
EXAMPLE 1
Hydrogenated Methyl Ester in a Solid Paraffin Candle
The following formulations were prepared (with the 140 deg.
F paraffin being the temperature that the paraffin melts at) :
Components Percent by Weight
140 deg Paraffin 100 90 80 60 40 20 0
C16/18 Methyl Ester 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 The following were weighed into a glass container/jar at 130 grams and had a commercially available braided wick in then center. Candles were allowed to harden over night and then burned at "room temperature and weighed at hour intervals.
Graph of the burn rate data generated from the above formulations
Burn Rate 140 deg. F Meltpoint Paraffin with C16-18 Hydrogenated
ME
Figure imgf000012_0001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Methyl Ester
All formulations gave: a full wax pool after 2 hours of burn; a uniform flame with no sooting noted at any % methyl ester; and a bright white flame. EXAMPLE 2 '
Hydrogenated Methyl Ester in a Solid Candle with Fatty Acid
Component *"' Percent Weight
Fatty Acid 100 70 60 50 40 (C18 hydrogenated fatty acid) C16/C18 0 30 40 ' 50 . 60 100
(hydrogenated methyl ester)
Burn Rate as % Ester in C18 Fatty Acid
Figure imgf000013_0001
0 20 40 60 80 100
% C16-18 Methyl Ester
The method of the present invention is useful in reducing the amount of petroleum hydrocarbon fuel used in burning applications such as candles and liquid candles or lamps. Since the esters described in this method are bio-renewable, the use of the method of the present invention may reduce future dependence on precious and dwindling petroleum resources .

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A solid candle comprising (a) a fuel component;
(b") from about 25-90 percent based on the weight of the candle of a combustion enhancer disposed within the fuel component, the combustion enhancer being selected from C.1.-C3 alkyl esters of C12-C28 fatty acids and mixtures thereof; and
(c) a wick in contact with the fuel component.
2. A solid candle according to claim 1, wherein the fuel component comprises paraffin.
3. A solid candle according to claim 1, wherein the fuel component comprises Cι2-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof .
4. A solid candle according to claim 3, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
5. A' solid candle according to claim 1, wherein the fuel component comprises a mixture of paraffin and Cι2-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof.
6. A solid candle according to claim 5, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
7. A solid candle according to claim 1, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 50 to 90 percent by weight of the combustion enhancer.
8. A solid candle according to claim 7, wherein the combustion enhancer is a methyl ester of a C12-C22 fatty acid.
9. A solid candle according to claim 1, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 25-50 percent by weight of the combustion enhancer.
10. A solid candle according to claim 9, wherein the combustion enhancer is a methyl ester of a C12-C22 fatty acid.
11. In a solid candle of a type having a wick in contact with a fuel component, the improvement comprising 25-100 by weight of the candle of a Cι-C3 alkyl ester of a Ci2-C28 fatty acid or a mixture thereof within the fuel component .
12. A solid candle according to claim 11, wherein the fuel component comprises paraffin.
13. A solid candle according to claim 11, wherein the fuel component comprises Cι2-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof .
14. A solid candle according to claim 13, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
15. A solid candle according to claim 11, wherein the fuel component comprises a mixture of paraffin and Cι-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof.
16. A solid candle according to claim 15, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
17. A solid candle according to claim 11, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 50 to 90 percent by weight of the alkyl ester.
18. A solid candle according to claim 17, wherein the ester is a methyl ester of a Cι2-C22 fatty acid.
19. A solid candle according to claim 11, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 25-50 percent by weight of the alkyl ester.
20. A solid candle according to claim 19, wherein the ester is a methyl ester of a Cι2-C22 fatty acid.
21. In a method for generating heat and light from a solid candle having a wick in contact with a fuel component, the Imprgyement comprising from about 25-90 percent by weight of the candle of a C1-C3 alkyl ester of a Cι-C28 fatty acid or mixture thereof provided within the fuel component .
22. A method according to claim 21, wherein the fuel component comprises paraffin.
23. A method according to claim 21, wherein the fuel component comprises Cι2-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof.
24. A method according to claim 23, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
25. A method according to claim 21, wherein the fuel component comprises a mixture of paraffin and Cι2-C2a fatty acids or tryglicerides thereof.
26. A method according to claim 25, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
27. A method according to claim 21, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 50 to 90 percent by weight of the alkyl ester.
28. A method according to claim 27, wherein the ester is a methyl ester of a Cι2-C22 fatty acid.
29. A method according to claim 21, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 25-50 percent by weight of the alkyl ester.
30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the ester is a methyl ester of a C12-C22 fatty acid.
31. In a method for manufacturing solid candles having a wick in contact with a fuel component where the method includes allowing a liquid fluid component in contact with a wick to solidify in a mold, the improvement comprising adding to the fuel component prior to allowing it to solidify from about 25-90 percent by weight of the candle of a C1-C3 alkyl ester of a Cι2-C28 fatty acid or a mixture thereof .
32. A method according to claim 31, wherein the fuel component comprises paraffin.
33. A method according to claim 31, wherein the fuel component comprises Cι2-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof .
34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
35. A method according to claim 31, wherein the fuel component comprises a mixture of paraffin and Cι2-C28 fatty acids or triglycerides thereof .
36. A method according to claim 35, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid.
37. A method according to claim 31, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 50 to 90 percent by weight of the alkyl ester.
38. A method according to claim 37, wherein the ester is a methyl ester of a C12-C22 fatty acid.
39. A method according to claim 31, wherein the fuel component comprises from about 25-50 percent by weight of the alkyl ester.
40. A method according to claim 39, wherein the ester is a methyl ester of a Cι2-C22 fatty acid.
PCT/US2003/036241 2002-11-15 2003-11-13 Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters WO2004046286A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

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EP03789750A EP1567625A4 (en) 2002-11-15 2003-11-13 Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters
AU2003294268A AU2003294268A1 (en) 2002-11-15 2003-11-13 Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US42676202P 2002-11-15 2002-11-15
US60/426,762 2002-11-15

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US10619121B2 (en) 2016-02-26 2020-04-14 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Candle wax composition and method of making
CN111117776A (en) * 2019-12-31 2020-05-08 苏州丰倍生物科技有限公司 Environment-friendly aromatherapy candle and preparation method thereof

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7713314B2 (en) * 2007-04-21 2010-05-11 Allen Jones Biodiesel candle
US10619121B2 (en) 2016-02-26 2020-04-14 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Candle wax composition and method of making
US11021676B2 (en) 2016-02-26 2021-06-01 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Coating compositions for oriented strand boards and associated methods of use
US11370991B2 (en) 2016-02-26 2022-06-28 ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Candle wax composition and method of making
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EP1567625A4 (en) 2006-02-08
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