WO2004073537A2 - Method and apparatus for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004073537A2 WO2004073537A2 PCT/US2004/005174 US2004005174W WO2004073537A2 WO 2004073537 A2 WO2004073537 A2 WO 2004073537A2 US 2004005174 W US2004005174 W US 2004005174W WO 2004073537 A2 WO2004073537 A2 WO 2004073537A2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
- A61B18/203—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser applying laser energy to the outside of the body
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
- A61P17/14—Drugs for dermatological disorders for baldness or alopecia
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00315—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for treatment of particular body parts
- A61B2018/00452—Skin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00315—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for treatment of particular body parts
- A61B2018/00452—Skin
- A61B2018/00476—Hair follicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
Definitions
- the present invention is generally directed to hair treatment methods, and more particulary, to methods and apparatus for treatment and prevention of pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) by utilizing electromagnetic radiation.
- PFB pseudofolliculitis barbae
- Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a chronic papulopustular dermatitis of a bearded area resulting from reentry penetration of the epidermis by a growing hair. PFB occurs more prevalently in persons (males and females) having curly hair. Persons of darker (IV to VI) skin types are also particularly susceptible to this condition. Epidemiological studies (PK Perry et al. J. Am. Acad. DermatoL, 46:S113-S119, 2002) give estimates of incidence between 45% and 83% for black patients.
- Pathogenesis of PFB is determined by a person's hair structure.
- the curved pattern of the hair growth is the principal characteristic that initiates the process.
- the hair emerges from the skin surface and turns in the direction of the epidermis.
- the growth continues in a direction as if to complete a full circle (i.e., extrafollicular penetration), resulting in the hair penetrating into the skin.
- a foreign-body-type inflammatory reaction that follows produces a plurality of papules and, in a continuing spectrum, pustules.
- the emerging hair penetrates the wall of the follicle rather than arcing across a portion of skin prior to reentry (i.e., transfollicular penetration).
- Conventional treatment approaches include 1) beard growing; 2) PFB-specific shaving techniques; 3) application of depilatories and topical creams (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,352,690); and 4) electrolysis for treatment of ingrown hairs (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,344).
- the present invention provides a hair treatment method comprising applying electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to a skin treatment area to deposit energy in one or more hair tips in the area so as to modify at least a portion of the hair tips.
- EMR electromagnetic radiation
- the applied radiation can cause heating of the hair tips, which can extend, for example, from about 0.2 mm below the skin surface to about 1 mm above the skin surface, so as to modify their shape, e.g., reduce sharpness of the hair tips.
- Modification of the hair tip can involve heat-induced changes to the shape of the hair tip that make the hair less capable of re-entering the skin (i.e., causing a substantially rounded end of the treated hair tip).
- the applied radiation can treat and/or prevent pseudofolliculitis barbae
- modification of the shape of the hair tips can inhibit extrafollicular and/or transfollicular penetration by the hair tips.
- the applied radiation can cause irreversible thermal damage to any of the cortex and/or cuticle of the hair tips.
- the applied radiation can raise the temperature of the hair tips to a range of about
- a plurality of electromagnetic pulses can be directed to the treatment area so as to apply a fluence in a range of about 0.01 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 to the treatment area.
- the pulses can have pulse widths in a range of about 1 ns to about 5 minute or between about 1 ns to about 1 minute.
- the pulses can have a repetition rate of 0.1 Hz to about 10 MHz.
- the pulses are applied during a treatment session lasting for about 1 ns to about 100 seconds per cm 2 of the treated area.
- the applied radiation includes wavelength components absorbed by melanin in the hair tips.
- the radiation can include wavelength components in a range of about 280 nm to about 100,000 nm, and more preferably in a range of about 360 nm to about 600 nm.
- the hair treatment method can include cooling the epidermis in the treatment area, for example, to enhance selective heating of the hair tips relative to the epidermis.
- the cooling step can be performed at any of prior, during or after application of the radiation to the treatment area and may be used to prevent the epidermal temperature in the treatment from increasing to dangerous or uncomfortable levels, i.e., above 100 °C.
- the method of the present invention can further include applying a topical agent to the skin treatment area, where the topical agent can be photoactivated by the radiation to facilitate modifying the shape of the hair tips.
- the topical agent can include at least one exogenous chromophore, and optionally a vehicle for delivering the exogenous chromophore to the hairs, themselves, or to the pilosebaceous canal of hairs in the treatment area.
- the exogenous chromophore can be selected to have an absorption spectrum that at least partially matches the wavelength of the applied radiation so as to facilitate heating of the hair tips.
- the hair treatment method can include depilating the treatment area.
- Depilation can be performed by shaving, clipping, applying a depilatory cream, applying additional electromagnetic radiation, or any other suitable technique.
- the depilating step which can remove portions of the hair tips protruding above the skin surface, can be performed by applying a plurality of electromagnetic pulses to the treatment area, either before or after applying the treatment pulses of electromagnetic radiation, or substantially simultaneously with applying the treatment pulses of electromagnetic radiation.
- the hair treatment method can also include stretching the skin treatment area before or during treatment.
- the method may also include lifting the skin treatment area so that the hair tips are more accessible to the applied radiation.
- the hair tips themselves can be lifted so as to bring them into more direct contact with the applied radiation via any suitable mechanism, such as mechanical, vacuum, or electrostatic mechanisms.
- the present invention also provides a method of treating hair by applying electromagnetic radiation to a skin treatment area for heating one or more hair shafts in the treatment area to a temperature sufficiently elevated so as to modify the hair shafts.
- the modification of the hair shafts can cause decreased curling of the hair shafts (i.e., substantial straightening of the hair shafts).
- the modification may also include increasing the softness of the hair shafts, changing the diameter or shape of the hair, increasing the tensile strength of the hair, and/or increasing the elasticity of the hair.
- the elevated temperature can be, for example, in a range of about 50 °C to about 300 °C.
- the radiation can also cause a change in a tensile strength of the hair shafts.
- the change in the tensile strength can be in a range of about 1 to about 200 MPa of breaking stress.
- the radiation can provide sufficient modification of the hair shafts (i.e., reduction in the curling of the hair shafts) so as to treat, prevent or reduce pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) in the treatment area.
- the applied electromagnetic radiation can be delivered to the skin treatment area via a plurality of electromagnetic pulses having wavelength components in a range of about 380 nm to about 2700 nm, preferably about 600 to about 1400 nm, or about 800 to about 1350 nm.
- the epidermis in the treatment area can be cooled prior to, during and/or after treatment.
- hairs in the treatment area can be substantially straightened prior to application of the electromagnetic radiation and/or a topical agent capable of photoactivation by the radiation can be applied to the treatment area to facilitate softening and/or straightening of the hair shafts.
- the present invention provides a method of controlling hair growth by applying electromagnetic radiation having wavelength components in a range of about 1200 to about 1400 nm to one or more hair follicles in a skin treatment area so as to modulate hair growth.
- the applied radiation can cause a deceleration and/or cessation of hair growth.
- the applied radiation can cause stimulation of hair growth.
- the treatment area can be exposed to a plurality of electromagnetic pulses having pulse widths in a range of about 1 ns to about 1 minute to deliver radiation with a fluence in a range of about 0.1 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 to the treatment area.
- the duration and fluence of the applied radiation can be selected so as to cause heating of at least a portion of the hairs to a temperature greater than about
- the epidermis in the treatment area can be optionally cooled.
- a topical agent that is capable of photoactivation by the radiation can also be applied to the treatment area to facilitate modulating hair growth.
- the present invention provides a method of treating hair that includes irradiating a plurality of hair follicles with radiation of a wavelength, and fluence suitable for causing the hair matrix to generate modified hair.
- the radiation can cause the hair matrix to effect growth of less curly, thinner and/or softer hair by heating the hair bulb, keratogenous zone or bulbar of the hair follicles.
- the modified hair can exhibit a change in a tensile strength in a range of about 1 to about 200 MPa of breaking stress relative to that of a pre-treatment hair.
- the thinner hair can exhibit a reduction in diameter in a range of about 1 to about 60 ⁇ m relative to that of a pre-treatment hair.
- the radiation can be delivered to the treatment area via a plurality of electromagnetic pulses having wavelength components in a range of about 380 nm to about 2700 nm, more preferably about 600 to about 1400 nm and having pulse widths, e.g., in a range of about 1 ns to about 1 minute, so as to expose the treatment area to a fluence in a range of about 0.1 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 , or more preferably a fluence in a range of about 5 to about 50 J/cm 2 .
- the invention provides an apparatus for treating a skin treatment area that includes a radiation source for applying one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to the skin treatment area to deposit energy in one or more hair tips so as to modify (i.e., change the shape, alter the tensile strength or texture, soften, straighten) at least a portion of the hair tips and a depilating mechanism for depilating at least a portion of the skin treatment area.
- the depilating mechanism can include implements for shaving, applying a depilatory cream, applying additional electromagnetic radiation, or any hair removing mechanism known in the art.
- the radiation source can generate electromagnetic pulses having wavelength components in a range of about 300 nm to about 1900 nm.
- the apparatus can also include a cooling mechanism for cooling epidermis in the treatment area before, during and/or after treatment.
- the apparatus can also have a sensor for sensing removal of the hair tips protruding above the skin surface and/or a lifting mechanism for enhancing capture of the hair tips by the cutting mechanism.
- the lifting mechanism can be mechanical and/or electrostatic.
- the present invention also provides an apparatus for controlling hair growth, comprising a radiation source for applying electromagnetic radiation having wavelength components in a range of about 1200 to about 1400 nm to one or more hair follicles in a skin treatment area so as to modulate hair growth.
- the invention provides an apparatus for modifying a shape of a least a portion of a hair tip, comprising at least a radiation source generating radiation pulses having wavelengths in a range of about 280 nm to about 100,000 nm and pulse widths in a range of about 1 nsec to about 5 minutes to illuminate a skin treatment area with a fluence in a range of about 0.01 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 so as to modify shapes of at least some hair tips in the treatment area.
- the invention also provides an apparatus for reducing curliness of hair shafts, comprising one or more radiation sources generating radiation pulses having wavelengths in a range of about 380 nm to about 2700 nm and pulse widths in a range of about 1 nsec to about 1 minute for illuminating a skin treatment area with a fluence in a range of about 0.1 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 so as to reduce curliness of at least some hair shafts in the treatment area.
- the invention provides an apparatus for controlling hair growth, comprising at least one radiation source generating electromagnetic radiation having wavelength components in a range of about 1200 to about 1400 nm for application to one or more hair follicles in a skin treatment area so as to modulate hair growth, wherein the radiation source can be any of an LED, a laser, diode, a filtered arc lamp or a filtered halogen lamp.
- the apparatuses described in this invention can also include a mechanism for removing portions of the hair tips protruding above the skin surface.
- the apparatus can include a positioning mechanism for positioning the hair for treatment.
- the positioning mechanism can be a mechanical, electrostatic, and/or vacuum source capable of moving a portion of the hair so that the hair can optimally receive the applied radiation.
- the invention provides an apparatus for modifying elasticity of hair shafts comprising one or more radiation sources generating radiation pulses having wavelengths in a range of about 600 to about 1400 nm and pulse widths in a range of about 1 nsec to about 1 minute for illuminating a skin treatment area with a fluence in a range of about 0.1 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 so as to modify elasticity of at least some hair shafts in the treatment area.
- the invention provides a dermatological system comprising an applicator having a head portion adapted for scanning over a skin treatment area and incorporating at least one radiation source, a tracker coupled to the head portion for generating signals indicative of positions of the head portion during a scan, and a controller coupled to the tracker and the radiation source, the controller periodically activating the radiation source based on position signals received from the tracker.
- the controller determines a distance traversed by the head portion since a previous activation of the radiation source based on the position signals.
- the controller activates the source when the traversed distance exceeds a threshold.
- FIGURE 1A is a picture of a hair tip before EMR treatment
- FIGURE IB is a picture of the hair tip after EMR treatment
- FIGURE 2 is a graph illustrating the results of EMR treatment for skin type VI;
- FIGURE 3 A is a photograph of a section of a person's leg before treatment
- FIGURE 3B is a photograph of the section of a person's leg 3 months after treatment showing changes in the hair shafts;
- FIGURE 4 is an absorption spectrum of melanin between 1000 nm and 1400 nm;
- FIGURE 5 is a graph comparing the change in temperature of the hair tip and the basal layer of skin following irradiation at various wavelengths
- FIGURE 6A is a graph of the transmittance of skin from the skin surface to the hair bulb as a function of wavelength for skin with the waveguide effect in a light hair (1); skin with the waveguide effect in a dark hair (2); and skin without the waveguide effect (3).
- FIGURE 6B is a graph of the ratio of the temperature raise at the hair matrix to that of the basal layer of the epidermis ("safety ratio") accounting for the waveguide effect as a function of wavelength for light hair (1), and for dark hair (2).
- FIGURE 7A is a schematic illustration of a "stamping" mode of delivering electromagnetic radiation to a skin treatment area
- FIGURE 7B is a schematic illustration of a "scanning" mode of delivering electromagnetic radiation to a skin treatment area
- FIGURE 7C is schematic illustration of a "matrix" mode of delivering electromagnetic radiation to a skin treatment area
- FIGURE 8 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of the present invention which utilizes a pulsed source of EMR in the scanning mode
- FIGURE 9 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present invention in which firing of a new EMR pulse is initiated based on a predefined triggering condition
- FIGURE 10 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present invention in which a plurality of EMR sources are organized in a linear array in a handpiece;
- FIGURE 11 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present invention in which the EMR sources are positioned in a rotating drum;
- FIGURE 12 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present invention in which additional implements are included in the apparatus;
- FIGURE 13 is a schematic illustration of the experimental set-up used in Example 1;
- FIGURE 14A is a graph of the temperature profile of hairs in air following EMR treatment at 1060 nm;
- FIGURE 14A is a graph of the temperature profile of hairs in air following EMR treatment at 1208 nm.
- FIGURE 15 is a graph of the ratio of melanin to water absorption as a function of wavelength.
- the present invention discloses methods of modifying the hair shaft that directly address the cause of PFB, i.e. the hair curliness and the sharp end of the hair resulting from hair plucking and/or shaving. These potential hair shaft modification solutions can advantageously result in a simple inexpensive PFB cure.
- hair shaft modification can be achieved through at least one of the following methods: 1) thermo-induced changes in the structure of the shaft to modify the tensile properties of the hair in such a way that its tendency to curl decreases, 2) thermo- induced shrinkage of the hair shaft to reduce traction between the companion layer and the outer root sheath (ORS), which facilitates shedding of the hair, 3) thermo-induced changes in the companion layer reduce traction between the companion layer and the ORS that, in turn, facilitates shedding of the hair, and 4) thermo-induced changes in the shape (i.e., decreased sharpness) of the hair to decrease the probability of extrafollicular and/or transfollicular penetration.
- thermo-induced changes in the structure of the shaft to modify the tensile properties of the hair in such a way that its tendency to curl decreases
- thermo-induced shrinkage of the hair shaft to reduce traction between the companion layer and the outer root sheath (ORS), which facilitates shedding of the hair
- ORS outer root sheath
- thermo-induced changes in the companion layer
- PFB can be treated or prevented by applying electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to a plurality of hair follicles or parts thereof in a skin treatment area.
- EMR electromagnetic radiation
- a method of treatment of PFB according to the present invention can include a step of examining and identifying portions of skin afflicted with
- PFB is a skin problem exaggerated by the imposition of environmental and appearance constraints placed on individuals having genetically imposed hair or hair follicles features which on shaving, provide the causal factors of PFB.
- PFB is not a true folliculitis, in that a pathogenic microorganism is not involved in its etiology. Rather, the basis of its etiology is a foreign-body-type inflammatory response.
- EMR electromagnetic radiation
- hair tip is known in the art, and as used herein generally refers to a portion of the hair that extends from below the skin surface in proximity of the surface to above the skin surface.
- a hair tip can refer to the portion of the hair shaft extending from a depth of about 0.2 mm below the skin surface to about 1.0 mm above the skin surface.
- the hair tips are selectively heated to cause temporary or irreversible thermal damage or modification to the cortex and/or cuticle of a hair tip, such that the tip assumes a modified shape. Modification of the hair tip involves heat-induced changes to the shape of the hair tip that make the hair less capable of re-entering.
- the modified shape can be preferably less sharp, e.g., more rounded, than the unmodified hair tip.
- FIGURE 1A and FIGURE IB provide a comparison, respectively, of a hair tip before a treatment according to the teachings of the invention with a hair tip having a more rounded tip caused by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in accordance with the teachings of the invention, as described in more detail below.
- the modulation of the hair tip shape can be performed following or simultaneously with depilating the skin treatment area.
- EMR is projected onto the hair tip such that the hair tip reaches a temperature in a range of about 50 °C to about 300 °C. In some embodiments, it is preferable that the temperature of the hair tip exceeds about 100 °C. In other embodiments, it is preferable that the temperature of the hair tip exceeds about 200 °C.
- a modification to a hair tip according to this aspect of the invention can be achieved by utilizing EMR having a wavelength longer than about 280 nm.
- the wavelength is in a range of about 280 to about 100,000 nm, more preferably in a range of about 280 to about 1400, and most preferably in the range of about 380 to about 600 nm.
- Wavelengths absorbed by melanin and/or water in the hair can be targeted for heating. Heating of hair tips can be achieved selectively so that the underlying skin remains undamaged. This selectivity results from the differences in the heat dissipation characteristics of the hair tips and the skin.
- the epidermis also includes areas of melanin, it is mostly in the basal membrane which is located deeper in the skin and has higher thermal contact with surrounded tissue, thereby the EMR is attenuated by the upper layers of the epidermis before reaching the basal membrane and providing substantial heat dissipation relative to the hair tip.
- heat from skin tissue can be removed much more efficiently than heat from a hair tip, due to high thermal conductivity of the surrounding tissues.
- the heat dissipation limits the temperature of the epidermis to below that of the hair tip.
- the skin surface may be cleaned before treatment, to remove any thermal conductive material from the tip and/or surrounding areas, thereby enhancing the selective heating of the tip versus skin.
- skin surface can be cooled to further ensure heat dissipation from the epidermis.
- cooled or room-temperature air can be used as a cooling agent.
- the air flow is used to dry the hair and, thus, decrease the heat flux from the hair tip.
- room-temperature or heated air can be supplied to the treatment area before, during, and/or after treatment.
- FIGURE 5 is a graph comparing the change in temperature of the hair tip and epidermis following irradiation at various wavelengths.
- the most effective wavelengths for selective heating of hair tips are in UV and violet spectrum.
- Typical parameters for this treatment include wavelengths in the range of about 280 to about 100,000 nm, preferably in a range 360-600 nm to limit the penetration of the light into the basal layer of skin, a fluence in a range of about 0.01 J/cm 2 to 1000 J/cm 2 , and more preferably in a range of about 0.5 to about 50 J/cm 2 .
- the electromagnetic energy is applied to the treatment area by exposure of the area to a plurality of electromagnetic pluses having a suitable wavelength, and pulse widths that are preferably shorter than the thermal relaxation time of the hair tip.
- Thermal relaxation time of the hair tip which can depend on its diameter and dryness of surrounding medium can be in a range of, e.g., 1 ms tolO s. Typically, shorter pulse widths are preferable so that his condition is better fulfilled.
- the particular pulse width, fluence and wavelength selected for a particular application depends on a number of characteristics, including, but not limited to, skin type and hair color. In some embodiments, the pulse width, fluence and wavelength selected for a given patient will typically deliver less EMR than would be necessary to achieve hair growth reduction or hair removal. Generally, pulse widths in a range of about 1 ns to about 5 minutes are employed.
- EMR sources can be used to practice the present invention. Examples include, but are not limited to diode lasers, including quantum-cascade lasers, solid-state lasers, LEDs or other solid-state lightings, an array or matrix of LEDS, arc lamps, halogen lamps, fiber lasers, metal halide lamps, incandescent lamps, RF generators, and microwave generators.
- the EMR source can produce pulsed or continuous radiation.
- application of the EMR may be achieved using any suitable apparatus for delivering EMR according to the parameters described above.
- the device may be structured similarly to a device as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,517,532, U.S. Patent No. 6,508,813, U.S.
- EMR is applied perpendicularly to the skin surface or at various angles. For example, it may be appropriate to apply the light obliquely or at a grazing angle, thus facilitating coupling of EMR into hairs growing at an oblique angle to the skin surface.
- EMR will be applied after depilating the skin treatment area.
- the EMR can be applied after each shave or applied as needed (i.e., following every other shave). Depilating may be achieved by using any suitable mechanism for removing at least a portion of the hair tips protruding above the skin.
- depilating mechanisms include, but are not limited to, shaving, clipping, applying a depilatory cream, and applying additional electromagnetic radiation.
- depilation is achieved through shaving using any suitable apparatus (e.g., a blade or electric razor).
- a blade or electric razor e.g., a blade or electric razor.
- the tip will be located at a depth in a range of 0.2 mm below the skin surface, to 1.0 mm above the surface.
- the skin may be stretched prior to treatment such that the hair tips are more accessible to the applied EMR.
- a means for mechanical or electrostatic capture of the hair tips can be used in order to bring them into an optimal position for treatment.
- the EMR can act also as cutting tool, combining clipping and tip processing in a single pass.
- Air flow which may be heated, cooled, or at room temperature, can be delivered to the skin treatment area to dry hair tips before EMR exposure.
- EMR can be applied at the same time or directly prior to using a straightening implement to align the hair shaft into a straight position after it has been heated and softened by EMR.
- a straightening implement can utilize, for example, mechanical, electrostatic, or chemical action (or combination thereof).
- a topical substance capable of straightening hair can be applied to the skin treatment area before, during or after EMR treatment.
- Various hair straighteners are known in the art (See for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,537,564 and 6,517,822). Most available hair straighteners are either hydroxide based, with, for example, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide as the active ingredient, or ammonium thioglycolate based.
- topically applied chromophores are employed to facilitate treatment by electromagnetic radiation.
- the wavelength of EMR can be optimized in order to at least partially match the absorption spectrum of the chromophore.
- Treatment can also be enhanced by applying the chromophore using a delivery system that provides penetration of the chromophores into the pilosebaceous canal and/or hair shaft.
- the chromophore may be an organic or non-organic dye in combination with a vehicle.
- a topically applied depilatory agent may be applied to facilitate treatment.
- the depilatory agent may be light or heat activated, such that by concentrating (e.g., focusing) the EMR at the depth of the hair tips, the depilatory agent can be selectively activated in the region of the hair tip.
- the topical composition may contain both the depilatory agent and a chromophore agent for the EMR.
- the chromophore agent can be selected from the group consisting of dyes, metals, ions, colored particles, photosensitive dyes, photosensitive materials, carbon particles, conductive skin lotions, electrolyte sprays, conductive electrode gels, and oxides.
- topical substances see for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,685,927, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/693682, filed 10/23/03 entitled "Phototreatment Device for Use with Coolants and Topical Substances," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- the hair shaft becomes less curly.
- Curly or “curliness” as used herein refers to a combination of the ability of the hair to form a curved line (loop) and the lack of elasticity of the hair shaft.
- a decrease in the curliness of the hair can also lead to an increase in the softness of the hair, preferably in the infundibulum area, a modification of the diameter or shape of the hair, an increase in the tensile strength of the hair, and/or an increase in the elasticity of the hair.
- the physical and chemical nature of the hair shaft is modified through the application of EMR which heats the hair tips to a temperature in the range of about 50 °C to about 300 °C, preferably greater than 100 °C, and more preferably greater than 200 °C.
- Typical parameters for this treatment include wavelengths in the range of about 380 to about
- the structure of the tip may change as the material of the tip becomes softer.
- soft or soften as used herein are intended to refer to the thermal induced modification of the structure of the cuticle, cortex or intercellular cement of the hair shaft which decreases the hardness of the edge of the hair tips. Softness can be determined, for example, by measuring the tensile strength of the hair shaft.
- the applied radiation can cause a change in the tensile strength of the hair shafts in a range of about 1 to about 200 MPa of breaking stress, and more preferably in a range of about 5 to about 100 MPa of breaking stress.
- the applied radiation may provide not only a change in the physical and chemical properties of the hair shaft resulting in a change in the texture of the hair, but the shape of the hair tip may also be modified as described above.
- the hair tips can be selectively heated to cause temporary or irreversible thermal damage or modification to the cortex and/or cuticle of a hair tip.
- the hair cuticle and/or cortex and/or intercellular cement are modified (i.e., damaged), which can produce less curly hair, softer hair, thinner hair, an increase in the tensile strength of the hair, and/or an increase in the elasticity of the hair.
- Modification to the cortex and/or cuticle of a hair tip can be achieved using EMR with wavelengths longer than 380 nm.
- the wavelength is in a range of about 380 to about 2700 nm, and more preferably in a range of about 600 to about 1400 nm.
- the wavelength of light may be selected to selectively target lipids, water, melanin, and/or keratin (i.e., components of the hair shaft).
- Pre-cooling of the epidermis and cooling of the epidermis simultaneously with application of the EMR may also be employed to improve depth selectivity of such treatment. Cooling is more effective on high thermo conductive tissue, such as dermis and epidermis which are significantly more thermoconductive than the hair shaft due to their higher water content. Surface skin cooling is therefore more effective on the dermis than the hair shaft leading to selectivity for hair shaft heating.
- Selectivity of heating of hair shaft which has low thermal conductivity, can be achieved by employing wavelengths in the range of about 380 to about 2700 nm.
- Typical parameters for this treatment include: a wavelength in the range of about 380 to about 2700 nm, a pulse width of about 1 ns to about 1 minute, and a fluence of about 0.1 to about 1000 J/cm 2 .
- the pulse width, fluence and wavelength selected for a given patient will typically deliver less EMR than would be necessary to achieve hair growth removal or hair reduction.
- FIGURE 2 shows exemplary results of this mode of treatment for skin type VI by employing a plurality of radiation pulses having a wavelength of 800 nm, a pulse width of 20 ms, and a fluence of 7.5 J/cm 2 .
- the beam width may be selected to be relatively narrow to limit penetration to the depth of the hair shaft.
- the beam may be shaped as a circle, a line or any other suitable shape so as to limit the penetration using scattering. Some embodiments may utilize focusing the beam so that EMR is concentrated at a desired depth.
- a method is provided to modify the hair bulb, keratogenous zone and/or bulbar of a hair follicle, via heating or cooling, to cause a change in the new hair growth.
- functions of the hair matrix can be affected.
- the hair growth process can be modified so as to lead to changes in the nature of the re-growing hair.
- the newly grown hairs become softer and/or change their shape (reduce cross-section, i.e., become thinner; or increase ellipticity, i.e., become more round), which makes them less susceptible to curling.
- the chemical structure of the newly grown hair can be modified to make the hair shafts substantially straighter.
- EMR can be applied with wavelengths in the range of about 380 to about 2700, or more preferably in the range of about 600 nm to about 1400 nm, with pulse widths of about 1 ns to about 1 minute, and fluences of about 0.1 J/cm 2 to about 1000 J/cm 2 , and more preferably in a range of about 1 to about 100 J/cm 2
- FIGURES 3A and 3B demonstrate the use of the present invention for altering the chemical and physical properties of the hair shafts.
- An example of hair miniaturization following treatment with EMR is shown through the differences in FIGURE 3 A (before treatment) and FIGURE 3B (after treatment).
- EMR treatment was applied using a broadband source (wavelengths between 530 and 1200 nm), a fluence of around 12 J/cm 2 and a pulse width of 20 ms.
- the pulse width, fluence and wavelength used for a given patient will typically deliver less EMR than would be necessary to achieve hair growth removal or hair reduction for that patient.
- Selective absorption and/or conductivity and/or thermal property of the bulbar versus surrounded tissue enables selective heating of the bulbar.
- the subcutaneous area can be cooled at the depth of hair bulbar location to a temperature of about 5 °C to about 30 °C so that the hair matrix and/or dermal papilla or/and vascular loop will be selectively affected by EMR treatment.
- Cooling can be achieved through a variety of mechanisms known in the art such as spraying a cooling substance (i.e., cooled air or liquid), using a phase-change material, or contacting the target area with a cooling element.
- contact cooling i.e., by bringing a cooling element in contact with skin surface
- topical substances can be applied to the skin surface to selectively cool a portion of the treatment region (see, for example, U.S.
- a topical agent e.g., a lotion
- the topical agent can include an exogenous chromophore that can penetrate into at least a portion of the hair follicle.
- the exogenous chromophore can preferably exhibit an absorption spectrum that at least partially matches the wavelength of the applied radiation so as to facilitate heating of the hair shaft.
- the present invention provides methods for modifying hair growth of a subject. While, the use of EMR for hair removal (see, for example, US Patent 5,595,568) or for reduction of hair growth rate (see for example, WO Patent Application 2003/077783) is known in the art, the present invention discloses the use of a new range of wavelengths of this purpose. Previous methods and apparatus used optical radiation with wavelength shorter than 1200 nm. However, for darker skin types, treatment with wavelengths shorter than 1200 nm can result in unwanted side effects, such as epidermal damage. To overcome these drawbacks, the present invention recognizes that the wavelength range between about 1200 nm and about 1400 nm can be used to modify hair growth. The pulse width, fluence and/or power can be adjusted so that wavelengths in the range between about 1200 nm and about 1400 nm can be used to slow and/or reduce hair growth, stop hair growth or stimulate hair growth. ⁇
- FIGURE 4 is an absorption spectrum of melanin between 1000 nm and 1400 nm showing that melanin does absorb light in the near infrared spectrum. Feasibility of using wavelengths longer than 1200 nm for heating melanin-containing targets has been demonstrated in Example 1. Penetration of the optical radiation in the 1200-1400 nm wavelength range to the matrix of the follicle can be facilitated by a waveguide effect in the hair follicle structure. The waveguide effect is caused by a difference in the refractive index between the hair shaft, inner root sheath, out root sheath and surrounding tissue. Specifically, the refractive index of the shaft, inner root sheath, outer root sheath is substantially higher than that of tissue.
- TIRs total internal reflections
- FIGURES 6A and 6B illustrate the impact of this waveguide effect on the amount of optical energy transmitted to the hair bulb.
- FIGURE 6 A is a graph of the transmittance of EMR in the skin from the surface to the location of the hair bulb (of a single follicle) as a function of wavelength for two cases: accounting for the waveguide effect (1) and neglecting the waveguide effect (2).
- FIGURE 6B is a graph of the ratio of the transmittance of skin with the waveguide effect to that of the skin without the waveguide effect as a function of wavelength.
- FIGURE 6B shows that the waveguide effect is most pronounced and particularly advantageous as the wavelength of the applied radiation increases, e.g., longer than 1200 nm.
- substantial retardation of hair growth with the wavelengths between 1200 nm and 1400 nm can be achieved using fiuences between about 1 J/cm 2 and 500 J/cm 2 and pulse widths between about 1 ns and 10 min.
- the invention also provides apparatus for depilating and applying EMR to a skin treatment area as discussed below.
- the depilating apparatus and the EMR delivery apparatus are located on a single device, such that in a single stroke the EMR is applied subsequent to or substantially simultaneous with depilation.
- the depilating apparatus may comprise any suitable device for hair removal known in the art, such as a mechanisms for shaving (i.e., a blade or an electrical razor), a mechanism for tweezing hairs (i.e., a rolling device that tweezes hairs as it passes over the skin treatment area), an applicator of depilatory cream, electrolysis, or an applicator of additional electromagnetic radiation.
- the EMR can act also as cutting tool, combining clipping and tip processing in a single pass.
- the apparatus can also contain mechanisms for mechanical or electrostatic capture of the hair tips in order to bring them into an optimal position for treatment.
- the apparatus can contain an air flow mechanism to deliver air to dry the hair tips before EMR exposure and/or a stretching mechanism to stretch the skin treatment area prior to EMR treatment.
- electromagnetic radiation can be applied to a skin treatment area in many different ways in various embodiments for practicing the methods of the invention.
- FIGURES 7A, 7B, and 7C schematically present three exemplary modes of delivering electromagnetic radiation to a skin treatment area.
- an applicator (handpiece) 71 incorporating one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation can be placed on a selected area of skin 72, and a pulse of electromagnetic radiation 73 can be applied to the tissue in this area.
- the handpiece can then be moved to another portion of the treatment area to apply an EMR pulse to that portion. This process can be repeated until electromagnetic pulses are applied to the entire treatment area.
- FIGURE 7B schematically illustrates another mode of applying electromagnetic radiation to a treatment area, herein referred to as "scanning" mode, in which a handpiece incorporating one or more electromagnetic sources is continuously moved along the skin surface to apply electromagnetic energy to the tissue in the treatment area.
- a continuous wave (CW) source of electromagnetic energy can be utilized in the scanning mode.
- a pulsed source of electromagnetic energy can be employed in the scanning mode, as described in more detail below.
- FIGURE 7C schematically illustrates a "matrix" mode of applying electromagnetic radiation to a treatment area .
- a device 76 includes a composite EMR source 77 formed as an array of individually addressable EMR sources, such as LEDs, which can be activated simultaneously, sequentially, or in a selected pattern.
- a treatment area e.g., a large treatment area such as a whole face, can be positioned near or in contact with a panel 75 of the device 76 to receive radiation from the array of the EMR sources.
- a beam shaping and/or cooling implement 78 can be optionally employed to optimize the delivery of the electromagnetic radiation to the treatment area. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to utilize a pulsed source of EMR in the scanning mode.
- such an embodiment can employ a system that includes a pulsed source 84, a tracking device 85, and a triggering device 86, e.g., a computer.
- the system further includes a handpiece (applicator) 81 that delivers electromagnetic radiation to a treatment area 82.
- the pulsed source may or may not be integrated with the handpiece. In the latter case, radiation is delivered to the handpiece through an additional energy guide 87.
- the applicator can be equipped with a handle 83 for manual scanning. Alternatively, mechanical scanning can be used.
- a treatment session can be initiated by placing the applicator on the skin surface and firing the first pulse 88. Then the applicator is moved continuously along the skin surface, scanning the intended treatment area.
- the tracking device 85 continuously monitors position of the applicator and sends the data to the triggering device 86. Both devices may or may not be integrated with the handpiece and/or with each other.
- the triggering device compares the current position 92 of the handpiece with the last firing position 91 to initiate firing of a new pulse based on a predefined triggering condition.
- the triggering device selects a reference point (RP) on the applicator's frame, marks its position before the first pulse, and monitors the distance d r between the current
- the triggering device can monitor the following condition:
- the triggering device can issue a new firing command to the pulsed source. The procedure is repeated until the whole treatment area is covered.
- the firing command can be in the form of an analogue or digital pulse (or sequence of pulses) and can be transmitted to the pulsed source by a variety of mechanisms (for example, electrical, mechanical, or optical).
- Other triggering algorithms can be devised by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- the tracking device 85 can be implemented by utilizing various techniques.
- the tracking device can include a set of wheels and a reading module, which reads angular positions of the wheels. Once the number of rotations corresponding to the Eq.(l) is made, a firing command is issued.
- the tracking device in which the tracking device is a non-contact optical device, the skin surface can be illuminated, and a picture of a limited area can be taken with sufficient frequency (for example, 2 kHz). The sequence of pictures can then be processed, and the differences between the frames can be analyzed in such a way as to determine the shift between the camera positions at the instances when the frames were taken. As a result, position of RP can be reliably monitored.
- the tracking device can be a commercially available optical mouse (possibly modified to accommodate for the specific configuration of the application). The tracking device can also perform function of the contact sensor.
- the triggering device 86 can be mechanical, electro-mechanical, electrical, electronic, optical or of any other suitable design. It can be either analogue or digital. In some preferred embodiments, the triggering device is an electronic digital device.
- Some embodiments can employ composite EMR sources for delivering radiation to a selected skin treatment area, for example, via a stamping or a scanning mode.
- a plurality of EMR sources 101 can be organized in a linear array in a handpiece 102.
- a timing device 103 can send firing pulses to the sources 101 according to a programmed sequence to activate all or selected ones of the EMR sources. In this manner, a desired effect on the target can be achieved due to cumulative action of the multiple pulses from the composite source.
- the firing sequence can also be modified "on the fly" as a function of, for example, scanning velocity or skin conditions (such as pigmentation or erythema), monitored by a tracking device 104.
- the apparatus can also have a positioning mechanism 105 for positioning the hair for treatment.
- the positioning mechanism can be a mechanical, electrostatic, and/or vacuum source capable of moving a portion of the hair so that the hair can optimally receive the applied radiation.
- the EMR sources 111 can be positioned in a rotating drum 112.
- the timing device 113 can generate a firing sequence in such a way as to fire each source in the time instant when the source occupies the "bottom" position 114, facing a portion of the treatment area.
- Beam-shaping and/or cooling implement 115 can be integrated within the handpiece housing. Other arrangements of sources in an array can be devised by those skilled in the art.
- an apparatus can include additional implements to further increase efficacy and/or safety of the treatment.
- the apparatus can include a topical-composition-dispensing implement 121, cooling implement 122, feedback (skin condition monitor) implement 123, or hair straightening implement 124.
- the apparatus can include implements, such as, razors, for depilating the treatment area.
- a single apparatus can be utilized for performing two or more treatment methods according to the teachings of the invention.
- Example 1 Comparison of the efficacy of 1064 nm wavelength vs 1208 nm wavelength for heating melanin-containing target (hair)
- FIGURE 13 An experimental set-up shown schematically in FIGURE 13 was employed to compare the efficiency of utilizing a 1208 nm radiation source relative to a 1060 nm source for heating low-melanin-content ("white”) and high-melanin-content (“black”) hairs.
- a CW Raman fiber laser 131 was employed to generate radiation at 1060 nm and
- a 2-mm aperture 136 was utilized to select a portion of a radiation beam 134 having a maximum intensity ("flat top").
- a black hair 132 and a white hair 133 which were harvested immediately before performing measurements to avoid de-hydration, were mounted in the beam path as symmetrically as possible relative to the beam's central point. Total incident power was matched for the two wavelengths at 240 mW (i.e., 7.6 W/cm 2 irradiance).
- An electronic shutter 135, controlled by a pulse generator was utilized to generate ⁇ 200-ms pulses at both wavelengths (resulting in -1.5 J/cm 2 fluence).
- An infrared thermal camera 137 controlled by a computer 138, was focused at the plane containing the hairs, and points of maximal temperature rise were selected at both hairs. Temporal profiles of the temperature at these points were recorded.
- FIGURES 14A and 14B present, respectively, two temperature histories for each wavelength. Further, Table 1 below summarizes averaged temperature data for both hairs at the two wavelengths.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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AU2004213047A AU2004213047A1 (en) | 2003-02-19 | 2004-02-19 | Method and apparatus for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae |
CA002515843A CA2515843A1 (en) | 2003-02-19 | 2004-02-19 | Method and apparatus for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae |
JP2006503769A JP2006518266A (en) | 2003-02-19 | 2004-02-19 | Method and apparatus for treating fake folliculitis |
EP04712934A EP1599147A2 (en) | 2003-02-19 | 2004-02-19 | Method and apparatus for treating pseudofolliculitis barbae |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20050100404A (en) | 2005-10-18 |
WO2004073537A3 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
US20040230258A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
JP2006518266A (en) | 2006-08-10 |
CN1750795A (en) | 2006-03-22 |
AU2004213047A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
CA2515843A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
EP1599147A2 (en) | 2005-11-30 |
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