WO2005069428A1 - Transmission line having a transforming impedance - Google Patents
Transmission line having a transforming impedance Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005069428A1 WO2005069428A1 PCT/US2004/043881 US2004043881W WO2005069428A1 WO 2005069428 A1 WO2005069428 A1 WO 2005069428A1 US 2004043881 W US2004043881 W US 2004043881W WO 2005069428 A1 WO2005069428 A1 WO 2005069428A1
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- impedance
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- transmission line
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/04—Fixed joints
- H01P1/047—Strip line joints
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
- H01P3/02—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type with two longitudinal conductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/02—Coupling devices of the waveguide type with invariable factor of coupling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/0213—Electrical arrangements not otherwise provided for
- H05K1/0237—High frequency adaptations
- H05K1/024—Dielectric details, e.g. changing the dielectric material around a transmission line
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
- H05K2201/09009—Substrate related
- H05K2201/09036—Recesses or grooves in insulating substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
- H05K2201/09209—Shape and layout details of conductors
- H05K2201/09218—Conductive traces
- H05K2201/09236—Parallel layout
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
- H05K2201/09818—Shape or layout details not covered by a single group of H05K2201/09009 - H05K2201/09809
- H05K2201/09827—Tapered, e.g. tapered hole, via or groove
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
- H05K2201/09818—Shape or layout details not covered by a single group of H05K2201/09009 - H05K2201/09809
- H05K2201/09981—Metallised walls
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/10—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
- H05K3/107—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern by filling grooves in the support with conductive material
Definitions
- the present invention pertains to multi-circuit electronic communication systems, and more particularly, to a dedicated transmission channel stracture that may be utilized in all parts of transmission systems, chip packaging, printed circuit board construction, interconnect devices and launches from any of the aforementioned components.
- Various means of electronic transmission are known in the art. Most, if not all of these transmission means, suffer from inherent speed limitations such as both the upper frequency limit and the actual time a signal requires to move from one point to another within the system, which is commonly refened to as propagation delay. They simply are limited in their electronic performance primarily by their stracture, and secondarily by their material composition.
- One traditional approach utilizes conductive pins, such as those found in an edge card connector as is illustrated in FIG. 1.
- a plurality of conductive pins, or terminals 20 are ananged within a plastic housing 21 and this anangement provides operational speeds of about 800 to 900 MHz.
- An improvement upon this standard structure is represented by edge card connectors that may be known in the art as "Hi-Spec" and which are illustrated in FIG. 2, in which the system includes large ground contacts 25 and small signal contacts 26 disposed within an insulative connector housing 27. The smaller signal contacts 26 couple to the larger ground contacts 25.
- the signal contacts in these structures are not differential signal contacts, but are merely single-ended signal, meaning that every signal contact is flanked by a ground contact.
- the operational speeds for this type of system are believed to be about 2.3 Ghz.
- triad or “triple” connector in which conductive terminals are disposed within a plastic housing 28 in a triangular pattern, and the terminals include a large ground terminal 29, and two smaller differential signal terminals 30, as illustrated in FIG. 3, and, as described in greater detail U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,209.
- This triad/triple structure has an apparent upper limit speed of about 4 Ghz. All three of these approaches utilize, in the simplest sense, conductive pins in a plastic housing in order to provide a transmission line for electronic signals.
- each of these type constructions it is desired to maintain a functional transmission line through the entire delivery path of the system, including through the circuit board(s), the mating interface and the source and load of the system. It is difficult to achieve the desired uniformity within the system when the transmission system is constructed from individual pins. Discrete point-to-point connections are used in these connectors for signal, ground and power.
- Each of these conductors was designed as either a conductor or a means of providing electrical continuity and usually did not take into account transmission line effects. Most of the conductors were designed as a standard pinf ⁇ eld so that all the pins, or terminals, were identical, regardless of their designated electrical function and the pins were further arranged at a standard pitch, material type and length.
- BW Bandwidth
- the inductive and capacitive components of the signal delivery system work to reduce the bandwidth of the system, even in totally homogeneous systems without discontinuities. These inductive and capacitive components can be minimized by reducing the overall path length through the system, primarily through limiting the area of the cunent path through the system and reducing the total plate area of the system elements. However, as the transmission frequency increases, the reduction in size creates its own problem in that the effective physical length is reduced to rather small sizes. High frequencies in the 10 Ghz range and above render most of the calculated system path lengths unacceptable. In addition to aggregate inductance and capacitance across the system being limiting performance factors, any non-homogeneous geometrical and/or material transitions create discontinuities.
- the present invention is therefore directed to an improved transmission stracture that overcomes the aforementioned disadvantages and utilizes grouped electrically conductive elements to form a unitary mechanical stracture that provides a complete electronic transmission channel that is similar in one sense to a fiber optic system.
- the focus of the invention is on providing a complete, copper-based electronic transmission channel rather than utilizing either individual conductive pins or separable interfaces with copper conductors as the transmission channel, the transmission channels of the invention yielding more predictable electrical performance and greater control of operational characteristics.
- Such improved systems of the present invention are believed to offer operating speeds for digital signal transmission of up to at least 12.5 GHz at extended path lengths that are much greater than 0.25 inch.
- an engineered waveguide which functions as a grouped element channel link, where the link includes an elongated dielectric body portion and at least two conductive elements disposed along the exterior surface thereof.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a high-speed channel link (or transmission line) having an elongated body portion of a given cross-section, the body portion being formed from a dielectric with a selected dielectric constant, and the link having, in its most basic structure, two conductive elements disposed on the exterior surface thereof, the elements being of similar size and shape and oriented thereon, in opposition to each other, so as to steer the electrical energy wave traveling through the link by establishing particular electrical and magnetic fields between the two conductive elements and maintaining these fields throughout the length of the channel link.
- a further object of the present invention is to control the impedance of the channel link by selectively sizing the conductive elements and the gaps therebetween on the exterior surface of the elongated body to maintain balanced or unbalanced electrical & magnetic fields.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a improved electrical transmission channel that includes a flat substrate, and a plurality of grooves formed in the substrate, the grooves having opposing sidewalls and the grooves being spaced apart by intervening lands of the substrate, the sidewalls of the grooves having a conductive material deposited thereon, such as by plating or deposition, to form electronic transmission channels within the grooves.
- a still further object of the present invention is to provide a pre-engineered wave guide in which at least a pair of conductive elements are utilized to provide differential signal transmission, i.e., signal in ("+”) and signal out (“-"), the pair of conductive elements being disposed on the exterior of the dielectric body so as to permit the establishment of capacitance per unit length, inductance per unit length, impedance, attenuation and propagation delay per unit length, and establishing these pre-determined performance parameters within the channels formed by the conductive elements.
- a yet further object of the present invention is to provide an improved transmission line in the form of a solid link, of preferably uniform, circular cross-section, the link including at least a pair of conductive elements disposed thereon that serve to guide the electrical wave therethrough, the link including at least one thin filament of dielectric material having two conductive surfaces disposed thereon, the conductive surfaces extending lengthwise of the filament and separated by two circumferential arcuate extents, the conductive surfaces further being separated from each other to form a discrete, two-element transmission channel that reduces the cunent loop and in which the signal conductors are more tightly aligned.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a non-circular transmission line for high speed applications, which includes an elongated rectangular or square dielectric member having an exterior surface with at least four distinct sectors disposed thereon, the dielectric member including a pair of conductive elements aligned with each other and disposed on two of the sectors, while separated by an intervening sector.
- the present invention accomplishes the above and other objects by virtue of its unique structure.
- the present invention includes a transmission line that is formed from a dielectric with a preselected dielectric constant and a preselected cross-sectional configuration. A pair of conductive surfaces are disposed on the dielectric line, or link, and one is preferably aligned with each other and separated from each other.
- the conductive surfaces serve as wave guides for guiding electrical waves along the transmission link.
- the conductive elements are grouped together as a pair on a single element, thus defining a unitized wave guide that may be ran between and among successive printed circuit boards and connected thereto without difficulty.
- the conductive surfaces may be formed by selectively depositing conductive material thereon, such as by plating, the exterior surface of the dielectric body, or by molding or otherwise attaching an actual conductor to the body. In this manner, the dielectric may be formed with bends and the conductive surfaces that exist on the surface thereof maintains their spaced apart anangement of grouped channel conductors along and throughout the bends of the dielectric body.
- the exterior of the transmission line may be covered by a protective outer jacket, or sleeve.
- the conductive surfaces maybe disposed on the dielectric body in a balanced anangement with equal widths, or an unbalanced anangement with one or more pairs of conductive elements, and the conductive elements having different widths.
- Three conductive elements may be disposed on the dielectric body to support a differential triple on the transmission line utilizing a pair of differential signal conductors and an associated ground conductor.
- the number of conductive surfaces is limited only by the size of the dielectric body, and four such discrete conductive elements may be used to support two different signal channels or a single differential pair with dual grounds.
- a unitary transmission line is formed within one cavity, or within a plurality of selectively-sized metallized cavities are formed within a substrate.
- the substrate is grooved to form the cavities and the sidewalls of the grooves may be plated with a conductive material.
- the air gap between the sidewalls of the cavities, or grooves, in this instance, serves as the dielectric of the transmission channel.
- the dielectric constant of air is different and less than the dielectric constant of the dielectric body so as to influence electrical affinity, and particularly coupling between the conductive elements in the grooves and not between adjacent signal transmission channels of the transmission line, while increasing transmission speed.
- the aforementioned transmission links may be used to carry power.
- the underlying transmission line will include a grooved dielectric, with a continuous contact region being formed within the grooves, i.e., covering the sidewalls and bases of the groove.
- the continuous contact area that is present on these three surfaces for the length of the groove extends the cunent carrying capability of the stracture.
- a ground plane may be utilized to increase capacitive coupling among the power channels and the ground plane to reduce the source impedance of the overall structure.
- the transmission line may be formed with projecting ridges, or lands, that serve to define troughs there between.
- the conductive surfaces are formed in the troughs by way of a continuous process, such as selective plating, so that a continuous plated trough, i.e., two sidewalls and an interconnecting base are formed which extend for the length of the transmission line. This increases the cunent carrying capability of the transmission line. A high capacitance may then be created across the dielectric between two signal conductors to reduce the source impedance of the system.
- the power carrying aspect of the invention may be further supplemented by the forming of high density contact sets within the system.
- the opposing sidewalls of the grooves maybe plated with a conductive material to form continuous contacts that extend the length of the transmission line and opposite polarity signals (i.e., "+” and "-") may be carried along these contacts.
- a plug assembly may be molded, such as by way of insert molding into the grooves, either individually or as an assembly encompassing two or more such grooves to insulate and isolate the opposed contact pairs, which will result in an increased voltage standoff.
- a conformal coating may also be used to achieve a similar aim.
- the transmission lines of the invention may carry both signals and power and thus may be easily divided into separate signal channels and power channels.
- the signal channels may be made with conductive strips or paths of a pre-selected width, while the power channels, in order to carry high cunents, may include either wider strips or an enlarged, continuous conductor strip.
- the wider strips are enlarged plate areas as compared to the signal strips and have a high capacitance.
- the signal and power channels may be separated by a wide, non-conductive area of the transmission structure that serves as an isolation region. Because the isolation region may be formed during the forming of the underlying dielectric base, the isolation region maybe readily defined to minimize cross-contamination or electrical interference.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of the terminating face of a conventional connector
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an edge card used in a high speed connector
- FIG. 3 is a schematic elevational view of a high speed connector utilizing a triad or triple
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grouped element channel link constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic end view of the grouped element channel link of FIG. 4 illustrating the arcuate extents of the conductive elements and the spacing there between;
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of the terminating face of a conventional connector
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an edge card used in a high speed connector
- FIG. 3 is a schematic elevational view of a high speed connector utilizing a triad or triple
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a grouped element channel link constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic end view of the grouped
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a grouped element channel link constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a transmission link of the present invention used to connect a source with a load having intermediate loads on the transmission link;
- FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a connector element utilizing both conventional contacts "A" and the transmission links "B" of the invention, with enlarged detail portions at "A” and “B” thereof, illustrating the occunence of inductance in the respective systems;
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an alternate construction of a link of the invention with a right angle bend formed therein;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a transmission line utilizing the links of the present invention;
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating alternate media compositions of the links of the invention
- FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an anay of different shapes of dielectric bodies illustrating alternate conductive surface anangements
- FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an anay of non-circular cross-section dielectric bodies that may be used to form links of the invention
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view of another anay of non-circular cross-section dielectric bodies suitable for use as links of the invention
- FIG. 15 is an exploded view of a connector assembly incorporating a multiple element link of the invention that is used to provide a transmission line between two connectors
- FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a connector assembly having two connector housings interconnected by the transmission link of FIG. 15;
- FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic view of a transmission channel of the present invention with two interconnecting blocks formed at opposite ends of the channel and illustrating the potential flexible nature of the invention
- FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an anay of differently configured dielectric bodies that maybe used as links of the with different lens characteristics
- FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a multiple transmission link extrusion with different signal channels formed thereon
- FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a multiple transmission link extrusion used in the invention
- FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a mating interface used with a discrete transmission link of the invention, in which mating interface takes the form of a hollow endcap
- FIG. 22 is a rear perspective view of the endcap of FIG.
- FIG. 21 is a center opening thereof that receives an end portion of the transmission link therein;
- FIG. 23 is a frontal perspective view of the endcap of FIG. 21, illustrating the orientation of the exterior contacts;
- FIG. 24 is a plan view of a multiple transmission link right angle, curved connector assembly;
- FIG. 25 is a perspective view of an alternate construction of one of the termination ends of the connector assembly;
- FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a connector suitable for use in connecting transmission channel links of the present invention to a circuit board;
- FIG. 27A is a skeletal perspective view of the connector of FIG. 26 illustrating, in phantom, some of the internal contacts of the connector;
- FIG. 27B is a perspective view of the interior contact assembly of the connector of FIG.
- FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of the connector of FIG. 26, taken along lines 28-28 thereof;
- FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a transmission line for high frequency signals and having a transforming impedance;
- FIG. 30A is a top view of the transmission line shown in FIG. 29;
- FIG. 3 OB is an end view of the transmission line shown in FIG. 30 A;
- FIG. 31 A is a top view of an alternate embodiment of transmission line having transforming impedance but having smooth transitions between segments;
- FIG. 3 IB is an end view of the transmission line shown in FIG. 31 A;
- FIG. 32 shows different embodiments of the sidewalls used in the transmission line shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a grouped element channel link 50 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. It can be seen that the link 50 includes an elongated, dielectric body 51, preferably a cylindrical filament, that is similar to a length of fiber optic material.
- the link 50 acts as a pre-engineered wave guide and a dedicated transmission media.
- the body 51 is formed of a dedicated dielectric having a specific dielectric constant and a plurality of conductive elements 52 applied thereto.
- the conductive elements 52 are illustrated as elongated extents, traces or strips, 52 of conductive material and, as such, they may be traditional copper or precious metal extents having a definite cross-section that may be molded or otherwise attached, such as by adhesive or other means to the dielectric body of the link 50. They may also be formed on the exterior surface 55 of the body 51 such as by a suitable plating or vacuum deposition process.
- the conductive traces 52 are disposed on the exterior surface and have a width that extends along the perimeter of the dielectric body. At least two such conductors are used on each link, typically are used for signal conveyance of differential signals, such as +0.5 volts and -0.5 volts.
- differential signals such as +0.5 volts and -0.5 volts.
- the use of such a differential signal anangement permits us to characterize structures of this invention as pre- engineered waveguides that are maintained over substantially the entire length of the signal delivery path.
- the use of the dielectric body 51 provides for prefened coupling to occur within the link. In the simplest embodiment, as illustrated in FIG.
- the conductive elements are disposed on two opposing faces, so that the electrical affinity of each of the conductive elements is for each other through the dielectric body upon which they are supported, or in the case of a conductive channel as will be explained in greater detail to follow and as illustrated in FIGS. 29- 30, the conductive elements are disposed on two or more interior faces of the cavity/cavities to establish the primary coupling mode across the cavity gap and through an air dielectric.
- the links of the present invention maybe considered as the electrical equivalent to a fiber optic channel or extent.
- the present invention is directed to electrical waveguides.
- the waveguides of the present invention are intended to maintain electrical signals at desired levels of electrical affinity at high frequencies from about 1.0 Ghz to at least 12.5 Ghz and preferably higher.
- Optical waveguides typically rely upon a single outer coating, or cladding, having minor-like reflective properties to maintain the light particles moving in a selected direction. Openings in the outer coating/cladding will result in a dispersal of the light traveling through the waveguide, which adversely affects the light beam of the waveguide.
- Microwave waveguides are used at very high frequencies to direct the energy of the microwave beam, rather than transmit it as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,677, issued Sep. 5, 2002 in which a microwave waveguide is used to direct the microwaves at the center portion of an oven. Such a directional aim is also utilized the microwave antenna art.
- these type of waveguides are used to focus and direct the energy of the light of microwave traveling through them, whereas in the present invention, the entire waveguide stracture is engineered to maintain an electrical signal at desired frequency(ies) and impedance, capacitance and inductance.
- the effectiveness of the links of the present invention are dependent upon the guiding and maintenance of digital signals through the channel link, by utilizing two or more conductive surfaces of electrical containment. This will include maintaining the integrity of the signal, controlling the emissions and minimizing loss through the link.
- the channel links of the present invention contain the electromagnetic fields of the signals transmitted therethrough by controlling the material of the channel link and the geometries of the system components so that prefened field coupling will be provided.
- the present invention creates an engineered transmission line by defining a region of electrical affinity, i.e., the dielectric body 51, that is bounded by conductors, i.e., conductive surfaces 52, of opposing charge, i.e., negative and positive differential signals.
- the two conductive surfaces 52 are ananged on the dielectric body 1 in opposition to each other.
- the dielectric body 51 shown in FIG. 4 takes the form of a cylindrical rod, while the dielectric body shown in FIG. 5 has an oval-like configuration. In each such instance, the conductive surfaces or traces 52, extend for distinct arc lengths. Both FIGS.
- the link may be "unbalanced" with one of the conductive surfaces having an arc length that is greater than the other, and in such an instance, the transmission line is best suited for single-ended, or non-differential signal applications. In instances where the dielectric body and link are circular, the link may serve as a contact pin and so be utilized in connector applications.
- the links of the present invention may be modified to provide not only multiple conductive elements as part of the overall system transmission media, but may also incorporate a coincident and coaxial fiber optic wave guide therewithin for the transmission of light and optical signals.
- the dielectric body 51 is cored to create a central opening 57 through which an optical fiber 58 extends. Electrical signals maybe transmitted through this link as well as light signals 60.
- FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a transmission line 70 incorporating a link 50 of the present invention that extends between a source 71 and a load 72.
- FIG. 8 illustrates, schematically, the difference between the links of the present invention and conventional conductors, which are both illustrated as supported by a dielectric block 76.
- Two discrete, conventional conductors 77 are formed from copper or another conductive material and extend through the block 76, in the manner of pins. As shown in enlargement "A", the two discrete conductor presents an open cell stracture with a large inductance (L) because of the enlarged cunent loop.
- the links of the present invention have a smaller inductance (L) at a constant impedance due to the proximity of the conductive surfaces to each other as positioned as the dielectric body 51.
- the dimensions of these links 50 can be controlled in the manufacturing process and extrusion will be the prefened process of manufacturing with the conductive surfaces being extended with the dielectric body or separately applied of the extrusion, such as by a selective plating process so that the resulting construction is of the plated plastic variety.
- the volume of the dielectric body 51 and the spacing between conductive elements disposed thereon may be easily controlled such an extrusion process.
- the conductive surfaces preferably extend for the length of the dielectric body and may end slightly before the ends thereof at a location where it is desired to terminate the transmission line to a connector, circuit board or similar component, As FIG. 9 illustrates, the dielectric body may have a bend 80 forward therewith in the form of the 90. degree, right-angle bend illustrated or in any other angular orientation. As shown, the conductive surfaces 52 extend through the bend 80 with the same separation spacing between them and the same width with which the conductive surfaces start and end. The dielectric body 51 and the conductive surfaces 52 are easily maintained in their spacing and separation through the bend to eliminate any potential losses FIG. 10 illustrates a transmission line using the links of the invention.
- the link 50 is considered as a transmission cable formed from one or more single dielectric bodies 51, and one end 82 of it is terminated to a printed circuit board 83. This termination maybe direct in order to minimize any discontinuity at the circuit board.
- a short transfer link 84 that maintains any discontinuities at a minimum is also provided. These links 84 maintain the grouped aspect of the transmission link. Termination interfaces 85 may be provided where the link is terminated to the connector with minimum geometry discontinuity or impedance discontinuity. In this manner, the grouping of the conductive surfaces is maintained over the length of the transmission line resulting in both geometric and electrical uniformity.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a variety of different cross-sections of the transmission links 50 of the invention.
- a central conductor 93 is encircled by a hollow dielectric body 94 which in rum, supports multiple conductive surfaces 95 that are separated by an intervening space, preferably filled with portions of the dielectric body 94.
- This construction is suitable for use in power applications where power is carried by the central conductor 93.
- the central cover 96 is preferably made of a selected dielectric and has conductive surfaces 97 supported on it.
- a protective outer insulative jacket 98 is preferably provided to protect and or insulate the inner link.
- the leftmost link 92 of FIG. 11 has a protective outer jacket 99 that encloses a plateable polymeric ring 100 that encircles either a conductive or insulative core 101.
- Portions 101 of the ring 100 are plated with a conductive material and are separated by unplated portions to define the two or more conductive surfaces desired on the body of the ring.
- one or the elements sunounding the core or of the link 92 may be filled with air and may be spaced away from an inner member by way of suitable standoffs or the like.
- FIG. 12 illustrates an array of links 110-113 that have their outer regions combined with the dielectric body 51 to form different types of transmission links.
- Link 110 has two conductive surfaces 52a, 52b of different arc lengths (i.e., unbalanced) disposed on the outer surface of the dielectric body 51 so that the link 110 may provide single-ended signal operation.
- Link 111 has two equal-spaced and sized (or "balanced") conductive elements 52 to provide an effective differential signal operation.
- Link 112 has three conductive surfaces 115 to support two differential signal conductors 115a and an assorted ground conductor 115b.
- Link 113 has four conductive surfaces 116 disposed on its dielectric body 51 in which the conductive surfaces 116 may either include two differential signal channels (or pairs) or a single differential pair with a pair of associated grounds.
- FIG. 13 illustrates an anay of one-type of non-circular links 120-122 that polygonal configurations, such as square configurations, as with link 120 or rectangular configurations as with links 121-122.
- the dielectric bodies 51 maybe extruded with projecting land portions 125 that are plated or otherwise covered with conductive material. Individual conductive surfaces are disposed on individual sides of the dielectric body and preferably differential signal pairs of the conductive surfaces are arranged on opposing sides of the body. These land portions 125 may be used to "key" into connector slots of terminating connectors in a manner so that contact between the connector terminals (not shown) and the conductive faces 125 is easily effected.
- FIG. 14 illustrates some additional dielectric bodies that may be utilized with the present invention. One body 130 is shown as convex, while the other two bodies 131, 132 are shown as being generally concave in configuration.
- a circular cross-section of the dielectric bodies has a tendency to concentrate the electrical field strength at the comers of the conductive surfaces, while a slightly convex form as shown in body 130, has a tendency to concentrate the field strength evenly, resulting in lower attenuation.
- the concave bodies, as illustrated by dielectric bodies 131, 132 may have beneficial crosstalk reduction aspects because it focuses the electrical field inwardly.
- the width or arc lengths of these conductive surfaces, as shown in FIG. 14 are less that the width or arc lengths of the respective body sides supporting them.
- the transmission link maybe formed as a single extrasion 200 (FIGS. 15-16) carrying multiple signal channels thereupon, with each such channel including a pair of conductive surface 202-203.
- This extrusion 200 may be used as part of an overall connector assembly 220, where the extrusion is received into a complementary shaped opening 210 formed in a connector housing 211.
- the inner walls of the openings 210 may be selectively plated, or contacts 212 maybe inserted into the housing 211 to contact the conductive surfaces and provide, if necessary, surface mount or through hole tail portions.
- FIG. 17 illustrates the anangement of two transmission channels 50 arranged as illustrated and terminated at one end to a connector block 180 and passing through a right angle block 182 that includes a series of right angle passages 183 formed therein which receive the transmission channel links as shown.
- the transmission channel links may be fabricated in a continuous manufacturing process, such as by extrusion, and each, such channel may be manufactured with intrinsic or integrated conductive elements 52. In the manufacturing of these elements, the geometry of the transmission channel itself may be controlled, as well as the spacing and positioning of the conductive elements upon the dielectric bodies so that the transmission channels will perform as consistent and unitary electronic waveguides which will support a single channel or "lane" of signal (communication) traffic.
- the dielectric bodies of the transmission channel links may be made rather flexible, the systems of the invention are readily conformable to various pathways over extended lengths without significantly sacrificing the electrical performance of the system.
- the one connector endblock 180 may maintain the transmission channels in a vertical alignment, while the block 182 may maintain the ends of the transmission channel links in a right angle orientation for termination to other components.
- FIG. 18 illustrates a set of convex dielectric blocks or bodies 300-302 in which separation distance L varies and the curve 305 of the exterior surfaces 306 of the blocks rises among the links 300-302. In this manner, it should be understood that the shapes of the bodies may be chosen to provide different lens characteristics for focusing the electrical fields developed when the conductive elements are energized.
- FIG. 19 illustrates a multiple channel extrusion 400 with a series of dielectric bodies or blocks 401 interconnected by webs 402 in which the conductive surfaces 403 are multiple or complex in nature. As with the construction shown in FIG. 13, such an extrasion 400 supports multiple signal channels, with each of the channels preferably including a pair of differential signal conductive elements.
- FIG. 20 illustrates a standard extrusion 200 such as that shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. The links of the present invention may be terminated into connector and other housings.
- FIGS. 21-23 illustrate one termination Interface as a somewhat conical endcap which has a hollow body 501 with a central openings 502. The body may support a pair of terminals 504 that mate with the conductive surfaces 52 of the dielectric body 51.
- the endcap 500 may be inserted into various openings in connector housings or circuit boards and as such, preferably includes a conical insertion end 510.
- the endcap 500 may be structured to terminate only a single transmission line as is illustrated in FIGS. 21-23, or it may be part of a multiple termination interface and terminate multiple distinct transmission lines as illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25.
- FIG. 24 illustrates the endcaps 500 in place on a series of links 520 that are terminated to an endblock 521 that has surface mount terminals 522 so that the endblock 521 may be attached to a circuit board (not shown).
- the endcap need not take the conical stracture shown in the drawings, but may take other shapes and configurations similar to that shown and described below.
- FIG. 24 illustrates the endcaps 500 in place on a series of links 520 that are terminated to an endblock 521 that has surface mount terminals 522 so that the endblock 521 may be attached to a circuit board (not shown).
- the endcap need not take the
- the transmission lines, or links 571 are formed from a dielectric and include a pair of conductive extents 572 formed on their exterior surfaces (with the extents 572 shown only on one side for clarity and their conesponding extents being formed on the surfaces of the links 571 that face into the plane of the paper of FIG. 25).
- These conductive extents 572 are connected to traces 573 on a circuit board 574 by way of conductive vias 575 formed on the interior of the circuit board 574.
- Such vias may also be constructed within the body of the end block 570, if desired.
- FIG. 26 illustrates an endcap, or block 600 mounted to a printed circuit board 601.
- This style of endcap 600 serves as a connector and thus includes a housing 602, with a central slot 603 with various keyways 604 that accept projecting portions of the transmission link.
- the endcap connector 600 may have a plurality of windows 620 for access to soldering the conductive tail portions 606 of the contacts 607 to conesponding opposing traces on the circuit board 601.
- FIG. 27A illustrates a partial skeletal view of the endcap connector 600 and shows how the contacts, or terminals 607 are supported within and extend through the connector housing 602.
- the terminals 607 may include a dual wire contact end 608 for redundancy in contact (and for providing a parallel electrical path) and the connector 600 may include a coupling staple 615 that has an inverted U-shape and which enhances coupling of the terminals across the housing.
- the coupling staple 615 can be seen to have an elongated backbone that extends lengthwise through the connector housing 602.
- a plurality of legs that are spaced apart from each other by spaces along the length of the coupling staple extend down toward the circuit board and each such leg has a width that is greater than a conesponding width of the terminal that it opposes.
- the coupling staple legs are positioned in alignment with the terminals.
- the tail portions of these dual wire terminals 607 enhance the stability of the connector. In this regard, it also provides control for the terminals that constitute a channel (laterally) across the housing slot 601.
- the dual contact path not only provides for path redundancy but also reduces the inductance of the system through the terminals.
- FIG. 27B is a view of the interior contact assembly that is used in the endcap connector 600 of FIGS. 26 and 27A.
- the terminals 607 are arranged on opposite sides of the connector and are mounted within respective support blocks 610. These support blocks 610 are spaced apart from each other a preselected distance that assists in spacing the terminal contacts 608 apart.
- a conductive coupling staple 615 having an overall U-shape, or blade shape, may be provided and may be interposed between the terminals 607 and support blocks 610 to enhance the coupling between and among the terminals 607.
- the coupling staple 615 has a series of blades 620 that are spaced apart by intervening spaces 621 and which are interposed between pairs of opposing contacts (FIG.
- FIG. 28 is an end view of the connector 600, which illustrates the interposition of the coupling staple between a pair of opposing contacts 608 and the engagement of the connector blocks 610 and the connector housing 602.
- FIG. 29 illustrates another embodiment of a transmission channel link constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- a planar dielectric substrate 700 is provided with a multi-segment transmission line formed by metallization on opposing surfaces of slots that are cut or otherwise formed into a dielectric substrate, such as a circuit board or even an integrated circuit substrate.
- the metallization on the opposing surfaces are electrically isolated from each other.
- a high- frequency signal is impressed on the two separate conductors formed on the opposing surfaces, they act as a transmission line.
- the different segments of the transmission line have different spacing between the sidewalls.
- Other transmission line segments have sidewalls that converge or diverge. Segments with fixed-spacing sidewalls will have a constant characteristic impedance determined by the distributed inductance and capacitance of the conductive sidewalls.
- the area and thickness of the conductive material on the opposing surfaces will determine inductance; the area and the spacing between the opposing sidewalls will determine the distributed capacitance. Segments with tapering sidewall spacing will have a transforming characteristic impedance because of the transforming capacitance along the length of such segments.
- the different transmission line segments are readily formed into dielectric substrates such as printed circuit boards, and even integrated circuit substrates. Their small size enable them to route high-frequency signals around such substrates to deliver signals carried on the transmission line segments to devices that have or require different characteristic input or output impedances thereby improving signal transfer into, or out of such devices.
- first transmission line segment 704 of fixed-spacing, metallized sidewalls 712, 714 which will have a fixed characteristic impedance.
- signals on the metallized sidewalls 712, 714 are carried to a second transmission line segment 720 having sidewalls 722, the spacing of which converges and thereby provides a characteristic impedances that is transforming along the length of the second transmission line segment 720.
- the section of transmission line 720 with the transforming impedance feeds signal that it carries into a second length of fixed-spaced, metallized sidewall transmission line 740, which will have a fixed characteristic along its length.
- the fixed-width sidewall spacing fo albeit at a second characteristic impedance.
- a first section of transmission line 704 is made up of a first slot section 706 formed into the surface 703 of the substrate 702.
- the substrate 702 can be made from a variety of appropriate dielectric materials such as glass, fiberglass, various plastics, printed circuit board material, or integrated circuit substrate material (such as undoped amorphous silicon or other known equivalents thereof), the process by which a slot is formed will vary according to the substrate material.
- the slot section 706 can be molded into a glass substrate; it can be etched into silicon; it can be micromachined, laser etched or otherwise cut into fiberglass, G-10, F 4 or other printed circuit board material.
- the first transmission line section 704 comprised of the first slot section 706, has two opposing ends that are identified in FIG.
- the first slot section 706 has two opposing walls or “surfaces” 712 and 714, between which is shows an a substantially planar bottom 716 of the slot section 706.
- the opposing surfaces 712, 716 of the first slot section 706 are surfaces of the dielectric material from which the substrate 702 is formed. The two surfaces are spaced apart from each other by a first intervening gap or "space” that is identified as W j in FIG. 29. Because they are dielectric, the surfaces themselves will not conduct electricity.
- a thin layer of conductive material 718 that carries electrical signals is "attached" to each of the opposing surfaces 712 and 716, by processes appropriate for the substrate material so long as the conductive material 718 applied to one opposing surface (e.g., 712 or 714) is electrically isolated from conductive material applied to the opposing surface (i.e., 714 or 712).
- Conductive material 718 on one opposing surface (e.g., 712 or 714) that is electrically and spatially isolated from conductive material on the opposite surface (i.e., ., 714 or 712) will together act as a transmission line to high-frequency signals on the two opposing conductors.
- the distributed inductance of the conductive material 718 on the opposing surfaces 712 and 714 will be a function of the material's composition, the surface area and thickness of the conductive material 718 on the surfaces 712 or 714, and in the case of loop inductance, the inductance of the loop formed by "go" and “return” cunent is related to the area of the loop that is scribed by the cunent path.
- the distributed capacitance between the conductive material 718 on the opposed surfaces 712 and 714 will be a function of the material's composition, the surface area of the conductive material, the spacing between the surfaces 712 and 714 and the thickness of the conductive material 718 applied to each surface.
- the impedance "Z" of a transmission line can be calculated as where "L” is the inductance per unit length of transmission line and "C” is the capacitance per unit length of transmission line. From the foregoing, those of ordinary skill in the transmission line art should understand that the impedance of the first section of slot transmission line 704 can be readily determined by adjusting the slot transmission line's dimensions as well as the thickness of the conductive material 718.
- impedance can also be adjusted by the dielectric constant of the material filling the space within the slot section 706.
- the capacitance of the transmission line will increase.
- Z Conversely, as “C” decreases with increases air gap, the impedance "Z” will increase.
- a dielectric material preferably one of a low dielectric constant that preserves a filled volume in the channel while maintaing a very low dielectric constant.
- This type of stracture is useful when implementing the transmission structures of the present invention within a circuit board environment and the filler material can resist entrance into the channel by adjacent layers of circuit board material.
- This volume-filling low dielectric constant material can be beneficial in the fabrication process of an embedded transmission line channel in a circuit board by preserving the general integrity of the channel while preventing the entry of a pre-preg material during the addition of laminated material in the layer immediately above the circuit board layer which contains the transmission structure.
- the filler material may increase the dielectric constant of the air gap to a higher level but still maintain a favorable dielectric constant of the circuit board structured dielectric.
- a suitable filler material can be engineered and added to prohibit the filling of the transmission channel gaps by circuit board pre-preg material.
- FIGS 35 and 36 An example of such a filled stracture is shown in FIGS 35 and 36 where a substrate 650 has grooves 651 cut into one surface 652 thereof. The sidewalls of the channels 651 are lined with conductive material 655 and the channels 651 are filled with a material 658 that may form a layer 659 on the surface of the substrate 650 and extend as legs or fingers 660 into the channels. As shown in FIG.
- the impedance transition section 720 has first and second opposed walls or "surfaces" both of which are identified for clarity by reference numeral 722.
- the impedance transition section also has a bottom, which in the prefened embodiment is co-planar with the bottom of the first slot section 706.
- the intervening space W t between the two surfaces 722 decreases in the impedance transition section 720
- the intervening space between the surface of conductive material 718 on the two surfaces 722 will also decrease.
- the impedance along the line will gradually decrease, causing the line's characteristic impedance to decrease along the length of the transmission line impedance transformation section 720.
- a signal propagating from the input end 708 will not "see” a sudden impedance rise or fall as it travels from the first transmission line section 704 into the second, impedance transforming/transition section 720, but rather will see a smooth or gradual change in impedance.
- the spacing between the opposing surfaces 722 decreases along the length of the impedance transition section 720, the impedance "seen” by a signal will gradually decrease due to the increasing capacitance between the conductive material 718 on the opposing surfaces 722.
- the structure of the present invention permits this to be easily done in sibstarets such as plates and circuit boards and the like.
- the spacing between the sidewalls 722 of the impedance transition section 720 nanows continuously along the length of the section 722 up to a second inflection point 724.
- the first inflection point 710 is considered both the "second" or “output” end of the first transmission line section 704 and the "first" or “input” end of the first impedance transition section 720.
- the second inflection point 724 is considered to be the "second" or “output” end of the impedance transition section 720 as well as “first" or “input” end of a second transmission line/second slot section that is identified by reference numeral 740.
- the second fixed-sidewall-spacing slot section 740 also has two ends. As set forth above, the "first" end of the second slot section 740 is identified in FIG. 29 by reference numeral 724 whereas the "second" end of the second slot section 740 is identified by reference numeral 726.
- the second slot section 730 also has a bottom but it is not readily seen in FIG. 29.
- the bottom of the second slot section 740 is co-planar with the bottom 716 of the impedance transition section.
- the second slot section 730 also has first and second opposing walls or "surfaces" that are identified in FIG. 29 by reference numerals 728 and 732.
- the air gap or space W t that is "intervening" between the opposing surfaces 728 and 732 of the second slot section 730 is considerably less than the intervening air gap or space W j of the first slot section 706.
- FIG. 29 the air gap or space W t that is "intervening” between the opposing surfaces 728 and 732 of the second slot section 730 is considerably less than the intervening air gap or space W j of the first slot section 706.
- conductive material 718 on the opposing surfaces 712 and 714 of the first slot section 706 exists through the entire length of the impedance transition section 720 as well as on the opposing surfaces 728 and 730 of the second slot section 740. Because the spacing between the conductive surfaces changes along the different segments, the distributed capacitance between the conductive surfaces also changes. In the second slot section 740, the capacitance that exists between the conductive material 718 on the opposing sides 728 and 730 will be greater than the distributed capacitance of the first slot section 706. As a result, the characteristic impedance of the second slot section 740 will be less than the characteristic impedance of the first slot section 704.
- the signal will be carried into the second transmission line section, again with minimal reflections.
- the changing dimensions of the slot sections that make up the first transmission line section, the impedance transition section and the second transmission line/second line section transform or alter the characteristic impedance encountered by the signal as it propagates through the different sections 704, 720 and 740.
- the varying slot dimensions provide an apparatus and method for providing a transmission line on a substrate, such as a circuit board or even an integrated circuit having a transforming impedance along its length.
- a second impedance transition section 750 at the "second" or output end 726 of the second slot section 740. This second impedance transition section 750 also has opposing walls or surfaces.
- the output or second end of the second impedance transition section 750 is identified in FIG. 29 by reference numeral 752.
- the output or second end 752 of the second impedance transition section 750 is also the input or first end of a third slot section 760.
- the width of the third slot section 760 is greater than the width of the second slot section 740, which will cause the characteristic impedance of the third slot section 760 to increase. Because the characteristic impedance at the junction of these two sections (750 and 760) are matched by virtue of their matched dimensions, a signal propagating through the second impedance transition section 750 will be carried into the third slot section 760.
- FIG. 30A and FIG. 30B show a top view and an end view respectively of a dielectric substrate in which a slot with metallized sidewalls is formed.
- the waveguide shown in FIG. 30A has four separate sections, two of which are impedance transforming sections. As shown in FIG.
- Section SI is a constant-impedance section by virtue of the constant spacing between the opposing sidewalls 712 and 714.
- Section S2 has sidewalls the spacing of which nanows along its length. The spacing between the conductive material 718 deposited onto the opposing surfaces 712 and 714 decreases thereby decreasing the characteristic impedance along the length of the second section S2.
- FIG. 31 A and FIG. 3 IB show an alternate embodiment of the transforming impedance transmission line sections.
- the transitions between slot sections SI, S2 and S3 are smooth, further reducing possible impedance discontinuities between the transmission line segments that might be caused by abrupt changes in sidewall spacing.
- FIG. 29 depicts opposing sidewalls that are substantially orthogonal to the bottoms 718 of the slot sections
- FIG. 32 shows that the sidewalls of the slot sections can be inclined linear sections as shown in slot “A” but also curved, nonlinear walls as shown in slots “B” and “C.”
- the sidewalls 712, 714 of slot “A” in FIG. 32 are inclined with respect to the plane of the bottom 716.
- the sidewalls 712 and 714 of slot "B" are concave and parabolic but may also be elliptical.
- a "linear" sidewall should be construed to include sidewalls that orthogonal to the slot bottoms as well as walls that are inclined as shown in view "A" of FIG. 32.
- “Non-linear” sidewalls should be construed to mean sidewalls that are parabolic, elliptical or any other geometric shape that is not linear.
- FIGS. 29 depicts slot section bottoms 716 that are planar or nearly planar
- alternate embodiments of the invention can have slot bottoms 716 that are non-planar.
- FIGS 33 A and 33B show end-views of slot section bottoms that are either convex or concave (depending on the viewers point of reference) and therefore non-planar. Making the slot bottoms 716 non-planar can improve the registration of conductive material strips 718 against the opposing side walls 712 and 714 thereby making it easier to apply conductive strips to the opposing sidewalls 712 and 714. While the prefened embodiment contemplates an air dielectric, empty volume in the slots shown in FIGS. 29 -33 can be filled with solid or liquid dielectric material.
- FIGS. 35 and 36 illustrate the embodiment dealing with a sealed channel type of anangement that is suitable for use in a printed circuit board construction. They utilize a grouped element channel transmission stracture 650, that is particularly suitable for carrying high voltages and cunents at high-density contact spacings.
- the body of the transmission line 650 may be formed from a dielectric or may be incorporated into a circuit board layer and it has a series of grooves, or slots 651, formed therein that extend into the body portion thereof from one surface 652 thereof.
- the sidewalls 654 of these slots are conductively coated with a conductive material, such as by plating, and in effect define a series of "plates" 655 that are opposed to each other and are separated by the intervening space, or air, that will typically occupy the slots 651.
- a conductive material such as by plating
- a plug 658 that fills the channel and this plug may include a cap portion 659 and one or more tongues, or fillers 660 that depend from the cap portion 659 and which extend into and completely occupy the space of the slots 651.
- the plug 658, especially the fill portion 660 thereof extends between the opposing conductive surfaces and insulates them to prevent arcing from occurring between them.
- the plug may be is filled with a dielectric material that preferably has a dielectric constant chosen to affect the coupling between the conductors, and typically, the dielectric constant will be one that is equal to or greater higher than the dielectric constant of the dielectric body.
- a ground plane 659 may be deposited on the lower surface of the transmission line of FIGS.
- the opposed polarity (i.e., "+” or "-") conductive pairs of contacts are electrically isolated from each other, but nevertheless define a complete circuit.
- the sizes involved with the transmission elements of the present invention permit very high densities to be achieved with a low inductance delivery mode, especially due to the large number of common parallel current paths.
- To the right of FIG. 36 is shown another means for accomplishing this isolation, preferably with signal transmitting conductive surfaces, namely the use of a conformal coating 661 that conforms to the overall slot and land configuration but which provides electrical insulation or isolation between the two conductive surfaces.
- the spacing between the plated surfaces 654, 655 may be very small, on the order of 0.4 mm and the like and the insulative coating or film 661 prevents arcing or shorting between pairs of conductive elements.
- the use of opposed pairs in the transmission lines, over which is traversed cunent across and possibly on two opposing surfaces thereof, will lead to a lower loop inductance of the transmission line system.
- the conformal coating or film 661 preferably has a dielectric constant that is lower than that of the dielectric body and a dielectric constant that is close to that of air, 1.0 is most prefened.
- small, high- frequency transmission lines can be formed into a dielectric substrate by metallizing opposing sidewalls of slots cut through dielectric substrate.
- the spacing (and dielectric) between the sidewalls determines the transmission line's impedance
- the impedance of the transmission line can be transformed along its length by changing the sidewall spacing, the metallization on the sidewall as well as the type and amount of dielectric between the sidewalls.
- Electronic components that have particular input or output impedances can be provided with signals from impedance-matched transmission line.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
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EP04815872A EP1698018A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2004-12-23 | Transmission line having a transforming impedance |
JP2006547552A JP2007517479A (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2004-12-23 | Transmission line with varying impedance |
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US53271603P | 2003-12-24 | 2003-12-24 | |
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US20060139117A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 | 2006-06-29 | Brunker David L | Multi-channel waveguide structure |
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2004
- 2004-12-23 JP JP2006547552A patent/JP2007517479A/en active Pending
- 2004-12-23 CN CNA2004800420888A patent/CN1922756A/en active Pending
- 2004-12-23 WO PCT/US2004/043881 patent/WO2005069428A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-12-23 KR KR1020067014730A patent/KR100751600B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-12-23 US US11/023,884 patent/US7157987B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-23 EP EP04815872A patent/EP1698018A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008088505A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-24 | Intel Corporation | Apparatus and method for high speed signals on a printed circuit board |
GB2457195A (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2009-08-12 | Intel Corp | Apparatus and method for high speed signals on a printed circ uit board |
GB2457195B (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2011-04-13 | Intel Corp | Apparatus and method for high speed signals on a printed circuit board |
TWI400834B (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2013-07-01 | Intel Corp | Apparatus and method for high speed signals on a printed circuit board |
KR20190072090A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-06-25 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Differential via structure, circuit substrate having the same and method of manufacturing the substrate |
KR102475701B1 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2022-12-09 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Differential via structure, circuit substrate having the same and method of manufacturing the substrate |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1698018A1 (en) | 2006-09-06 |
JP2007517479A (en) | 2007-06-28 |
CN1922756A (en) | 2007-02-28 |
US20050174191A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
KR100751600B1 (en) | 2007-08-22 |
US7157987B2 (en) | 2007-01-02 |
KR20060128934A (en) | 2006-12-14 |
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