WO2005106976A1 - 発光素子の製造方法及び発光素子 - Google Patents
発光素子の製造方法及び発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005106976A1 WO2005106976A1 PCT/JP2005/007177 JP2005007177W WO2005106976A1 WO 2005106976 A1 WO2005106976 A1 WO 2005106976A1 JP 2005007177 W JP2005007177 W JP 2005007177W WO 2005106976 A1 WO2005106976 A1 WO 2005106976A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/20—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
- H01L33/22—Roughened surfaces, e.g. at the interface between epitaxial layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of group III and group V of the periodic system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0093—Wafer bonding; Removal of the growth substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0095—Post-treatment of devices, e.g. annealing, recrystallisation or short-circuit elimination
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a light emitting device and a light emitting device.
- a light-emitting layer is formed of (Al Ga) In P mixed crystal (however, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1; hereinafter, also referred to as AlGalnP mixed crystal or simply as AlGalnP)
- the device adopts a double hetero structure in which a thin A1 GalnP active layer is sandwiched between an n-type AlGalnP cladding layer and a p-type A1 GalnP cladding layer.
- Power High-brightness devices can be realized in a wide wavelength range up to red. Electric current is supplied to the light emitting layer via a metal electrode formed on the element surface.
- the metal electrode functions as a light-shielding body
- the metal electrode is formed, for example, so as to cover only the central portion of the main surface of the light-emitting layer portion, and takes out light from the non-electrode formation region around the first main surface.
- the light extraction layer can efficiently transmit the luminous flux and increase the light extraction efficiency
- the band gap energy is larger than the photon energy of the emitted light flux, and it is necessary to form the semiconductor with the compound semiconductor.
- GaP is widely used as a light extraction layer in AlGalnP-based light-emitting devices because it has a large band gap energy and a small absorption of emitted luminous flux.
- the GaAs substrate used for growing the light emitting layer is a light absorbing substrate (that is, an opaque substrate)
- the GaAs substrate is removed by grinding or etching after growing the light emitting layer, and the GaP transparent substrate layer is used instead. It is also performed by bonding single crystal substrates or by vapor phase growth.
- the opaque substrate force GaP transparent substrate layer on the second main surface side of the light emitting layer portion is replaced, so that the side force of the transparent substrate can also extract light, and the GaP transparent substrate has the second main surface side.
- light can be reflected by the reflective layer or the electrode, and the reflected light can be extracted together with the direct light flux from the first main surface side, so that the light extraction efficiency of the entire device can be increased.
- the concept of collectively referring to the GaP light extraction layer and the GaP transparent substrate layer is referred to as a GaP transparent semiconductor layer.
- the side surface region of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is made to coincide with the ⁇ 110 ⁇ plane, which is the cleavage plane of the GaP single crystal (however, when an off-angle is given, the ⁇ 110 ⁇ (It is possible that the angle may be shifted within the range of 25 ° or less.) It is considered that the combination of wafer half-dicing and breaking by cleavage makes chipping easier. Further, even in the case of adopting a process of dicing the wafer and performing chip dicing, since the dicing surface coincides with the cleavage surface, the dicing load can be reduced and chipping hardly occurs.
- the group III-V compound semiconductor device having a zinc blende type crystal structure is not limited to the light emitting device which is the object of the present invention, and takes advantage of the above advantages.
- ) ⁇ (also referred to as “eno”)
- the fixed concept is that the dicing direction should be 110> direction as shown in FIG.
- JP-A-8-115893 exemplifies a method of manufacturing a light emitting element in which (100) @a is diced in parallel with an orientation flat. Since it is formed parallel to the plane, the dicing direction in the Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 8-115893 is 110>.
- the present inventor has studied and found that crystal defects such as dislocations due to mechanical processing are cleaved. Because the GaP transparent semiconductor layer has a ⁇ 110 ⁇ side surface, many crystal defects parallel to the side of the layer are formed as soon as the side surface has a ⁇ 110 ⁇ surface force. It turned out to be good. Specifically, the difference in lattice constant between the AlGalnP light-emitting layer and the GaP transparent semiconductor layer causes mismatching stress. As soon as dicing along the cleavage plane ⁇ 110 ⁇ , as shown in Fig. 25, In addition, there is a problem that a layered crack is generated along a cleavage plane (and, consequently, a chip edge) under a mismatching stress, and defects such as chipping at a chip edge or the like easily occur.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a light emitting device having an AlGalnP light emitting layer portion and a GaP transparent semiconductor layer, in which a manufacturing method in which defects such as edge chipping are unlikely to occur during dicing, and a light emission obtained by the method. Device.
- a method for manufacturing a light emitting device of the present invention includes:
- each of the compounds composed of compounds having a composition lattice-matched with GaAs A light emitting layer portion having a double hetero structure in which a cladding layer of one conductivity type, an active layer, and a cladding layer of a second conductivity type are laminated in this order, and having a (100) major surface;
- a light emitting device wafer having a GaP transparent semiconductor layer stacked so that the crystal orientation matches the portion is diced so that the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is the ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane. It is characterized by obtaining
- each of the compounds composed of compounds having a composition lattice-matched with GaAs A light emitting layer portion having a double hetero structure in which a one conductivity type cladding layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type cladding layer are laminated in this order, and having a (100) major surface;
- a compound semiconductor that lattice-matches with GaAs refers to a lattice change caused by stress.
- the lattice constant of the compound semiconductor which is expected in the Balta crystal state where no dislocation is generated, is represented by ⁇
- a compound semiconductor whose lattice mismatch rate is within 1%.
- it refers to “the compound that is lattice-matched with GaAs among the compounds represented by the composition formula (Al Ga,), ⁇ , ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y' ⁇ 1).
- the active layer may be formed as a single layer of AlGalnP, or barrier layers and well layers composed of AlGalnP having different compositions may be alternately stacked. /, (The entire quantum well layer is regarded as a single active layer).
- the surface of the index just ⁇ hkl ⁇ is 25 ° or less.
- Surfaces that are inclined within the range shall belong to the concept of the surface of the exponent as long as there is no excessive disadvantage in achieving the effects of the present invention, and if it is necessary to distinguish them, enter ⁇ hkl ⁇ etc. .
- the dicing side surface may be inclined at an angle of 25 ° or less (preferably 15 ° or less) with respect to ⁇ 100 ⁇ . May be inclined within a range of 25 ° or less (preferably 15 ° or less).
- the GaP transparent semiconductor layer may be formed as a GaP light extraction layer formed on the first main surface side, which is the light extraction side of the light emitting layer portion, or may be opposite to the light extraction side of the light emission layer portion. It can also be formed as a GaP transparent substrate layer formed on the side of the second main surface. It is also possible to configure a light-emitting device having both a GaP light extraction layer and a GaP transparent substrate layer.
- the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer which also has surface strength, contains acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, iodine and water in a total amount of 90% by mass or more.
- a surface roughening step of forming a surface roughening projection can be performed.
- the light-emitting device of the present invention has a rough projection formed by anisotropic etching on the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer.
- the sum of acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, iodine and water is 90% by mass or more, and if the content is less than this, the surface is roughened and the protrusion cannot be formed efficiently. Further, even when the total mass content of acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and iodine is lower than the mass content of water, the surface is similarly roughened and the projection cannot be formed efficiently.
- the remainder obtained by subtracting the sum of acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, iodine and water from 100% by mass is within a range where the anisotropic etching effect on GaP on the (100) plane is not impaired1. It may be occupied by other components (eg, carboxylic acids other than acetic acid, etc.).
- the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer having a (100) surface strength can be obtained by using a surface-roughing etching solution containing acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and iodine, which is unique to the present invention.
- a surface-roughing etching solution containing acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and iodine, which is unique to the present invention.
- the roughened protrusion formed by anisotropic etching is formed as a basic shape of a regular octahedron surrounded by the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane. As shown in FIG. 6, the roughened projection has a flat shape as if it were vertically divided by a plane including the octahedral axis, and it is essentially difficult to form deep irregularities by anisotropic etching. In addition, since crystal defects such as dislocations due to mechanical caroe are likely to enter along the cleavage plane, dislocations and the like remain at a relatively high density on the surface after cleavage or dicing, and chemical etching cannot be performed immediately. It is harder to go.
- JP-A-2003-218383 and JP-A-2003-209283 are exemplified as JP-A-2003-218383 and JP-A-2003-209283, and will be described in detail below.
- surface roughening treatment also referred to as frost treatment
- frost treatment an appropriate etching solution
- the light extraction efficiency can be enhanced by forming such irregularities.
- a technology for performing a surface roughening treatment on the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer by anisotropic etching which obviously prevents the conceiving of the technology.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-218383 since the surface roughening treatment using an etching solution generates a surface that can be roughened depending on the exposed surface orientation and a surface that cannot be roughened, the chip upper surface is always rough. There is a disclosure that it is not always possible to increase the brightness, and there is a restriction in improving the light extraction efficiency, and it is difficult to increase the luminance. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
- 2003-209283 describes, more specifically, “Generally, the main surface of a semiconductor substrate is a (100) plane or a plane turned off by (100) degrees, and each semiconductor The surface of the layer is also the (100) plane or the plane turned off by (100) degrees, and it is difficult to roughen the (100) plane or the plane turned off by (100) degrees.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-209283 discloses a GaAlAs force as a light extraction layer.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-218383 discloses a GaP light extraction layer, the first main surface of which is also (100) Plane.
- the GaP light extraction layer having the (100) first main surface is conventionally known for GaP.
- the used etching solution which is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide or a mixture thereof
- the first main surface is simply etched. It is clear that the surface cannot be roughened only by immersion in the glass, and it is difficult to form irregularities that can sufficiently improve the light extraction efficiency.
- JP-A-2003-218383 discloses, as a specific solution, a method of etching by covering the (100) main surface of the GaP light extraction layer with a finely patterned resin mask. ing.
- the wet etching is formally used as the etching method. All the specific disclosures, including working examples, are only for dry etching by RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). They are expensive, have a small substrate area that can be processed at one time, and have a very low efficiency.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-209283 does not provide any specific information for forming irregularities by etching the (100) main surface of the GaP light extraction layer because the light extraction layer itself is GaAlAs. Absent. Also, a macro-grooved secondary pattern with a triangular cross section is formed by mechanical processing, exposing the (111) plane, which makes etching easier, and chemically etching the surface of the secondary pattern. The disadvantage is that the number of man-hours is increased by the force that employs the method and the need for mechanical grooving.
- JP-A-2003-218383 or JP-A-2003-209283 require the use of a step that cannot be performed on the main surface of the wafer, such as mask formation or grooving. As a result, it is apparent that the side surface of the chip resulting from the dicing of the wafer cannot be roughened and processed.
- dry etching such as RIE as disclosed in JP-A-2003-218383, since the directivity of the etching beam is strong, it is first necessary to perform side etching by turning the etching beam directed toward the main surface of the layer. Hopeless.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to overcome this situation, and as a result, have found a new anisotropic etching solution having the above composition, and by using the same, have been able to reduce the (100) plane of the GaP single crystal.
- the principle of anisotropic etching will be briefly described. If no crystal grain boundary exists, and the surface of the compound semiconductor single crystal can be roughened by chemical etching to form a projection, the etchant used must be on a crystal plane in a specific orientation and on a crystal plane in another orientation. Than It is necessary that the pitching speed be high (a surface that is advantageous for the etching is hereinafter referred to as a preferential etching surface), that is, anisotropic etching depending on the plane orientation must be possible.
- the crystal surface on which anisotropic etching has progressed appears on the crystal surface in combination with a crystallographically equivalent preferentially etched surface having different plane indices, resulting in a concavo-convex shape derived from the specific geometry of the crystal structure.
- a crystallographically equivalent preferentially etched surface having different plane indices In cubic GaP, the surface of ⁇ 111 ⁇ group, which is the closest packed surface, is the preferential etching surface. If the ones with the opposite sign of the plane index are regarded as the same plane, there are four planes with different orientations in the ⁇ 111 ⁇ group, and in the surface roughening treatment by anisotropic etching, As shown in Fig. 5, pyramid-shaped irregularities tend to occur easily.
- the ⁇ 100 ⁇ side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer employed in the present invention is a preferential etching surface.
- the (111) face force The (100) face is greatly inclined (just about (100) face is about 55 °). If the preferential etching face can be selectively exposed by the progress of the etching at the initial stage, It becomes remarkable.
- the etching solution for surface roughening employed in the present invention has an appropriate difference in etching rate between the (111) plane and the (100) crystal plane if the etching rate on the (100) crystal plane is too large. Therefore, it is considered that the effect of forming the irregularities while selectively exposing the (111) plane is high.
- the conventional chemical etching solution hydroochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, or a mixture thereof disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
- 2003-218383 has an initial stage in which the etching rate on the (100) plane is extremely low.
- the etching rate on the (100) plane is too close to the etching rate on the (111) plane, and the ⁇ 111 ⁇ group remains intact even if the etching proceeds. It is considered that the surface exposure becomes inconspicuous, so that the roughened surface cannot be formed properly on the (100) plane.
- Acetic acid (CH 2 COOH equivalent): 37.4 mass% or more and 94.8 mass% or less
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF conversion) 0.4 mass% or more and 14.8 mass% or less
- Iodine (I conversion) 0.12% by mass or more and 0.84% by mass or less
- the etching solution for surface roughening is more preferably
- Acetic acid (CH 2 COOH equivalent): 45.8 mass% or more and 94.8 mass% or less
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF conversion) 0.5 mass% or more and 14.8 mass% or less
- Iodine (I conversion) 0.15 mass% or more and 0.84 mass% or less
- the GaP transparent semiconductor layer can be roughened to form protrusions by the anisotropic etching effect only by immersion in an etching solution.
- the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is formed to a thickness of 10 m or more, the side surface area is increased due to the increase in the thickness of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer by forming a roughened projection on the side surface. Together with this, the light extraction efficiency of the element can be greatly increased.
- the thickness of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer be 40 m or more (the upper limit is, for example, 200 m or less).
- FIG. 10 is a diagram schematically illustrating the concept of extracting the emitted light beam from the GaP transparent semiconductor layer.
- the refractive index of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is nl (approximately 3.45) and the refractive index of the surrounding medium is n2
- the incident angle of the luminous flux IB to the light extraction surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer surface normal and Is larger than the critical angle ex
- the emitted light flux IB undergoes total reflection on the light extraction surface, and returns as reflected light RB into the device.
- the reflected light has an incident angle less than the critical angle ⁇ , it can escape out of the layer as extracted light ⁇ become.
- This critical angle ⁇ is about 16.8 when the surrounding medium is air ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1). Even with the use of epoxy resin luster / monored (n2 1.6), it is about 27.6 ° at best.
- the luminous flux incident on a point on the light extraction surface the light that can be extracted to the outside without being totally reflected is defined by a generatrix that forms an angle OC with the normal to the surface normal passing through the point. It is limited to the luminous flux inside the cone obtained by rotation. This cone is called the extraction cone.
- the light emitting layer portion when the light emitting layer portion is regarded as a group of a large number of point light sources in the layer plane, the light emitted from each point light source is emitted while spreading in all directions.
- the emitted luminous flux emitted at an angle equal to or more than ⁇ with that normal is considered as long as the light extraction surface is flat. Since it is geometrically obvious that the angle of incidence on the surface is also greater than ⁇ , light returns into the layer by total internal reflection.
- the main light extraction area and the side light extraction area of the GaP light extraction layer when the respective areas are formed in a plane, the above-mentioned point light source force and the normal drawn down to each area will be used.
- a similar cone with the point light source at the top can be considered. Only the light falling within the above-mentioned cone can be extracted to the outside of the light emitted from the point light source toward the respective regions (this cone is referred to as an escape cone).
- the projections are formed with a rough surface in the light extraction area, the ratio of light beams that can be extracted at a low angle that can be extracted, when considered at the substantial incident angle on the uneven surface, greatly increases. Since the surface area of the region increases due to the formation of the irregularities, the light flux deviating from the escape cone force can be effectively extracted in the planar region.
- the apex angle of the extraction cone is determined by the critical angle for total reflection ex, but a is as small as 17 to 27 ° at most as described above.
- a is as small as 17 to 27 ° at most as described above.
- the ratio of the area cut off by the extraction cone standing on the point light source becomes sparse, and the ratio of the emitted light flux outside the extraction cone and returning to the layer by reflection is large.
- this reflected light can escape from the lateral force of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer by repeating internal reflection.
- the damage layer formed on the side surface light extraction region of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer after the dicing step is excessively left, the formation of the roughened projections by the subsequent chemical etching becomes difficult. Even after the surface is roughened by force and the protrusion is formed, a part of the processing damage layer remains, which may cause absorption or scattering of the emitted light beam. Therefore, after the dicing step, the processed damage layer formed in the side surface light extraction region of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is removed by etching with a sulfuric acid-peroxide-hydrogen solution and a damage removing etchant. It is effective to form projections with roughened surfaces by etching with a cleaning etchant.
- a sulfuric acid-peroxide solution is excellent in the effect of uniformly etching the crystal including the processing damage layer. Therefore, the processing damage layer in the side surface light extraction region is etched prior to the surface roughening etching. Sufficient removal can be achieved, and the formation of roughened protrusions can be promoted and the processing damage layer can be suppressed from remaining.
- the surface roughening projections formed using the above-described surface roughening etchant can be formed in various forms by adjusting the composition of the etchant and adjusting the etching conditions (etching temperature and time). For example, it is possible to make the front end side of the projection part forming the roughened projection part into a curved shape. This shape is obtained at a relatively early stage when anisotropic etching is advanced on the GaP (100) surface by the surface roughening etchant, and is obtained on the rounded curved surface. Since the incident angle is relatively small at any position, the extraction efficiency can be improved.
- the protrusion forms a base end side of the protrusion and is tapered toward the distal end, and the tip is integrated in a form that bulges into a ball at the distal end of the main body.
- the shape has a bulging portion, the height is further increased.
- the surface-roughened protrusions may be formed as a result of rounding etching treatment with an isotropic etching solution on a basic shape formed by anisotropic etching. As a result, the outer surface of the projection is roughened and the outer surface of the protrusion becomes closer to a spherical surface, so that the light extraction efficiency can be further increased.
- a plurality of surface roughening projections dispersedly formed on the side surface ( ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane) of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer are formed in a polyhedral shape in which at least a protruding base end outer surface is surrounded by a plurality of planes, and On the side In the predetermined direction, when the acute angles formed by the two surfaces facing each other within the same protrusion and the first main surface of the GaP light extraction layer are ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2, respectively, ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 It is possible to adopt a configuration in which each of ⁇ 2 is 30 ° or more and ⁇ 1> ⁇ 2 is mainly formed.
- the outer surface of the protrusion (particularly, the outer surface of the main body portion on the base end side) becomes polyhedral (for example, ⁇ 111 ⁇ ) by a combination of preferentially etched surfaces having different surface indices (specifically, ⁇ 111 ⁇ ). (Polygonal pyramid).
- the angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 on the acute angle side formed by the two surfaces facing each other within the same protrusion in the predetermined direction and the reference surface forming the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer are both 30 °.
- the GaP transparent semiconductor layer can be a single crystal substrate bonded to the light emitting layer portion.
- the single crystal substrate is directly bonded to the light emitting layer by laminating a GaP single crystal substrate on the light emitting layer and performing a bonding heat treatment at a relatively low temperature of 100 ° C. to 700 ° C.
- a GaP transparent semiconductor layer can be easily formed.
- the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is formed as an epitaxial layer grown on the light emitting layer by a vapor phase growth method (for example, a hydride vapor phase growth method (hereinafter referred to as an HVPE method)). be able to.
- a vapor phase growth method for example, a hydride vapor phase growth method (hereinafter referred to as an HVPE method)
- the AlGalnP light emitting layer is grown by the MOVPE method, by giving an appropriate off-angle to the GaAs substrate for growth, the ordering and bias of the group III elements can be greatly reduced. Thus, a light-emitting element having a uniform emission spectrum profile and center wavelength can be obtained.
- a GaP transparent semiconductor layer made of a III-V compound semiconductor is formed on the mixed crystal light emitting layer grown by the MOVPE method using the HVPE method, a GaP transparent semiconductor layer finally obtained is formed. Facets and surface roughness due to the off-angle of the GaAs substrate hardly occur on the surface, and a GaP transparent semiconductor layer with good smoothness can be obtained. This effect is particularly remarkable when the off-angle is 10 ° or more and 20 ° or less.
- the GaP transparent semiconductor layer It is desirable that the crystal orientation be matched with the light emitting layer portion to which the off-angle has been given. If the crystal orientations of the light emitting layer and the GaP transparent semiconductor layer do not match, the ohmic junction between the two layers may be impaired, leading to an increase in the forward voltage of the light emitting element. In the case of forming a GaP transparent semiconductor layer by vapor phase growth, the crystal orientation inevitably coincides with the crystal orientation of the light emitting layer. In the case of forming by bonding single crystal substrates, the single crystal used It is preferable that the substrate be provided with an angle at the same angle in the same direction as the light emitting layer.
- the light emitting layer portion and the GaP transparent semiconductor layer are epitaxially grown on a GaAs substrate having an off angle of 1 ° or more and 25 ° or less from the ⁇ 100> direction as described above.
- the side surface of the GaP transparent semiconductor layer is anisotropically etched using the above-described etching solution for surface roughening, the side surface also tilts by the (100) surface force off-angle angle.
- the projection formed by the combination is also formed to be inclined. That is, it is possible to extremely easily form the projection satisfying the above-mentioned ⁇ 1> ⁇ 2.
- the direction connecting the just [100] axis and the off-angled crystal main axis is the above-mentioned predetermined direction, and the two outer surfaces of the protruding portion having ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane force facing the direction and the off-angle
- the angle between the GaP light extraction layer and the first main surface is ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ 2
- the angle between the (111) plane and the (100) plane is about 55 °
- ⁇ 1 on the large angle side can be a cut surface up to about 80 °.
- the aforementioned extraction cone EC1 can be set at an arbitrary point on the projection.
- the light incident on the extraction cone EC1 becomes the extraction light EB, the light is reflected on the opposite surface and enters the extraction cone EC1, and the incident light IB on the reflection surface is projected. It is considered that the light enters the protrusion 40f across the base surface (100) where the portion 40f is formed.
- the incident light IB in order for this incident light IB to become reflected light that enters the extraction cone EC1, optically, the incident light IB enters the virtual extraction cone EC2, which is a surface target of the extraction cone EC1 with respect to the reflection surface. IB must enter. Therefore, The problem of finding the conditions for extracting light from the surface force of the protrusion 40f can be considered by geometrically replacing the problem of finding the allowable area of the incident light IB on the base surface (100).
- the condition is that the incident light IB enters the extraction cone EC2.
- the region SO cut out by the extraction cone EC2 is defined as an area where the emission light flux is allowed to be extracted. Become. However, if the base plane is inclined (100) by the off angle ⁇ ,
- the area cut by C2 changes from SO on (100) to S1 on (100).
- the area cut by C2 changes from SO on (100) to S1 on (100).
- the projection 40f When the projection 40f is upright with respect to the base plane (100), it is almost the minimum (S0), and the area of the region on the base plane inclined by the angle (S1) is larger than the above S0. Is geometrically obvious. That is, the allowable area on the base surface of the luminous flux that can escape from a certain point force on the surface of the projection 40f is larger in the latter, and as a result, contributes to the improvement of the light extraction efficiency.
- the result is the same when the off-angle ⁇ is set upward with respect to the force set downward with respect to (100).
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view showing an example of the light emitting device of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of the same.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram of a roughened protrusion formed on the GaP light extraction layer of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing setting examples of dicing directions for manufacturing the light emitting device of FIG. 1 together with effects.
- FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram of a basic shape of a roughened protrusion formed on a ⁇ 100 ⁇ base surface by anisotropic etching.
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram of a basic shape of a roughened protrusion formed on a ⁇ 110 ⁇ base surface by anisotropic etching.
- FIG. 7 is a first schematic view of a roughened projection.
- FIG. 8 is a second schematic diagram of a roughened projection.
- FIG. 9 Improvement of light extraction efficiency due to inclination of roughened protrusions formed on ⁇ 100 ⁇ base surface
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of a critical angle of total reflection.
- FIG. 11 is a view for explaining a difference in light extraction effect between a main light extraction region and a side light extraction region.
- FIG. 12 is a third schematic view of a roughened projection.
- FIG. 13 is a fourth schematic view of a roughened projection.
- FIG. 14 is a fifth schematic view of a roughened projection.
- FIG. 15 is an explanatory view showing a step of the method for manufacturing the light emitting device of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 16 is a process explanatory view following FIG. 15;
- FIG. 17 is a process explanatory view following FIG. 16;
- FIG. 18 is an explanatory view of the step following FIG. 17;
- FIG. 19 is a schematic side sectional view showing a first modification of the light emitting device of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic side sectional view showing a second modification of the light emitting device of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic side sectional view showing a third modification of the light emitting device of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic side sectional view showing a fourth modification of the light emitting device of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 23 is a scanning electron microscope observation image showing a first observation example of a roughened protrusion.
- FIG. 24 is a scanning electron microscope observation image showing a second observation example of the roughened protrusion.
- FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram showing dicing directions in a conventional method for manufacturing a light emitting element together with problems.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing a light emitting device 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the light-emitting element 100 includes a light-emitting layer portion 24 made of a Group IV compound semiconductor, and a GaP light extraction layer (first GaP transparent semiconductor layer) formed on the first main surface side of the light-emitting layer portion 24.
- the p-type is 20.
- a GaP transparent substrate layer 90 as a second GaP transparent semiconductor layer is disposed on the second main surface side of the light emitting layer section 24, a GaP transparent substrate layer 90 as a second GaP transparent semiconductor layer is disposed.
- the chip of the light emitting element 100 has a square planar shape with a side of 300 ⁇ m.
- the light-emitting layer section 24 is formed by mixing the active layer 5 made of a non-doped (Al Ga) In P (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.55, 0.45 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.55) mixed crystal with a p-type (Al Ga) In P (where x ⁇ z ⁇ 1) force z 1— z 1— P-type cladding layer (first conductivity type cladding layer) 6 and n-type (Al Ga) In P (where x ⁇ z ⁇ 1) z 1— z 1—
- n-type clad layer (second conductive type clad layer) 4 which also becomes strong.
- the p-type AlGalnP cladding layer 6 is disposed on the first main surface side (upper side of the drawing), and the n-type AlGalnP cladding layer 4 is disposed on the second main surface side (lower side of the drawing).
- “non-doped” means “do not actively add dopant”, and contains a dopant component that is unavoidably mixed in a normal manufacturing process (for example, 1 ⁇ 10 1 3 ⁇ l X 10 16 Zcm 3 degrees and the upper limit) are not excluded also.
- the light emitting layer portion 24 is grown by the MOVPE method.
- the thickness of each of the n-type cladding layer 4 and the p-cladding layer 6 is, for example, 0.8 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less (preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less). Is, for example, 0.4 m or more and 2 m or less (preferably 0.4 111 or more and 1 ⁇ m or less).
- the total thickness of the light emitting layer portion 24 is, for example, 2 m or more and 10 m or less (preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less).
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 is formed as a thick film having a thickness of 10 m or more and 200 m or less (preferably 40 m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less; for example, 100 m in the present embodiment), as shown in FIG. Further, a light extraction region side metal electrode 9 is formed so as to cover a part (here, a center part) of the first main surface. One end of an electrode wire 17 is joined to the light extraction area side metal electrode 9. The area around the light extraction area side metal electrode 9 forms a main light extraction area 20p. The side surface of the GaP light extraction layer 20 forms a side light extraction region 20S.
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 is formed to be thick as described above, so that the light emission drive current due to the conduction through the light extraction area side metal electrode 9 is diffused in the element surface, and the light emission layer portion 24 is formed in the surface.
- the GaP In addition to functioning as a current diffusion layer that emits light uniformly, it also increases the luminous flux extracted from the side surface of the layer, and plays a role in increasing the luminance (integrated sphere luminance) of the entire light emitting element.
- GaP has a larger band gap energy than AlGalnP forming the active layer 5, and the absorption of the emitted luminous flux is suppressed.
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 is grown by the HVPE method (the MOVP E method may be used).
- a connection layer 20J having a GaP layer strength is formed between the GaP light extraction layer 20 and the light emitting layer portion 24 by MOVPE so as to be continuous with the light emitting layer portion 24.
- the connection layer 20J may be an AlGalnP layer that gradually changes the lattice constant difference (and, consequently, the mixed crystal ratio) between the light-emitting layer portion 24 having an AlGalnP force and the GaP light extraction layer 20.
- the GaP light extraction layer 2 0 can be formed by bonding a GaP single crystal substrate instead of forming an epitaxial growth layer by the HVPE method.
- the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 is formed by bonding a GaP single crystal substrate (the epitaxial layer may be formed by an HVPE method: reference numeral 91 is a connection layer capable of AlGalnP).
- the entire surface of the second main surface is covered with a back electrode 15 such as an Au electrode.
- the thickness of the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 is, for example, not less than 10 ⁇ m and not more than 200 ⁇ m.
- the back electrode 15 also serves as a reflection layer for the luminous flux that passes through the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 from the luminescent layer section 24 and contributes to an improvement in light extraction efficiency.
- a bonding alloying layer 15c made of a color such as an AuBe alloy is dispersed and formed in a dot shape to reduce the contact resistance between them.
- the reflectivity of the bonding alloying layer 15c is slightly reduced due to alloying with the compound semiconductor layer forming the GaP transparent substrate layer 90. It is a direct reflection surface by the back electrode 15.
- a bonding alloyed layer 9a made of a color such as an AuGeNi alloy is formed between the light extraction region side metal electrode 9 and the GaP light extraction layer 20 .
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 and the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 both have a dopant concentration adjusted to 5 ⁇ 10 16 Zcm 3 or more and 2 ⁇ 10 18 Zcm 3 or less (in addition, immediately below the bonding alloyed layer 9a). In the case where a heavily doped region is formed to increase the contact resistance, the dopant concentration in the region other than this is meant.
- rough projections 40f and 50f formed by chemical etching are formed in both the main light extraction region 20p and the side light extraction region 20S of the GaP light extraction layer 20.
- the reference plane with irregularities almost coincides with the (100) plane of the GaP single crystal (however, as described later, the angle is more than 25 °).
- an off-angle of 15 ° is provided in the present embodiment
- the surface roughening projections 40f are different by bringing the flat (100) crystal main surface into contact with a surface roughening etchant described later. It is formed by anisotropic etching.
- the side surface main light extraction region 20S substantially coincides with the ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane, and the surface roughening projection 50f is similarly formed by anisotropic etching. Furthermore, the side surface 90S of the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 almost coincides with the ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane. The light extraction efficiency of the light emitting element 100 is significantly increased by forming the roughened projections 50f in the regions 20S and 90S.
- Can be The crystal orientations of the GaP light extraction layer 20 and the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 are matched with the light emitting layer portion 24 (that is, the off-angles are matched).
- the outer surfaces of the projections forming the roughened projections 40f and 50f are formed mainly by the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane (at least 50% of the surface of the projection) by chemical anisotropic etching of GaP single crystal. Is done.
- the average height of the projections is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, and the average distance between the projections is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. is there.
- the degree of formation of the surface roughening projection 50f is lessened than in the main light extraction region 20p.
- the roughened protrusion 50f formed in the side light extraction region 20S is determined by whether the average height of the roughened protrusion 40 formed in the main light extraction region 20p is small (see FIG. 3). h2) and / or the average formation interval is large ( ⁇ 2> ⁇ 1 in Fig. 3).
- an ⁇ -type GaAs single crystal substrate 1 having an off-angle of at least 25 ° or less (15 ° in this embodiment) is prepared as a growth substrate.
- an n-type GaAs buffer layer 2 is epitaxially grown on the main surface of the substrate 1 by, for example, 0.5 ⁇ m, and (AlGa) In 1 m thick n-type cladding layer 4 (n-type dopant is Si) consisting of P, 0.6 ⁇ m thick active layer (non-dope) 5 and 1 ⁇ m thick ⁇ -type cladding layer 6 (p-type dopant Mg: C from organometallic molecules can also contribute as p-type dopant) is epitaxially grown in this order.
- the respective dopant concentrations of the p-type cladding layer 6 and the n-type cladding layer 4 are, for example, not less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 Zcm 3 and not more than 2 ⁇ 10 18 Zcm 3 . Further, as shown in Step 3 of FIG. 16, a connection layer 20J is epitaxially grown on the p-type cladding layer 6.
- Epitaxial growth of each of the above layers is performed by a known MOVPE method.
- the following source gases can be used as the source of each component of Al, Ga, In (indium), and P (phosphorus);
- A1 source gas Trimethyl aluminum (TMA1), triethyl aluminum (TEA1), etc.
- Ga source gas Trimethylgallium (TMGa), triethylgallium (TEGa), etc.
- TIn Trimethyl indium
- TEIn triethyl indium
- P source gas Trimethyl phosphorus
- TMP Triethyl phosphorus
- PH phosphine
- a GaP light extraction layer 20 made of p-type GaP is grown by HVPE.
- HVPE method specifically, while holding a Group III element Ga in a container at a caloric heat at a predetermined temperature, the salt is introduced into the Ga, thereby obtaining the following formula (1).
- the reaction produces GaCl, which is supplied onto the substrate together with H gas, which is the carrier gas.
- the growth temperature is set, for example, between 640 ° C and 860 ° C.
- P which is a group V element, supplies PH onto the substrate together with H, which is a carrier gas.
- H which is a carrier gas.
- n is supplied in the form of DMZn (dimethyl Zn). GaCl has excellent reactivity with PH.
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 can be efficiently grown:
- step 5 in FIG. 17 the GaAs substrate 1 is chemically etched using an etching solution such as an ammonia Z mixed solution of hydrogen peroxide. Remove more. Then, a separately prepared n-type GaP single crystal substrate is attached to the second main surface side of the light emitting layer portion 24 from which the GaAs substrate 1 has been removed (the second main surface of the connection layer 91), and the GaP transparent film is formed.
- the substrate layer is 90 (Step 6 in FIG. 17).
- the first main surface of the GaP light extraction layer 20 and the second main surface of the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 are formed by sputtering or vacuum evaporation. Then, a metal layer for forming a bonding alloyed layer was formed, and a heat treatment for alloying (so-called sintering) was performed to form the bonding alloyed layers 9a and 15c (see FIG. 1; Omitted). Then, the light extraction region side electrode 9 and the back surface electrode 15 are formed so as to cover these bonding alloyed layers 9a and 15c, respectively, to obtain a light emitting element wafer W.
- the main light extraction region ((100) main surface) of the GaP light extraction layer 20 is subjected to anisotropic etching using a surface roughening etchant FEA.
- a roughened projection 40f is formed.
- the etching solution for surface roughening is an aqueous solution containing acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and iodine.
- Acetic acid CH 2 COOH equivalent: 37.4 mass% or more and 94.8 mass% or less
- Hydrofluoric acid HF conversion: 0.4 mass% or more and 14.8 mass% or less
- Iodine (I conversion) 0.12% by mass or more and 0.84% by mass or less
- Acetic acid (CH 2 COOH equivalent): 45.8 mass% or more and 94.8 mass% or less
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF conversion) 0.5 mass% or more and 14.8 mass% or less
- Iodine (I conversion) 0.15 mass% or more and 0.84 mass% or less
- the water content should be within 2.4% and 32.7% by mass or less.
- the liquid temperature should be between 40 ° C and 60 ° C.
- the roughened projections formed on the flat (100) main surface of GaP form flat regions 40p between the projections as shown in FIGS.
- the formation depth of the pyramid-shaped side part consisting of ⁇ 111 ⁇ gradually increases (this is basically the same on the ⁇ 100 ⁇ side, which will be described later).
- the tip side of the projection as shown in FIG. 12 has a rounded shape with a curved surface 40r. In this shape, if the angle between the tangent plane to the curved surface 4 Or and the luminous flux is regarded as the incident angle to the luminous flux, the incident angle on the curved surface 40r is relatively large at any position. Can be done.
- the flat region 40p is appropriately left between the protrusions, the luminous flux extracted outside the protrusions is less likely to re-enter the adjacent protrusions.
- the main body 40w has a tapered main body 40w and a front-end bulged portion 40s integrated in a ball-shaped bulge form at the front end side of the main body 40w.
- the ratio of the inclined ⁇ 111 ⁇ surface that forms the outer surface of the main body 40w also increases, and the tip bulge 40s becomes ball-shaped, making the shape closer to an ideal spherical surface for light extraction, and light extraction efficiency is improved. It will be even better.
- the tip bulge disappears as shown in Fig. 8, and the protrusion becomes almost a ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane on the entire side surface, and has a sharp tip and a pyramid shape. (See also Fig. 5 )).
- the height of the protrusions, at which the formation density of the protrusions is highest, is also large, so that good light extraction efficiency can be realized.
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 When the first main surface of the GaP light extraction layer 20 is the (100) plane (ie, when the angle of ⁇ is 0 ° in step 1 of FIG. 15), the GaP light extraction layer 20 is formed as shown in FIG.
- the protrusion is close to an upright semi-octahedral shape.
- (100) also inclines by an angle of 0 with respect to the first main surface ((100)) of the GaP light extraction layer 20, as shown in FIG.
- angles ⁇ 1 ′ and ⁇ 2 ′ formed by the two opposing side surfaces with (100) are (100) Normal to the tilt direction
- the located angle ⁇ 1 ′ is larger than the opposite angle ⁇ 2 ′. Thereby, the light extraction efficiency is further improved.
- An aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide is used as the etching solution DEA for removing the damaged layer.
- the aqueous solution for example, one having a weight ratio of sulfuric acid: hydrogen peroxide: water of 20: 1: 1 can be used, and the liquid temperature is adjusted to 30 ° C. or more and 70 ° C. or more.
- Step 11 the side surface of the chip from which the processing damage layer 20D has been removed is brought into contact with the etching solution FEA for surface roughening described above, and the side surface of the GaP light extraction layer 20 is anisotropically etched.
- the surface is roughened to form a projection 50f.
- the wafer W is attached to the base material 60 via the adhesive sheet 61, and the wafer W is fully diced in this state. A part 50f is formed.
- the residual stress layer 20 ⁇ may remain on the chip side surface after dicing even after the processing damage layer is removed, and the anisotropic etching with the surface roughening etchant FEA may not easily proceed.
- dicing is performed so that the side faces are ⁇ 100 ⁇ faces (however, they may be inclined within 25 ° or less (preferably 15 ° or less) with respect to ⁇ 100 ⁇ ).
- the etching does not proceed a little more than the main surface without being affected by the dicing, but a remarkable projection can be formed.
- 23 and 24 are scanning electron microscope observation images showing specific examples of the formation.
- FIG. 23 shows a planar image (magnification: 5000) and FIG.
- the etching solution used was 81.7% by mass of acetic acid, 5% by mass of hydrofluoric acid, 5% by mass of nitric acid and 0.3% by mass of iodine, and the water content was kept at 8% by mass.
- the liquid temperature is 50 ° C and the etching time is 120 seconds.
- the influence of the etching should not be exerted on the main light extraction region 20p on which the roughened protrusion 40f has already been formed.
- the main light extraction region 20p may be masked with an etching resist 20M as shown by a dashed line in Step 9 and L1: FIG.
- dicing is first performed before forming the roughening projection 40f on the main light extraction region 20p, and the surface roughening projection 40f is collectively formed on the main light extraction region 20p and the side surface light extraction region 20S. And 50f.
- the roughened protrusions 40f and 50f have the basic shape 4Of (FIG. 14) formed by anisotropic etching. 50f ') can be further rounded and etched with an isotropic etchant to form the final roughened projection 40f (50f).
- an isotropic etchant an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide similar to the etchant for removing the damaged layer described above can be used.
- the light-emitting element chip after separation has the second main surface side bonded to a metal stage via an Ag paste layer, and further, as shown in FIG. 1, a bonding wire 9w is connected to the light extraction side electrode 9, Furthermore, if a mold part (not shown) made of epoxy resin is formed, the final light emitting element The child is completed.
- the light emitting device 200 in FIG. 19 is different from the light emitting device 100 in FIG. 1 in that instead of bonding the GaP transparent substrate layer 90 to the second main surface side of the light emitting layer portion 24, Au or Ag (or an alloy containing these as main components) is used.
- the conductive Si substrate 7 is bonded to the second main surface of the light emitting layer section 24 via the metal reflection layer 10. Force that back electrode 15 is formed on second main surface of Si substrate 7 Since back electrode 15 does not form a reflective surface, bonding metal layer 15d is formed on the entire second main surface of Si substrate 7. I have.
- a dot-shaped bonding alloy layer 32 (for example, made of AuGe Ni alloy color) is dispersedly formed between the metal reflective layer 10 and the light emitting layer portion 24! Puru.
- the light emitting element 300 in FIG. 20 shows an example in which the GaAs substrate 1, which is an opaque substrate, is not intentionally removed, but is used as an element substrate as it is.
- the light emitting element 400 of FIG. 21 shows an example in which the outer peripheral edge of the GaAs substrate 1 is cut out to expose the peripheral edge on the second main surface side of the light emitting layer portion 24 so that light can be extracted therefrom.
- the GaP light extraction layer 20 is omitted from the light emitting device 100 of FIG. 1, the thickness of the first conductivity type cladding layer 6 is increased, and the light extraction side is formed on the light extraction side.
- a heavily doped region 6h is formed on one main surface to increase in-plane conductivity. The side surface and the first main surface of the first conductive clad layer 6 have no roughened surface.
Abstract
Description
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JP3802424B2 (ja) | 2002-01-15 | 2006-07-26 | 株式会社東芝 | 半導体発光素子及びその製造方法 |
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2004
- 2004-04-27 JP JP2004131807A patent/JP4154731B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2005
- 2005-04-13 WO PCT/JP2005/007177 patent/WO2005106976A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-04-13 CN CNB2005800133820A patent/CN100481541C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-04-13 US US11/587,632 patent/US7663151B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-04-19 TW TW094112363A patent/TW200605397A/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN100481541C (zh) | 2009-04-22 |
US7663151B2 (en) | 2010-02-16 |
US20070224714A1 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
CN1947269A (zh) | 2007-04-11 |
TW200605397A (en) | 2006-02-01 |
JP2005317664A (ja) | 2005-11-10 |
TWI362761B (ja) | 2012-04-21 |
JP4154731B2 (ja) | 2008-09-24 |
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