WO2005107405A2 - Method and apparatus for selecting, analyzing and visualizing related database records as a network - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for selecting, analyzing and visualizing related database records as a network Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005107405A2 WO2005107405A2 PCT/US2005/015346 US2005015346W WO2005107405A2 WO 2005107405 A2 WO2005107405 A2 WO 2005107405A2 US 2005015346 W US2005015346 W US 2005015346W WO 2005107405 A2 WO2005107405 A2 WO 2005107405A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/338—Presentation of query results
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/40—Data acquisition and logging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/332—Query formulation
- G06F16/3322—Query formulation using system suggestions
- G06F16/3323—Query formulation using system suggestions using document space presentation or visualization, e.g. category, hierarchy or range presentation and selection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/332—Query formulation
- G06F16/3325—Reformulation based on results of preceding query
- G06F16/3326—Reformulation based on results of preceding query using relevance feedback from the user, e.g. relevance feedback on documents, documents sets, document terms or passages
- G06F16/3328—Reformulation based on results of preceding query using relevance feedback from the user, e.g. relevance feedback on documents, documents sets, document terms or passages using graphical result space presentation or visualisation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2216/00—Indexing scheme relating to additional aspects of information retrieval not explicitly covered by G06F16/00 and subgroups
- G06F2216/11—Patent retrieval
Definitions
- the present application generally relates to the field of data mining and analysis. More particularly, it relates to methods and systems for presenting related database records in a network graphical representation.
- Relevance rankings have been estimated in various means including; frequency of use of search terms, location of search terms within the document, and perceived "importance/usefulness" of the documents in the result set.
- result ranking is Google's page rank metric which is based on the number of other web pages that link to the search result page.
- Result filtering attempts to classify the documents in the result set based on some classification scheme. The hope is that this will allow the searcher to narrow down his her "sifting" to a subset of the result set that is most closely related to the area of interest.
- result filtering examples include; Northern Light's "results folders" (see, e.g., FIG. 1) which are based on a fixed taxonomy of document classifications, Vivisimo's document clustering tool which classifies documents into a hierarchical tree structure (see, e.g., FIG. 2) based on the semantic content of the documents, and Grokker, which classifies documents into a dynamic hierarchical structure similar to Vivisimo, but also provides a visual display of the relative size of each classification using its "bubble display” (see, e.g., FIG. 3).
- the described embodiments utilize advanced visualization techniques to reveal the metadata associated with a set of documents or a search result.
- it is useful to review other systems and techniques in this field, in particular within two areas of study; 1) Existing methods of presenting metadata, 2) Visualization methodologies used for understanding large data sets.
- Statistical analysis can be as simple as calculating the number of documents in the set by date, author/inventor, author/inventor affiliation, country, classification, or other attribute. It may also include calculation of statistics relevant to the particular type of data being examined. For instance, in the patent data domain, statistics like number of citations, citations/patent/year, time from filing to grant, age of most recent citation, age of most recent academic citation, and other statistics are sometimes calculated. These statistical methods are employed widely, and are in some instances automated in commercial applications such as those offered by Delphion, Micropatent and CHI Research in the patent space and many others in other domains.
- Statistical analysis can provide some useful insight into the set of documents under evaluation, but is clearly limited as to the amount of insight that can be obtained.
- the best-known tools of this type provide textual reports or simple bar charts showing the number of documents with each attribute value (e.g. How many documents by Company A, Company B, Company C, etc.) or the statistics associated with the overall document set (e.g. Average time from filing to grant). They do not provide information about how the various documents are related to each other, and they do not provide a means for interacting with the metadata in a way that allows the user to explore what the various attributes of the documents reveal about the overall document set. It is an objective of one or more embodiments of the present invention to provide a means for users to understand the relationships among groups of documents and to provide a means for deep exploration into the metadata associated with the document set or search result.
- clustering Another method used for revealing metadata about large sets of documents is clustering.
- Various tools have been developed that group documents into clusters. Some of these tools separate documents into clusters based on a fixed taxonomy of categories, while others utilize syntactic information within the documents to cluster them into a dynamic set of categories.
- Two examples of fixed taxonomy clustering tools are the Northern Light search engine and The Brain's
- categories may be based on explicit attributes of the documents. For instance, Internet search results can be divided into categories based on their domain extensions such as “.com”, “.net”, “.edu”, or their country domain such as “.sp", “.ge”, “.jp”, etc.
- categories may be based on a taxonomy into which documents in the data repository have previously been assigned. This is generally accomplished by manually reviewing documents or the domains under which those documents fall and assigning them to one or more categories within the fixed taxonomy.
- a second method of clustering documents or search results is based on the creation of a dynamic taxonomy. These clustering techniques use syntactic data within the documents and then cluster the document set into smaller groups and "name" those groups based on the words or phrases they have in common.
- the clustering method essentially creates an automated classification schema that can provide insight into the nature of the documents in the set. This technique has been applied to a wide variety of document types and various commercial software applications are available which perform this function.
- Vivisimo' s tools can be configured to operate on any set of text documents, as can the semantic analysis tools developed by Inxight (http://www.inxight.com/products/smartdiscovery/).
- the taxonomy is based on the priorities of its creator, not the searcher. The creation of a taxonomy entails making choices about what attributes of the information is most important. For example, the first branches in a taxonomy of bird types could be established in multiple possible ways; migratory versus non-migratory, waterfowl versus landfowl, etc. Often, the priorities of the taxonomer are not aligned with the needs of the information user, thus limiting the value of the clustering metadata provided. • Fixed taxonomies can not easily be adjusted as the contents of the database evolve. Once a taxonomy has been established and users have begun using it, it becomes rigid and difficult to change.
- Dynamic taxonomies have been created in order to overcome some of the limitations of fixed taxonomies. However, they have limitations of their own which diminish their usefulness in providing metadata about a large document set. Some of the challenges associated with dynamic taxonomies are described below:
- Hierarchical displays One visualization method which has been employed is the hierarchical display.
- documents or search results are represented in the form of a tree structure similar to the directory structure which is a well known metaphor for displaying categorized data.
- a hierarchical display designed to reveal metadata include Vivisimo 's clustering tool described above.
- Vivisimo 's clustering tool described above.
- several alternative methods have been developed to display these hierarchies.
- One example is the fisheye lens, which is used to display large hierarchies of patent citations within Micropatent's Aureka tool set. The fisheye display allows users to zoom in on a portion of the hierarchy while still comprehending their position within the overall hierarchy.
- the Grokker tool clusters documents in a hierarchical structure based on a semantic algorithm. Unlike Vivisimo, the Grokker tool presents information to users in a stylized marimekko diagram.
- the Grokker visualization represents the document set in a two dimensional space with each cluster of documents sized based on the number of documents in the cluster. The space on the screen represents the overall search result. Within this space, clusters of documents are displayed (represented by circles or squares) and labeled based on a common word found within those documents. Within each cluster, are further "sub-clusters", again represented visually and labeled with a keyword. The hierarchy descends until finally the documents themselves are found at the lowest level of the hierarchy.
- Spatial visualizations A second type of visualization used to reveal metadata within a large document set is the spatial visualization.
- Spatial visualization uses a map metaphor to arrange document records in a two or three-dimensional space. Although the various spatial visualization tools differ somewhat, those known to the inventors follow a similar methodology for creating a map. This method entails four steps; 1) Calculate a semantic vector for each document - For each document in the dataset, calculate a vector to represent the semantic content of the document (typically based on a histogram of word or concept usage) 2) Create a similarity matrix - using the semantic vectors for each document, calculate a similarity metric for each document pair and thereby create a document similarity matrix.
- Some spatial visualization tools take a further step of overlaying a topographical overlay on the information space to reveal the degree of clustering. Some may even identify and label clustered groups based on words that are common within the cluster.
- An example of a spatial visualization tool is the Themescape map, which is part of the patent analysis toolkit developed by Aurigin Systems and is now part of the offering provided by its acquirer The Thomson Corporation through its subsidiary Micropatent.
- the Themescape visualization tool uses semantic analysis about patent titles, abstracts or full text (at the user's discretion) to create a two dimensional projection of the information space based on the method described above. As is shown in FIG. 4, Themescape uses a map metaphor and overlays a topography over the information space with mountains representing the most highly clustered portions of the information space. Users of the Themescape map can explore the terrain by searching the information space for company names and other keywords or by selecting document clusters to read or export back into a document list for further review or analysis.
- the underlying technology for the Themescape tool came from research performed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory which also has a spatial visualization tool known as SPIRE (Spatial Paradigm for Information Retrieval and Exploration).
- SPIRE Spatial Paradigm for Information Retrieval and Exploration
- FIG. 5 Spire has two visualization analogies, one, the "Starfield” shows a plot of documents in three dimensions in a view that looks very much like a starry sky.
- the second, the "Theme view” is a topographical metaphor very similar to the implementation with Aurigin' s Themescape map.
- Network visualization The final visualization technique that is sometimes applied to increase understanding of the meta-data associated with large data sets is network visualization.
- a network diagram (mathematicians would call this a graph) is simply a set of nodes (typically represented as dots) connected by links (also known as edges or ties).
- Network graphs are not new, some network concepts date back at least to the ancient Greeks.
- Social network analysis developed significantly in the 1930s. The development of modern computers with powerful processors has made it possible to create computerized network visualization tools.
- the network paradigm is a very valuable method to apply to analysis of large data sets. There are two specific reasons why the network lens is so valuable. First, most visualization tools are designed to draw attention to the entity being analyzed (typically a document, a person or an institution). While network visualizations display information about individual entities as well, they also place significant emphasis on the relationships between and among those entities. The network display shows not just the entities, but the system in which those entities operate. In recent years, various scientific and academic researchers have come to the realization that reductionist analysis, (e.g. analysis that focuses on breaking a problem down into its component parts and thoroughly analyzing each component) is limited. Fields like biology, genetics, ecology, sociology, physics, astronomy, information science and many others have all seen advances based on systems analysis.
- reductionist analysis e.g. analysis that focuses on breaking a problem down into its component parts and thoroughly analyzing each component
- a second reason that network visualization tools are appropriate for analyzing large data sets is that networks have the potential to view the same set of information from a variety of viewpoints.
- Prior art network visualization systems do not take significant advantage of this fact, but networks have the potential to be transformed from one perspective to another, with each perspective providing a different insight about the data being analyzed.
- the description of the Network Visualization System below will describe how this can be accomplished in order to dramatically improve the insight that can be gained about large and complex datasets.
- Each one of these tools is capable of creating a network graph.
- the more advanced packages e.g. UCINET/NetDraw, NetMiner
- UCINET/NetDraw, NetMiner provide a range of visualization capabilities such as • Choosing alternative layout algorithms • Displaying multiple node types • Sizing/coloring/selecting shape of nodes based on the value of an attribute • Displaying multiple link types • Sizing/coloring/selecting line type of links based on the type of link
- All of these tools are general-purpose network visualization tools. In other words, they are designed to display network graphs of any data that is structured in such a way that both the nodes and links of the network are defined.
- Each of these tools uses a particular (and often unique) file format to capture information about nodes and node attributes, and links and link attributes.
- Node information is captured through a node list where each node is represented by a node record. Node records contain at least one field which is a unique identifier for that node, but can also contain other attribute fields that provide information about the node.
- Link information is captured through a link list (or link matrix) which at a minimum identifies which two nodes are linked, but may also capture information like link strength, link direction, and link type.
- a method of providing a network graphical representation of two or more database records includes selecting the two or more database records according to one or more descriptive criteria. Each of the two or more database records are members of a common record class. The method further includes identifying one or more attributes of the record class, and associating network nodes to instances of the one or more attributes from the database records. The method also includes connecting the network nodes with network links that designate network nodes having common instances of the one or more attributes.
- the common record class may include patent records from a database, such as a LexisNexis database, a Thomson database, a USPTO database, an EPO database, or a Derwent database.
- a database such as a LexisNexis database, a Thomson database, a USPTO database, an EPO database, or a Derwent database.
- the common record class may include academic journal articles from a database, such as a PubMed database.
- the descriptive criteria may include for example (i) one or more key words within a body field of each of the patent records, (ii) one or more key words within a title field of each of the patent records, (iii) one or more inventors in an inventor field of each of the patent records, (iv) one or more assignees in an assignee field of each of the patent records, (v) one or more key words within an abstract field, or combinations thereof.
- the attributes may include for example inventor, assignee, filing date, issue date, IPC code, USPC code, or field of search.
- the network links may include a characteristic that describes an amount of common instances occurring between connected nodes.
- the characteristic may include for example link thickness, link color or link texture.
- the network nodes may include meta-nodes, which describes a characteristic of two or more database records.
- the method may further include iteratively executing the identifying and connecting steps while modifying the one or more descriptive criteria, so as to change the selected two or more database records.
- the one or more descriptive criteria may include for example a range of dates.
- the method may further include selecting additional database records from a record class other than the common record class of patent records, and associating network nodes, network links, or both, to instances of one or more attributes from the additional database records.
- the other record class may describe for example licensing history associated with the patent records, litigation history associated with the patent records or maintenance fee history associated with the patent records.
- a method of providing a network graphical representation of two or more database record includes selecting the two or more database records according to one or more descriptive criteria. The method further includes identifying two or more common attributes of the database records, and associating network nodes to instances of a first one of the common attributes from the database records. The method also includes connecting the network nodes with network links that designate network nodes having common instances of one of the two or more common attributes, so as to form a first network graphical representation. The method further includes transforming the first network graphical representation into a second network graphical representation by associating the network nodes to instances of a second one of the common attributes from the database records, and connecting the network nodes with network links that designate network nodes having common instances of the second attribute.
- a method of providing a network graphical representation of two or more database records includes selecting the two or more database records according to one or more descriptive criteria. The method further includes identifying two or more common attributes of the database records, associating a first set of network nodes to instances of a first one of the common attributes from the database records, and associating a second set of network nodes to instances of a second one of the common attributes from the database records. The method also includes connecting one or more members of the first set of network nodes to one or more members of the second set of network nodes with network links that designate associations between the network nodes, so as to form a first network graphical representation.
- a method of providing a network graphical representation of two or more database records includes selecting the two or more database records according to one or more descriptive criteria. The method further includes identifying two or more common attributes of the database records, associating a first set of network nodes to instances of a first one of the common attributes from the database records, and associating a second set of network nodes to instances of a second one of the common attributes from the database records. The method also includes containing the second set of network nodes presented in a network configuration, within one or more of the first set of network nodes presented in a network configuration. Each of the second set of network nodes shares a common attribute instance with the network nodes of the first attribute within which the second set of network nodes is contained.
- the method may further includes associating a third set of network nodes with a third one of the common attributes of the database records, containing the third set of network nodes presented in a network configuration, within one or more of the second set of network nodes presented in a network configuration. Each of the third set of network nodes shares a common attribute instance with the network node of the second attribute within which the third set of network nodes is contained.
- the method may further include associating one or more additional sets of network nodes with other ones of the common attributes from the database records, and grouping one or more members of the additional sets of network nodes within other network nodes, such that each group of network node members is characterized by the attribute associated with the grouping network node.
- a Network Visualization System includes a computer readable medium with stored instructions adapted for providing a network graphical representation of two or more database records.
- the stored instructions implement the steps of the one or more methods described herein.
- FIG. 1 shows one prior art example of a graphical representation generated using result filtering.
- FIG. 2 shows another prior art example of a graphical representation generated using result filtering.
- FIG. 3. shows yet another prior art example of a graphical representation generated using result filtering.
- FIG. 4. shows a prior art example of a spatial visualization tool.
- FIG. 5 shows another prior art example of a spatial visualization tool.
- FIG. 6 shows a common process of working with prior art visualization tools.
- FIG. 7 shows how database records can be converted to link data in a described embodiment.
- FIG. 8 shows a simple network diagram based on a small number of database records.
- FIG. 9 shows network link representation in one described embodiment.
- FIG. 10 shows a simple network of patent documents where the documents with the same assignee are clustered together.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of a chronological network graph for one described embodiment.
- FIG. 12 shows a network generated by one described embodiment that represents a single article from the PubMed database.
- FIG. 13 shows a network generated by one described embodiment without using meta-nodes.
- FIG. 14 shows a network generated by one described embodiment using meta-nodes.
- FIG. 15 shows how the records of FIG. 7 are converted to meta-nodes.
- FIG. 16 shows an example of a network in which the links between assignee nodes and inventor nodes are based on whether the inventor has invented on a patent held by that assignee.
- FIG. 17 shows a graph with meta-nodes representing IPC codes.
- FIG. 18 shows a fractal network graph produced by one described embodiment.
- FIG. 19 shows a user interface produced by one described embodiment, and FIG. 19A shows the results of grouping multiple assignee names under a single assignee name that represents the group
- FIG. 20 shows the relationships between attributes of patent data and attributes of academic literature.
- FIG. 21 shows a typical network based on PubMed data and visualized using the MNVS described herein
- FIGs. 22-25 show an alternative view of the network shown in FIG. 21.
- FIGs. 26-27 shows a network, produced by one described embodiment, of different clusters of collaboration.
- FIG. 28 shows a network, produced by one described embodiment, of a search limited by geography.
- FIG. 29 shows a network, produced by one described embodiment, of a search limited by organization.
- FIG. 30 shows a network, produced by one described embodiment, which illustrates research synergies or substitutions across organizations.
- FIG. 31 shows a network, produced by one described embodiment, which illustrates regional bases of research strength.
- FIG. 32 shows a computer implementation of the described embodiments.
- a Network Visualization System is a system and/or method for making sense of sets of related database records or documents by providing a network graphical representation of the database records.
- NVS Network Visualization System
- These methods and/or systems can be applied to any database with records where a relationship can be established between and among the records. Examples of some domains in which the NVS can be applied include, but are not limited to, patent documents, academic articles/papers/journals, medical/scientific articles/papers/journals, literature, web pages, corporate databases of customers/products/suppliers/sales, corporate knowledge management databases, retail databases, government databases of census information/economic data/etc, organization databases of membership/subscribers/organizational affiliation and many others. In fact, any information that is or can be structured as a table of information with two or more fields of information can be visualized as a network using the invention.
- database records/documents are related to each other by various attributes that can be represented as a network.
- the kind of attributes that can be used to create a linkage relationship among records/documents can include, but are not limited to, citation links (e.g. documents A and B are linked because document A cites document B), co-citation links (e.g. documents A and B are linked because document C cites both document A and B), bibliographic coupling (e.g. documents A and B are linked because document A and B both cite document C), common authorship, common affiliation (assignee, company, journal, etc.), common classification within some static or dynamic taxonomy, common keywords, semantic similarity, and many other possible links.
- citation links e.g. documents A and B are linked because document A cites document B
- co-citation links e.g. documents A and B are linked because document C cites both document A and B
- bibliographic coupling e.g. documents A and B are linked because document A and B both cite document C
- Each database record is characterized by specific instances of these attributes. For example, for an attribute of "inventorship” in a patent database records, an “instance” of that attribute might be "John Smith,” i.e., a particular inventor. So for example, two patents sharing the same instance "John Smith” of the attribute "inventor”, can be considered linked, and therefore visualized as part of a network.
- a network is a collection of objects that are in some way connected to each other. It is common to visually represent a network using a "graph".
- a network graph is a visual representation in which each object in the network is represented by an icon or emblem known as a node and each connection between the objects is represented as a link (also known as an edge or tie) that visually connects the nodes. These nodes and links can be laid out in such a way as to provide a visual representation of the relationships among the various objects in the network.
- the network paradigm has been chosen as a basis for visualization because one of the key attributes to be understood about a large set of documents/database records is the relationship or relationships that exist among and between them.
- Network visualization by its nature is designed to reveal relationships and is therefore a very useful tool in understanding large document sets.
- the first step in utilizing the NVS is to acquire the documents/database records to be examined.
- Several means can be employed to access a set of document/database records for analysis.
- Data that is stored in an electronic data repository can be accessed by the NVS in its entirety, or as a subset of records. This can be accomplished by electronically submitting a user query based on one or more descriptive criteria via a computer implemented or assisted search.
- the query can submitted using normal, well-established Boolean syntax, and may be performed by searching for user specified terms within one or more fields of the database records or within the entire "full text" of the database record.
- the database records within the electronic data repository are all members of a common record class, such as patents from the USPTO, EPO, Aureka, Micropatent, Thomson, Lexis Nexis or Derwent database, or academic journal articles contained in one of the many academic, scientific, engineering or medical document databases like for example, the PubMed database.
- the database records are members of two or more record classes.
- Data that is not stored in electronic data-repositories can also be analyzed by the NVS, however, the data must first be converted into an electronic format through data entry, OCR (optical character recognition), or other appropriate techniques. Once the data is converted into electronic form, it can then be analyzed as any other database using the NVS.
- OCR optical character recognition
- the data extracted from the data repository as described above is merely a set of records. This data would not be considered "network" data by any known network visualization tool within the prior art. This is because it is not structured as a node list and a link list (or matrix).
- the data is simply a collection of records with each record having two or more fields that represent attributes of the record. For example, a corporate customer database might have fields for customer ID, name, street address, city, state, zip, country, telephone number, e-mail address, and many others. While this data is useful as a node list where each record is viewed as a node, there is no link list, so the data cannot be represented as a network graph.
- the Network Visualization System converts this data into network data by creating a link list for each record-linking attribute. This is accomplished by creating a link between each record that shares a common attribute value.
- the chart shown in FIG. 7 provides a simplified example of how database records can be converted to link data.
- This method can be used to convert any set of database records into network data where the original records are the node list and the link lists are created based on common instances of one or more attributes as described above. Once the database records have been converted into network data, the NVS allows the user to visualize the network.
- Basic database networks
- each record can be represented by a node and the nodes can be connected to each other by links that represent one or more of the various types of linkages described above.
- FIG. 8 shows a very simple network diagram based on a small number of database records.
- Representing nodes - Nodes can be displayed as a basic shape (e.g., a circle, oval, square, rectangle, etc.) or an icon (e.g. a picture of a document).
- the color of the nodes can be changed to represent some attribute of the nodes.
- the node can also be labeled with text that identifies the record or displays one or more attributes of the database record. As a practical matter, long node labels tend to make the network display unwieldy.
- the NVS addresses this issue in several ways. First, multiple options are provided to the user for how much of the desired attribute value to display within the node.
- Options include: Full (the entire value), Short (the first word or first "n” characters), Point (two digit year only) and None (no label).
- Full the entire value
- Short the first word or first "n” characters
- Point two digit year only
- None no label
- Links - Links can be represented by a line or an arrow. See, for example, FIG. 9.
- the display of the links can be made to reveal the direction of the linkage by attaching an arrow head, using a triangular shape with the apex pointing toward the cited document, or by using different colors or line styles (e.g. dotted, solid) to represent forward and backward citations.
- the strength of the connection between nodes can be visually depicted by varying the thickness of the line or by altering its color or style.
- the strength of the link can also be depicted by displaying a value associated with each link's strength close to the link on the network diagram.
- Various types of links between nodes can be established as described above.
- FIG. 9 shows an example of how multiple link types can be collapsed into a single link with icons.
- the strength of this composite link between the two nodes can be ' calculated in a number of ways. It can be based on simply the number of links, the sum of the strengths of the combined links, or a weighted average of the combined links. J ⁇ a weighted average is used, the weighting factors can be chosen based on an estimation of the relative importance of each link type.
- Another feature of the NVS is that the user is provided with a means for selecting which link types are active or inactive, and which are visible or invisible.
- active links are those links that affect the layout of the network graph. In other words, they have a force (like a spring or elastic band) which draws the linked nodes together. However, not all active links need to be displayed in the visualization.
- the network graph may become cluttered with links. By allowing the user to make links invisible, it allows the user to remove the links from the graph diagram while continuing to have those links effect the graph layout.
- the NVS provides several means for navigating the network including, but not limited to:
- radius is the number of links between the selected node and another node. For example, if the radius is set to three, all of the documents that can be reached by less than three links from the selected document will be displayed in the network graph.
- Expand - The network can be expanded to add additional nodes to the network graph. The user can, e.g., select one or more nodes (which represent documents or database records) and choose "Expand", and all the nodes that can be reached via a single link from that/those nodes (but are not yet visible) are added to the network graph.
- the user can for example select one or more nodes (which represent documents or database records) and choose "Contract", and all the nodes that can be reached in a single link from that/those nodes and are not in any other way linked to the network are removed from the network graph.
- Hide -Nodes can be hidden from the network graph. By selecting one or more nodes and selecting "Hide”, the selected nodes are removed from the network graph.
- a filter can be applied by specifying the minimum, maximum or range of values of an attribute of the patent documents to be displayed. For instance, the documents can be filtered to represent only those records that meet a particular set of criteria such as: o Dated before or after a particular date o Only display nodes where a particular attribute appears more or less than some specified minimum number of times within the record set (e.g. Only display document nodes for authors who have at least 5 documents in the dataset) [0102] 2) A filter can be applied by specifying values of node attributes to be displayed.
- the documents can be filtered to represent only those documents: o Related to one or more companies o Written by a particular set of one or more authors o Classified within a particular set of one or more topics based on some fixed or dynamic taxonomy [0103] 3)
- a filter can be applied by providing the user with a list of attribute values and allowing the user to select or deselect attribute values to be displayed.
- a filter can be applied by providing the user with a means to select one or more nodes from the network visualization using a computer pointing device (such as a mouse or trackball) and choosing a command from a menu that designates that the selected nodes should be filtered.
- a computer pointing device such as a mouse or trackball
- Clustering by attribute- Another method of revealing different kinds of relationships among documents in the network is to cluster them based on their attributes.
- One way to accomplish this is to place additional links between nodes that share a particular attribute value.
- all patents with the same assignee can be linked to each other by additional links so that they will be attracted to each other and form a cluster.
- FIG. 10 shows a simple network of patent documents where the documents with the same assignee are clustered together.
- an additional node can be introduced to the graph that represents the attribute value with each node having that value linked to the new node. This effectively draws all of these nodes into a cluster. Note that it is not necessary to display this new "attribute node" or the links between the attribute node and other nodes within the visualization.
- “Degree of clustering” is a term of art within the field of social networking, and well known statistical methods exist for determining the degree of clustering within a part or the entirety of a network. These clusters can be identified using techniques developed as part of the Social Network Analysis field. Various techniques to identify clusters exist. It is not the purpose of the NVS to improve upon the known clustering techniques, however, the NVS makes use of various clustering techniques to identify related groups of patents in order to provide insight into the nature of a large set of documents.
- clusters Once the clusters have been identified, they can be labeled.
- One method of labeling is to identify words that are found in all or many of the titles and abstracts of the documents falling in a cluster. By stringing together the top several words (typically 1-5), a label can be created for each cluster. This label can provide a signal to the user about the content of each cluster. Since the listing of most frequently used words in the cluster is not likely to be the ideal cluster label, it is practical to provide the user to with a means to change the cluster label to a more meaningful set of words.
- Chronological network graphs Another way of revealing information about a set of documents is to display the network graph in such a way that the nodes are sorted by date. Dates used could be any date associated with the document or database record. For example, patent documents have many dates associated with them; priority date, application date, publication date, grant date, expiration date as well as other dates. For example, the network graph can place all of the oldest documents on the left side of the graph and the newest documents can be placed on the right (or vice versa). A timeline can be placed alongside the graph to show the progression of technological development over time. Alternatively, the background of the network layout can be divided into segments by year, decade, or some other time division and labeled with the documents falling into that range appearing in the appropriate segment. FIG. 11 shows one example of such a chronological network graph.
- Other gradients - Networks can also be displayed along any number of other gradients other than time. Any attribute of the nodes or meta-nodes that is quantitative (or can be made quantitative) can be used as a gradient on which to display the network visualization.
- One simple example of an alternative gradient is a network of customer data sorted by the annual spending of customers.
- One of the central novel features of the embodiments described herein is the ability to transform the network representation.
- Prior art network visualization tools maintain a fixed, stable definition of what is a node and what is a link. For example, if data on a set of patent documents is introduced into one of the prior art network visualization tools, it is necessary to precisely define what is a node and what is a link. If, for example, you choose to have each patent represented as a node, and co-inventorship represent links, then the visualization tool will maintain that node/link definition without variation during the period of analysis.
- the NVS is fundamentally different in that it enables the user to transform the network by redefining the definition of what is a node and what is a link as they use the data.
- the Network Visualization System operates on the principle that any attribute of a database record can be represented as a node, a link, or both.
- any attribute of a database record can be represented as a node, a link, or both.
- conference organizer had a list of the various conference workshops and the attendees for each workshop, she could visualize them as a network of workshops linked by common attendees, but she could just as readily visualize them as a network of attendees linked by the workshops they attended together.
- FIG. 12 shows a rather complex network that represents a single article from the PubMed database.
- the central node represents the article itself, while the various attributes of that article are represented by other nodes and connected to each other based on links such as co-authorship links, and other co-occurrence links because the attributes both occurred on the selected article.
- the Network Visualization system not only converts database information into network information, but it allows the user to create her own node and link definitions, combine any number of nodes and links on a single network, and change those definitions at will during the period of analysis. Under previously known methods, it is not possible to transform a network visualization in this way.
- the ability to create alternative node definitions is a powerful tool for simplifying a network display and developing insight about the dataset. By redefining the nodes and links in the network display, the user can focus her attention on the entity of her interest. For example, a researcher analyzing patent data can focus on companies, industries or inventors rather than patents. These nodes represent higher- level entities than nodes that represent single documents or database records.
- meta-nodes represent groups of documents or database records rather than single records.
- links between these meta-nodes we call “meta-links”, because they represent an aggregation of the links between the collections of documents or database records represented by the meta-nodes. This ability to abstract the network to a "meta-level”, enables the user to answer questions and inform decisions at a higher level than is possible using any other known visualization method.
- the power of the network transformation method can be demonstrated with an example.
- the network graph might look something like the picture in FIG. 13.
- the first step in the process is to create a meta-node list, which is done by simply listing each unique value of a particular record attribute and noting the number of times that value appears in the dataset.
- One or more meta-link lists are then created for this attribute (in this example Assignee) based on the co-occurrence of values in the other attribute fields (e.g. Inventors, IPC classes and Citations).
- the method is identical to the method employed for creating a link list as described above, but with two exceptions.
- the "record” in this instance is not an actual record from the database, it is a record from the meta-node list just created, and Second, the meta-links have link-strength values denoting the number of co-occurrences (or citations) aggregated in that link.
- the network diagram in FIG. 14 also illustrates two additional attributes of the Network Visualization System; meta-node sizing and meta-link aggregation.
- each meta-node represents not a single patent, but all of the patents sharing a common value of the assignee attribute.
- each node represents all of the patents that were filed by the same assignee.
- the size of the node is based on the number of patents assigned to that particular assignee, and numbers are attached to the meta-nodes to display the value associated with the meta-node size.
- Another feature of the NVS is to provide the user with the ability to size meta-nodes based on various attributes of the represented documents. For example, in a customer database with annual spending, the node might be sized based on the sum (or average) of annual spending for all customers represented by the meta-node. Meta-nodes can also be sized based on any number of network statistic calculations like the sum of centrality/eigenvector centrality betweeness centrality for the represented nodes. The ability to size nodes based on these various metrics enables the user to draw conclusions about things like node value, and other important measures of interest to the user.
- Meta-links aggregation Another feature of the NVS is the ability to transform the network from one with binary (off/on) links to a network with meta- links (combined links with differing degrees of strength). This aggregation of links into meta-links also provides further insight to the user by revealing both the strength and nature of the relationship between the meta-nodes
- the links represent citations between the assignees. Multiple links are shown because citations can flow in either direction between the companies.
- the values of the links in this example are based on the total number of citations between one company's patents and another company's patents. This reveals who in this "innovation network" are the leaders, and who are the followers. Arrowheads are attached to the links to show the direction of the links, and numbers are attached to show the value associated with the link strength.
- the incoming and outgoing links are highlighted with different colors to provide a visual clue as to whether the selected company is a leader (highly cited) or a follower (citing others).
- link-strength can be based on a variety of different linkage attributes. Some examples include number of citations, number of unique documents cited, number of documents citing, average age of citation, age of most recent citation, as well as others. Also recall that meta-nodes can be connected by a wide variety of link types as described above. These links can also be agglomerated and the strength of their ties can be determined based on similar metrics to those described here.
- FIG. 16 shows an example of a network of assignees and inventors in which the links between assignee nodes and inventor nodes are based on whether the inventor has invented on a patent held by that assignee.
- FIG. 16 it is visually obvious which inventors work for which companies, and which have worked for multiple companies within the scope of the technology domain being examined.
- nodes representing patents and meta-nodes representing IPC International Patent Classifications
- USPC United States Patent Classifications
- Derwent classes can be displayed on the same graph.
- FIG. 17 shows a graph with meta-nodes representing IPC codes and the patents grouped as members of particular IPCs. If a filter is set to view only patents from a particular assignee, this embodiment allows a user to visually determine what technologies that assignee is investing in over time, and how those priorities have changed.
- Nodes and links representing different attributes or types of connections can be visually differentiated from each other in order to increase the usability of the system.
- Nodes can be differentiated by shape, color, border type, fill pattern, or by representing each with a particular icon such as a person for inventors and a picture of a document for patents.
- Links can be differentiated by shape, color, line type (e.g. solid, dotted), or other means.
- the NVS allows the user to select which nodes and meta-nodes to display on a graph and also choose which linking attributes are used as the basis for linking. This provides a powerful tool for exploring a large set of patents and understanding their content and the relationships among them.
- Fractal networks are here defined as networks of meta-nodes that contain within each meta-node a network of other nodes or meta-nodes, as shown in FIG. 18. This fractal node representation can have as many layers as desired.
- An example of the use of fractal nodes would be a network of meta-nodes that represent assignees where each node is sized by the number of patents it represents.
- a network of meta-nodes can be displayed which represent IPC classes. This representation would show which IPC classifications are being developed by each assignee company in the patent set.
- a network can be displayed that represents inventors.
- a network can be displayed that represents patents.
- This network representation allows a user to ask and answer a wide variety of questions about the patent documents in a technology domain. It makes it possible to delve into the attributes of and relationships among the patents in a document set in a way that is otherwise impossible.
- An ideal implementation of fractal nodes provides the user with the ability to select the attribute and linking attribute represented by the network at each level of the fractal network graph.
- Fractal nodes are also particularly useful in displaying hierarchical attributes such as various classification schemes including IPC and US patent classifications in the patent domain, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in the medical data domain as well as categorizations such as Vivisimo categories.
- Lower levels of the hierarchy can be represented within the nodes that represent higher levels of the hierarchy. This visual representation provides an intuitive way for users to understand the relative size of each category and sub-category as well as the relationships between and among them.
- fractal networks have been described assuming that at each level of the hierarchy, only a single type of node or meta-node is displayed. Additional insights can be generated by providing a means for users to place multiple node and link types at each level of the hierarchy. Users can then more deeply explore how the various attributes are related to each other. As an example of the power of this capability, a user can display a network of assignee meta-nodes and within each meta-node, display meta-nodes representing both inventors and IPC classes. By so doing, the user can quickly understand what technology areas each company is working on and who the key inventors are within those areas of technology.
- One challenge in using fractal networks is the fact that the "sub-networks" within each meta-node are likely to be very small within the network display.
- the system allows users to zoom in and out of the network in order to display the detail at any level of the fractal network that they choose. This is accomplished in one of two ways. First, the user can select a level of magnification from a toolbar button or menu selection. Second, the user can zoom in on the fractal network within a particular meta-node simply by selecting the meta-node from the network display.
- the system can automatically center that meta-node and zoom in so that the next level of the fractal network can be clearly seen.
- the user can either select a new level of magnification from a toolbar button or menu selection, or they can click outside the meta-node to return to the previous level of magnification.
- meta-nodes and meta-links have an important implication for the use of meta-nodes and meta-links, namely, that the meta-node list, meta-node size, meta-link list and meta-link link-strength all are subject to change each time a filter is applied. It is worth noting that each time a filter is applied to the data, that the meta- node and meta-link information must be updated in order to maintain consistency between the set of records under examination and the values associated with the meta- nodes and meta-links in the network display.
- NVS Another element of NVS that aids the user in making sense of large document sets is a clear presentation of statistical information about the set of documents under consideration.
- the user interface previously described allows the user to interact with the network, expanding and contracting it to create the network that represents the area of the user's interest.
- an interface is provided that updates the statistical information about the network dynamically as the network under consideration changes.
- a variety of statistical information about the network is provided by the system including, but not limited to:
- Meta-node count e.g. number of assignees in displayed network
- Other network statistics can also be provided including but not limited to statistics about the network (e.g. density, diameter, centralization, robustness, transitivity), measures about clusters within the network (e.g. cliques, ego networks, density), and metrics about the nodes (e.g. centrality (e.g. betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality), equivalence), and many others.
- statistics about the network e.g. density, diameter, centralization, robustness, transitivity
- measures about clusters within the network e.g. cliques, ego networks, density
- metrics about the nodes e.g. centrality (e.g. betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality), equivalence), and many others.
- the statistical information described above can be provided by user request from a menu or toolbar selection, or it can be provided in a separate window or pane within the interface.
- a separate pane is provided with tabs to allow the user to access the desired information about the current network. This pane, as shown in FIG. 19, can be expanded, contracted or closed at the user's discretion.
- the interface further facilitates understanding by allowing the user to select one or more categories and highlighting the related nodes in the network visualization.
- pop-up windows are available to provide additional information about the various nodes, meta-nodes, and links and meta-links in the network graph.
- the information provided in each pop-up window is relevant to the object selected from the graph (note that more than one object of the same type (node, meta-node based on the same attribute, link of the same link type) can be selected at a time.
- the system provides a means for users to resolve ambiguous attribute values by allowing them to group attribute values together under a single value.
- FIG. 19 A shows the results of grouping multiple assignee names under a single assignee name that represents the group.
- the first method is to allow users to select attribute values from a list and combine them under a new name or attribute value. For example, a user is presented with an alphabetical list of assignees and selects IBM, IBM, Inc., International Business Machines, International Business Machines, Inc. from the list. She can then group the selected items together using a toolbar button or a menu selection and either selects the systems suggestion for a group name (e.g. IBM) or types her own group name. The system will then combine all of these names under the new group name and display it as a single assignee for the purpose of all analysis.
- IBM International Business Machines, International Business Machines, Inc.
- a second method provides users with suggested collections of attribute values to be combined into groups.
- the system compares the similarity of the attribute values and suggests groups to be clustered together under a single attribute value.
- the tool also examines other attribute values for clues that the attribute values should be combined. For example, if IBM, and IBM, Inc. are both located in Armonk, NY, or they share common inventors, the tool will suggest that they should likely be combined. The user can review each suggested group and add or remove values from the list before choosing to accept the grouping.
- the final method for resolving ambiguous attribute values uses the network diagram itself.
- the user can select meta-nodes directly on the network diagram (using an electronic pointing device such as a mouse). She can then combine multiple meta-nodes into a single group. This is accomplished by selecting multiple meta-nodes and choosing a tool button or menu selection to group the values.
- the user can "drag and drop" a meta-node onto another meta-node thereby suggesting to the system that they should be combined.
- the system will prompt the user to ensure that grouping those items is really the intention, and then it will combine the attribute values into a single group for purposes of analysis.
- the system also makes it possible to un-group attribute groups once they have been created.
- the user can select a meta-node, or choose a group name from a list and review which attribute values have been combined.
- the user can then select specific attribute values for un-grouping and then select a toolbar button or a menu selection to ungroup the selected value or values.
- This process of combining multiple attributes into a single attribute value can also be beneficial in another way.
- a hierarchy of values is created. This information can then be used according to the methods described above to display the relationships among data at different levels of the hierarchy.
- attribute values at each level of the hierarchy can be represented as meta-nodes and can be displayed as part of the network display either as separate nodes within the graph, or as a hierarchical network using the fractal network method described above. This method is particularly valuable for hierarchical information like parent/subsidiary information about assignees.
- Another important element of the network visualization system is the ability to animate network graphs to reveal how they have changed over time. There are several different capabilities of the system which enable a user to examine the dynamics of network emergence.
- the first method for revealing network dynamics is the ability to restrict the data displayed within the diagram based on a time period of interest.
- the user can select minimum and maximum date which establishes a date range for data to be displayed.
- the actual date used can be based on any date information associated with the underlying database records. With patent data, a variety of dates can be selected including but not limited to priority date, filing date, publication date, and grant date.
- the system filters the data and displays the network graph based only on data meeting the specified parameters.
- the second method builds from this capability.
- the system provides the user with the ability to alter the date range in a very simple way.
- the user can select a "step amount" by which to change the date range (e.g. one month, one year) and then can click a single button to move the date range forward or backward by that increment.
- separate toolbar buttons are provided to that the minimum date, maximum date, and both dates can be adjusted in a single click.
- the system quickly adjusts the data set to reflect the newly selected range and redraws the network graph. This allows the user to step through the time period of the data set at prescribed increments. Effectively, the system makes it possible to visualize how the network has emerged over time.
- the third method is the creation of an actual animation of the network development.
- the system provides the user a method to enter an overall date range, an initial date range (which may be no range at all - e.g. if the minimum and maximum dates are set to the same value), which dates (min, max, or both) will be changed, and the size of the date increment to animate.
- the system uses these inputs to automatically step through the specified date range based on the increment provided and displays an animation of the emergence of the network over time.
- a second challenge related to animation of network graphs is the difficulty of assimilating what is happening within the graph.
- a graph is animated, new nodes and links appear, meta-nodes grow and shrink, and the nodes change position within the graph as the attraction between the various nodes and meta-nodes changes over time. All of these simultaneous changes make it difficult for the user to understand what is happening as the animation unfolds.
- the system provides a means to reduce the number of parameters that are changing during the animation. Specifically, the system allows users to hold various parameters constant during the animation. Parameters that can be held constant during the animation include but are not limited to:
- Constant node position One of the most difficult parts of the animation to follow is the changing location of the nodes within the network display as the animation runs. Therefore, the system provides users with an option to maintain constant node positions during the animation. In order to accomplish this, the system first calculates the final position that each node will hold at the end of the animation, and then, as nodes appear, change sizes, and new links appear, grow and disappear, the location of the nodes is held constant at this position. • All nodes present - Another option the system provides is the ability for the user to keep all nodes present on the graph during the entire animation.
- the system keeps each node visible during the entire animation, but provides a visual signal to differentiate nodes that do not represent data falling within the date range captured within the particular date range at each point in the animation.
- the visual signal can be a difference in color (e.g. nodes that normally would not be visible are gray), size, shape, border, or other visible attribute. This allows the user to trace the path of each node continuously during the entire course of the animation. • Other parameters that could be held constant during the animation include link presence, constant node size, and constant link size.
- Another capability that the system provides is the ability to provide visual information about the rate of change associated with various parameters during the animation.
- the animation of network emergence provides tremendous visual information about how the network is developing, it is difficult to accurately compare and assess the changes as they occur. For instance, while it is easy to see that several technologies or company portfolios are growing, it is difficult or impossible for a user to assess which company portfolio is growing the fastest at any point in time.
- the system provides users with a means to visualize the rate of change of various parameters during the animation.
- Some parameters which users may have interest in during an animation are: node growth rates, link attachment rates, and the rate of change of various measures of centrality of the nodes in the network.
- the system provides users with the ability to track these rates of change during the animation, and to display information about these values in a table, graph or directly in the network diagram. The user can select which variables to track and which nodes or links to track them for (including all nodes and links if desired). This data can be displayed in a table or a graph (bar graph or line graph) adjacent to the network diagram and updated as the animation is displayed.
- the data can be used to alter the appearance of the nodes or links in the network display as the animation is played. We have found it useful to alter the color of nodes or links based on rate-of -change data or centrality statistics in order to display which portions of the network diagram are "hottest" (as measured by the parameters described above). Alternatively, the data could be used to alter the size of nodes or links or some other visible characteristic as the network animation is played.
- One other useful capability is provided related to network animation. Often, users have an interest in a particular portion of the network diagram, and would like to have a deep understanding about how that portion of the network is emerging over time. For this reason, it is useful to provide a means whereby users can zoom in, and/or maintain focus on a specific node or nodes during the animation. For example, a company may be particularly interested in how their own patent portfolio has emerged over time. A means is provided so that users can select a specific node to zoom in on during the animation. It is useful to provide one or more "picture in picture” displays so that the user can observe the emergence of the overall network, as well as seeing how one or more "zoomed" portions of the network are emerging. This is particularly useful when the network being animated is a fractal network and the user is interested in observing how a "sub-network" is emerging within the larger network.
- Network animation is a very powerful tool for revealing the patterns of emergence within a network.
- animations reveal how technologies emerge, how companies' positions change, how inventor's career and collaborations change over time, and many other features. This capability provides a significant contribution to the user's ability to make sense out of large data sets.
- additional information can be obtained about the entities represented by the database attributes.
- the choice of which external data to link to and the value of linking to that data depends on the context of the data source under review.
- Each attribute of the database records creates the potential to link to additional external data sources that can expand the available information about the subject of interest.
- This additional data can be used to create entirely new meta-node classes, attach additional attributes to one or more database or meta-node records, provide information about specific nodes or meta-nodes, and provide additional linking information between nodes or meta-nodes. Specific examples of the kinds of exogenous data that is useful will be described within some of the preferred embodiments described later in this application.
- Example 1 Method and Apparatus for Making Sense of the Patent Database
- One or more embodiments of the invention relate to an improved method for making sense of patents in a patent database.
- One attribute of the patent database is that it is easy to establish the relatedness of documents to each other based on their citation relationship.
- the following discussion on using citations as a basis for establishing relatedness among patents applies equally to all databases that have citations including but not limited to academic/scientific/medical literature as well as hyperlinks embedded in pages on the World Wide Web which can also be thought of as a type of citation.
- Various embodiments of the present invention can be used to help a business person, engineer, scientist, attorney, patent examiner or other interested party, make sense out of a large set of patents.
- the challenge is to take a large set of patent documents and find ways to understand the technological developments they describe without having to read them.
- a method is provided by which the user can visualize the various attributes of the documents and their relationships to each other.
- Patent data is available from a variety of sources including the world's various patent offices (USPTO, EPO, etc%) as well as from patent data providers like Thomson (including its subsidiaries and acquirees, Aureka, Micropatent, IHI and Delphion) and Lexis Nexis. This patent data is rich in information which can be transformed into network data.
- Some examples of the kinds of data that can be converted into nodes and links include but are not limited to the following: • Nodes/meta-nodes - patents, inventors, assignees, IPC classes, US classes, Derwent classes, year of priority/filing/publication/grant/expiration, semantic clusters, status (application/granted/expired/abandoned), examiner, inventor city/state/country, assignee city/state/country, filing jurisdiction (US/EPO/WJJPO etc.), priority number, and others as well.
- node/meta-node and link/meta-link definitions as well as ranges and combinations of the above can be used within the NVS to examine sets of patent data.
- these nodes and links can be sized to provide additional information to the user as described above.
- Some particularly useful attributes that can be used for sizing nodes and links in the patent context include: • Node/meta-node sizing - In the context of patents, several specific metrics are relevant for node/meta-node sizing. Some examples include; the metanodes can be sized based on the number of patents, number of priority numbers (e.g.
- nodes and meta-nodes can also be sized based on any number of network statistic calculations like the sum of centrality/eigenvector centrality/betweeness centrality for the represented patents.
- Some specific examples include but are not limited to: documents cited, citing documents, number of academic citations, age of most recent citation, centrality/eigenvector centrality/betweeness centrality, length of the patent specification, number of claims, number of independent claims, length of the shortest independent claim, breadth of coverage (countries filed in), maintenance fee payment, post- grant opposition (in Europe), maintenance fee payment, licensing, litigation of the patent, R&D dollars/patent by the assignee, average R&D dollars/patent in the industry, as well as others. Some or all of these measures can be aggregated together using a weighted average to provide a signal of value of the patents in the network.
- Link/meta-link sizing - Links and meta-links can also be sized based on various attributes in the same way as with node-sizing. Link-strength can be based on a variety of different linkage attributes. Some examples include number of citations, number of unique patents cited, number of patents citing, average age of citation, age of most recent citation, as well as others. Links between patents and patent portfolios can signal two important things, dependence and similarity.
- Dependence is a measure of how much one patent or patent portfolio relies on or is built off of another patent or patent portfolio. Measures that signal dependence provide important signals about the potential for infringement and are therefore critically important in patent analysis. Some metrics that signal dependence include times citing, times citing minus times cited, times cited by patents citing the same patents you cite, etc. Similarity is another important linking attribute in patent analysis. Similarity between two patent portfolios suggests a close parallel and perhaps redundancy between R&D programs of two companies. Strategically, a high degree of similarity suggests the potential for a joint venture or some other sort of cost sharing potential. Measures that signal similarity between two patents include total inter-citations, structural equivalence ( a network analysis term meaning that they hold the same structural position within the network), co- citation, bibliographic coupling, semantic similarity, etc.
- the system reviews all of the unassigned patents and creates a link between each patent and the most highly related other patent in the database.
- Each of the relatedness criteria can be given a score and a weighted average used to determine the overall relatedness of the two documents.
- the user can than choose to "assign" patents with similarity above a selected threshold to the assignee of the highly related document.
- the user can review each linkage and choose to accept or reject the proposed "assignment.”
- These assignments are marked within the NVS as "computer assigned” so that the user can tell that there remains some uncertainty about whether those patents are in fact assigned to that particular assignee.
- the links created between these unassigned patents and the most highly related patent are a different class of links that can be turned on and off at the users discretion.
- One particularly useful way to employ these links is to visualize a combined network diagram of assignees with a network of unassigned patents. This allows the user to review all of the "computer assigned" patents by company in a single network view.
- Classification Number of patents in the selected network by classification code assignee sorted from highest to lowest or sorted by classification category.
- Data can be provided for each of several classification schemes including IPC, USPC, Derwent classifications and others. Since many classification schemes are hierarchical, the data can be displayed using a tree structure with the number of patents within each category and subcategory displayed alongside each branch of the tree.
- Word usage Number of patents containing key words, phrases or word groupings.
- Citation Various types of information about citations can be provided. These include but are not limited to the following: o Most frequently cited patents, assignees, inventors, or other patent grouping. o Highest number of citations per year since issuance for patents, assignees, inventors or other patent grouping.
- the information provided includes all of the basic information provided on the first page of a typical patent including patent number, title, inventors, assignees, application number, priority/filing/publication/grant dates, IPC/USPC classes, field of search, citations (both patent and non-patent), examiner and agents as well as other data from the patent like number of pages, number of claims (independent and dependent), number of figures, number of words in the shortest independent claim, etc.
- many of the fields in the pop-up window are hyperlinked allowing the user to pull up additional information.
- the patent number is hyperlinked to the full text of the patent (or a .pdf)
- citation links are hyperlinks (links to non-patent citations call up a internet search for the cited document), as well as other hyperlinks.
- the pop-up also can include various statistical information about the patent (e.g. centrality) and other information from external sources including legal status, litigation status, licensing status, other patents in the patent family, post-grant oppositions, file wrapper information, etc.
- Assignee meta-nodes When an assignee meta-node is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays a menu of different kinds of data that can be displayed about the assignee and the patents represented by the meta- node.
- Menu options include tables showing a list of the patents represented the meta-node, patents by IPC class, patents by USPC class, patents by inventor, and a graph showing patents by year. Additional menu options include network statistical information that can be displayed about assignee meta-nodes including total citations, average citations per year (since year of publication), the sum of eigenvector centrality for the assignee's portfolio/the sum of eigenvector centrality for the entire network (a measure of portfolio value). Another menu option provides information about the assignee. This menu option links to basic company and financial information about the company.
- Inventor meta-nodes When an inventor meta-node is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays a menu of different kinds of data that can be displayed about the inventor and the patents represented by the meta- node. Menu options include tables showing a list of the patents represented the meta-node, patents by co-inventor, patents by IPC USPC class, and a graph showing patents by year. Another menu option provides information about the inventor.
- This menu option links to two different kinds of information, one is a basic web search for the inventor's name, and a second is "people finder" information from the World Wide Web.
- People finder sites such as people.yahoo.com/, www.zabasearch.com, www.intelius.com, www.peoplefinders.com. and many others can provide address histories, date of birth, marriage/divorce/death information, real estate records, liens and mortgages, bankruptcies, military service, relatives, neighbors, credit checks and background checks based on an individual's name, city and state which can all be found directly in the patent information.
- This information can be useful in finding inventors if the need arises. It can also be used to identify inventor names within the database that are likely to represent the same person.
- IPC/USPC meta-nodes When an IPC/USPC meta-node is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays a menu of different kinds of data that can be displayed about the IPC/USPC and the patents represented by the meta- node.
- Menu options include tables showing a list of the patents represented the meta-node, patents by assignee class, patents by inventor, and a graph showing patents by year. Another menu option provides information about the assignee.
- This menu option provides detailed information about the IPC/USPC class including a full description of the class and its location in the IPC/USPC class hierarchy, concordance information showing how the selected IPC class is related to the USPC classes (or vice versa), concordance information showing the link between the selected IPC/USPC class and the SIC/NAICS related industries of use and industries of manufacture. (The IPC/USPC to SIC/NAICS link is discussed in detail later in the description of this embodiment.) • Meta-links - When a meta-link is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays information about the connections represented by the meta- link.
- a table can be displayed showing a list of patent to patent links represented, as well as a graph of the number of individual links represented by the meta-link over time. If for example, the meta-link is a co-inventorship link, the meta-link pop-up will show a history of the collaboration between the two inventors. If the meta-link is a assignee-assignee citation link, the pop-up will show a history of citations between the two assignees.
- the two sources of industry data can also be used simultaneously.
- the system can create SIC or NAICS meta-nodes and display them within the same graph (or as fractal nodes) related to the assignees in the database.
- the technology-industry concordance data can be used to create a IPC or USPC network linked to those industry meta-nodes.
- the file wrapper data provides clues about the value and validity of patents.
- the number of office actions, claim rejections, changes in numbers of claims from application to granted patent, time to respond to office actions and other information found in the file wrapper all provide information that can be useful to the user of the patent network visualization system.
- the appearance of nodes and meta-nodes can be altered to signal to the user the presence or value of any of these file wrapper parameters.
- Legal data Another important source of information about patents is the legal status of related legal proceedings. Information about the existence of and status of patent litigation is critical to understanding the patent landscape.
- Licensing data Another important source of information about patents is the licensing data. Information about the patent licensing provides a signal about the value of individual patents and patent portfolios.
- Various licensing databases exist including www.yet2.com, www.royaltystat.com, www.royaltysource.com, The IP Transaction Database (www.fvgi.com), IP Research Associates Database (www.ipresearch.com), Licensing Royalty Rates (www.aspenpublishers.com). Links can be made by patent number, by company, by industry (SIC/NAICS) or by other means. By utilizing this information in coordination with the capabilities of the patent network visualization system described above, important questions can be answered such as: o What patents are actively available for licensing? o What are the typical royalty rates associated with patents in this industry? o Does this company license its patents? o What technologies are my competitors licensing in/out?
- Corporate data - corporate data is another source of exogenous data that can be incorporated into the patent data visualization system. Links can be made to company data by way of the assignee field in the patent database. Various types of corporate data exist from a myriad of sources. Examples of the type of data that is particularly useful to link to include financial data, and product data.
- Comparison of these and many other measures can provide insight about the relative performance of companies and the importance, value and strength of their patent portfolios.
- These metrics can be incorporated into the patent network visualization system as attributes used to size related nodes and meta-nodes or otherwise alter the appearance of nodes or links in order to signal users of important information related to their research
- Product information is another source of important company information that can provide further insight to users of the patent network visualization system.
- Many companies have online product catalogs. This information often contains technical information that can be linked to the patent data by searching the product database for key terms found in the patent specification. The system can use the assignee information along with keywords from the patent specification to create links to product data on the company product catalog.
- academic literature can also be connected to patents by way of the institutions or companies that are assigned the patent and with whom a publication is affiliated.
- Information about the academic literature surrounding a body of patents can be used to understand the sources of fundamental research going on in the field, identify collaborations between industry andTECH, identify potential break-through technologies before they emerge in the patent data, identify start-up companies that have emerged from academic environments, and many other insights.
- the system might provide users with the option to choose from one or more of the following options: • Citation network - a network of patents in the result set linked by citations • Assignee network - a network of assignees in the result set linked by citations • Inventor network - a network of inventors linked by co-inventorship links • IPC or USPC network - a network of IP C or USPC classes linked by patents assigned to multiple classes • Assignee/Inventor network - a network of assignees linked by citations, with inventors linked to the assignee nodes based on the company to which they assigned their inventions • Assignee/TPC or USPC network - a network of assignees linked by citations, with JJPC or USPC classes linked to the assignee nodes based on the number of patents by that company filed within the IPC or USPC class
- Example 2 Method and Apparatus for Searching for and Analyzing Documents in a Medical Publication Database
- one or more embodiments of the invention are applied to searching for and analyzing documents in a database of academic literature.
- a database is the medical publication database known as the PubMed database.
- PubMed database is the medical publication database.
- Application to other academic databases is also possible.
- the PubMed database is a large database of medical research papers appearing in nearly 200 medical journals. It is a rich repository of information about the research domain in the world of medicine.
- the PubMed database is most frequently used by doctors or other medical professionals who are looking for information about a specific disease, treatment or other subject of medical interest. Their research invariably begins with a Boolean search for a keyword, author or journal after which they are presented with a list of papers matching their selected criteria.
- the researcher's next step is to scan through the search result list and read titles and abstracts until she finds a paper that interests her. She then proceeds to read some or all of the article. She may then return to her search result and continue to scan and read results until she has found the information she is looking for.
- the medical network visualization system allows the user to create and examine database records from the academic database as a network of nodes and links.
- the academic data is not initially structured as network information. In other words, it does not contain a node list and a link list.
- academic data Before it can be visualized as a network, academic data must first be restructured in order to convert it into network information. This is accomplished in exactly the same way as described in the previous embodiment.
- the medical network visualization system does not require a stable definition of the nodes and links of the network. Rather, the researcher can change the definition of both nodes and links dynamically according to her interest. This ability to transform the network from one node/link definition to another, and the ability to simultaneously view multiple connected network views of the same data, makes it possible for the user to quickly and easily make sense of a large set of database records, and answer meta-level questions that can not be answered through any other means.
- Nodes/meta-nodes - Node/meta-node definitions in the medical data context include but are not limited to articles, papers, grants, reviews, authors, journals, year of publication, reviewer, author city/state/country, institution city/state/country, journal country, MeSH categories, and others as well.
- nodes and links can be sized to provide additional information to the user as described above.
- Some particularly useful attributes that can be used for sizing nodes and links in the medical data context include: • Node/meta-node sizing -
- several specific metrics are relevant for node/meta-node sizing.
- the metanodes can be sized based on the number of articles, number of times the articles are cited (forward citations), number of articles cited by the represented patents(backward citations), total citations (forward plus backward), citations/year since publication, average citations per article, average/total number of MeSH categories, number of authors, and many other attribute metrics.
- nodes and meta-nodes can also be sized based on any number of network statistic calculations like the sum of centrality/eigenvector centrality/betweeness centrality for the represented articles.
- these metrics signal how important the research is based on peer citations.
- the ability to spot important research is critically important for biotech and pharmaceutical and other life-sciences companies as they try to stay on the cutting edge of research and access leading research that will help them introduce the next blockbuster drug or highly profitable medical device.
- the ability to size nodes and meta-nodes in the NVS makes it easy to spot important research within a large and complex area of medical science.
- Link/meta-link sizing Some examples of attributes for link/meta-link sizing that are relevant in the medical domain include number of citations, number of unique articles cited, number of articles citing, average age of citation, age of most recent citation, as well as others. Examples of the Medical Network Visualization System
- FIG. 21 shows a typical network based on PubMed data and visualized using the MNVS described herein. It is the result of a search for documents written from January 2000 to the present with the medical subject heading (MeSH) "Diabetes Mellitus Type F and the location "Boston.”
- MeSH medical subject heading
- the tool retrieved 124 documents in order to create the map of the network.
- the network diagram displays three different kinds of meta-nodes (author meta-nodes, journal meta-nodes, and MeSH meta-nodes).
- the node types are differentiated by different colors (authors - black on yellow, journals - white on green, and MeSH - blue on white). Although these are difficult to see in a black and white representation, they appear as follows (authors - dark on light, journals - white on dark, MeSH - dark on white).
- FIG. 22 demonstrates this capability as it shows a detail of the same network as in FIG. 21, but displays only the Author- Author links, which reveal the social network of the scientific community. From these kinds of network diagrams, it is possible to learn who the leading researchers are within a particular field of study, with whom they collaborate and which scientists are most influential.
- the MNVS allows users to select which author names to include in the network.
- One useful setting we have discovered is to include first, second and last authors names in the network and exclude all others.
- FIGs. 23 and 24 further demonstrate the capabilities of the MNVS.
- the same network is transformed into a network of authors and journals (FIG. 23) and authors and MeSH categories (FIG. 24). These networks enable a user to quickly understand the areas of research interest of researchers within the network.
- FIG. 25 shows the same network once again, however this time it displays the network of links between medical topic areas as designated by the MeSH categories.
- MNVS in this way, medical professionals are often annoyed to find an unexpected nexus between two medical fields that on the surface appear unrelated. Observations about unexpected connections between medical subjects can lead to new ways to think about medical problems and suggest new paths for research as they offer the potential to apply findings in one field of study to challenges in another area of research.
- the medical profession tends to be silo-ed by professional specialty because specialists in Field A rarely mix with specialists in Field B because they do not attend the same conferences, participate in the same residency programs, read the same journals or otherwise interact.
- the capabilities enabled by the medical network visualization system give researchers the ability to analyze and develop deep insights into large sets of medical database records. These insights come in various forms and therefore, the network visualization system can be used in various contexts to analyze topics such as: Organization of collaboration (in general) Organization of collaboration within a company Who to target as Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) or key researchers in a geography for clinical trials or market influence Topic clustering in a particular field (which MeSH categories go together) Research synergies or substitutions across organizations Regional bases of research strength in a broader geography
- the network in FIG. 26 shows different 'clusters' of collaboration.
- a user can easily identify groups of authors who have published together in various journals.
- Another feature of the system is the ability to color author meta-nodes based on the institutional affiliation of the author. This provides even deeper insight into the patterns of collaboration.
- the network in FIG. 27 is the result of a search of the MeSH category Diabetes Mellitus and the institution Joslin (institution is found as part of the address field in PubMed). Joslin is short for Joslin Diabetes Center - the world's leading diabetes center.
- the diagram identifies pockets of collaboration - people within the organization who co-author documents on specific topics.
- the diagram displays in full text the names of journals and MeSH terms that appear on five or more documents in the search. This enables one to see popular research topics such as Diabetic retinopathy and Islets of Langerhans, as well as journals that this organization has published in since 2000 including Diabetes, Diabetologia, Transplantation, and Diabetes Care, among many others.
- KOLs key opinion leaders
- the diabetes mellitus search has been limited by geography (Australia) instead of institution.
- the network map is restricted to show only those authors who have written 15 or more documents.
- Cooper ME is an author whose name appears on 49 documents - subject to further investigation, it is likely that Dr. Cooper is key opinion leader in Australia that a pharmaceutical or biotech company would want to target if it is marketing a diabetes drug.
- FIG. 29 shows a network resulting from a search that is limited by organization to highlight that a user can also see related MeSH categories. Here all other nodes and links have been removed and what is left reveals that documents share MeSH categories. For instance, in this example documents with the MeSH category Diabetes Metllitus, Type II are also coded as Obesity, Islets of Langerhans, Blood Glucose, and Insulin, among many others.
- the network shown in FIG. 30 results from a search on the MeSH category Cardiovascular Agents and three specific organizations. The following organizations and or combinations of them have been highlighted using the Color Query feature: Pharmacia (yellow), Pfizer (green), Warner Lambert (blue), and the combination of Pfizer and Pharmacia (purple).
- Pharmacia yellow
- Pfizer green
- Warner Lambert blue
- Pfizer purple
- This map enables a user to see which MeSH topics organizations' research falls under within a larger domain. This could help organizations think strategically about investment of resources in certain research projects, the competition in a particular research area, and/or emerging areas that they are not yet involved in.
- the MNVS can also help reveal research "hubs" across geographies.
- a search has been designed to highlight research under the MeSH category Diabetes Mellitus Type I in Massachusetts (color coded green), California (color coded pink), and North Carolina (color coded blue).
- a user could run a similar search without geographic restraints and explore the data to see what areas seem to emerge as "hubs.”
- a user may be able to identify geographies that may be focused on a smaller niche within the broad domain (e.g. Autoantigens in this diabetes research example).
- MeSH classification Number of articles in the selected network by MeSH category sorted from highest to lowest or sorted by classification category. Since the MeSH classification schemes is hierarchical, the data is displayed using a tree structure with the number of articles within each category and subcategory displayed alongside each branch of the tree.
- Word usage Number of articles containing key words, phrases or word groupings.
- Statistical information is also provided in pop-up windows.
- a pop-up window can be called up which displays information about the article that is represented by the selected node.
- the information provided includes all of the basic information provided on the summary page of a typical article including PubMed ID number, title, authors, institutions, publication dates, MeSH classes, citations, as well as other data from the article like number of pages, number of figures, number of words, etc.
- many of the fields in the pop-up window are hyperlinked allowing the user to pull up additional information.
- the article number is hyperlinked to the full text of the article (or a .pdf), citation links are hyperlinks, as well as other hyperlinks.
- the pop-up also can include statistical information about the article like centrality.
- Institution meta-nodes When an institution meta-node is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays a menu of different kinds of data that can be displayed about the institution and the articles represented by the meta- node. Menu options include tables showing a list of the articles represented the meta-node, articles by MeSH category, articles by author, and a graph showing articles by year.
- Additional menu options include network statistical information that can be displayed about institution meta-nodes including total citations, average citations per year (since year of publication), the sum of eigenvector centrality for the institution's portfolio/the sum of eigenvector centrality for the entire network (a measure of portfolio value).
- Another menu option provides information about the institution. This menu option links to the institutions website or to basic company and financial information about the company.
- Author meta-nodes When an author meta-node is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays a menu of different kinds of data that can be displayed about the author and the articles represented by the meta-node.
- Menu options include tables showing a list of the articles represented the meta- node, articles by co-author, articles by MeSH class, and a graph showing articles by year.
- MeSH meta-nodes When a MeSH meta-node is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays a menu of different kinds of data that can be displayed about the MeSH category and the articles represented by the meta- node.
- Menu options include tables showing a list of the articles represented the meta-node, articles by institution, articles by author, and a graph showing articles by year.
- Another menu option provides information about the MeSH category. This menu option provides detailed information about the MeSH category including a full description of the class and its location in the MeSH hierarchy.
- Meta-links When a meta-link is selected, a pop-up window can be called up which displays information about the connections represented by the meta- link.
- a table can be displayed showing a list of article to article links represented, as well as a graph of the number of individual links represented by the meta-link over time. If for example, the meta-link is a co-authorship link, the meta-link pop-up will show a history of the collaboration between the two authors. Ii the meta-link is an institution-institution citation link, the popup will show a history of citations between the two institutions.
- Proprietary databases such as IMS maintain information about the prescribing patterns of doctors. They calculate the number of prescriptions that doctors write for each and every drug they prescribe. This data is incredibly valuable as a source of information to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to determine which doctors are the most important to reach from a marketing standpoint.
- the tool When combined with the MNVS, the tool enables biotech and pharma companies to identify key opinion leaders (KOLs) that are most closely connected to the largest number of subscribers of the medications in the therapeutic area of interest. By targeting these KOLs, the companies can influence the prescription patterns of the doctors and capture market share.
- KOLs key opinion leaders
- Referral data - Proprietary databases like LRX also provide a source of valuable external data to link to.
- the LRX database captures doctor referral information which can be used to create a social network of medical relationships within and across specialties.
- the NTH maintains a database known as the Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP). This database has information about all NTH funded research projects. Linking to this data makes it possible to track innovative research even earlier than the first medical article publication.
- CRISP Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects
- FDA trial data The FDA maintains information in public databases about the various drug candidates that are in various phases of the FDA approval process. By linking to this data, it is possible to analyze how medical research feeds into the drug pipeline and assess the position of the various drug an drug companies.
- FDA product data At the other end of the time scale is the FDA databases. The goal of most medical research is to develop a treatment for some disease which in most cases must be approved by the FDA (within the U.S.). The FDA maintains the DRUG database and many other databases that provide information about over-the-counter and prescription drugs as well as food supplements and many other health related products. By linking to this data, it is possible to track the output of the research contained in the PubMed database.
- Institutional data is another source of exogenous data that can be incorporated into the MDVS. Links can be made to institution or company data by way of the institution field in the PubMed database or indirectly through a database of institutional affiliations held by the doctor/author. Various types of institutional/corporate data exist from a variety of sources. Linking to this data makes it possible to analyze more deeply the role that companies, universities, government entities and research institutions play within an area of research interest. • Patent data — Links to the patent data are also critically important. The patent data represents the portions of medical research that have been converted to protectable intellectual property rights.
- a representative computer 300 is a personal computer or workstation platform that is, e.g., Intel Pentium®, PowerPC® or RISC based, and includes an operating system such as Windows®, Linux®, OS/2®, Unix or the like.
- an operating system such as Windows®, Linux®, OS/2®, Unix or the like.
- such machines include a display interface 302 (a graphical user interface or "GUI") and associated input devices 304 (e.g., a keyboard or mouse).
- GUI graphical user interface
- the database records analysis method is preferably implemented in software, and accordingly one of embodiments is as a set of instructions 306 (e.g., program code) in a code module resident in a computer-readable medium such as random access memory 308 of the computer 300.
- the set of instructions 306 may be stored in another computer-readable medium 310, e.g., in a hard disk drive, or in a removable memory such as an optical disk (for eventual use in a CD ROM) or floppy disk (for eventual use in a floppy disk drive), or downloaded via the Internet or some other computer network.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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HK1115720A1 (en) | 2008-12-05 |
WO2005107405A3 (en) | 2007-08-23 |
US9262514B2 (en) | 2016-02-16 |
US20210073251A1 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
KR101126028B1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
EP2487599A1 (en) | 2012-08-15 |
EP1759280A4 (en) | 2009-08-26 |
US7672950B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 |
US20060106847A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
US20100106752A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
EP2487600A1 (en) | 2012-08-15 |
US20160110447A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
CN101084496B (en) | 2012-11-21 |
KR20070085109A (en) | 2007-08-27 |
EP2487601A1 (en) | 2012-08-15 |
US10878016B2 (en) | 2020-12-29 |
EP1759280A2 (en) | 2007-03-07 |
CN101084496A (en) | 2007-12-05 |
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