WO2005122953A2 - Interfacial stent and method of maintaining patency of surgical fenestrations - Google Patents
Interfacial stent and method of maintaining patency of surgical fenestrations Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005122953A2 WO2005122953A2 PCT/US2005/016350 US2005016350W WO2005122953A2 WO 2005122953 A2 WO2005122953 A2 WO 2005122953A2 US 2005016350 W US2005016350 W US 2005016350W WO 2005122953 A2 WO2005122953 A2 WO 2005122953A2
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- intermediate portion
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/02—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for holding wounds open; Tractors
- A61B17/0218—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for holding wounds open; Tractors for minimally invasive surgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/11—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for performing anastomosis; Buttons for anastomosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/02—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for holding wounds open; Tractors
- A61B17/0293—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for holding wounds open; Tractors with ring member to support retractor elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/11—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for performing anastomosis; Buttons for anastomosis
- A61B2017/1107—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for performing anastomosis; Buttons for anastomosis for blood vessels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/11—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for performing anastomosis; Buttons for anastomosis
- A61B2017/1139—Side-to-side connections, e.g. shunt or X-connections
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2493—Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30003—Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis
- A61F2002/3006—Properties of materials and coating materials
- A61F2002/30062—(bio)absorbable, biodegradable, bioerodable, (bio)resorbable, resorptive
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2210/00—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2210/0004—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof bioabsorbable
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0073—Quadric-shaped
- A61F2230/0078—Quadric-shaped hyperboloidal
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/0037—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in height or in length
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/0039—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in diameter
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to implantable stents used inside the human body for medical purposes.
- the human body includes many anatomical pathways through which body fluids, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), must pass to maintain proper biological function.
- body fluids such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Examples of such pathways are elongated blood vessels (such as the coronary arteries) and other extended passageways that define a lumen (such as the aqueduct of Sylvius in the ventricular system of the brain).
- Obstructions of biological lumens can cause serious medical problems, such as tissue ischemia secondary to occlusion of an artery, or hydrocephalus caused by disruption of the flow of CSF through the ventricular system.
- Intravascular stents are commonly placed in an atherosclerotic coronary artery to reestablish perfusion to ischemic cardiac tissue.
- Coronary stents are introduced along a catheter to a site of occlusion during an angioplasty procedure.
- the stents which are typically tubular in shape, may be expanded mechanically or by the introduction of pressurized air into a balloon placed in the lumen of the stent.
- Coronary stents are not usually designed to be biodegradable, because they are intended to provide long-term mechanical support to maintain patency of the vessel lumen.
- surgeons often employ other operative techniques to reestablish normal flow of fluids through biological pathways in the body.
- an artificial opening such as a surgical fenestration may be created in a biological interface (such as a membrane or other tissue barrier) to either reopen a natural pathway or to create a new pathway for therapeutic purposes.
- Endoscopie surgery procedures may involve fenestration of a biological interface inside the body, in which a small opening is surgically created to establish or facilitate communication of such fluids as blood, bile, aqueous humor or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- CSF cerebrospinal fluid
- Endoscopie third ventriculostomy or endoscopie third ventriculocisternostomy is an example of a particular endoscopie procedure performed to treat pathological disruption of normal biological fluid flow.
- ETV is a procedure used for relieving hydrocephalus, a medical condition in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the ventricles of the brain due to obstruction of the flow of CSF within or from the ventricles. The accumulation of CSF increases pressure inside the brain, which in turn causes enlargement of the cranium and compression of intracranial brain tissue. Hydrocephalus most frequently occurs in young children, but is also found among adults, and is usually accompanied by neurological deterioration or death.
- CSF cerebrospinal fluid
- a standard method to relieve hydrocephalus is to shunt CSF from the brain into the abdominal, venous or peritoneal space.
- the shunt procedure employs a valved CSF shunt system connected to a plastic drainage line that diverts CSF out of the brain.
- a specific example of this procedure is ventriculoperitoneal (VP) drainage, which is commonly used to treat hydrocephalus.
- VP ventriculoperitoneal
- ETV third ventriculostomy
- ETV creates a surgical fenestration between the third ventricle and the subarachnoid space to permit drainage of excess CSF.
- ETV can be performed by placing a burr-hole anterior to the coronal suture of the skull and introducing an endoscope through the brain, into the lateral ventricle and through the foramen of Monro to gain access to the floor of the third ventricle.
- a fenestration (a ventriculostomy opening) is then surgically created in the floor of the third ventricle, anterior to the basilar artery.
- the fenestration can be made, for example, by introducing through the floor of the ventricle a blunt guide wire, closed forceps, laser, ultrasonic probe, or the tip of the endoscope itself.
- the fenestration hole is then enlarged to approximately 5 mm by expanding the tip of a Fogarty balloon catheter in the fenestration or by using an instrument designed for purposeful dilation of the fenestration.
- One advantage of the ETV procedure is that it does not require an indwelling, permanent shunt catheter that is subject to occlusion or infection.
- ETV has greatly improved the treatment of hydrocephalus, the ventriculostomy opening sometimes becomes partially or completely occluded as scar tissue forms at the fenestration site.
- the present disclosure provides a method for maintaining patency of an opening through an interface inside the human body by introducing a radially self-expanding hollow stent into the opening through an endoscope that radially compresses the stent.
- the stent has enlarged ends and a constricted intermediate portion.
- the shape of the stent allows it to be placed with its constricted intermediate portion situated in the opening while the enlarged ends remain outside of the opening on opposite sides of the opening.
- the self-expanding stent is allowed to expand in situ such that the enlarged ends inhibit dislodgement of the stent from the opening.
- a lumen through the stent permits the free flow of fluid through the opening while maintaining patency of the opening.
- the stent is biodegradable, such that it degrades or otherwise dissolves over time (for example in one to six months). Once the stent has degraded after this period of time, the incidence of scarring or other closure of the opening is reduced.
- the method can be implemented using an endoscopie surgical procedure for treating hydrocephalus of the brain that increases the success rate of the surgery and reduces the chance of secondary failure.
- Such a method can include introducing an endoscope into the third ventricle of the brain; fenestrating the floor of the third ventricle to create an opening that fluidly communicates between the third ventricle and subarachnoid space; enlarging the opening; and placing the stent into the opening.
- an interfacial stent for maintaining patency of an opening in a biological interface (such as a wall of an organ or substructure thereof, such as a ventricle of a brain) in a human body.
- the stent includes two enlarged ends and a constricted intermediate portion.
- the stent is self-expandable, for example being made of a material that has resilient memory, and may be biodegradable.
- each when the two enlarged ends are expanded, each has a diameter substantially greater than a diameter of the constricted intermediate portion that extends through and fills the opening, and/or about the same or greater than the length of the stent.
- the stent has a substantially hollow body defined by an open surface structure that allows flow of the body fluid therethrough.
- the stent is made of bioabsorbable material that degrades in the body over a controlled period of time (such as one to six months).
- the self-expandable nature of the stent allows it to be introduced into an opening using a compression device (such as a catheter or endoscope lumen) that maintains the stent in a reduced diameter state until it emerges from the device. After emergence, the stent radially expands to permit its secure deployment in the interface opening.
- a compression device such as a catheter or endoscope lumen
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sagittal section view of the human brain in a child.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of a portion of the floor of the third ventricle in the human brain, illustrating a surgical fenestration in the floor of the ventricle.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the floor of the third ventricle showing a ventriculostomy hole.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating placement of the stent through a fenestration in the floor of the ventricle using an endoscope.
- FIG. 5 is another schematic view showing deployment of the stent through the fenestration.
- FIG. 6 is another schematic view showing radial self-expansion of the stent within the fenestration.
- FIG. 7 shows one example of a self-expandable stent in a compressed form as it would be found inside the endoscope prior to deployment.
- FIG. 8 shows the stent of FIG. 7 after it has radially expanded.
- FIG. 9 shows a second example of a self-expandable stent in a compressed form as it would be found inside the endoscope prior to deployment.
- FIG. 10 shows the second exemplary self-expandable stent after it has radially expanded. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A.
- opening all refer to an opening, either naturally existing or artificially created, through an interface of a human body part such as a tissue or membrane.
- a human body part such as a tissue or membrane.
- Such interfaces may be found either externally (for example through an ear lobe or other skin surface) or internally (such as the wall of a hollow organ, or wall of a substructure of an organ, such as the ventricles of the brain or the interventricular lumen).
- lumen refers to the open space within an elongated tubular vessel.
- an opening, hole, fenestration or perforation is typically present in tissue interface, in contrast to a lumen, which extends through a tubular or elongated extended tissue structure.
- the embodiments of the stent disclosed herein are devised to maintain the patency of an artificially created opening, instead of restoring patency of a pre-existing lumen that has become occluded by a pathological process (such as atherosclerosis).
- the disclosed embodiments of the stent are generally designed to maintain patency of an anatomic interface opening (such as a surgically created fenestration) along the entire length of the opening, by retention of the stent within the interface opening by its enlarged ends disposed on opposing faces of the opening.
- an anatomic interface opening such as a surgically created fenestration
- This is distinguished from the prior art use of a stent in a lumen of an elongated tubular vessel such as vascular artery, in which the stent occupies only an intermediate section of an elongated vessel and is contained entirely within the lumen of the elongated vessel.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic sagittal section view of human brain 10. Viewable from the sagittal section view is a third ventricle 12, a fourth ventricle 14, and an Aqueduct of Sylvius 16 which in a normal condition communicates between third ventricle 12 and fourth ventricle 14. CSF from fourth ventricle 14 circulates around spinal cord 18 which depends from the brainstem. Also shown in this view is the floor of the third ventricle 20. A subject who suffers obstructive hydrocephalus often has a blockage of the normal flow of CSF through the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of wall 30 of the floor of the third ventricle 20 in human brain 10. This view schematically represents what is visible through an endoscope (not shown in FIG.
- FIG. 2 Schematically shown in FIG. 2 are several parts in the brain visible through the semi-transparent floor of the third ventricle 20, including hypophyseal portal veins 35, pituitary gland 34, posterior cerebral artery 36, and posterior perforating arteries 37.
- ETV endoscopie third ventriculostomy
- a fenestration 32 is created in the floor of third ventricle 20 to re-establish flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle 12 (FIG. 1) to the subarachnoid space (not shown) underneath the floor of the third ventricle 20.
- fenestration 32 needs to be enlarged after initial formation to achieve a satisfactory size for the purpose of establishing a desired flow of CSF. Enlargement may be performed using a catheter or using an instrument designed for purposeful dilation of fenestrations. The catheter or the dilation instrument may be introduced through a working channel of the endoscope.
- FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of the floor of third ventricle 30 in which fenestration 32 has been established.
- Fenestration 32 is defined by perimeter edges 42 and 44. Where fenestration 32 has a circular shape, perimeter edges 42 and 44 are parts of the same continuous inner peripheral edge.
- the stent is typically an elongated device having resilient memory that allows it to expand from a radially compressed condition in which it is inserted into opening 32 to a radially expanded condition in which it is securely retained within opening 32.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 show a stent 60, according to one embodiment, and one specific approach for deploying the stent 60.
- the illustrated embodiment of stent 60 has a reduced diameter intermediate portion 57 (also referred to herein as a constricted portion) and two relatively enlarged ends 56, 58 that have a greater diameter than the diameter of intermediate portion 57.
- Endoscopie delivery port 50 has an end 53 and sidewall 52 (both shown in phantom in FIG. 4). End 53 of port 50 is open for delivery of stent 60. Sidewall 52 of port 50 confines stent 60 within port 50 and compresses it radially to reduce its diameter.
- This radial compression force temporarily maintains stent 60 in a narrowed, reduced diameter condition (that may or may not be also elongated compared to the deployed shape of the stent).
- a retractable release 59 disposed in the delivery port engages the proximal end 58 of stent 60. As shown, release device 59 is advanced toward fenestration 32 through the delivery port 59 to deploy stent 60 out of delivery port 50 and place it within fenestration 32, with intermediate portion 57 disposed within fenestration 32 and distal and proximal ends 56, 58 positioned outside fenestration 32 on opposite faces of the wall 30 of third ventricle 20.
- stent 60 Once stent 60 has been deployed, and in the absence of external compression, it radially expands as shown in FIG. 6 so that its intermediate portion 57 abuts tightly against the borders of the fenestration, and ends 56, 58 expand to such an extent that stent 60 resists longitudinal dislodgement in either direction out of fenestration 32.
- radially expanded ends 56 and 58 have a diameter D that is larger than that of constricted intermediate portion 57 and also larger than the diameter of fenestration 32.
- diameter D of enlarged ends 56 and 58 is also at least the same or greater than length L of the expanded stent 60.
- Length L is measured along the longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular to end faces 56A and 58A of ends 56 and 58 of stent 60. Intermediate portion 57 of radially expanded stent 60 abuts perimeter edges 42 and 44 of fenestration 32 to provide an anatomic barrier to closure of the opening due to inflammatory or other healing processes. However, since stent 60 is hollow and both enlarged ends 56 and 58 are open to fluid flow, retention of stent 60 within fenestration 32 maintains patency of the fenestration 32. Stent 60 is also preferably made of a bio-compatible material that degrades or otherwise spontaneously dissolves over a controlled or predetermined period of time that is sufficient to inhibit closure of fenestration 32.
- the stent has degraded after this period of time, the incidence of scarring or other closure of the opening is reduced. In a particular example, that period of time is at least one month, for example one to six months.
- the time required for degrading the stent may be determined based on the observations of a typical interval during which a target opening may be subjected to undesired occlusion. For example, in ETV surgical procedures, the typical failure time during which the ventriculostomy opening may spontaneously close is several weeks.
- a suitable bioabsorbable material can be selected for making an ETV stent that degrades over several weeks after placement in the brain.
- a material is chosen that is degraded by the continued flow of CSF through the stent in use. Gradual disappearance of the stent eliminates the necessity of surgical removal of the stent and also reduces the potential risk for infection or other failure that accompanies long term indwelling implants within the body.
- the bioabsorption time of the interfacial stent may be adjusted based on the selection of the material and/or the construction of the stent (e.g., selecting a mesh or generally solid construction for the stent.) In particular embodiments of the stent, it would have the following dimensions: TABLE 1
- outer diameters of ends 56 and 58 are about 3.2 mm when compressed and 6 mm when expanded; length L is 5 mm when compressed and 3 mm when expanded; and outer diameter of intermediate portion 57 (waist) 57 is 3.2 mm when compressed and 5 mm when expanded.
- stent 60 is introduced into fenestration 32 during the same procedure in which the ventriculostomy fenestration is formed, such that stent 60 is introduced into fenestration 32 immediately after formation of that opening. After stent 60 has been deployed into ventriculostomy opening 32, the endoscopie tools used to introduce the stent into the opening are withdrawn from the body while leaving stent 60 in fenestration 32.
- the present disclosure provides a method and device for inhibiting re-closure of openings in the human body, such as openings through biological interfaces that are designed to establish flow pathways.
- Re-closure is often caused by natural healing processes in the human body. Such healing processes are particularly effective in infants and young children, who indeed suffer a particularly high failure rate after anatomically successful ETV procedures.
- Infants and young children represent the maj ority of patients suffering from newly diagnosed obstructive hydrocephalus and thus would benefit most from the method and the stent of the present disclosure when applied in endoscopie third ventriculostomy.
- the application of the method and the stent according to the present disclosure is not limited to ETV procedures.
- Patency of openings for body piercings could be assured, prior to introduction of a metal piercing, by placement of a biodegradable stent (which in this instance would not require a fluid passageway through it).
- trabeculoplasty trabeculotomy or sclerotomy openings in the eye for treatment of glaucoma
- typanostomy openings in the eardrum for treatment of otitis media
- tracheo-esphageal perforation for voice reconstruction after total laryngectomy
- tracheostomy openings for establishing a patent airway bypass
- openings created in endoscopie nasal and or facial sinus surgery for maintaining mucous drainage pathways
- openings for maintaining bronchopleural fistula for chronic drainage of pleural empyema and other disorders
- stent delivery has been described in connection with an endoscopie procedure, many other methods are known in the art that may be used to deliver the interfacial stent.
- existing endoscopie delivery systems may be readily adapted for delivery of the stent.
- ETV surgery typically utilizes an endoscopie delivery port to deliver a catheter into the newly formed fenestration to enlarge the fenestration.
- the same endoscopie delivery port may be adapted for delivery of the interfacial stent.
- the stent can be conceivably deployed using a separate delivery port, sharing the same delivery port with the catheter simplifies the system.
- stent 60 is self-expandable, meaning that it expands autonomously when a compression force is removed, without requiring the application of external expansion forces (such as inflation of a balloon within the stent).
- a self-expandable stent is a stent made of a polymer that has resilient memory, such that the stent expands in a controlled or predetermined fashion to assume a pre-configured shape, usually a shape that the stent had before it was subjected to compressive forces. Additional information about such polymers is provided in a later section of this specification.
- Stent 60 also can be bioabsorbable, meaning that the stent will be dissolved or absorbed over time within the human body after a sufficient, usually predetermined period of time to maintain patency of the opening.
- bioabsorbable biologically absorbable
- bioresorbable biologically absorbable
- biodegradable biodegradable
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show additional configurations of a self-expanding interfacial stent 60 for placement across an interface of the human body.
- Stent 60 has opposing ends 56 and 58 which are made of an elastic material forming a ring at each end.
- a plurality of longitudinal members, or filaments, 64 run substantially parallel to each other between ends 56 and 58 to connect the two ends.
- Filaments 64 define an inner passageway through which cerebrospinal fluid (or other biological fluid) can flow.
- Filaments 64 are made of a material having shape memory, as discussed further below, and are formed to at least partially remember a bent or bowed shape.
- FIG. 7 shows stent 60 in its radially compressed condition in which filaments 64 are axially stretched and ends 56, 58 are spaced at a maximum distance from one another.
- FIG. 8 shows stent 60 after it has been allowed to expand radially and filaments 64 return to their remembered bowed shape. This radial expansion makes stent 60 shorter, flatter and wider when deployed in fenestration 32.
- FIGS. 9_ and 10 show yet another embodiment of a self-expanding hollow stent 70 that assumes a tubular configuration in its compressed state, for example conforming to a tubular shape of an endoscope lumen through which stent 70 is introduced into the body.
- Stent 70 has opposing ends 76 and 78 which are made of an elastic material forming a ring at each end.
- Two sets of longitudinal members, or filaments, 72 and 74 are used to form an interstitial mesh shaped outer surface that defines the boundary of stent 70.
- the interstitial mesh shaped outer surface defines a passageway through which cerebrospinal fluid (or other biological fluid) can flow.
- the two sets of filaments 72 and 74 each run substantially parallel with respect to the filaments in the same set but are slanted in different directions to form an angle between the two sets.
- Filaments 72 and 74 are made of a material having shape memory, as discussed further below, and formed to at least partially remember a bent shape.
- FIG. 9 shows stent 70 in the radially compressed state in which filaments 72 and 74 are axially stretched or elongated.
- FIG. 10 shows stent 70 after compression forces are removed to allow stent 70 to expand radially as filaments 72 and 74 are allowed to return to their remembered or non-compressed bent shape. This radial expansion makes stent 70 shorter and flatter. Compared to the embodiment in FIGS. 7 and 8, the embodiment according to FIGS.
- stent 70 has two frustoconical sections, each of which tapers from a respective end 76, 78 to a common intermediate portion 77.
- the frustoconical sections can be separately formed and subsequently joined to each other at their tapered ends to form the stent.
- the stent can comprise two tapered frustopyramidal sections, which can be formed in a similar manner.
- Stent 70 is illustrated as symmetric in shape, having both a transverse and longitudinal axis of symmetry. Although illustrated in these examples as filamentous, stent 60 may also be made of appropriate sheet- or fabric-like materials with appropriate resilience and memory.
- the sheet- or fabric-like material may either be in an interstitial mesh pattern (either macroscopically or microscopically), or in a solid shape.
- the boundary formed by the sheet- or fabric-like material may be either permeable or impermeable to body fluids, as long as stent 60 has an open-ended hollow body that facilitates sufficient body fluid communication through the opening that is intended to be sustained by stent 60.
- C. Stent Fabrication As far as the manufacturing methods are concerned, several types of stents, including metal stents and polymer stents, may be suitable as the trans-interface stent of the present disclosure, with polymer stents being generally more preferable than metal stents.
- Polymer Stents include (but are not limited to) silicone, gelatin film, collagen film or matrix, polysaccharide matrices, and elastomer stents. Compared to metal stents, polymer stents are relatively newer products. One advantage that polymer stents have over metal stents is that they can be bioabsorbable/biodegradable. For this reason, polymer stents are more preferred for the applications disclosed herein. An ideal stent may have the following characteristics (which are not essential requirements of the invention): (1) inexpensive to manufacture; (2) easy to deploy; (3) sufficiently rigid to resist radial forces; and (4) disappears after treatment without leaving behind harmful residue.
- Polymer devices that have this capability include resilient collagen materials, resilient gelatin films and biodegradable polymers such as polyesters, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid and poly(glycerol- sebacate) or PGS.
- biodegradable polymers such as polyesters, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid and poly(glycerol- sebacate) or PGS.
- polyglycolic acid tubes provide results equivalent to silicone rubber but are absorbed in seven days and thereby obviate the need for any additional procedure to remove the stent.
- these biodegradable materials can be combined with other polymers that provide elastic recoil to a predetermined shape.
- a suitable biodegradable polymer available commercially is GELFILM ® , an absorbable gelatin film made by Pharmacia & Upjohn (now a division of Pfizer).
- GELFILM ® an absorbable gelatin film made by Pharmacia & Upjohn (now a division of Pfizer).
- Other suitable biodegradable polymers are discussed in U.S. Patent No. 6,719,
- biodegradable polymers include polylactide bioabsorbable polymer filaments, helically wound and interwoven in a braided configuration to form a tube.
- Polylactide bioabsorbable polymer includes poly(alpha-hydroxy acid) such as poly-L- lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), polyglycolide (PGA), polydioxanone, polycaprolactone, polygluconate, polylactic acid-polyethylene oxide copolymers, modified cellulose, collagen, poly(hydroxybutyrate), polyanhydride, polyphosphoester, poly(amino acids), or related copolymers materials, each of which have a characteristic degradation rate in the body.
- PGA and polydioxanone are relatively fast- bioabsorbing materials (weeks to months) and PLA and polycaprolactone are a relatively slow-bioabsorbing material (months to years).
- tyrosine-derived polycarbonate materials developed by Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corp. (Plainsboro, New Jersey) may also be suitable for making the interfacial stents of the present disclosure.
- Another suitable example is bioresorbable, biocompatible and resilient bovine collagen materials developed by Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corp. Such collagen materials have been successfully used for various dental and surgical purposes, but a resilient form of such materials, either in filaments or sheets, may also be a good choice for fabricating the stents of the present disclosure.
- a particular example of a biodegradable, self-expandable stent is the L-lactide- glycolic acid co-polymer with a molar ratio of 80:20 (SR-PLGA 80/20).
- This stent is sold under the product designation SpiroFlow (from Bionx Implants, Ltd., Tampere, Finland) and is disclosed in Laaksovirta et al., J Urol. 2003 Aug;170(2 Pt 1):468-71. See also Chepurov et al., Urologiia. 2003 May-Jun;(3):44-50.
- Other bioresorbable polymers under investigation by others may also be suitable.
- a bioresorbable polymer stent incorporating natural polymers has been described by Bier and coworkers (Bier, J.D., et al, Journal oflnterventional Cardiology, 1992. 5(3): p.
- Bioresorbable microporous intravascular stents were constructed by Ye and colleagues (Ye, Y.-W., et al, ASAIO Journal, 1996. 42: p. M823-M827. Ye, Y.-W., et al, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 1998. 26: p. 398- 408.). These stents were extremely porous, and a gradient could be produced from various surfaces of the stent. As noted, a stent constructed of a bioabsorbable polymer provides certain advantages relative to metal stents such as natural decomposition into non-toxic chemical species over a period, of time.
- bioabsorbable polymeric stents may be manufactured at relatively low manufacturing costs since vacuum heat treatment and chemical cleaning commonly used in metal stent manufacturing are not required.
- certain materials thought to be unsuitable for intraluminal stents used in vascular applications may be suitable for the stents disclosed herein.
- Intraluminal stents used in vascular applications have stringent requirements for materials to exhibit strong mechanical properties as structural support and desirable hemodynamics. Due to its distinctive application environment, interfacial stents may not require such stringent mechanical properties for the materials. For example, unlike the endovascular environment, an interfacial environment is less likely to exert high mechanical stress on the stent.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA002565970A CA2565970A1 (en) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-05-09 | Interfacial stent and method of maintaining patency of surgical fenestrations |
AU2005253930A AU2005253930B2 (en) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-05-09 | Interfacial stent and method of maintaining patency of surgical fenestrations |
US11/596,270 US20070179426A1 (en) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-05-09 | Interfacial stent and method of maintaining patency of surgical fenestrations |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US57017804P | 2004-05-11 | 2004-05-11 | |
US60/570,178 | 2004-05-11 |
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WO2005122953A2 true WO2005122953A2 (en) | 2005-12-29 |
WO2005122953A3 WO2005122953A3 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
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PCT/US2005/016350 WO2005122953A2 (en) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-05-09 | Interfacial stent and method of maintaining patency of surgical fenestrations |
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US (1) | US20070179426A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005253930B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2565970A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2005253930B2 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
AU2005253930A1 (en) | 2005-12-29 |
US20070179426A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
CA2565970A1 (en) | 2005-12-29 |
WO2005122953A3 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
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