WO2006043032A1 - Scanning imaging apparatus - Google Patents
Scanning imaging apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006043032A1 WO2006043032A1 PCT/GB2005/003942 GB2005003942W WO2006043032A1 WO 2006043032 A1 WO2006043032 A1 WO 2006043032A1 GB 2005003942 W GB2005003942 W GB 2005003942W WO 2006043032 A1 WO2006043032 A1 WO 2006043032A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reflector
- radiation
- polariser
- sub
- polarisation
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S3/781—Details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/16—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
Definitions
- This invention relates to scanning apparatus which may be used in a real-time imaging system, and has particular utility in a real-time passive millimetre wave imaging system, as well as at other wavelengths.
- the scanning imaging apparatus may also be used in other radiometry systems.
- Imaging using electromagnetic radiation at millimetre wavelengths, or thereabouts, is potentially useful as an all-weather surveillance and guidance aid and for i ndoor and outdoor security applications, but any practically useful system must be capable of imaging in real-time. This was until recently a problem due to the high number of very expensive receivers required that are able to operate at the frequencies of interest.
- Imagers that operate at millimetre wavelengths or thereabouts often use a concave mirror or a lens to focus radiation from the scene being imaged onto an array of receivers.
- a concave mirror or a lens to focus radiation from the scene being imaged onto an array of receivers.
- large two-dimensional arrays of receivers which cover the whole of a required image are not available. Instead, a far smaller number of receivers is scanned across the image in order to build up the complete picture.
- millimetre wave imaging system should ideally be able to operate at TV-compatible rates (i.e. 50 Hz for the UK, 60 Hz for the USA).
- TV-compatible rates i.e. 50 Hz for the UK, 60 Hz for the USA.
- scanning systems are often plane mirrors flapping about an axis contained within their surface. This is not a practical option in the millimetre waveband as large aperture mirrors would be required to flap back and forth at TV-compatible rates, requiring a large acceleration, and thus force at the end of each scan, and would therefore require a very large and complex mechanical arrangement.
- Any scanning mechanism used in a millimetre wave imaging system must therefore be situated in either the object or the image plane. Furthermore, any scanning mechanism situated in the image plane must have good off-axis performance. This is difficult to achieve using existing technology.
- Another known scanning method used in infrared imagers is a system of two discs rotating about axes which are slightly inclined to the normals to their faces (US-A-4923263). Radiation incident on the first disc is reflected at oblique incidence from the first rotating disc and passes to the second disc to experience a second reflection. By varying the orientation and relative speed of rotation of the discs, varying scan patterns can be achieved. Such a two- axis rotating disc system would not be ideal for use in imagers operating at or around millimetre wavelengths, however, as the system would be inconveniently large. Applicant's International patent No.
- WO2002/066998 discloses a scanning imaging system that operates on the principle of scanning a solid angle to be imaged past a relatively small number of sensors, this scanning being performed at a sufficient rate so as to produce a real-time video image of the scanned volume.
- the disclosure provides a means for generating a compact mechanically scanned system. This consists of a polarising grid reflector, a image plane of receivers in a linear array, a polarisation twisting quarter-wave plate or ferrite and a rotating tilted mirror.
- Radiation from the scene is transmitted through the grid, and reflected from the mirror - the rotation of which conically scans the beam - and then arrives back at the gri d with an orthogonal polarisation to that which was incident on the imager. This radiation is then reflected by the grid and focussed onto the receiver array.
- the grid and mirror typical Iy have aspheric shapes to correct for optical aberrations.
- imagers such as that disclosed in WO2002/066998 are generally required to have large apertures to achieve a useful angular resolution.
- An aperture of around 1m might be typical.
- the focal length / aperture ratio typically around 0.5 (i.e. the f/number is f/0.5). This gives a system of relatively short overall length and minimises any overdimensioning (compared to the aperture) of the grid. Systems faster than f/0.5 are usually too hard to correct for the typical fields of view required.
- the image plane should b>e sampled at least once per 3dB spot si:ze in the direction of the receiver array, and to avoid losing any information it is preferable that the image plane is sampled twice per 3dB spot size (the Nyquist rate). This puts demands on the maximum size of the receiver array in the image plane, particularly when trie desired wavelengths of operation are reduced.
- the receiver array is made up from a plurality of receiver elements, each of which comprises a receive antenna - A - coupled to receive electronics.
- the receive antennas of the receive elements need to be positioned on the image plane so as to be in the optimal reception position, and so the sampling criteria described above puts a maximum value on the spatial separation of the receive element antennas in a given system.
- a scanning imaging apparatus operable at millimetre wavelengths or thereabouts comprising an optical system, a plurality of receiver elements together forming a receiver array, a processor and a display means, wherein the optical system comprises: a curved polariser/reflector that allows radiation of a first polarisation to pass through, and reflects radiation having a polarisation orthogonal to the first polarisation; a rotatable reflective plate, the reflective plate having an axis of rotation, wherein the axis of rotation is inclined at a non-zero angle ⁇ a to both the reflective plate and the normal to the reflective plate at the centre of rotation, and arranged to reflect radiation onto the polariser/reflector plate; a polarisation rotation plate located between the curved polariser/reflector and the rotatable reflective plate, adapted to perform the action of either: transforming incident linearly polarised radiation to circular polarisation, and vice versa, or to non-reciprocally rotate the plane of polar
- Increasing the focal length of the focussing means according to the present invention would be a strategy not normally contemplated by those working in the relevant field of technology, due to the increase in system length that usually accompanies such a move.
- the physical size of imagers working at millimetre wavebands or thereabouts is currently an issue amongst users of such systems. There is a general desire to reduce the size where possible, and a definite prejudice against making the systems larger. Increasing the focal length therefore would be considered counter intuitive if there is no desire to make the imager significantly larger.
- focal length has significant advantages over the prior art imager.
- the use of a longer focal length increases the permissible spacing of the receiver elements' antennas on the image plane whilst still maintaining sufficient spatial sampling of the image plane to ensure continuous coverage of a scene to be imaged.
- the invention employs a convex sub-reflector in the optical path of the radiation that provides the increased focal length.
- This effectively converts the optical system of the prior art WO2002/066998 from a modified Schmidt system to a modified Schmidt-Cassegrain system.
- the image plane may have a curvature in the opposite manner to that of the prior art.
- the system image plane is concave in profile. The divergent nature of normals projected from the concave image plane to a region behind it thus means that there will be more space behind each antenna element sitting on the image plane to accommodate the electronics associated with each antenna.
- the convex sub-reflector focussing element may preferably be arranged to be moveable with respect to the other focussing elements, so allowing a convenient means for changing the focus of the system. This allows a significant advantage over the prior art, where to focus the system requires the whole of the receiver array to be moved, leading to complications with mounting and cabling. ,
- the polarisation rotation plate is a known optical device. It may comprise a quarter-wave plate, such as a meanderline, or may comprise a component able to non-reciprocally rotate the plane of polarisation of radiation passing therethrough by 45°, such that radiation reflecting from a mirror and passing back through the component in the opposite direction is rotated a further 45°, so giving a total twist of 90°.
- optical does not mean or imply that the system is operational at visible wavelengths.
- the term is used in the sense that analysis techniques commonly employed at visible wavelengths may also be applied to the current system, even though the wavelengths of operation are quite different.
- the techniques presented herein are applicable across the millimetre waveband, and will also be applicable at sub-millimetre wavebands, e.g. up into terahertz frequencies.
- Figure 1 diagrammatically illustrates a scanning imager of the prior art
- Figure 2 shows spatial sampling criteria for both Rayleigh and Nyquist sampling
- Figure 3 diagrammatically illustrates an embodim ⁇ nt of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 Shown in Figure 1 is a scanning imager of the prior art, of the type described in Applicant's co-pending patent application PCT/2004/002520.
- This shows an imager 1 incorporating a curved polariser/reflector 2 which allows radiation 100a of a specific polarisation 100b to pass therethrough whilst reflecting radiation of orthogonal polarisation.
- This curved polariser/reflector 2 may also contain a dielectric material 3 acting as both a physical support and a lens that may be used Jo help correct system aberrations.
- the next component in the optical path is a quarter-wave plate 4, followed by a curved rota table reflector 5.
- Linearly polarised radiation 100b passes through the quarter wave plate 4 and hence becomes circularly polarised 100c. It then gets reflected from the rotatable reflector 5, where the polarisation changes handedness 100d, and passes again through the quarter-wave plate 4 which converts the radiation to linearly polarised radiation 10Oe of an orthogonal direction to radiation 100b and from there back to the curved polarising grid 2, which, du e to the polarisation change in the radiation from the previous components now acts as a reflector.
- An array of receiver elements 6 arranged, on the system image plane 7 collects and processes any received radiation.
- the main focussing power is split between the rotatable reflector 5 and the curved polariser/reflector 2, although it is possible to use the curvature of just one of these elements to implement the focussing.
- Either or both of the ratable reflector 5 and the polariser/reflector 2 may have an aspheric curvature, to help correct optical aberrations.
- the rotatable reflector 5 is mounted with its axis at a small non-zero angle to the axis of rotation. As it rotates it has the effect of scanning radiation from different angular directions on to the receive elements.
- the focussing effect of the curved polariser 2 when acting as a reflector, provides the main focussing power in the system, and brings the received energy to a focus at the image plane. If it is required to receive energy from different ranges, then the position of the image plane 7 will be dependent upon this range.
- the receiver array 6 is arranged to be moveable across the varying image plane position. This adjustment requires a relatively complex mechanical arrangement to allow the receiver array to be moved, whilst keeping power and signal lines connected to the receiver array.
- the imager of Figure 1 is of this type.
- the 3dB spot size in the image plane is approximately ⁇ .2ZL ⁇ (f I D) where ⁇ is the wavel ength and f/D is the f /number, so at an operational frequency of 90GHz the 3d B spot size in the image plane for an f /0.5 system is approximately 2.03mm.
- Current technology is unable to produce 90GHz band receivers in a package smaller than 5mm in the plane of the array, and so a one-dimensional linear array is unable to sample the image plane at a preferred sampling rate for optimal image production. It has proved to be a problem with current technology to get a receiver spacing at anything less than 5mm at 90GHz.
- Figure 2 shows a graph of a simplified point spread function for an imager operable at millim etre wavelengths or thereabouts.
- the graph has spatial linear position on the vertical axis, and intensity on the horizontal axis.
- the intensity curve has a peak in intensity at a mid position, that decays as the spatial observation point moves away from it.
- a half power, or 3dB beamwidth 20 is indicated, and is equivalent to the distance between alternate dotted lines 21.
- Sampling at the equivalent of once per 3dB beamwidth 20 is indicated by the spstial sampling points 24 in the centre 22 of the graph. This is Rayleigh sampling. Shown on the right are sample points 23 consistent with Nyquist sampli ng, where two samples are taken per 3dB beamwidth.
- FIG 3 shows an embodiment of the current invention.
- a 94GHz real time passive scanning imaging apparatus 30 has a curved polariser/reflector 31 , a rotatable reflector 32 between which is a quarter wave plate 36, and receiver array 33, wherein outputs from the receiver array are fed to a microprocessor and an image display (not shown). These elements operate largely similarly to those of the prior art.
- a dielectric material 37 is positioned behind the curved polariser/reflector 31 to provide mechanical support for it.
- the rear surface of the dielectric material 37 may advantageously be shaped such that it acts as a dielectric lens. This lens, along with any other focussing element in the system may be designed so as to correct optical aberrations, as is done in the prior art of Figure 1.
- the optical system additionally comprises a convex sub-reflector 34 for increasing the focal length of the lens assembly.
- the subreflector 34 may also have an aspheric curvature, to help correct optical aberrations.
- the rotatable reflector 32 comprises a flat or slightly curved reflector plate rotatably mounted about an axis 35, and inclined at an angle ⁇ (say about 5°) to the normal to the axis.
- Incident radiation 200a is linearly polarised by the polariser/reflector 31 , which may have wires inclined at 90° to the vertical (say) so that the component of radiation 200b with a plane of polarisation 0° to the vertical (90° from the line of the wires in the polariser/reflector) is transmitted through the wire grid.
- Most of this linearly polarised radiation encounters the quarter-wave plate 36 (typically a meanderline) .
- the meanderline plate 36 has fast and slow axes of the meanderlines inclined at 45° to the direction of the wires on the grid.
- Radiation 200c emerging from the meanderline plate 36 is circularly polarised and is reflected from reflector plate as radiation 20Od, which is circularly polarised in the opposite sense to the incoming radiation 2O0c on the reflector plate 32.
- radiation 20Od then encounters again the meanderline plate 36 it is converted back to linearly polarised radiation 200e, which has its plane of polarisation rotated by 90° in comparison with radiation 200b.
- radiation 5e encounters the polariser/reflector plate it is reflected onto the convex sub-reflector 34, from where it is focused onto the receiver array 33. Except for the addition of the sub-reflector 34 the optical system is largely similar to the prior art shown in Figure 1 in terms of the operation of the polarising elements.
- Each receiver com prises of a receive horn connected to an amplifier. Radiation entering each horn will pass to the amplifier.
- the amplifier provides an output to a detector (e.g. a Schottky detector).
- the microprocessor receives signals from the detector and processes these signals to produce an image which is displayed on the display.
- Some of the radiation 200b passing initially through the polariser/reflector 31 will be incident upon the sub-reflector 34, where it will be d irectly reflected towards the receiver array, but, having the incorrect polarisation for the receiver array 33, will not be detected.
- a beneficial effect of the use of the convex sub-reflector 34- is to increase the system focal length, f.
- the f /number also increases.
- the result of this is that the 3dB spot in the image plane for the current invention is increased due to the increase in focal length, and consequent increase in the system f /number means that there is a greater spacing between adjacent receivers in trie receiver array.
- the embodiment shown in Figure 3 has a 3dB spot size of S.2mm, which enables the spatial sampling of the receivers to be much improved over the prior art when adjacent receivers are centred 5mm from each other, although this embodiment does still fall short of allowing sampling at the Nyquist rate with receiver centres separated by 5mm.
- the embodiment has a nominal range of 8.5m, and has an overall length of 0.734m, and a d iameter of 1 m.
- the arrangement of reflectors 31 , 32, 34 and lens 37 is desi gned to present an effective focal length of 2021 mm when the system is focused at the nominal range, giving an f /number of f /2.02.
- the image plane is 410mm long, and so at a 5mm separation 82 receivers are required to sample at the rate discussed above.
- a further benefit is that focussing is achieved by movement of the sub- reflector 34, rather than by movement of the receiver array itself as is done in the prior art. Moving the sub-reflector 34 towards the polariser/reflector 31 by 52mm will focus the system on infinity, and moving it 32mm towards the rotatable reflector 32 will focus the system to a 5m range.
- the sub-reflector 34 causes radiation reflected therefrom from different scan locations to be divergent as it approaches the image plane.
- the antenna horns of each of the receivers in the receiver array may be optimally positioned so as to form a concave arrangement, which means that the rear parts of each receiver also diverges from the adjacent receiver. This allows more lateral space in which to fit the electronics of each receiver element, leading to a more compact design for the receiver array.
- the sub-reflector 34 is elliptical in shape, when seen from the front, with a long axis of 360mm length, and a short axis of 220mm.
- One minor disadvantage of the present invention is the obscuration caused by the presence of the sub-reflector.
- the obscuration however in this embodiment is approximately 9%, and so is within acceptable limits.
- the embodiment shown in Figure 3 has an array of receivers arranged with each receiver's antenna being on the image plane of the imager. Each receiver has a depth extending from the image plane towards the polariser/reflecto r. This depth impinges on the dielectric material used to provide mechanical support and additional focussing to the polariser/reflector.
- the invention has utility in both indoor and outdoor applications, and in static and mobile operations.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05792927A EP1803024B1 (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2005-10-14 | Scanning imaging apparatus |
JP2007537368A JP2008524555A (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2005-10-14 | Scanning imaging device |
DE602005015997T DE602005015997D1 (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2005-10-14 | GRID IMAGING DEVICE |
US11/665,540 US7443560B2 (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2005-10-14 | Scanning imaging apparatus |
AT05792927T ATE439614T1 (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2005-10-14 | RASTER IMAGING APPARATUS |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0423595.8 | 2004-10-23 | ||
GBGB0423595.8A GB0423595D0 (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2004-10-23 | Scanning imaging apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006043032A1 true WO2006043032A1 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
Family
ID=33485107
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2005/003942 WO2006043032A1 (en) | 2004-10-23 | 2005-10-14 | Scanning imaging apparatus |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7443560B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1803024B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008524555A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE439614T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005015997D1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB0423595D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006043032A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008241352A (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-09 | Maspro Denkoh Corp | Millimeter-wave imaging device and picked-up image display device |
US9348126B2 (en) * | 2011-11-08 | 2016-05-24 | Raytheon Company | Derived all-reflective afocal optical system with aspheric figured beam steering mirror |
JP6635904B2 (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2020-01-29 | キヤノン株式会社 | Projection optical system, exposure apparatus and article manufacturing method |
CN106654594A (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2017-05-10 | 清华大学 | Terahertz transmitting antenna system |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3235733A (en) * | 1960-07-20 | 1966-02-15 | Philips Corp | Photosensitive radiation tracker using plural prisms |
US3782835A (en) * | 1972-04-10 | 1974-01-01 | Nasa | Optical instruments |
US5162803A (en) * | 1991-05-20 | 1992-11-10 | Trw Inc. | Beamforming structure for modular phased array antennas |
US6587246B1 (en) * | 1998-09-02 | 2003-07-01 | Qinetiq Limited | Scanning apparatus |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4274098A (en) | 1980-03-07 | 1981-06-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Loss-free scanning antenna |
IL66327A0 (en) | 1982-07-15 | 1982-11-30 | ||
US5640283A (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1997-06-17 | The Aerospace Corporation | Wide field, long focal length, four mirror telescope |
GB0104206D0 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2001-04-11 | Secr Defence | Radiometers |
-
2004
- 2004-10-23 GB GBGB0423595.8A patent/GB0423595D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2005
- 2005-10-14 DE DE602005015997T patent/DE602005015997D1/en active Active
- 2005-10-14 WO PCT/GB2005/003942 patent/WO2006043032A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-10-14 EP EP05792927A patent/EP1803024B1/en active Active
- 2005-10-14 AT AT05792927T patent/ATE439614T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-14 JP JP2007537368A patent/JP2008524555A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-10-14 US US11/665,540 patent/US7443560B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3235733A (en) * | 1960-07-20 | 1966-02-15 | Philips Corp | Photosensitive radiation tracker using plural prisms |
US3782835A (en) * | 1972-04-10 | 1974-01-01 | Nasa | Optical instruments |
US5162803A (en) * | 1991-05-20 | 1992-11-10 | Trw Inc. | Beamforming structure for modular phased array antennas |
US6587246B1 (en) * | 1998-09-02 | 2003-07-01 | Qinetiq Limited | Scanning apparatus |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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APPLEBY R ET AL: "Compact real-time (video rate) passive millimeter-wave imager", PROCEEDINGS OF THE SPIE, SPIE, BELLINGHAM, VA, US, vol. 3703, 1 April 1999 (1999-04-01), pages 13 - 19, XP002289764, ISSN: 0277-786X * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE439614T1 (en) | 2009-08-15 |
US20080030822A1 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
EP1803024A1 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
JP2008524555A (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US7443560B2 (en) | 2008-10-28 |
EP1803024B1 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
DE602005015997D1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
GB0423595D0 (en) | 2004-11-24 |
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