WO2006113967A1

WO2006113967A1 - Biostatic filter and water insoluble biocide formulation therefor

Info

Publication number: WO2006113967A1
Application number: PCT/AU2006/000539
Authority: WO
Inventors: Steven Kritzler
Original assignee: Novapharm Research (Australia) Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2005-04-27
Filing date: 2006-04-21
Publication date: 2006-11-02
Also published as: AR055925A1; TW200642744A

Abstract

A homogeneous composition for application to an air filter, said composition including a water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent, preferably a carbamate such as iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, a co-solvent, such as a glycol; water; and a humectant such as calcium chloride. Rheological additives and surfactants may be added, as well as water soluble biocides such as 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-l,3-diol. The biostatic or biocidal agent is adapted to migrate through particulates accumulating in use on the filter, and wherein the composition remains effective, in service, for periods of 6 months or more.

Description

BIOSTATIC FILTER AND WATER INSOLUBLE BIOCIDE FORMULATION THEREFOR

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to air-conditioning systems and more particularly to a method of, and composition for, reduction in pathogens associated with the filters in such systems. The invention has been developed primarily for use in air-conditioning (including air cooling and air heating) systems, and will be described hereinafter with reference to this field of use. However, it will be appreciated that it is not limited to that particular use

BACKGROUND ART Air conditioning systems such as are commonly provided in office, residential, health care and other buildings incorporate air filters. An example of such a filter employs non-woven polyester fibres as media to filter airborne particulates in excess of about 10 microns in size from the air, but filters are made from a wide variety of materials, in many different constructions and grades. The function of the filter is to trap dust and particulate contaminants. This trapped matter (the "filtrate") provides a haven for the growth of pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, allergens, yeasts, and moulds. Conditions for the growth of such organisms are especially favourable during periods of high humidity such as may occur when the system is off, for example at night, but also arise during normal operation. The presence of organisms is highly undesirable because they can cause illness or death in humans and animals, create odours and can damage or destroy a wide variety of materials.

Of particular concern in terms of human health and safety are endotoxins and mycotoxins which are breakdown components of fungal and bacterial cell walls and which are known human respiratory allergens. In some individuals they can trigger asthma attacks, and in all cases have been shown to cause immune response. Over a period of exposure this reduces the ability of the immune system to respond to antagonists and leaves the subject more prone to infection by bacteria, viruses, etc. Also of concern are fungal spores, bacterial spores and bacteria.

The prevention of spore germination and microbial survival in air filtration devices would help reduce the risk of illness and hypersensitivity reactions. It would also increase the useful life of the filtration devices. Microbial activity shortens the life of the filter itself because the increase in biomass on and in the filter can clog pores, lessen airflow and increase back pressure in the system. In some cases, air filters are prepared from or include natural materials such as cellulose and in that case are rapidly degraded under moist conditions by certain fungi. It is a major concern in health care facilities such as hospitals and nursing homes that dangerous infectious diseases may be spread by a wide variety of micro-organisms. The problem is exacerbated in such facilities because many of the patients are in a weakened condition due to their primary health care problem. Micro-organisms that would not be a major threat to a healthy person can be fatal to a patient with a diminished capacity to defend themselves from infection.

Increasing attention is also being paid to other environments such as public buildings, since if pathogenic microorganisms find their way via conditioned air or ventilation shafts, into a building they can be rapidly circulated throughout the building thereby greatly increasing the likelihood of the spread of infection and disease. One proposed solution to this problem has been to coat filter materials with a biocidal composition. The biocides have been bound onto or into the filter fibres for example by inclusion within polymers prior to extrusion as filter fibres. Such so-called "antimicrobial" filters are biostatically effective when the surface of an unused "antimicrobial" filter material is inoculated with bacteria and/or fungal contaminant in the laboratory, but as the filter becomes progressively ineffective with passage of time in actual use in an air-conditioning system. Consequently the filter should be frequently removed for cleaning and retreatment or replaced. Removal is costly and inconvenient in terms of labour required and downtime, as well as being potentially hazardous, while retreatment or replacement is expensive. Typically the filters are only removed when the airflow resistance becomes unacceptable.

Another approach has been disclosed in our copending applications PCT/AUOl/00337 and PCT/AU01/00339. The approach disclosed therein generally involved the use of a preferably water soluble biocidal material which could be applied to the filter, and which migrated through the accumulating dust and grime, and which continuously presented a biocidally active surface to the incoming air.

In PCT/AUOl/00337 and PCT/AUOl/00339 a humectant was generally present in combination with a water soluble biocide and it was believed that, where the biocidal composition was not sufficiently hygroscopic, the humectant could entrap moisture from the air, even under the drying conditions of high volume air flow. The entrapped moisture was believed to be sufficient to keep water particles entrapped in the dust, the continual flow of air along above the particulate adhering to the filter providing a wicking effect to draw the biocide to the surface.

Under those circumstances, it would be expected that water insoluble biocides would be incapable of migratory activity in such systems, as there could be no wicking of water insoluble materials by atmospheric moisture. Thus, a variety of water insoluble biocides, known to be effective against pathogens, would be considered unsuitable. Conventional wisdom would suggest that water insoluble materials would be expected to separate as an oil or solid, and remain largely stationary in the accumulating material, at most dispersing throughout the material as a result of normal capillary action.

Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field.

It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the deficiencies of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect the invention provides a homogeneous composition for application to an air filter, said composition including: a water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent, a co-solvent; water; and a humectant wherein the biostatic or biocidal agent is adapted to migrate through particulates accumulating in use on the filter, and wherein the composition remains effective, in service, for periods of 6 months or more. - A-

Preferably the composition achieves and maintains a reduction in bacterial population in a treated filter of at least 2 log units relative to an untreated filter at nine months from the time of treatment.

Preferably the biostatic or biocidal agent is bacteriostatic and/or fungistatic. Preferably, the water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent is a carbamate, and more preferably is iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. Alternatively, the water insoluble biocide is triclosan, dichlorophen, any alkyl paraben (such as, but not limited to methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben), benzoic acid and the like.

The water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent is present in any amount, but preferably in an amount of 0.01 to 5%w/w, more preferably 0.05 to 2%w/w, more preferably 0.1 to l%w/w.

Any suitable co-solvent can be used.

Preferably the co-solvent is a glycol, more preferably propylene glycol and even more preferably, dipropylene glycol. Suitable co-solvents include ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, water miscible ethers of ethylene glycols and water miscible ethers of propylene glycols.

In an alternative embodiment, the co-solvent is an ethylene glycol, preferably diethylene glycol.

Polyalkylene glycols may be used, these include polyethylene glycols, such as PEG 400, and polypropylene glycols.

However, any co-solvent will suffice provided it has the desired physical properties of high boiling point/low vapour pressure (to prevent evaporation from the filter) and high polarity to ensure partial or complete water miscibility.

The co-solvent may be used in any amount required to obtain a homogeneous mixture of water insoluble biocide, water and co-solvent. It may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 99.9 %w/w, or more preferably from 10 to 75 % w/w, or even more preferably around 40-60%.

A variety of humectants may be used. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following are suitable humectants: calcium chloride, glycerol, ethylene glycol, PEG, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, PCA (2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid), sodium sulfate, lactic acid and derivatives thereof, sodium chloride and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate. Most preferably, the humectant is calcium chloride.

The humectant may be present in an amount of 1 to 50 %w/w of the mixture, more preferably 10 to 40% and more preferably around 20 to 30 %w/w.

The co-solvent may also be a humectant The composition of the present invention may further include one or more rheological additives, for example a thickening agent, a gelling agent, a tackifier or a viscosity modifier. The rheological additive may be a viscosity modifier, preferably selected from sodium carboxymethylcellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyethylene glycols; polypropylene glycols; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers of these, hydroxypropyl guar, xanthan gum, chitosan, acrylated copolymers, polyacrylic polymers (carbopols) and water soluble polymers.

The most preferred polymers are polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinyl alcohol. The preferred inclusion range is 0.1 to 10%, more preferably 1 - 10% and even more preferably 1 to 5%. In functional terms, the polymer should modify viscosity so that it is not blown from the filter in the case of high velocity air and that the polymer should have reasonable adhesion to the fibre once again so that it does not get easily blown from the filter with high velocity air. The preferred velocity is in the range 100 to 700 centipoise

The composition of the present invention may very preferably further include a water soluble biocide or biostatic agent. This may preferably be selected from 2-bromo- 2-nitropropane-l,3-diol, isothiazolines, methyl or propyl or butyl parahydroxybenzoates; sorbic acid, benzoic acid and salts of these acids, phenoxy ethanol; triclosan; diclosan; dichlorophen; chlorhexidine gluconate, orthophenylphenol; quaternary biocides, orthobenzylparachlorophenol, and substituted diphenyl ethers. Most preferably, it is 2- bromo-2-nitropropane-l,3-diol.

The water insoluble biocide may be present in an amount of from 0.01 to 10 %w/w, more preferably 0.1 to 5 %w/w, most preferably 1 to 3 %w/w.

The compositions of the present invention may further include a surfactant. The surfactant or surfactant system is specifically one which reduces surface tension to best enable the wetting of dust filtrate. For preference, this is a fluorosurfactant.

Water is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 90 %w/w/ of the mixture. Preferably, the water used is the maximum quantity determined by the solubility of the water insoluble biocide relative to the amount of co-solvent used. If a greater dosage of water insoluble biocide is used, then the amount of co-solvent required will be greater.

According to a second aspect the invention provides an air filter treated with a homogeneous composition, said composition including: a water insoluble biostatic or biocidal agent; a co-solvent; water; and a humectant; wherein the biostatic or biocidal agent is adapted to migrate through particulates accumulating in use on the filter, and which after 3 months in normal use produces at least log 1 reduction in cfu's /gram of clean filter material in comparison with an untreated filter under the same conditions.

According to a third aspect the invention provides a method of reducing airborne contaminants in air including the steps of: treating a filter with a composition according to the first aspect; passing air through the filter whereby to accumulate contaminants on the filter; and allowing the biocide to migrate into the contaminants.

Preferably, the treated air filters of the present invention after 3 months in normal use produce at least log 1 reduction in cfu's/gram of clean filter material in comparison with an untreated filter under the same conditions.

For preference, the biostatic or biocidal agent is selected to have bacteriostatic and/or fungistatic properties. The particulates usually accumulate in layers and the biostatic or biocidal agent of the invention migrates through the layer to the outside surface (air/particulate interface) where organic matter would otherwise multiply.

In filters according to the invention the biocide is not bound to the filter surface but is adapted to migrate through the accumulating dust and particulate matter on the filter. Particles in the layer become coated with biocide or biostat.

It will be understood that it is sufficient that the treatment is bacteriostatic or fungistatic. That is to say, it is sufficient that the treating agent stops colonisation on the filter rather than kills organisms in a colonised filter. However biocidal compositions may be used. BEST MODES OF PERFORMING THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the invention will now be more particularly described by way of example only and with reference to the figures.

The present inventor has discovered that the application of biocides to filter fibres as in the past is relatively ineffective because, while this treatment can prevent fungal and biocidal activity directly on the filter fibres themselves, as dust accumulate on the filter, the outer surface of the dust becomes removed from the biocide bound to the filter fibres and pathogens then grow on the outside of this dusty residue (that is to say separated from the biocide treated fibres). Thus, as the filter clogs, the biocidal activity reduces. This explains why good results can be obtained in tests applying an innoculum to the prior art filters in the laboratory but without good results being obtained in actual installed continuous use. In contrast, the present invention provides a biocide which remains effective over much longer periods, if not over the useful life of the filter by providing a biocidal preparation adapted to migrate through the layer or layers of accumulating filtrate on the filter towards the surface (air/particulate interface) where the micro-organisms tend to colonise, Surprisingly this can be achieved despite the higher velocity of air at the surface of such residue.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that compositions according to the invention are effective because the humectant draws in water which in turn causes movement of the co-solvent, bringing with it in solution the biostat or biocide or combination of biostats and/or of biocides). The water insoluble biocide does not precipitate or remain behind as the atmospheric moisture draws the co-solvent through the accumulating mass on the filter, but rather stays with the co-solvent to present an active surface layer. In preferred embodiments of the invention the surface tension of the vehicle is effectively lowered by the one or more surface active agents. As the residue accumulates on the filter, and the humectant draws in water, the co-solvent permits the biocidal composition to migrate to the outermost surface, maintaining its efficacy against pathogenic organisms, which otherwise would grow on the surface of the particulate layer and in gaps in the particulate residue.

Preferably the biocide moistens the exterior surface of individual particles as well as the exterior surface of the particulate layer. Example 1

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an air filter is coated with a solution containing the dispersion or solution of biocide and humectant in a solvent. In the present example an air conditioning filter according to Australian grade "F5" was treated . The filter was made from a needled non-woven polyester fibre fabric and had a total surface area of about 3.5 square metres. The filter thickness was 10-12 mm and its density was about 280-300 grams per square metre (gsm). A typical fibre diameter would be in the range of 6-15 denier. The filter was treated by spraying with a solution having a formulation as shown in example 2. Example 2

A basic formulation of a treating solution is as follows: Ingredient (%w/w)

Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate 0.20

2-Bromo-2-nitrol ,3-propandiol 1.50 Dipropylene glycol 45.00

Povidone 1.00

Calcium chloride 30.00

Water 22.30

In the above formulation, the iodopropynyl butylcarbamate is the water insoluble biocide. 2-Bromo-2-nitro-l,3-propandiol is the water soluble biocide.

The dipropylene glycol is present as co-solvent. It will be appreciated that this has humectant properties, however, it is desirable to use a stronger humectant, such as calcium chloride.

It is desirable to incorporate one or more rheological additives (e.g. viscosity modifiers, gelling agents, thixotropic agents or the like) into the treatment. These control the viscosity of the vehicle to prevent fine droplets of dissolved treating agent from being blown from the filter by the vigorous passage of air, and to assist in retaining the solution on the filter. The type and quantity of rheological additive can be selected having regards to conditions of use. The preferred treatment is very strongly hydroscopic, taking in moisture from the air passing through the filter and becoming a liquid. This liquids penetration into an accumulating filtrate layer is further enhanced by the incorporation in the treatment of a surface active agent which ensures penetration against the air flow by virtue of low surface tension. The biocides in the formulation are water insoluble but are solubilized by a co-solvent, which is drawn along by the water entrapped by the humectant. By this means, the biocide migrates into and through the filtrate layer as part of the treatment. By using an additional biocide which is water soluble, one obtains the benefit of two biocides which would not normally work together. Preferably, the two biocides are selected to produce a synergistic response in preventing fungicidal and or bacterial growth.

Other active ingredients may be incorporated into the formulation for permeation through the filtrate, for example fire retardants, airflow promoters or viscosity reducing agents, deodorisers and so forth.

Example 3

A filter according to example 1 was treated by spraying with a solution according to example 3 to a level of 230 ml of treating solution per square meter. The treated filter was then dried using dry air. It will be understood that the filter could be coated by dipping or any other convenient method and dried using heat, a vacuum or by any other suitable means or combination of means. The dried filter was then placed into a sealed container, such as a sealed plastic bag, until ready for use.

When the filter was to be used, it was removed from its sealed container, and placed in its operational position in an air-conditioning system. In use, the humectant in a filter prepared in accordance with the invention will begin to absorb water from the environment. This absorption continues through to a stage where a saturated solution of the biocide forms in which the concentration depends on the relative humidity of the air. During the liquefaction process, the biocidal components are partially or completely dissolved in the solvent/humectant/humectant solution.

Surfactants may be added to reduce surface tension. In such a case, the resulting liquid treatment solution has an extremely low surface tension and high osmolality making it an ideal penetrant. As the filter progressively removes airborne contaminants which accumulate as a filtrate layer, this treatment progressively penetrates and encapsulates the contaminant particles. The encapsulating penetrating treatment which contains an efficacious level of biocide not only kills micro-organisms carried on the airbome contaminant, but also ensures that no microbiological activity takes place in the layer of filtrate itself.

In humid air, the growth of bacteria and pathogens is naturally higher than in dry air. Thus, the present invention provides greater biocidal activity when it is most needed, i.e. during times of high humidity. Reduced biocidal activity may be a consequence of drier air, however it is anticipated that the number and growth of pathogens during such dry conditions would not be so high. These conditions result in an extension of the biocidal life-time of the filter.

The present invention is not directed towards the prevention of clogging of the filter by preventing growth of the biomass, but rather is directed to controlling colonisation by organisms on the filter and in the accumulating residue and ultimately to produce air which is reduced in pathogens.

Example 4 Filters treated according to example 4 were placed in service. The treated filters were found to be effective in service for periods of six months or more. At the end of six months, the filter was removed, cleaned, and retreated with fresh composition according to example 1. hi conducting these experiments it was noted that spore forming materials if allowed to dry out on the filter tended easily to become airborne and redistributed in the air stream and also tend to be more resistant to biocide when dry. Spore forming materials put a load on the human immune system of those breathing the air. Dead cells, if they become airborne, cause asthma in those susceptible. A further advantage of the present invention is that the humectant maintains a level of moisture at the filtrate surface which reduces spore and cell refluidization.

Example 5 A series of identical new filters were taken and 20% of them were treated as in example 4 with the composition of example 3. The remaining 80% of the series were left untreated. The treated and untreated filters were put into the same air handling system, such that the treated filters were alternated with untreated filters. On a monthly basis samples were taken from both a treated and an adjacent untreated filter and the number of viable fungal and bacterial species were counted. The results (expressed as colony forming units ("cfu's")/gram of filter are shown in fig 4 as a function of time in months. The rate of colonisation of the treated filter was not significantly different from that of - li¬

the untreated filter during the first month. However thereafter the cfu's/gram climbed to in excess of Log 6 organisms per gram of clean filter material, whilst the corresponding figure for the treated filter substantially stabilised within two months at about Log 2 cfu's/ gram of clean filter material - a dramatically improved result. Suitable water insoluble biocides for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-l,3-diol (Bronopol); Isothiazolines such as methyl, or chloromethyl isothiazolinone (Kathon 886 MW); Methyl or propyl or butyl parahydroxybenzoates; sorbic acid, benzoic acid and salts of these acids, phenoxy ethanol; triclosan; diclosan; dichlorophen; chlorhexidine gluconate, orthophenylphenol; benzalkonium halides; and other quaternary biocides orthobenzylparachlorophenol, substituted diphenyl ethers.

A preferred humectant for use in the invention is calcium chloride. Examples of other humectants are glycerol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, PEG, propylene glycol, 1,3 butylene glycol, PCA (2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid), sodium sulphate, sodium hydroxide, lactic acid and derivatives, sodium chloride and the like. Those skilled in the art will have no difficulty in selecting suitable humectants having regard to the construction materials in the system and the composition of the filter based on the disclosure herein contained. Thus sodium hydroxide is unsuitable because it reacts with most filter materials, and because it rapidly forms a non-humectant carbonate under the dry air conditions encountered in air conditioning systems and so ceases to be effective in a very short time while sorbitol is unsuitable because it acts as a bionutrient. Calcium chloride exemplifies those humectants which avoid such problems. Some humectants also act as surfactants. One example is sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate.

A preferred surfactant class for use in the invention is fluoro surfactants, such as Fluorad FC 129. These are preferred because they have a profound ability to reduce surface tension. However other surfactants can be employed. By way of example only, the surfactant may be non-ionic (e.g. ethoxylates, propoxylates and block co-polymers of these two), anionic surfactants (such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate, sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate, sodium salts of sulphonated or sulphated organic ethoxylates or propoxylates), cationic surfactants (such as Cetrimonium Chloride or such as secondary, tertiary and quaternary organoamines) or even amphoteric surfactants (such Cocamidopropylene Betaine). Examples of rheological agents which maybe included are sodium carboxymethylcellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyethylene glycols; polypropylene glycols; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers of these, hydroxypropyl guar, xanthan gum, chitosan, acrylated copolymers, polyacrylic polymers (carbopols) and the like. However many other water soluble polymers would be similarly advantageous.

Although the composition in the examples was applied to the filter from an aqueous solution or suspension, it may be possible and advantageous to apply the humectant and biostat to the filter as a solid or from a non aqueous solvent and such compositions are within the scope of the invention.

It will be understood that compositions according to the invention can be applied to filters of any material. Tests have been conducted with filters of polypropylene, viscose, rayon, cellulosics, and glass fibre. However the principle of operation herein described is adaptable to filters of other materials and of other construction ( such as for example woven, non- woven, spunbond, meltblown, laminates and the like).

It will be understood that the treating agent may employ one or more biocides and maybe formulated based on the principles herein taught in a variety of formulations. Although it is preferred to pre-treat filters, a filter may be treated in situ by admitting a composition according to the invention as a spray downstream of the filter or by direct application (continuously or intermittently) of a biostat onto the filtrate layer of a filter in service, or prior to removal. The treatment may also be reapplied to a filter removed from service, with or without removal of filtrate.

Many regions of the world employ heated filtered air in buildings as a means of central heating. It will be understood that the furnace and other filters of such systems contribute to the same hazards as described above for air conditioning filters and the invention is not limited to any particular kind of filter or airflow system. It will also be understood that the invention is equally applicable to filters of different kinds and grades, for example to hepafilters.

Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in other forms. The example formulations shown in Table 1 all resulted in readings of up to 2 log units of microorganisms per gram of filter whilst the untreated filters produced readings of at least 5 log and up to 7 log units per gram of filter.

Formulations 5 and 6 which incorporated both soluble and insoluble biocides had an advantage of the rate of growth of microorganisms being lower initially than for 1 , 2, 3 and 4 but the difference in end point efficacy was not statistically any better.

Claims

THE CLAIMS DEFINING THE INVENTION ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

1. A homogeneous composition for application to an air filter, said composition including: a water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent, a co-solvent; water; and a humectant wherein the biostatic or biocidal agent is adapted to migrate through particulates accumulating in use on the filter, and wherein the composition remains effective, in service, for periods of 6 months or more.

2. A homogeneous composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition achieves and maintains a reduction in bacterial population in a treated filter of at least 2 log units relative to an untreated filter at nine months from the time of treatment.

3. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the water insoluble biostatic or biocidal agent is bacteriostatic and/or fungistatic.

4. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the water insoluble biostatic or biocidal agent is a carbamate.

5. A homogeneous composition according to claim 4 wherein the water insoluble biostatic or biocidal agent is iodopropynyl butylcarbamate.

6. A homogeneous composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the water insoluble biostatic or biocidal agent is triclosan, dichlorophen, an alkyl paraben, benzoic acid.

7. A homogeneous composition according to claim 6 wherein the alkyl paraben is selected from methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben.

8. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent is present in an amount of 0.01 to 5%w/w.

9. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent is present in an amount of 0.05 to 2%w/w.

10. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the water insoluble biocidal or biostatic agent is present in an amount of 0.1 to l%w/w.

11. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the co-solvent is a glycol.

12. A homogeneous composition according to claim 11 wherein the co-solvent is selected from ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, water miscible ethers of ethylene glycols and water miscible ethers of propylene glycols.

13. A homogeneous composition according to claim 12 wherein the co-solvent is propylene glycol.

14. A homogeneous composition according to claim 12 wherein the co-solvent is dipropylene glycol.

15. A homogeneous composition according to claim 12 wherein the co-solvent is a polypropylene glycol.

16. A homogeneous composition according to claim 12 wherein the co-solvent is ethylene glycol.

17. A homogeneous composition according to claim 12 wherein the co-solvent is diethylene glycol. ^*

18. A homogeneous composition according to claim 12 wherein the co-solvent is a polyethylene glycols.

19. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the co-solvent is used in an amount required to obtain a homogeneous mixture of water insoluble biocide, water and co-solvent.

20. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the co-solvent is used in an amount of from 0.1 to 99.9 %w/w.

21. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the co-solvent is used in an amount of from 10 to 75 % w/w.

22. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the co-solvent is used in an amount of around 40-60%.

23. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the humectant is selected from the group consisting of: calcium chloride, glycerol, ethylene glycol, PEG, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, PCA (2- Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid), sodium sulfate, lactic acid and derivatives thereof, sodium chloride and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate.

24. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the humectant is calcium chloride.

25. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the humectant is present in an amount of 1 to 50 %w/w of the mixture.

26. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the humectant is present in an amount of 10 to 40% of the mixture.

27. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the humectant is present in an amount of around 20 to 30 %w/w of the mixture.

28. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the co-solvent is may also a humectant.

29. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims further including one or more rheological additives.

30. A homogeneous composition according to claim 29 wherein the rheological additive is selected from a thickening agent, a gelling agent, a tackifier or a viscosity modifier.

31. A homogeneous composition according to claim 30 wherein the viscosity modifier is selected from sodium carboxymethylcellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyethylene glycols; polypropylene glycols; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers of these, hydroxypropyl guar, xanthan gum, chitosan, acrylated copolymers, polyacrylic polymers (carbopols) and water soluble polymers.

32. A homogeneous composition according to claim 31 wherein the viscosity modifier is polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinyl alcohol.

33. A homogeneous composition according to any one of claims 29 to 32 wherein the rheological additive is included in an amount of 0.1 to 10%.

34. A homogeneous composition according to any one of claims 29 to 32 wherein the rheological additive is included in an amount of 1 to 10%.

35. A homogeneous composition according to any one of claims 29 to 32 wherein the rheological additive is included in an amount of 1 to 5%.

36. A homogeneous composition according to any one of claims 29 to 32 wherein the rheological additive is included in an amount to provide viscosity is in the range 100 to

700 centipoise

37. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims further including a water soluble biocide or biostatic agent.

38. A homogeneous composition according to claim 37 wherein the water soluble biocide or biostatic agent is selected from 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-l,3-diol, isothiazolines, methyl or propyl or butyl parahydroxybenzoates; sorbic acid, benzoic acid and salts of these acids, phenoxy ethanol; triclosan; diclosan; dichlorophen; chlorhexidine gluconate, orthophenylphenol; quaternary biocides, orthobenzylparachlorophenol, and substituted diphenyl ethers.

39. A homogeneous composition according to claim 38 wherein the water soluble biocide or biostatic agent is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-l,3-diol.

40. A homogeneous composition according to claim 38 or 39 wherein the water soluble biocide or biostatic agent is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 10 %w/w.

41. A homogeneous composition according to claim 38 or 39 wherein the water soluble biocide or biostatic agent is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 %w/w.

42. A homogeneous composition according to claim 38 or 39 wherein the water soluble biocide or biostatic agent is present in an amount of from 1 to 3 %w/w.

43. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims further including a surfactant.

44. A homogeneous composition according to claim 43 wherein the surfactant is a fluorosurfactant.

45. A homogeneous composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein water is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 90 %w/w/ of the mixture.

46. An air filter treated with a homogeneous composition, said composition including: a water insoluble biostatic or biocidal agent; a co-solvent; water; and a humectant; wherein the biostatic or biocidal agent is adapted to migrate through particulates accumulating in use on the filter, and which after 3 months in normal use produces at least log 1 reduction in era's /gram of clean filter material in comparison with an untreated filter under the same conditions.

47. A method of reducing airborne contaminants in air including the steps of: treating a filter with a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 45; passing air through the filter whereby to accumulate contaminants on the filter; and allowing the biocide to migrate into the contaminants.

48. A method according to claim 47 wherein the filter after 3 months in normal use produce at least log 1 reduction in cfu's/gram of clean filter material in comparison with an untreated filter under the same conditions.