WO2007006121A1 - Detecting the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery in a hybrid electric vehicle - Google Patents
Detecting the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery in a hybrid electric vehicle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007006121A1 WO2007006121A1 PCT/CA2006/000610 CA2006000610W WO2007006121A1 WO 2007006121 A1 WO2007006121 A1 WO 2007006121A1 CA 2006000610 W CA2006000610 W CA 2006000610W WO 2007006121 A1 WO2007006121 A1 WO 2007006121A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- state
- charge
- voltage
- real
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4285—Testing apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to detection of the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery of the type used in a hybrid electric vehicle.
- Hybrid electric vehicles combine a small internal combustion engine with an electric motor and battery to reduce fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions.
- the battery assists the internal combustion engine during initial start-off and acceleration of the vehicle by providing power to the motor.
- the electric motor is used as a generator to produce energy which is stored in the battery.
- the state-of-charge of a battery is the amount of electrical charge remaining in the battery, expressed as a percentage of the difference between the battery's fully-charged and fully-discharged states. To be capable of providing power during acceleration and to be capable accepting power during braking, the battery's state-of-charge must be maintained between the battery's fully charged and fully discharged states.
- HEVs typically use lead acid, nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride batteries.
- Various prior art techniques have been developed to determine the state-of-charge of such batteries. However, these techniques are typically accurate only at very low current levels, and require frequent calibration. This is a significant disadvantage because HEVs draw large amounts of current during acceleration and generate very large amounts of current during braking.
- Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are unique in that the terminal voltage of a rechargeable lithium ion battery is relatively linear throughout charging or discharging of the battery.
- Such linearity can be used to accurately determine the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery.
- the magnitude of a rechargeable lithium ion battery's terminal voltage depends on the temperature of the battery and on the current drawn through the battery. More particularly, the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery is directly dependent on the battery's terminal voltage, provided the battery's temperature does not change and further provided the current drawn through the battery does not change. However, a change in a rechargeable lithium ion battery's temperature or a change in the current drawn through the battery will change the battery's terminal voltage without necessarily changing the battery's state-of-charge.
- This invention addresses the foregoing factors to facilitate accurate determination of the state-of- charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery at different battery temperatures and at different currents.
- Figure 1 graphically depicts the voltage (in volts) of a rechargeable lithium ion battery as a function of battery capacity (in amp-hours) for different battery temperatures.
- Figure 2 graphically depicts the voltage (in volts) of a rechargeable lithium ion battery as a function of battery capacity (in amp-hours) for different battery impedances.
- Lower battery operating temperatures suppress the battery's terminal voltage, thereby altering the battery's voltage-to-capacity characteristic.
- the voltage suppression due to low operating temperatures is substantially linear. That is, as can be seen in Figure 1, each discharge curve is substantially linear between the battery's fully charged and fully discharged states, but the magnitude of the voltage differs for each temperature.
- the temperature of the battery is determined (e.g. by a temperature sensor thermally coupled to the battery) and the corresponding voltage (as per Figure 1) is used to determine the battery's state-of-charge.
- each discharge curve is substantially linear between the battery's fully charged and fully discharged states, but the magnitude of the voltage differs for each current parameter plotted.
- a 60% state-of-charge ( «2Ah) at 1.65 amperes corresponds to a battery terminal voltage of 3.8 volts
- a 60% state-of-charge at 5.0 amperes corresponds to a battery terminal voltage of 3.5 volts.
- the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery is directly proportional to the open circuit voltage of the battery during charging or discharging.
- the open circuit voltage reflects the battery's state of charge without potential interference due to current flowing through the impedance of the battery and its connections. Such current produces an offset in the voltage appearing at the battery's terminals.
- To determine the state-of-charge of a battery while current is flowing through the battery one must initially determine the impedance of the battery. This impedance remains relatively constant throughout the life of the battery. Real-time voltage and real-time current are then measured (during both charging and discharging). The current is then multiplied by the predetermined impedance to determine the voltage drop. This calculated voltage is then added to the measured voltage.
- This new voltage represents the open circuit voltage of the battery and can be used to determine an accurate state-of-charge.
Abstract
The invention relates to a method of determining the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery. In accordance with one aspect, the battery's discharge voltage is determined as a function of capacity for each one of a selected number of predetermined battery temperatures. The battery's terminal voltage and real time temperature are measured. A predetermined battery temperature closest to the battery's real time temperature is selected. The state-of-charge corresponding to the battery's terminal voltage for the predetermined battery temperature closest to the battery's real time temperature is then selected. In accordance with another aspect, the battery's impedance, real-time terminal voltage and real-time current are measured. The impedance and real-time current measurements are multiplied to derive a voltage drop, which is added to the real-time terminal voltage to derive the battery's open circuit voltage. The state-of-charge corresponding to that open circuit voltage is then derived.
Description
DETECTING THE STATE-OF-CHARGE OF A LITHIUM ION BATTERY IN A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Technical Field [0001] The invention relates to detection of the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery of the type used in a hybrid electric vehicle.
Background
[0002] Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine a small internal combustion engine with an electric motor and battery to reduce fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions. The battery assists the internal combustion engine during initial start-off and acceleration of the vehicle by providing power to the motor. During braking, the electric motor is used as a generator to produce energy which is stored in the battery. [0003] The state-of-charge of a battery is the amount of electrical charge remaining in the battery, expressed as a percentage of the difference between the battery's fully-charged and fully-discharged states. To be capable of providing power during acceleration and to be capable accepting power during braking, the battery's state-of-charge must be maintained between the battery's fully charged and fully discharged states. Typically the battery's state-of-charge is maintained at about 60% to 70% of battery's fully charged state. It is accordingly necessary to accurately determine the battery's state-of-charge at all times while the vehicle is operating. [0004] HEVs typically use lead acid, nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride batteries. Various prior art techniques have been developed to determine the state-of-charge of such batteries. However, these techniques are typically accurate only at very low current levels, and require frequent calibration. This is a significant disadvantage because HEVs draw large amounts of current during acceleration and generate very large amounts of current during braking. [0005] Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are unique in that the terminal voltage of a rechargeable lithium ion battery is relatively linear throughout charging or discharging of the battery. Such linearity can be
used to accurately determine the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery. However, the magnitude of a rechargeable lithium ion battery's terminal voltage depends on the temperature of the battery and on the current drawn through the battery. More particularly, the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery is directly dependent on the battery's terminal voltage, provided the battery's temperature does not change and further provided the current drawn through the battery does not change. However, a change in a rechargeable lithium ion battery's temperature or a change in the current drawn through the battery will change the battery's terminal voltage without necessarily changing the battery's state-of-charge. This invention addresses the foregoing factors to facilitate accurate determination of the state-of- charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery at different battery temperatures and at different currents.
Brief Description of Drawings
[0006] Figure 1 graphically depicts the voltage (in volts) of a rechargeable lithium ion battery as a function of battery capacity (in amp-hours) for different battery temperatures. [0007] Figure 2 graphically depicts the voltage (in volts) of a rechargeable lithium ion battery as a function of battery capacity (in amp-hours) for different battery impedances.
Description [0008] Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.
[0009] A change in a rechargeable lithium ion battery's terminal voltage in response to a change in the battery's temperature is directly dependent on the battery's chemistry. This is illustrated in Figure 1 , which graphically depicts a series of temperature-dependent discharge curves for a rechargeable lithium ion battery. Lower battery operating temperatures ( < 200C) suppress the battery's terminal voltage, thereby altering the battery's voltage-to-capacity characteristic. The voltage suppression due to low operating temperatures is substantially linear. That is, as can be seen in Figure 1, each discharge curve is substantially linear between the battery's fully charged and fully discharged states, but the magnitude of the voltage differs for each temperature. To correct any inaccuracies that may affect the state-of-charge reading, the temperature of the battery is determined (e.g. by a temperature sensor thermally coupled to the battery) and the corresponding voltage (as per Figure 1) is used to determine the battery's state-of-charge. For example, a 60% state-of-charge («2Ah) at 450C corresponds to a battery terminal voltage of 3.8 volts, whereas a 60% state-of-charge at -2O0C corresponds to a battery terminal voltage of 3.5 volts. [0010] A change in a rechargeable lithium ion battery's terminal voltage in response to a change in the battery's current is directly dependent on the internal impedance of the battery and on the impedance of the electrically conductive leads coupled to the battery. This is illustrated in Figure 2, which graphically depicts a series of current- dependent discharge curves for a rechargeable lithium ion battery. When the battery is subjected to a high current demand the battery's internal impedance, and the impedance of the leads, causes a drop in the battery's terminal voltage as shown in Figure 2. As can be seen, each discharge curve is substantially linear between the battery's fully charged and fully discharged states, but the magnitude of the voltage differs for each current parameter plotted. To correct any inaccuracies that may affect the state-of-charge reading, the impedance of the battery
- A -
and leads is determined in well known fashion and the corresponding voltage and current readings (as per Figure 2) are used to determine the battery's state-of-charge. For example, a 60% state-of-charge («2Ah) at 1.65 amperes corresponds to a battery terminal voltage of 3.8 volts, whereas a 60% state-of-charge at 5.0 amperes corresponds to a battery terminal voltage of 3.5 volts.
[0011] More particularly, the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery is directly proportional to the open circuit voltage of the battery during charging or discharging. The open circuit voltage reflects the battery's state of charge without potential interference due to current flowing through the impedance of the battery and its connections. Such current produces an offset in the voltage appearing at the battery's terminals. To determine the state-of-charge of a battery while current is flowing through the battery, one must initially determine the impedance of the battery. This impedance remains relatively constant throughout the life of the battery. Real-time voltage and real-time current are then measured (during both charging and discharging). The current is then multiplied by the predetermined impedance to determine the voltage drop. This calculated voltage is then added to the measured voltage. This new voltage represents the open circuit voltage of the battery and can be used to determine an accurate state-of-charge. [0012] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.
Claims
1. A method of determining the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery, comprising: determining the battery's discharge voltage as a function of the battery's capacity for each one of a selected number of predetermined battery temperatures; measuring the battery's terminal voltage; measuring the battery's real time temperature; selecting a predetermined battery temperature closest to the battery's real time temperature; and determining the state-of-charge corresponding to the battery's terminal voltage for the predetermined battery temperature closest to the battery's real time temperature.
2. A method of determining the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery, comprising: measuring the battery's impedance; measuring the battery's real-time terminal voltage; measuring the battery's real-time current; multiplying the battery's real-time current and the battery's impedance to derive a voltage drop; adding the voltage drop to the battery's real-time terminal voltage to derive the battery's open circuit voltage; and determining the state-of-charge corresponding to the battery's open circuit voltage.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US67284805P | 2005-04-20 | 2005-04-20 | |
| US60/672,848 | 2005-04-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2007006121A1 true WO2007006121A1 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/CA2006/000610 WO2007006121A1 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2006-04-20 | Detecting the state-of-charge of a lithium ion battery in a hybrid electric vehicle |
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009065691A2 (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2009-05-28 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Method for calculating the efficiency of an energy store, and use of said efficiency |
| US7675261B2 (en) | 2003-08-11 | 2010-03-09 | Reserve Power Cell, Llc | Auxiliary battery attachment apparatus for use in a multiple battery system that reliably supplies electrical energy to an electrical system |
| US7726975B2 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2010-06-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium reservoir system and method for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
| US7846571B2 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2010-12-07 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium reservoir system and method for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
| CN102066964A (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2011-05-18 | 德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司 | Systems and methods for determining battery state of charge |
| CN103344922A (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2013-10-09 | 清华大学 | Method for detecting state-of-charge differences of battery cells of hybrid electric vehicle |
| EP2428388A4 (en) * | 2009-05-08 | 2014-07-16 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Power supply system and vehicle equipped with power supply system |
| KR20160036818A (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-04-05 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Apparatus for charging battery of hybrid vehicle and method thereof |
| US20170250450A1 (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2017-08-31 | Dongguan Nvt Technology Co., Ltd. | Method and system for dynamically adjusting battery undervoltage protection |
| WO2017222728A1 (en) * | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-28 | Intel Corporation | Systems, methods and devices for battery charge state detection |
| US10712396B2 (en) | 2018-05-29 | 2020-07-14 | NDSL, Inc. | Methods, systems, and devices for monitoring state-of-health of a battery system operating over an extended temperature range |
| US20230305064A1 (en) * | 2022-03-28 | 2023-09-28 | Ratnesh Kumar Sharma | Systems and methods for managing diverse batteries |
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Cited By (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7839117B2 (en) | 2003-08-11 | 2010-11-23 | Reserve Power Cell, Llc | System and method of detecting a battery fault |
| US7834583B2 (en) | 2003-08-11 | 2010-11-16 | Reserve Power Cell, Llc | Remotely controlled multiple battery system |
| US7675261B2 (en) | 2003-08-11 | 2010-03-09 | Reserve Power Cell, Llc | Auxiliary battery attachment apparatus for use in a multiple battery system that reliably supplies electrical energy to an electrical system |
| US7679314B2 (en) | 2003-08-11 | 2010-03-16 | Reserve Power Cell, Llc | Multiple battery system for reliably supplying electrical energy to an electrical system |
| US9774059B2 (en) | 2006-06-28 | 2017-09-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium reservoir system and method for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
| US7726975B2 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2010-06-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium reservoir system and method for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
| US7846571B2 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2010-12-07 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium reservoir system and method for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
| US8859120B2 (en) | 2006-06-28 | 2014-10-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Lithium reservoir system and method for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
| WO2009065691A3 (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2009-08-13 | Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen | Method for calculating the efficiency of an energy store, and use of said efficiency |
| WO2009065691A2 (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2009-05-28 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Method for calculating the efficiency of an energy store, and use of said efficiency |
| EP2428388A4 (en) * | 2009-05-08 | 2014-07-16 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Power supply system and vehicle equipped with power supply system |
| EP2457107A1 (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2012-05-30 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Systems and methods for determining battery state of charge |
| CN102066964A (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2011-05-18 | 德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司 | Systems and methods for determining battery state of charge |
| EP2457107A4 (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2014-07-02 | Texas Instruments Inc | Systems and methods for determining battery state of charge |
| CN103344922A (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2013-10-09 | 清华大学 | Method for detecting state-of-charge differences of battery cells of hybrid electric vehicle |
| KR20160036818A (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-04-05 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Apparatus for charging battery of hybrid vehicle and method thereof |
| KR102042124B1 (en) | 2014-09-26 | 2019-11-08 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Apparatus for charging battery of hybrid vehicle and method thereof |
| US20170250450A1 (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2017-08-31 | Dongguan Nvt Technology Co., Ltd. | Method and system for dynamically adjusting battery undervoltage protection |
| US10135098B2 (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2018-11-20 | Dongguan Nvt Technology Co., Ltd. | Method and system for dynamically adjusting battery undervoltage protection |
| WO2017222728A1 (en) * | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-28 | Intel Corporation | Systems, methods and devices for battery charge state detection |
| US11131716B2 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2021-09-28 | Intel Corporation | Systems, methods and devices for battery charge state detection |
| US10712396B2 (en) | 2018-05-29 | 2020-07-14 | NDSL, Inc. | Methods, systems, and devices for monitoring state-of-health of a battery system operating over an extended temperature range |
| US20230305064A1 (en) * | 2022-03-28 | 2023-09-28 | Ratnesh Kumar Sharma | Systems and methods for managing diverse batteries |
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