WO2007033271A1 - Self-contained closed loop ventilator - Google Patents

Self-contained closed loop ventilator Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007033271A1
WO2007033271A1 PCT/US2006/035719 US2006035719W WO2007033271A1 WO 2007033271 A1 WO2007033271 A1 WO 2007033271A1 US 2006035719 W US2006035719 W US 2006035719W WO 2007033271 A1 WO2007033271 A1 WO 2007033271A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
constructed
patient
oxygen
carbon dioxide
sensors
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PCT/US2006/035719
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French (fr)
Inventor
William P. Wiesmann
Loland Alex Pranger
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Automedx, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Automedx, Inc. filed Critical Automedx, Inc.
Priority to EP06803532A priority Critical patent/EP1942969A1/en
Publication of WO2007033271A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007033271A1/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/01Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes specially adapted for anaesthetising
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0051Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes with alarm devices
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/021Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes operated by electrical means
    • A61M16/022Control means therefor
    • A61M16/024Control means therefor including calculation means, e.g. using a processor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/12Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by mixing different gases
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0057Pumps therefor
    • A61M16/0063Compressors
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M16/101Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement using an oxygen concentrator
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/22Carbon dioxide-absorbing devices ; Other means for removing carbon dioxide
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0003Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
    • A61M2016/0015Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors
    • A61M2016/0018Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors electrical
    • A61M2016/0021Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors electrical with a proportional output signal, e.g. from a thermistor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M2016/102Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas
    • A61M2016/1025Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas the O2 concentration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M2016/102Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas
    • A61M2016/103Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas the CO2 concentration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M2016/102Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas
    • A61M2016/1035Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas the anaesthetic agent concentration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/82Internal energy supply devices
    • A61M2205/8206Internal energy supply devices battery-operated
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2230/00Measuring parameters of the user
    • A61M2230/40Respiratory characteristics
    • A61M2230/43Composition of exhalation
    • A61M2230/432Composition of exhalation partial CO2 pressure (P-CO2)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2230/00Measuring parameters of the user
    • A61M2230/40Respiratory characteristics
    • A61M2230/43Composition of exhalation
    • A61M2230/435Composition of exhalation partial O2 pressure (P-O2)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2230/00Measuring parameters of the user
    • A61M2230/40Respiratory characteristics
    • A61M2230/43Composition of exhalation
    • A61M2230/437Composition of exhalation the anaesthetic agent concentration

Definitions

  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of the portable, closed loop ventilator system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
  • the present invention is directed to a closed-loop, self-contained portable ventilator that is utilized in far-forward and hospital environments.
  • a primary purpose of the present invention is to protect the medical personnel treating a patient from an exposure to dangerous substances that the patient may have been exposed to.
  • the closed loop system is an automated operation based on the ventilator system behavior and not based on user input. In this manner, the ventilator of the present system can optimize use of tanked air (oxygen or medical grade air mixtures).
  • the closed loop airway system operates at a higher pressure than ambient, thereby reducing operational stresses on the compressors/pumps utilized in the ventilator.
  • the self-contained ventilator is a device that is capable of operating external gas supplies while not requiring any other items to operate. While external power could be used, internal battery and/or pneumatic power would be sufficient for a duration of operation.
  • the ventilator of the present invention features a "no vent" mechanism where the ventilator does not vent patient exhaled air to the environment.
  • This embodiment of the present invention is particularly beneficial when the ventilator is utilized in environments where biological, chemical or nuclear exposure is suspected, thereby protecting caregivers from secondary exposure.
  • the exhaled air from the patient is not only analyzed after being exhaled (used to measure the effectiveness of ventilator) but is also recirculated and redelivered to the patient after removing substances harmful to the patient (at least CO 2 ).
  • the present invention may utilize a NBC filter and additional sources of oxygen and anesthesia from a tanked or other gas source (i.e. an oxygen concentrator system) may be utilized when the recirculated/redelivered fluid is deficient of the necessary components.
  • the ventilator of the present invention operates to keep small amounts of positive pressure in the patient's lungs on the exhalation phase, rather then returning to ambient pressure. Medical studies suggest that this feature provides beneficial ventilatory effects on the patient.
  • the present invention utilizes a microprocessor/microcontroller system MP that operates the overall delivery and operation of the ventilator.
  • the device as shown in figure 1, includes an oxygen source Ia and anesthesia source Ib. Oxygen and/or anesthesia are delivered separately into mixing chamber 2 and mixed in a desired proportion based on patient P needs.
  • Patient need is determined by keeping the fluid (gas) pressure within an acceptable limit (typically 1 psig, however higher for COPD patients), the per- breath volume within an acceptable range (typically 800 ml for an otherwise healthy adult, more for larger people, less for children and infants, etc.), and acceptable rate (typically 12 beats per minute, BPM), and acceptable maximum CO 2 concentration (typically 0.5%).
  • an acceptable limit typically 1 psig, however higher for COPD patients
  • the per- breath volume typically 800 ml for an otherwise healthy adult, more for larger people, less for children and infants, etc.
  • acceptable rate typically 12 beats per minute, BPM
  • acceptable maximum CO 2 concentration typically 0.5%).
  • the CO 2 maximum concentration can be expressed as a partial pressure of CO 2 and the O 2 concentration is above a minimum threshold (typically, 20%).
  • the desired oxygen concentration may be higher if the patient exhibits symptoms of shock.
  • the goal of increased oxygen concentration is to establish that a patient's oxygen saturation, as measured by a pulse oximeter or equivalent, or by blood gas measurements, is above a threshold (typically 98%, ideally 100%); thus the inclusion of a pulse oximeter sensor to the system for the purpose of CONTROL of oxygen delivery is desirable.
  • Anesthesia is determined by the amount of exhaled anesthesia measured in the patient's exhaled air.
  • oxygen from source Ia and/or anesthesia from source Ib can be individually delivered into mixing chamber 2, as determined by patient P needs.
  • Electronic, mechanical or pneumatic valves are used to control the (on/off) status of delivered fluid (gas) and/or the amount of gas (flow rate) that will be delivered.
  • Gas may be introduced by means of regulated flow (a valve opened a proportional amount based on need) or by pulsed flow (the valve opens then closes at regular or irregular intervals) necessary to achieve the overall required gas concentrations.
  • the microprocessor MP determines the amount of gas to add to the system based upon mathematical functions used to determine how much of that gas remains in the recirculation loop following delivery to the patient and how much of the tanked source must be added to achieve the desired system concentration.
  • the mixed or single gas is then transferred from the mixing chamber 2 into one of a plurality of compressors 3.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes two compressors, 3a and 3b. Once compressed, the fluid leaves the compressors 3 and is monitored through a plurality of sensors 4 to determine concentrations of various components.
  • an anesthesia sensor 4a monitors their respective components of the fluid.
  • the sensors 4a, 4b and 4c may be optical or chemical sensors. Specialized sensors are smaller and generally less expensive to implement.
  • the present invention can also utilize a spectrum analyzer (not shown) as a substitute for sensors 4a, 4b and 4c to ascertain the concentrations of each of these gasses (and others to be determined - such as chemical exposures) with a single device, as opposed to specialized sensors.
  • the spectrum analyzer requires processing time to compare the acquired spectrum against a database of known species absorbencies to determine which species and what the relative concentrations are.
  • sensors 7 monitor fluid characteristics.
  • sensors 7 include a second anesthesia sensor 7a, a second carbon dioxide sensor 7b and a second oxygen sensor 7c.
  • the sensors may be chemical or optical sensors discussed above.
  • the sensors 7a, 7b and 7c may be replaced by a spectrum analyzer (not shown) as also discussed above.
  • the fluid meets the necessary requirements, it is then passed through the mixing chamber 2, the compressors 3, the first sensors 4 and through the flutter valve 5 to the patient. If the fluid does not meet the necessary requirements, it is again diverted through scrubber 6 and second sensors 7 until the necessary requirements are met.
  • the ventilator of the present invention is closed loop, unless pressure is increased, a volume of air equivalent to that added from the O 2 source Ia and anesthesia source Ib, minus that removed by the CO 2 scrubber 6, needs to be removed from the closed loop system. Nominally, this can be accomplished by an additional microprocessor controlled or pressure relief valve (not shown) or a pump (not shown) pulling air from the system.
  • an additional microprocessor controlled or pressure relief valve not shown
  • a pump not shown
  • exhaled air/discharged air when an NBC exposure is suspected, must be captured in an air reservoir (not shown).
  • This reservoir can be either an expanding container and/or a pressure vessel of some sort. If a pressure vessel is used, a pump or compressor will be required to remove air from the close loop system and move it to the pressure vessel, as a valve will be insufficient.
  • the present invention may include pressure sensors (not shown) to detect blockages and prevent over inflating the patient.
  • Flow sensors may be used to verify that sufficient air is delivered to the patient.
  • the CO 2 sensors 4b and 7b may be used to verify that dangerous levels of CO 2 were not delivered to the patient.
  • O 2 sensors 4c and 7c may be used to ensure that minimum sustainable levels of oxygen are delivered to the patient.
  • sensors 4b, 4c, 7b and 7c can be utilized to detect whether patient exhaled air has increased concentrations of CO 2 to indicate whether there is a failure in the patient circuit setup, or patient expiration.

Abstract

The present invention is directed to a closed-loop, self-contained portable ventilator (1) that is utilized in far-forward and hospital environments. A primary purpose of the present invention is to protect the medical personnel treating a patient (P) from an exposure to dangerous substances that the patient (P) may have been exposed to.

Description

SELF-CONTAINED CLOSED LOOP VENTILATOR PRIORITY INFORMATION
[0001] This application claims priority from provisional application serial number 60/716,674, filed September 13, 2005.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Immediate medical care can save the lives of countless accident victims and military personnel. In the emergency medical services arena, there has long been an emphasis on the golden hour during which a patient must receive definitive medical attention. However, definitive medical attention is often limited, because of the lack of necessary equipment. While state of the art medical equipment can be found in medical facilities, such is not the case in emergency situations or military applications. This is particularly true in the area of ventilators.
[0003] There is a need for portable ventilators that overcome the disadvantages of the existing stationary ventilators and portable ventilators that protect the medical personnel treating a patient from an exposure to dangerous substances that the patient may have been exposed to. This is particularly true in military applications and mass-casualty environments where biological, chemical or nuclear exposure is suspected.
[0004] As is the case with most portable ventilators, these devices provide breathing circuits including valve systems and an oxygen source. However, these devices lack the means by which they can be quickly facilitated in emergency situations where there are no stationary sources of power. These and other drawbacks are overcome by the present invention as will be discussed, below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] It is an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator for patient resuscitation utilizing battery powered compressor(s).
[0006] It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator that utilizes feedback sensors to control air delivery.
[0007] It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator that maintains a constant oxygen level.
[0008] It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator that provides anesthesia and further provides sensors to monitor anesthesia delivery.
[0009] It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator that provides a carbon dioxide scrubber.
[0010] It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator that monitors the overall operation of the system and also utilizes fail-safe mechanisms and alarms.
[0011] It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a lightweight, self-contained closed loop portable ventilator that is lightweight and self-contained.
[0012] These and other objectives are described below.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0013] Figure 1 is a schematic of the portable, closed loop ventilator system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0014] The present invention is directed to a closed-loop, self-contained portable ventilator that is utilized in far-forward and hospital environments. A primary purpose of the present invention is to protect the medical personnel treating a patient from an exposure to dangerous substances that the patient may have been exposed to.
[0015] The closed loop system is an automated operation based on the ventilator system behavior and not based on user input. In this manner, the ventilator of the present system can optimize use of tanked air (oxygen or medical grade air mixtures). The closed loop airway system operates at a higher pressure than ambient, thereby reducing operational stresses on the compressors/pumps utilized in the ventilator.
[0016] As per the present invention, the self-contained ventilator is a device that is capable of operating external gas supplies while not requiring any other items to operate. While external power could be used, internal battery and/or pneumatic power would be sufficient for a duration of operation.
[0017] Additionally, the ventilator of the present invention features a "no vent" mechanism where the ventilator does not vent patient exhaled air to the environment. This embodiment of the present invention is particularly beneficial when the ventilator is utilized in environments where biological, chemical or nuclear exposure is suspected, thereby protecting caregivers from secondary exposure.
[0018] In another embodiment of the present invention, the exhaled air from the patient is not only analyzed after being exhaled (used to measure the effectiveness of ventilator) but is also recirculated and redelivered to the patient after removing substances harmful to the patient (at least CO2). The present invention may utilize a NBC filter and additional sources of oxygen and anesthesia from a tanked or other gas source (i.e. an oxygen concentrator system) may be utilized when the recirculated/redelivered fluid is deficient of the necessary components. [0019] In yet another embodiment, the ventilator of the present invention operates to keep small amounts of positive pressure in the patient's lungs on the exhalation phase, rather then returning to ambient pressure. Medical studies suggest that this feature provides beneficial ventilatory effects on the patient.
[0020] As shown in figure 1, the present invention utilizes a microprocessor/microcontroller system MP that operates the overall delivery and operation of the ventilator. The device, as shown in figure 1, includes an oxygen source Ia and anesthesia source Ib. Oxygen and/or anesthesia are delivered separately into mixing chamber 2 and mixed in a desired proportion based on patient P needs. Patient need is determined by keeping the fluid (gas) pressure within an acceptable limit (typically 1 psig, however higher for COPD patients), the per- breath volume within an acceptable range (typically 800 ml for an otherwise healthy adult, more for larger people, less for children and infants, etc.), and acceptable rate (typically 12 beats per minute, BPM), and acceptable maximum CO2 concentration (typically 0.5%). It is understood to one of ordinary skill that the CO2 maximum concentration can be expressed as a partial pressure of CO2 and the O2 concentration is above a minimum threshold (typically, 20%). The desired oxygen concentration may be higher if the patient exhibits symptoms of shock. The goal of increased oxygen concentration is to establish that a patient's oxygen saturation, as measured by a pulse oximeter or equivalent, or by blood gas measurements, is above a threshold (typically 98%, ideally 100%); thus the inclusion of a pulse oximeter sensor to the system for the purpose of CONTROL of oxygen delivery is desirable. [0021] Anesthesia is determined by the amount of exhaled anesthesia measured in the patient's exhaled air. Alternatively, oxygen from source Ia and/or anesthesia from source Ib can be individually delivered into mixing chamber 2, as determined by patient P needs. Electronic, mechanical or pneumatic valves are used to control the (on/off) status of delivered fluid (gas) and/or the amount of gas (flow rate) that will be delivered. Gas may be introduced by means of regulated flow (a valve opened a proportional amount based on need) or by pulsed flow (the valve opens then closes at regular or irregular intervals) necessary to achieve the overall required gas concentrations. The microprocessor MP determines the amount of gas to add to the system based upon mathematical functions used to determine how much of that gas remains in the recirculation loop following delivery to the patient and how much of the tanked source must be added to achieve the desired system concentration. [0022] The mixed or single gas is then transferred from the mixing chamber 2 into one of a plurality of compressors 3. A preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes two compressors, 3a and 3b. Once compressed, the fluid leaves the compressors 3 and is monitored through a plurality of sensors 4 to determine concentrations of various components.
[0023] In a preferred embodiment, an anesthesia sensor 4a, a carbon dioxide sensor 4b and an oxygen sensor 4c monitor their respective components of the fluid. The sensors 4a, 4b and 4c may be optical or chemical sensors. Specialized sensors are smaller and generally less expensive to implement.
[0024] However, the present invention can also utilize a spectrum analyzer (not shown) as a substitute for sensors 4a, 4b and 4c to ascertain the concentrations of each of these gasses (and others to be determined - such as chemical exposures) with a single device, as opposed to specialized sensors. The spectrum analyzer requires processing time to compare the acquired spectrum against a database of known species absorbencies to determine which species and what the relative concentrations are.
[0025] In addition, by comparing pre- and post-patient sensor values for O2 and CO2, FIC equations can be used to measure the effectiveness of respiration and the work of breathing. [0026] The monitored fluid than flows through a flutter valve 5 and out to the patient if sensors 4 indicate that the fluid is in compliance with preset patient requirements. If the fluid does not provide sufficient oxygen, the fluid is diverted to a carbon dioxide scrubber 6, utilized to enrich the oxygen content of the fluid. Additional sensors 7 monitor fluid characteristics. In a preferred embodiment, sensors 7 include a second anesthesia sensor 7a, a second carbon dioxide sensor 7b and a second oxygen sensor 7c. The sensors may be chemical or optical sensors discussed above. The sensors 7a, 7b and 7c may be replaced by a spectrum analyzer (not shown) as also discussed above.
[0027] Once the fluid meets the necessary requirements, it is then passed through the mixing chamber 2, the compressors 3, the first sensors 4 and through the flutter valve 5 to the patient. If the fluid does not meet the necessary requirements, it is again diverted through scrubber 6 and second sensors 7 until the necessary requirements are met.
[0028] Because the ventilator of the present invention is closed loop, unless pressure is increased, a volume of air equivalent to that added from the O2 source Ia and anesthesia source Ib, minus that removed by the CO2 scrubber 6, needs to be removed from the closed loop system. Nominally, this can be accomplished by an additional microprocessor controlled or pressure relief valve (not shown) or a pump (not shown) pulling air from the system. In order to prevent care worker exposure, exhaled air/discharged air, when an NBC exposure is suspected, must be captured in an air reservoir (not shown). This reservoir can be either an expanding container and/or a pressure vessel of some sort. If a pressure vessel is used, a pump or compressor will be required to remove air from the close loop system and move it to the pressure vessel, as a valve will be insufficient.
[0029] It is understood by one of ordinary skill that the present invention may include pressure sensors (not shown) to detect blockages and prevent over inflating the patient. Flow sensors (not shown) may be used to verify that sufficient air is delivered to the patient. Similarly, the CO2 sensors 4b and 7b may be used to verify that dangerous levels of CO2 were not delivered to the patient. O2 sensors 4c and 7c may be used to ensure that minimum sustainable levels of oxygen are delivered to the patient. Additionally, sensors 4b, 4c, 7b and 7c can be utilized to detect whether patient exhaled air has increased concentrations of CO2 to indicate whether there is a failure in the patient circuit setup, or patient expiration. Finally, a spectrum analyzer as discussed above can utilize alarms (not shown) that could be set to go off if dangerous chemical species were detected. Finally, it is understood by one of ordinary skill that the present invention encompasses embodiments, that are not discussed but within the overall teaching as discussed above.
What is claimed is:

Claims

1. A self-contained, closed-loop ventilator comprising: a mixing chamber constructed so as to receive oxygen from an oxygen source, said mixing chamber further constructed so as to receive anesthesia from an anesthesia source; a microcontroller system constructed so as to determine quantity of said anesthesia to be delivered to said mixing chamber based upon a patient's exhaled air, said microcontroller system further constructed so as to determine quantity of said oxygen to be delivered to said mixing chamber based upon said patient's needs; a plurality of compressors constructed so as to receive a mixed quantity of oxygen, anesthesia and carbon dioxide obtained from said patient's exhaled air, said compressors further constructed so as to compress said mixed quantity of oxygen, anesthesia and carbon dioxide into a mixed gas; a plurality of first sensors connected to said plurality of compressors and constructed so as to monitor quantity of anesthesia, carbon dioxide and oxygen in said mixed quantity; a flutter valve constructed so as to deliver said mixed gas to said patient; a carbon dioxide scrubber connected to said flutter valve and constructed so as to receive said mixed quantity if said quantity of carbon dioxide in said mixed quantity is high, said carbon dioxide scrubber further constructed so as to scrub said mixed quantity and enrich said oxygen in said mixed quantity so as to form an enriched oxygen mixed quantity; said mixing chamber further constructed so as to receive said enriched oxygen mixed quantity, said plurality of compressors constructed to receive said enriched oxygen mixed quantity from said mixing chamber, said compressors further constructed so as to compress said enriched oxygen mixed quantity and form an enriched oxygen mixed gas, and said flutter valve further constructed so as to deliver said enriched oxygen mixed gas to said patient; and said ventilator constructed so as to prevent said patient exhaled air from contaminating ambient surroundings.
2. The closed-loop ventilator as recited in claim 1, wherein said plurality of compressors comprise two compressors.
3. The closed- loop ventilator as recited in claim 2, further comprising a plurality of second sensors connected to said flutter valve and said scrubber, constructed so as to monitor said enriched oxygen mixed gas.
4. The closed-loop ventilator as recited in claim 3, wherein said plurality of first sensors comprise a first anesthesia sensor, a first carbon dioxide sensor, and a first oxygen sensor; and said plurality of second sensors comprise a second anesthesia sensor, a second carbon dioxide sensor and a second oxygen sensor; wherein said first and second carbon dioxide sensors are constructed so as to verify said mixed gas and said enriched mixed gas do not comprise dangerous levels of carbon dioxide, and said first and second oxygen sensors are constructed so and to ensure that minimum sustainable levels of oxygen are delivered to said patient.
5. The closed-loop ventilator as recited in claim 4, wherein said first and second plurality of sensors are constructed so as to detect increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in said patient's exhaled air so as to indicate failure in patient circuit set up and patient expiration.
6. The closed-loop ventilator as recited in claim 3, wherein said first and second sensors are selected from a group comprising spectrum analyzers, optical sensors and chemical sensors.
7. The closed-loop ventilator as recited in claim 6, wherein said first and second spectrum analyzers are further constructed so as to detect increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in said patient's exhaled air so as to indicate failure in patient circuit set up and patient expiration.
8. The closed-loop ventilator as recited in claim 7, wherein said first and second spectrum analyzers comprise alarms constructed so as to indicate the presence of contaminants.
PCT/US2006/035719 2005-09-13 2006-09-13 Self-contained closed loop ventilator WO2007033271A1 (en)

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