WO2007106339A2 - Photocosmetic device - Google Patents
Photocosmetic device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007106339A2 WO2007106339A2 PCT/US2007/005576 US2007005576W WO2007106339A2 WO 2007106339 A2 WO2007106339 A2 WO 2007106339A2 US 2007005576 W US2007005576 W US 2007005576W WO 2007106339 A2 WO2007106339 A2 WO 2007106339A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electromagnetic radiation
- tissue
- aperture
- handheld
- radiation source
- Prior art date
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
- A61N5/0613—Apparatus adapted for a specific treatment
- A61N5/0616—Skin treatment other than tanning
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A46—BRUSHWARE
- A46B—BRUSHES
- A46B15/00—Other brushes; Brushes with additional arrangements
- A46B15/0002—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process
- A46B15/0016—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process with enhancing means
- A46B15/0036—Arrangements for enhancing monitoring or controlling the brushing process with enhancing means with a lighting means, e.g. laser, bulb
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
- A61B18/203—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser applying laser energy to the outside of the body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A46—BRUSHWARE
- A46B—BRUSHES
- A46B2200/00—Brushes characterized by their functions, uses or applications
- A46B2200/10—For human or animal care
- A46B2200/1066—Toothbrush for cleaning the teeth or dentures
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A46—BRUSHWARE
- A46B—BRUSHES
- A46B5/00—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware
- A46B5/0095—Removable or interchangeable brush heads
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00005—Cooling or heating of the probe or tissue immediately surrounding the probe
- A61B2018/00011—Cooling or heating of the probe or tissue immediately surrounding the probe with fluids
- A61B2018/00023—Cooling or heating of the probe or tissue immediately surrounding the probe with fluids closed, i.e. without wound contact by the fluid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00315—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for treatment of particular body parts
- A61B2018/00452—Skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00904—Automatic detection of target tissue
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
- A61B2018/2065—Multiwave; Wavelength mixing, e.g. using four or more wavelengths
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
- A61B2018/2065—Multiwave; Wavelength mixing, e.g. using four or more wavelengths
- A61B2018/207—Multiwave; Wavelength mixing, e.g. using four or more wavelengths mixing two wavelengths
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/06—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
- A61B2090/064—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring force, pressure or mechanical tension
- A61B2090/065—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring force, pressure or mechanical tension for measuring contact or contact pressure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
- A61N2005/0635—Radiation therapy using light characterised by the body area to be irradiated
- A61N2005/0643—Applicators, probes irradiating specific body areas in close proximity
- A61N2005/0644—Handheld applicators
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
- A61N2005/065—Light sources therefor
- A61N2005/0651—Diodes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
- A61N2005/065—Light sources therefor
- A61N2005/0651—Diodes
- A61N2005/0652—Arrays of diodes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
- A61N2005/0658—Radiation therapy using light characterised by the wavelength of light used
- A61N2005/0662—Visible light
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
- A61N5/067—Radiation therapy using light using laser light
Definitions
- a method of treating acne with at least one light-emitting diode operating at continuous-wave (CW) mode and at a wavelength of 660 nm is also disclosed in E. Mendes, G. Iron, A. Harel, Method of treating acne, US Patent 5,549,660.
- This treatment represents a variation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with an endogenous photosensitizing agent.
- PDT photodynamic therapy
- the same photochemical process is initiated when irradiating the acne bacteria.
- the process includes the absorption of light within endogenous porphyrins produced by the bacteria.
- the porphyrins degrade liberating the singlet oxygen that oxidize the bacteria and eradicate the P. acnes to significantly decrease the inflammatory lesion count.
- the particular clinical results of this treatment are reported (A. R. Shalita, Y. Harth, and M. Elman, "Acne PhotoClearing (APCTM.) Using a
- the power source may have a first field effect transistor electrically connected to the controller along a first path and electrically connected to the first area and a second field effect transistor electrically connected to the controller along a second path.
- the controller may be configured to provide the first control signal along the first path and the second control signal along the second path, such that electrical power is supplied to the first area by the first field effect transistor and electrical power is supplied to the second area by the second field effect transistor.
- the light source may have a first section including a first array of light emitting diodes, and may also have a second section including a second array of light emitting diodes.
- the light emitting diodes of the first and second arrays may be mounted on a substrate and electrically connected to provide a first electrical connection to the first array and to provide a second electrical connection for the second array.
- a subset of the light emitting diodes in the first array also may be included in the second array.
- a third sensor may be electrically connected to the controller, and the aperture may include a third area The third sensor may provide a third sensor signal to the controller when the third area is in close proximity to the tissue.
- Another aspect of the invention is a method for the treatment of tissue using a device having first and second apertures that includes the steps of: receiving a first sensor signal corresponding to the first aperture and indicating whether the first aperture is in close proximity to the tissue; irradiating the tissue with light from the first aperture when the first aperture is in close proximity to the tissue; receiving a second sensor signal corresponding to the second aperture of and indicating whether the second aperture is in close proximity to the tissue; and irradiating the tissue with light from the second aperture when the second aperture is in close proximity to the tissue.
- the aperture may have an area of at least approximately 4 cm 2 .
- the aperture may have an area of at least approximately 9 c m2 .
- the aperture may have an area of at least approximately 14.44 cm 2 .
- the aperture may have an area of at least approximately 16 cm 2 .
- the radiation source may be configured to provide at least approximately 2.5 W of optical power.
- the radiation source may be configured to provide at least approximately 5 W of optical power.
- the radiation source may be configured to provide at least approximately 10 W of optical power.
- the device may have a first radiation source and a second radiation source capable of generating radiation within different ranges of wavelengths.
- the radiation sources may also be capable of operating at multiple wavelengths.
- the first radiation source may be capable of producing radiation independently from the second radiation source.
- the handheld device may have a power source configured to supply power in a continuous wave mode, quasi-continuous wave mode, pulsed wave mode, or in other power modes.
- the sensors may be electrically connected to a controller and configured to provide an electrical signal when corresponding sections of the aperture are in contact with the tissue.
- the controller may cause the radiation source to be illuminated when the sensor provides the electrical signals.
- the device may also include an alarm electrically connected to the controller to provide an output signal to the alarm to provide information to the user.
- the alarm may be an audible sound generator.
- the alarm may be a light-emitting device.
- the alarm may be configured to alert the user that a treatment time has expired.
- the handheld photocosmetic device may have a window coupled to the aperture, and the cooling system may remove heat from the window.
- the window may be configured to contact the tissue during operation.
- the reservoir may contain at least 50 cc of fluid.
- the reservoir may contain at least 100 cc of fluid.
- the reservoir may contain at least 200 cc of fluid.
- the reservoir may contain at least 250 cc of fluid.
- the reservoir may contain at least approximately 180 cc of fluid.
- the reservoir may contain at least 307 cc of fluid.
- the reservoir may contain water, a mixture including a fluid and a solid, or other fluids or mixtures.
- the reservoir may be a container that is removeably connected to the device.
- the device may include a housing having an opening, a radiation source configured to emit light through the opening, and a cooling circuit within the housing with a fluid conduction path extending between a heat collection element and a heat dissipation element.
- the cooling circuit may be in thermal communication with the source to transfer heat from the source to the heat collection element and from the heat collection element to the heat dissipation element.
- the cooling circuit may contain water or other liquid.
- the cooling circuit may contain a mixture of fluids and may also include solid particles.
- the heat dissipation element may be a container that is removeably connected to the device.
- the cooling circuit may include a container that is removeably connected to the device that contains a fluid for circulation through the cooling circuit.
- the cooling circuit is a closed circuit.
- the cooling circuit may be an open circuit that has a fluid source containing a fluid for passage through the cooling circuit.
- the fluid source may be a refillable container and may be removeably connected to the handheld photocosmetic device.
- the fluid conduction path may also have a first tube and a pump.
- the pump may be in fluid communication with both the heat collection element and the heat dissipation element.
- the pump may be configured to pump the fluid from the heat collection element to the heat dissipation element via the first tube.
- the device may include a housing having an optical window, an electromagnetic radiation source mounted within the device and oriented to deliver electromagnetic radiation to the tissue through the optical window, a pump mounted within the device, a fluid passage within the device, and first and second heatsinks mounted within the device.
- the first heatsink may be thermally connected to the first electromagnetic radiation source.
- the pump may be in fluid communication with the first and second heatsinks and configured to pump a fluid across the first heatsink element, through the passage and across the second heatsink, thereby causing heat to be transferred from the source to the second heatsink.
- the apparatus may have a housing, an aperture having an ' optical window, and a radiation source.
- the radiation source may be oriented to deliver radiation to the tissue, through the optical window.
- the optical window may have an external abrasive surface configured to be in contact with the tissue during operation.
- Preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention may include some of the following additional features.
- the abrasive surface may have micro-abrasive projections.
- the abrasive surface may adapted to apply a compressive force to the tissue during use.
- the micro-abrasive projections may have a surface roughness between 1 and 500 microns peak to peak.
- the optical window may be removable from the aperture.
- the device may have a first optical window and a second optical window, also connectable to the aperture after the first optical window is removed.
- the apparatus may have a housing, an aperture, a radiation source oriented to deliver radiation to the tissue, through the aperture, and an abrasive surface coupled to the housing and configured for contacting the tissue.
- Preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention may include some of the following additional features.
- the abrasive surface may be located on an exterior surface of the aperture.
- the abrasive surface may be located on an exterior surface of the housing surrounding the aperture.
- the abrasive surface may be located on an exterior surface of the housing substantially adjacent at least a portion of the aperture.
- the abrasive surface may be is a micro-abrasive surface, and may include micro- abrasive projections.
- the abrasive surface may be a micro- abrasive surface, and also may include micro-abrasive projections.
- the abrasive surface may be adapted to apply a compressive force to the tissue during use.
- the abrasive surface may have a surface roughness between 1 and 500 microns peak to peak, and, more particularly, may have a surface roughness between 50 and 70 microns peak to peak.
- the adapter may also have a vacuum mechanism and an opening in the housing to pull a portion of the tissue to be treated into the opening.
- Another aspect of the invention is an adapter for a handheld photocosmetic device for the treatment of tissue.
- the adapter may include a first aperture for transmitting at least a first portion of the radiation from the device to the tissue, a second aperture for transmitting at least a second portion of the radiation from the device to the tissue, and a connector for allowing the adapter to be attached to and removed from the device.
- the first aperture may include a material extending across the aperture which is at least partially transparent to the radiation, such as a filter.
- the first aperture may include an adjustment mechanism that is configured to vary the size of the first aperture. .
- the first aperture may be movable relative to the second aperture.
- the adapter may have an opaque surface sized to obstruct the first aperture.
- the opaque surface may be movable relative to the first aperture, and it may be sized and positioned to obstruct substantially the entire first aperture when the second aperture is unobstructed.
- the adapter may also have a sensor and an electrical communication path. An electrical connector of the electrical communication path may be positioned to contact an electrical connector of the photocosmetic device, such that the sensor is in electrical communication with the device when the adapter is attached to the device.
- the sensor may be a proximity sensor corresponding to the first aperture to provide a signal when the first aperture is in close proximity to the tissue.
- the device may have an aperture to pass radiation from the light source through the adapter is attached to the adapter mount.
- the device may have a plurality of adapters each having an aperture to pass radiation from the light source through the aperture when each the adapter is attached- to the adapter mount.
- the controller may be configured to control the transmission of radiation from the light source in response to one or more signals from the detector.
- the light source may be one of several light sources.
- the controller may be configured to control the light sources in response to one or more signals from the detector.
- the controller may be configured to control the intensity of radiation from the light source in response to one or more signals from the detector.
- the controller may be configured to control the wavelength of radiation from the light source in response to one or more signals from the detector.
- the efficacy of treatment in comparison to existing state-of-the-art techniques
- user satisfaction can be increased in several ways, including, but not limited to: a) changing the wavelength of the treatment radiation and/or adding adjunct wavelengths; b) manipulating the temporal regime of treatment; c) varying the treatment protocol, in particular, allowing daily or even more frequent applications - which are not practical in a professional setting; d) combining treatment with electromagnetic radiation with treatment involving mechanical action, for example, by using the surface of the optical window; e) providing output windows of various shapes and sizes to address particular needs, such as, for example, treatment of individual lesions or providing personal output windows for multiple users; and f) combining the EMR action with an implement for delivery of topical substances, which may be, for example, additive to light, activated by light, or complimentary to the treatment using light.
- topical substances which may be, for example, additive to light, activated by light, or complimentary to the treatment using light.
- FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a photocosmetic device according to some aspects of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is side perspective view of the photocosmetic device of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an LED module of the photocosmetic device of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 13 A is a side cross-sectional view of the attachment of FIG. 13;
- FIG. 17 is an exploded view of an alternate embodiment of a photocosmetic device
- FIG. 19 is an exploded view of a pump assembly of the photocosmetic device of
- FIG. 21 is a perspective view of another example of a embodiment of a photocosmetic device.
- FIG. 24 is an exploded view of components of a light source of the photocosmetic device of FIG. 21 ;
- FIG. 28 is a schematic view of an optical window having an abrasive surface
- FIG. 29 is a side perspective view of an embodiment having an attachable and detachable window containing an abrasive surface
- FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the window of FIG 31;
- FIG. 31 is a side perspective view of another embodiment having two attachable and detachable pads for dispensing lotions or other substances;
- FIG. 32 is a graphical view of the absorption spectra of various flavins as a function of wavelength
- Such a device may be substantially self-contained in a device configured to held in the users hand, and may lack other significant components other that the components held in the hand during operation.
- some additional components may exist in a self-contained handheld device, such as, for example, a power cord, a remote base unit for recharging the device or holding the device when not in operation, and reusable and refillable containers.
- a self-contained handheld device such as, for example, a power cord, a remote base unit for recharging the device or holding the device when not in operation, and reusable and refillable containers.
- Currently available photocosmetic devices have limitations related to one or more of the above challenges.
- there are technical challenges associated with creating such devices for use by a consumer in a non-medical environment including safety, effectiveness of treatment, cost of the device and size of the device.
- the treatments may be on a substantially regular or fixed basis to initially treat a condition, and then be on as an "as required” basis for maintenance. Treatment can be continued for several weeks, months, years and/or can be incorporated into a user's regular routine hygiene practices. Certain treatments are discussed further in U.S. Application No. 10/740,907, entitled “Light Treatments For Acne And Other Disorders Of Follicles,” filed December 19, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the number of treatments for use with embodiments according to aspects of this invention can be from ten to several thousand, with intervals between treatments from several hours to one week or more. It is thought that, for certain conditions such as acne or wrinkles, multiple treatments with low power could provide the same effect as one treatment with high power.
- the mechanism of treatment can include photochemical, photo-thermal, photoreceptor, photo control of cellular interaction or some combination of these effects. For multiple systematic treatments, a small dose of light can be effective to adjust cell, organ or body functions in the same way as systematically using medicine.
- the specific light parameters and formulas of assisted compounds suggested in the present invention provide this treatment strategy. These treatments may preferably be done at home, because of the high number of treatments and the frequent basis on which they must be administered, for example daily to weekly. (Of course, some embodiments of the present invention could additionally be used for therapeutic, instructional or other purposes in medical environments, such as by physicians, nurses, physician's assistants, physical therapists, occupational therapists, etc.)
- the light source may be configured to emit at a single wavelength, multiple wavelengths, or in one or more wavelength bands.
- the light source may be a coherent light source, for example a ruby, alexandrite or other solid state laser, gas laser, diode laser bar, or other suitable laser light source.
- the source may be an incoherent light source for example, an LED, arc lamp, flash lamp, fluorescent lamp, halogen lamp, halide lamp or other suitable lamp.
- Various light based devices can be used to deliver the required light doses to a body.
- LEDs Light Emitting Diodes
- EELED edge emitting LED
- SELED surface emitting LED
- HBLED high brightness LED
- the LED can be based on different materials, such as, without limitation, GaN, AlGaN, InGaN, AlInGaN, AIInGaN/AlN , AlInGaN (emitting from 285 nm to 550nm), GaP, GaP:N, GaAsP 5 GaAsP :N, AlGaInP (emitting from 550nm to 660nm) SiC, GaAs, AlGaAs, BaN, InBaN, (emitting in near infrared and infrared).
- Another suitable type of LED is an organic LED using polymer as the active material and having a broad spectrum of emission with very low cost.
- Laser diodes (LD) - A laser diode may be the most effective light source (LS).
- a wave-guide laser diode (WGLD) is very effective but is not optimal due to the difficulty of coupling light into a fiber.
- a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) may be most effective for fiber coupling for a large area matrix of emitters built on a wafer or other substrate. This can be both energy and cost effective. The same materials used for LED's can be used for diode lasers.
- an example of a condition that is treatable using an embodiment of the present invention is acne.
- the treatment described involves the destruction of the bacteria (JP. acnes) responsible for the characteristic inflammation associated with acne.
- Destruction of the bacteria may be achieved by targeting porphyrins stored in P. Acnes.
- Porphyrines, such as protoporphyrins, coproporphyri , and Zn-protoporphyrins are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria as their metabolic product. Porphyrines absorb light in the visible spectral region from 400-700 nm, with strongest peak of absorption in the range of 400-430 nm.
- photocosmetic device 100 includes a front housing section 140, a back housing section 150, and a bottom housing section 160. Housing sections 140, 150 and 160 fit together along the edges of each section to form a housing for photocosmetic device 100.
- photocosmetic device 100 includes a coolant reservoir 170, apump 180, coolant tubes 19Oa-190c, a thermal switch 200, a power control switch 210, electronic control system 220, a boost chip 225, and a light source assembly 230.
- Light source assembly 230 includes a number of components: window 240, window housing 250, contact sensor ring 260, LED module 270, and heatsink assembly 280. As will be appreciated from FIG. 3, when the three housing sections 140, 150 and
- light source assembly 230 which is secured within the opening to form a face of distal portion 120 used to treat tissue, when light source assembly 230 is assembled.
- the components of light source assembly 230 are secured in close proximity to one another in the order shown in FIG. 3 to form light source assembly 230, and are secured using screws to hold them in place.
- Window 240 is secured within an opening of window housing 250, which forms aperture 130.
- Contact sensor ring 260 is secured directly behind and adjacent to window housing 250 within the interior housing of photocosmetic device 100.
- Six contact sensors 360 are located equidistantly around the window 240.
- Window housing 250 includes six small openings 350 directly adjacent to, and evenly spaced about, opening 330 to accommodate contact sensors 360 of contact sensor ring 260.
- Contact sensor ring 260 is placed directly adjacent to window housing 250 such that the contact sensors 360 extend through the openings 350 - each of six contact sensors 360 fitting into one of each of the six corresponding openings 350.
- Window 240 is secured within a circular opening 330 of window housing 250 along the edge 340 of the opening 330. Light is delivered through window 240, which forms a circularly symmetric aperture having a diameter of 38mm (1.5").
- window 240 is shown as a circle, various alternate shapes can be used.
- Window 240 is made of sapphire, and is configured to be placed in contact with the user's skin. Sapphire is used due to its good optical transmissivity and thermal conductivity.
- the sapphire window 240 is substantially transparent at the operative wavelength, and is thermally conductive to remove heat from a treated skin surface.
- sapphire window 240 may be cooled to remove heat from the sapphire element and, thus, remove heat from skin placed in contact with sapphire window 240 during treatment.
- other embodiments could employ materials other than sapphire also having good optical transmissivity and heat transfer properties, such as mineral glass, dielectric crystal such as quartz or plastic.
- window 240 could be an injection molded optical plastic material.
- photon recycling allows for more efficient use of the power supplied to light source assembly 230, thereby reducing the relative amount of heat generated by source assembly 230 per the amount of light delivered to the tissue.
- Any such surface could be made to be highly reflective (e.g., polished) or could be either coated or covered with a suitable reflective material (e.g., vacuum deposition of a reflective material or covered with a flexible silver-coated film).
- window 240 preferably has a micro-abrasive surface 450 located on the exterior of photocosmetic device 100.
- Micro-abrasive surface 450 has a micro surface roughness between 1 and 500 microns peak to peak, preferably 60 +/-10 microns peak to peak.
- many other configurations are possible, including variations on the dimensions of the surface and the pattern and shape of the abrasive portions of the surface, e.g., employing rib-shaped structures, teeth-like structures, and structures that are arranged in circular pattern.
- the micro- abrasive surface 450 includes small sapphire particles adhered to window 240.
- the micro-abrasive surface need not be a window.
- an abrasive surface including a micro-abrasive surface, may be placed about the circumference of an aperture of aphotocosmetic device or may be placed adjacent to the aperture or window.
- the micro-abrasive surface whether configured as a window, adjacent to a window, or otherwise configured, may be replaceable. Thus, a worn abrasive surface may be replaced with a new abrasive surface to maintain performance of the device over time.
- Contact sensor ring 260 provides contact sensors 360 for detecting contact with tissue (e.g., skin). Contact sensor ring 260 can be used to detect when all of or portions of window 240 are in contact with, or in close proximity to, the tissue to be treated. In one embodiment, contact sensors 360 are e-field sensors. In alternative embodiments, other sensor technologies, such as optical (LED or laser), impedance, conductivity, or mechanical sensors can be used. The contact sensors can be used to ensure that no light is emitted from photocosmetic device 100 (e.g., no LEDs are illuminated) unless all of the sensors detect simultaneous contact with tissue.
- tissue e.g., skin
- contact sensors 360 are e-field sensors. In alternative embodiments, other sensor technologies, such as optical (LED or laser), impedance, conductivity, or mechanical sensors can be used. The contact sensors can be used to ensure that no light is emitted from photocosmetic device 100 (e.g., no LEDs are illuminated) unless all of the sensors detect simultaneous contact with tissue.
- contact sensors 360 are mounted equidistantly about a ring 365, which is composed of electronic circuit board or other suitable material.
- LED module 270 which is described in greater detail below, is mounted directly behind and adjacent to contact sensor ring 260.
- the six contact sensors 360 are electrically connected to electronic control system 220 via electrical connector 370. In alternative embodiments, more or fewer contact sensors may be used and they may not be mounted equidistantly or in a ring.
- LED module 270 delivers approximately 4.0 W of optical power, which is emitted in, for example, the 400 to 430 nm (blue) wavelength region. This range is known in the art to be safe for the treatment of skin and other tissue. Optical power is evenly distributed across the aperture with less than 10% power variation.
- LED module 270 is divided conceptually and electrically into six pie-shaped sections 270a-270f roughly equal in size and amount of illumination provided. This allows photocosmetic device 100, using electronic control system 220, to illuminate only certain of the pie-shaped segments 470a-470f in certain treatment conditions.
- Each of the six contact sensors 360 is aligned with and corresponds to one of the pie-shaped segments 470a-470f (as shown in FIG. 6).
- each of the LED segments 470a-470f contains approximately the same number of LEDs, and the power requirement for each section is shown in the following table.
- LED Module 270 can be powered in continuous-wave (CW), quasi-continuous- wave (QCW), or pulsed (P) mode.
- CW continuous-wave
- QCW quasi-continuous- wave
- P pulsed
- the term “quasi-CW” refers to a mode when continuous electrical power to the light source(s) is periodically interrupted for controlled lengths of time.
- pulsed refers to a mode when the energy (electrical or optical) is accumulated for a period of time with subsequent release during a controlled length of time.
- Optimal choice of the temporal mode depends on the application Thus, for photochemical treatments, the CW or QCW mode can be preferable. For photothermal treatment, pulsed mode can be preferable.
- the temporal mode can be either factory-preset or selected by the user.
- Power is supplied to the LED module 270 via electrical connector 370, which is an electrical flex cable that is attached from the electronic control system 220 to pin connectors 460.
- the illumination of the LED dies 530 associated with the respective segments 470a-470f is controlled by electronic control system 220.
- Each segment 470a- 47Of is controlled separately through one of the independent pin connectors 460, which are located at the bottom of substrate 480.
- each electrical pin connector provides an electrical connection as follows: (1) ground/cathode; (2) LED segment 470a; (3) LED segment 470b; (4) LED segment 470c; (5) LED segment 47Od; (6) LED segment 47Oe; (7) LED segment 47Of; and (8) ground/cathode.
- Each segment 470a-470f shares a common cathode, but has a separate anode trace from the pin connector 460 Io the corresponding segment 470a-470f and back to the common cathode to complete the circuit.
- pin connectors 460 each of the six LED segments 470a-470f can be controlled independently.
- reflector 490 provides photon recycling, in that light that is reflected or scattered back from the skin and impacts reflector 490 will be re- reflected back toward the tissue to be treated.
- reflector 490 is made of silver-plated OHFC copper, but can be of any suitable material provided it is highly reflective on all surfaces on which light may impact. More specifically, the surfaces within the holes 500 and the top most surface of reflector 490 facing the window 240 are silver-plated to reflect and/or return light onto the tissue to be treated.
- optical reflector 490 is attached to a patterned metallized ceramic substrate 480.
- the individual LED dies 530 are mounted to substrate 480 through the holes 500 in optical reflector 490.
- the material used to attach each LED die 530 to substrate 480 should be suitable for minimizing chip thermal resistance.
- a suitable solder could be eutectic gold tin and this could be pre-deposited on the LED die at the manufacturer.
- the LED dies 530 are Au wire bonded to provide electrical connections.
- the LED dies 530 are encapsulated with the appropriate index matching silicon gel and an optic is added to complete encapsulation 295.
- LEDs have physical characteristics that are suitable for use with window 240 and produce light at the desired 405 nm wavelength.
- photocosmetic device 100 has a cooling system that includes coolant reservoir 170, pump 180, coolant tubes 19Oa-190c, thermal switch 200, and a heatsink assembly 280.
- Tube 190c is connected at one end to a connector port 300 of coolant reservoir 170 and at a second end to a connector port 310 of pump 180.
- Each of the coolant tubes 190a-190c are flexible PVC tubing having an inner diameter of 0.125" and an outer diameter of 0.25". The tubing has a maximum temperature capacity of 90° C.
- Each of the six ends of coolant tubes 19Oa-190c are connected to similar connector ports. However, in FIG. 3, only connector ports 290, 300 and 310 are shown. After the ends of tubes 190a-190c are connected to the respective connector ports, the tubes are sealed to the connector ports to prevent leakage using a commercial grade sealant that is appropriate for this purpose.
- tubes 190a-190c When tubes 190a-190c are fully connected, they form a continuous circuit through which a fluid, in this case water, can circulate to cool light source assembly 230.
- a fluid in this case water
- water When photocosmetic device 100 is in operation, water preferably flows from coolant reservoir 170, through tube 190c, into pump 180, which forces the fluid through tube 190a, through heatsink assembly 280, through tube 190b and back into coolant reservoir 170.
- the water flows across heatsink assembly 280 to remove the heat generated by light source assembly 230.
- Coolant reservoir 170 acts as an additional heatsink for the heat removed from light source assembly 230.
- the water could flow in either direction in other embodiments.
- Tj (Rth x HL) + Ta + ⁇ Trise
- ⁇ Trise is the temperature increase of the water as heat is expelled into it. Therefore, if Tj max is 125 0 C and the ambient temperature is 3O 0 C, the maximum water temperature rise should be no greater than:
- Face plate 380 contains four holes 400 that are used to secure the heatsink assembly 280 within light source assembly 230.
- a forward or distally facing surface of faceplate 380 is in contact with the backward or proximally facing surface of LED module 270 (as shown in FIG. 2).
- the distally facing surface efface plate 380 is facing downward in both FIGS. 9 and 10, and, thus, cannot be seen in those figures.
- the contact between the distally facing surface of faceplate 380 and the back of LED module 270 facilitates the transfer of heat from LED module 270 to heatsink assembly 280.
- the backward or proximally facing surface of faceplate 380 shown in FIG.
- Raised portion 410 is relatively thicker than the outer edge 420 of faceplate 380 and is circular - being located in the geographic center of surface 384 of faceplate 380.
- a spiral groove 430 is within the circular raised portion 410.
- spiral groove 430 forms an evacuated space that allows water to run through it during operation to remove heat from heatsink assembly
- heatsink assembly 280 to cool light source assembly 230 efficiently by transferring additional heat to the approximately 180 cc of water that is contained in the circulatory system.
- spiral groove 430 provides for efficient heat transfer by providing a relatively long section during which fluid is in contact with heatsink assembly 280.
- backplate 390 is glued to faceplate 380.
- backplate 390 could be attached to faceplate 380 by screws or other appropriate means.
- Other alternative embodiments of heatsink assembly 280 are possible, including alternate configurations of the path that the fluid travels and/or the inclusion of fins or other surfaces to increase the surface area that fluid flows over within the heatsink assembly.
- Photocosmetic device 1500 also includes a cooling system in which many of the components are integrated into a single reservoir section 1570.
- the cooling system of photocosmetic device 1500 includes reservoir section 1570 and pump assembly 1580.
- Reservoir section 1570 includes a housing 1590 that forms reservoir 1600, pump assembly mount 1610, circulatory output 1620, circulatory pipe 1630, interface section
- Pump assembly 1580 includes a motor housing 1660, a motor housing o-ring 1670, an impeller 1680, a motor o-ring 1690, and a DC motor 1700.
- photocosmetic device 1500 When photocosmetic device 1500 is fully assembled, it includes a continuous cooling circuit through which a fluid, in this case water, can circulate to cool light a source assembly 1710 of photocosmetic device 1500.
- pump assembly 1580 driven by DC motor 1700, causes coolant to flow through the circulatory system. Coolant preferably flows from reservoir 1600, through circulatory output 1620, where it is pumped by impeller 1680 into circulatory pipe 1630.
- the coolant travels through the circulatory pipe 1630 and flows into heatsink assembly 1720 via an output opening 1635 in interface section 1640.
- the output opening 1635 lies at the end of circulatory pipe 1630.
- the coolant then flows through heatsink assembly 1720, where heat transfers from the heatsink assembly 1720 to the coolant.
- the coolant then flows back into reservoir 1600 via the input opening 1645 located in the center of the interface section 1640.
- the heatsink assembly 1720 is a single piece of metal that is secured against the surface of interface section 1640.
- additional components can be included in the circulatory system to cool a photocosmetic device.
- a suspension of nanoparticles can be used to enhance thermal conductivity of coolant.
- one advantage of the present embodiment is that it obviates the need for a chiller, which is commonly used to cool photocosmetic devices in the medical setting but which are also expensive and large.
- another possible embodiment could include a chiller either within the handheld photocosmetic device or remotely located and connected by an umbilical cord to the handheld device.
- a heat exchanger could be employed to exchange heat between a first circulatory system and a second circulatory system.
- photocosmetic device 100 is powered by power supply 215, which provides electrical power to electronic control system 220 via power control switch 210.
- Power supply 215 can be coupled to photocosmetic device 100 via electrical chord 217.
- Power supply 215 is an AC adapter that plugs into standard wall outlet and provides direct current to the electrical components of photocosmetic device
- Electronic control system 220 receives information from the components of distal portion 120 over electrical connector 370, for example, information relating to contact of window 240 with the skin via contact sensors 360. Based on the information provided, electronic control system 220 transmits control signals to light source assembly 230 also using electrical connector 370 to control the illumination of the segments 470a-470f of LED module 270. Electronic control system 220 may also receive information from light source assembly 230 via electrical connector 370.
- photocosmetic device 100 is generally safe, even without reliance on the control features that are included. In this embodiment, the energy outputs from photocosmetic device 100 are relatively low such that, even if light from the apparatus was inadvertently shined into a person's eyes, the light should not cause injury to the person's eyes.
- electromagnetic radiation used in embodiments according to the present invention is generally in the range of visible light (although electromagnetic radiation in the UV, near infrared, infrared and radio ranges could also be employed), and electromagnetic radiation such as short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation ( ⁇ 300 nm) that may be carcinogenic or otherwise dangerous can be avoided.
- photocosmetic device 100 is generally safe, it contains several additional control features that enhance the safety of the device for the user.
- photocosmetic device 100 includes standard safety features for an electronic handheld cosmetic device for use by a consumer.
- photocosmetic device 100 includes additional safety features, such as a control mechanism that prevents use for an extended period by limiting total treatment time, that prevents excessive use by preventing a user from using photocosmetic device 100 again for a preset time period after the a treatment has ended, and that prevents a user from shining the light from photocosmetic device 100 into their eyes or someone else's eyes.
- light source assembly 230 may be illuminated only when all or a portion of window 240 is in contact with the tissue to be treated.
- contact sensor ring 260 which, as described above, includes a set of six contact sensors 360 located equidistantly around window 240. Each of the six contact sensors 360 are associated with one of the six pie-shaped segments 470a-470f of light source assembly 230. The corresponding LEDs in each segment are activated by the control electronics in response to the sensor output.
- a contact sensor 360 When a contact sensor 360 detects contact with the skin, an electrical signal is sent to electronic control system 220, which sends a corresponding signal to light source assembly 230 causing the LED dies 530 of the corresponding segment 470a-470f to be illuminated. If multiple contact sensors 360 are pressed, the LED dies 530 of each of the corresponding segments 470a-470f will be illuminated simultaneously. Thus, any combination of the six segments 470a-470f potentially can be illuminated at the same time - from a single segment to all six segments 470a-470f.
- the contact sensor can be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical or some other form.
- the sensors can be configured to detect tissue whether window 240 is either in direct contact with or close proximity to the tissue, depending on the application.
- a sensor could be used in a photocosmetic device having a window or other aperture that is not in direct contact with the tissue during operation, but is designed to operate when in close proximity to the skin. This would allow the device, for example, to inject a lotion or other substance between a window or aperture of the device and the tissue being treated.
- contact sensor ring 260 also provides information that can be used by electronic control system 220 to improve the treatment.
- electronic control system 220 may include a system clock and a timer to control the overall treatment time of a single treatment session.
- electronic control system 220 is able to control and alter the overall treatment time depending on the treatment conditions and parameters.
- Electronic control system 220 can also control the overall power delivered to light source assembly 230, thereby controlling the intensity of the light illuminated from light source assembly 230 at any given point in the treatment.
- light source assembly 230 will generate only approximately l/6 th of the light energy that would otherwise be generated if all six segments 470a-470f were illuminated. In that case, light source assembly 230 will be generating relatively less heat and be providing relatively less total light to the tissue (although the amount of light per unit area will be the same at that point). If less heat is generated, the water in the cooling system will heat more slowly, allowing for a longer treatment time. Electronic control system 220 can calculate the rate that energy in the form of light is being provided to the tissue, based on the total time that each of the segments 470a-470f have been illuminated during the treatment session.
- electronic control system 220 can increase the total treatment time accordingly. This ensures that an adequate amount of light is available to be delivered to the tissue to be treated during a treatment session. As discussed above, the total possible treatment time for a single treatment using photocosmetic device 100 is approximately ten minutes. If only a portion of the segments 470a-470f are illuminated at various moments during the treatment, electronic control system 220 may extend the treatment time.
- electronic control system 220 can increase the amount of power available to the illuminated segments 470a-470f, thereby causing relatively more light to be generated by the illuminated sections, which, in turn causes a relative increase in amount of light being delivered per unit area of tissue being treated. This may provide for more effective treatment.
- a photocosmetic device could include a mode switch that would allow a user to select various modes of operation, including adding additional treatment time or increasing the intensity of the light produced when only some portion of the light sources are illuminated or some combination of the two.
- the user could choose a higher power but shorter treatment independent of how many segments are illuminated or even if the aperture is not divided into segments.
- sensors and uses of the device including one or more velocity sensors that allow the control system of a photocosmetic device to sense the speed at which the user is moving the light source over the tissue.
- the intensity of the light can be increased by increasing power to the light source to allow the device to continue to provide a more constant amount of light delivered to each unit area of tissue being treated.
- the velocity of the light source is relatively slower, the intensity of the light can be decreased, and when the light source is not moving for some period of time, but remains in contact with the tissue, the light source can be turned off to prevent damage to the tissue.
- Velocity sensors can also be used to measure the quality of contact with tissue.
- Boost chip 225 provides sufficient power to the electrical components of • photocosmetic device 100.
- Boost chip 225 plays the role of an internal DC-DC converter by transforming the electrical voltage from the power source to ensure that sufficient power is available to illuminate the LED dies 530 of LED module 270.
- photocosmetic device 100 provides a compact, lightweight handheld device that a consumer or other user can, for example, use on his/her skin to treat and/or prevent acne.
- the proximal portion 110 which, among other things, functions as a handle, the user places the micro-abrasive surface 450 of window 240 against the skin.
- the control system in response to the contact sensors illuminates the LED dies 530 of LED module 270. While LED dies 530 are illuminated, the user moves window 240 of photocosmetic device 100 over the surface of the skin, or other tissue to be treated. As window 240 of photocosmetic device 100 moves across the skin, it treats the skin in two ways that work synergist! cally to improve the health and cosmetic appearance of the skin.
- photocosmetic device 100 treats the skin with light having one or more wavelengths chosen for their therapeutic effect.
- LED module 270 preferably generates light having a wavelength in the range of approximately 400-
- light at those wavelengths has antibacterial properties that assists in the treatment and prevention of acne. Additionally, light used in conjunction with microdermal abrasion has a therapeutic effect that improves the process of healing wounds on the skin. Although it is not clear that the application of light actually facilitates or speeds the healing process, light appears to provide a beneficial supplemental effect in the healing process.
- Photocosmetic device 100 could be used for such a purpose.
- a photocosmetic device having an appropriately contoured micro- abrasive surface and capable of producing light having a wavelength chosen for its antiinflammatory effects could also be used for such a purpose.
- an alternative embodiment of a photocosmetic device 910 includes one or more feedback mechanisms.
- One such feedback mechanism can provide information about the treatment to the consumer.
- Such a feedback mechanism may include one or more sensors / detectors located in a head 920 of photocosmetic device 910 and an output device 540, which may be located in proximal portion 930.
- Output device 540 may provide feedback to the user in various forms, including but not limited to visual feedback by illuminating one or more LEDs 5 mechanical feedback by vibrating the device, sound feedback by emitting one or more tones.
- the feedback mechanism can be used, for example, to inform the user whether a particular area of tissue contains acne-causing bacteria.
- the sensors cause the activation of the output device when acne-causing bacteria is detected to inform the user to continue treating the area
- the output device could also be activated, for example, with a different, light, tone or different mechanical feedback, when little to no acne-causing bacteria is detected to indicate that treatment of that area is complete.
- additional or different information can be provided to the user, depending on the particular treatment and/or the desired specifications of the device.
- the same or a different feedback mechanism can provide information to be used by the photocosmetic device 910 to control the operation of the device with or without notifying the user. For example, if the feedback mechanism detects a large amount of acne-causing bacteria, the control system might increase the power to LED module 270 to increase the intensity of the light emitted during treatment of that area to provide more effective treatment. Similarly, if the feedback mechanism detects little or no acne-causing bacteria, the control system might decrease power to the LED module 270 to reduce the intensity of light emitted during treatment of that area to conserve energy and allow for a longer treatment time. IfLED module 270 is divided into segments as described above, the device may include one or more feedback mechanisms for each segment and the control system may individually control each segment in response thereto.
- the feedback mechanism includes a sensor 900 that includes a fluorescent sensor used to detect the fluorescence of protoporphrine in acne, which protoporphrins fluoresce after absorbing light in the red and yellow ranges of light.
- the fluorescence may be a result of the protoporphrins absorbing the treatment light delivered from LED module 270 or the feedback mechanism may include a separate light source for inducing such fluorescence.
- Areas of increased concentration of bacteria P. Acnes (when treating acne vulgaris) or pigmented oral bacteria (when treating the oral cavity) can be detected and delineated by the fluorescence of proto- and copro-porphyrins produced by bacteria. As treatment progresses, the fluorescent signal decreases.
- a feedback mechanism can be used for detecting, among other things: a. Changes in skin surface pH caused by bacterial activity. b. Areas of likely acne lesion formation before the lesion becomes visible. This may be done by detecting changes in skin electrical properties (capacitance) and skin mechanical properties (elasticity). c. Solar le ⁇ tigines (pigmentation spots). This may be done by measuring changes in relative melanin and blood content in the local tissue being treated. The same measurement can be used to differentiate between epidermal lesions (to be treated) and moles (treatment to be avoided). d. Areas of photodamaged skin when performing photorejuvenation. This may be accomplished by measuring the relative change in fluorescence (in particular, collagen fluorescence) of photodamaged vs.
- non-photodamaged skin e. Enamel stains when performing oral treatments. This may be done optically using either elastic scattering or fluorescence.
- a photodetector and a microchip can be used for detection of reflected and/or fluorescent light from enamel.
- a photocosmetic device according to the invention can also treat wrinkles (rhytides) and a sensor to measure the capacitance of the skin can be incorporated into the device, which can be used to determine the relative elasticity of the skin and thereby identify wrinkles, both formed and forming. Such a photocosmetic device could measure either relative changes in capacitance or relative changes in resistance.
- An embodiment of a photocosmetic device could also include a feedback mechanism capable of determining relative changes in pigmentation of the skin to allow treatment of, e.g., age or liver spots or freckles.
- a photocosmetic device could distinguish between pigmentation in the dermis of the skin and pigmentation in the epidermis.
- light from one or more LEDs which may be the treatment source or another light source
- Some of the light passes only through the epidermis prior to being reflected back to a sensor.
- some of the light passes through both the epidermis and the dermis prior to being reflected back to sensor.
- An electronic control system can then use the output from the sensors to determine from the reflected light whether the epidermis and dermis contain pigmentation.
- the electronic control system may determine that the pigmentation represents a freckle or age spot suitable for treatment. If the area of tissue being examined includes pigmentation in both the dermis and epidermis, the electronic control system may also determine that the tissue contains a mole, tattoo, or dermal lesion that is not suitable for treatment.
- Such optical pigmentation-sensing system can be implemented using spatially-resolved measurements of diffusely reflected light, possibly in combination with either time- or frequency-resolved detection technique. It will be clear to one skilled in the art that many alternative embodiments, including different feedback mechanisms with different or additional sensors and light or other energy sources or combinations thereof, are possible.
- combinations of sensors can be included to measure different physical traits, such as the fluorescence of porphyrins produces by bacteria associated with acne and the skin capacitance associated with wrinkles.
- the placement of sensors can be varied.
- a photocosmetic device could contain two optical sensors arranged at a right angle or four optical sensors arranged in a square pattern about a light source for treatment to allow the photocosmetic device to sense areas requiring treatment regardless of the direction the user moves the photocosmetic device.
- photocosmetic device 100 could include sensors to provide information concerning the rate of movement of window 240 over the user's skin, the existence of acne-causing bacteria and/or skin temperature.
- a wheel or sphere may be positioned to make physical contact with the skin, such that the wheel or sphere rotates as the handpiece is moved relative to the skin, thereby allowing the speed of the handpiece to be determined by the control system.
- a visual indicator e.g., an LED
- an audio indicator e.g., a beeper
- multiple indicators e.g., LEDs having different colors, or different sound indicators
- electromagnetic apparatuses that measure handpiece speed by recording the time dependence of electrical (capacitance and resistance)/magnetic properties of the skin as the handpiece is moved relative the skin.
- the frequency spectrum or amplitude of sound emitted while an object is dragged across the skin surface can be measured and the resulting information used to calculate speed because the acoustic spectrum is dependent on speed.
- thermal sensors to measure handpiece speed, by using two sensors separated by a distance along the direction in which the handpiece is moved along the skin (e.g., one before the optical system and one after).
- a first sensor monitors the temperature of untreated skin, which is independent of handpiece speed
- a second sensor monitors the post-irradiation skin temperature; the slower the handpiece speed, the higher the fluence delivered to a given area of the skin, which results in a higher skin temperature measured by the second detector. Therefore, the speed can be calculated based on the temperature difference between the two sensors.
- a speed sensor may be used in conjunction with a contact sensor (e.g., a contact sensor ring 260 as described herein).
- both contact and speed are determined by the same component.
- an optical-mouse-type sensor such as is used on a conventional computer optical mouse may be used to determine both contact and speed.
- a CCD (or CMOS) array sensor is used to continuously image the skin surface.
- the handpiece speed can be measured and because the strength of the optical signal received by the array sensor increases upon contact with the skin, contact can be determined by monitoring signal strength.
- an optical sensor such as a CMOS device may be used to detect and measure skin pigmentation level or skin type based on the light that is reflected back from the skin; a treatment may be varied according to pigmentation level or skin type.
- a motion sensor is used in conjunction with a feedback loop or look-up table to control the radiation source output.
- Photocosmetic device 100 optionally may include attachments to assist the user in performing various treatments or aspects of treatments.
- an attachment may be used to treat tissue in hard-to-reach areas such as around the nose.
- Photocosmetic devices that use attachments or other mechanisms to control or change the aperture can be referred to as having "adaptive apertures.”
- FIG. 13 an attachment 600 for photocosmetic device 100 is shown.
- Attachment 600 attaches to the distal portion 120 of photocosmetic device 100 by clips 610.
- Four clips are symmetrically arranged with two clips on each of two opposite sides of attachment 610.
- Attachment 600 includes a frame 620 and an aperture 630.
- Aperture 630 is cone-shaped and includes an opaque cone section 640 and an opening 650.
- the surface of opaque section 640 that faces photocosmetic device 100 when attachment 600 is attached is coated with a reflective material.
- Opening 650 allows light to pass and may be an actual opening or it may have a window across it which may be made of the same material as window 240.
- attachment 600 may include a wire that runs around the surface of frame 620 that faces the contact sensors 360 that forms a completed circuit when attachment 600 is attached to photocosmetic device 100 and the attachment 600 is pressed against the tissue, which would cause sensors 360 to detect an electronic field and allow each of the six segments 470a-470f to be illuminated.
- the light, represented by arrows 271, generated by LED module 270 either passes directly through opening 650 or is reflected by the interior reflective surface of opaque cone section 640.
- light source assembly 230 also includes an optical reflector 490, most of the light will continue to be reflected within a space 680 bounded by aperture 630 and optical reflector 490 until it passes into the tissue 670 that is being treated or is absorbed by a surface of photocosmetic device 100. Relatively more light will be concentrated onto tissue 670, if material having relatively higher reflectivity is used and if relatively more of the surface within space 680 is coated with reflective material. Opening 650 shown in Fig.
- tissue 670 is slightly distended within cone 640 when rim 660 is pressed against tissue 670.
- a portion 690 of tissue 670 which may, for example, be a pimple symptomatic of acne, is located within space 680. This allows light 271 to strike the top of tissue 690 directly from light source assembly 230 and to strike the side of tissue 690 indirectly as light 271 is reflected by the interior surface of opaque cone section 640. Allowing the pimple represented by portion 690 to be bathed in light from both the top and sides is believed to improve the therapeutic effect of the light treatment and more effectively reduce or eliminate the pimples treated.
- attachment 600 can also be used for other purposes.
- attachment 600 can be used to treat areas of tissue that are difficult to treat using the larger surface of window 240, such as the crevice between the cheek and the nostrils.
- Attachment 600 can be used to treat along an individual wrinkle or to provide carefully directed treatment in sensitive areas, such as around the eyes.
- an photocosmetic device 700 which may be similar to photocosmetic device 100, can include an attachment 710 to provide several additional functions.
- the attachment includes an abrasive surface to provide additional mechanical action to the skin surface.
- the abrasive surface is similar to the micro-abrasive surface 450 discussed in conjunction with FIG. 28.
- attachment 700 is made of plastic in which sapphire particles 720 are embedded such that they extend outward from the surface of attachment 710 to provide the micro-abrasive mechanical action against tissue during use of the device.
- attachment 700 is constructed using a fluorescent material to convert a portion of the initial light into light with a longer wavelength of light.
- multiple materials may be used to create maximum output intensities at more than two wavelengths - including in addition to the maximum output intensity provided by the device alone or by filtering the maximum output intensity provided by the device alone.
- Such attachments could be built in layers to provide an approximately constant and uniform EMR emission across the entire surface or could provide different EMR emissions in different portions of the surface of the window, for example, by constructing different portions or segments of the window using different materials.
- maximum outputs at various wavelengths could be provided by the device itself without the assistance of an attachment, for example, by including tunable emission sources or arrays of sources that emit light at various wavelengths.
- an attachment could serve only one or the other functions of attachment 700 or could include additional functions as well as one or both of the functions of attachment 700.
- attachments for example, attachments similar to attachment 600 and 700 can be used to personalize treatments by multiple users of the same device.
- various family members, roommates, etc. can each have a separate attachment for using the device, which can be attached to a photocosmetic device during treatment and then subsequently removed. Attachments belonging to different persons can be so labeled for easy identification.
- a photocosmetic device can have a mechanism for recognizing the attachment currently in use and adjusting treatment parameters accordingly and automatically.
- a photocosmetic device can include electrical contacts or other mechanisms that inform the electrical control system when an attachment is connected. That would allow the electrical control system, for example, to change the mode of operation by increasing or decreasing power to the light source or only illuminating a portion of the light sources when more than one light source is available (e.g., array of LEDs), changing the pulse-width and power of the output from the light source (e.g., treating the tissue with a higher power pulse of light for a shorter duration of time or lower power with longer duration), altering the treatment time, using contact sensors placed on the end of the attachment and ignoring the information from the contact sensors on the window, etc. That would also allow the electronic control system to distinguish between various adapters to be used for various purposes with the device.
- the electrical control system for example, to change the mode of operation by increasing or decreasing power to the light source or only illuminating a portion of the light sources when more than one light source is available (e.g., array of LEDs), changing the pulse-width and power of the output from the light
- attachment 600 also can be varied.
- an attachment could be shaped as a pyramid.
- the interior reflective surface of the attachment could conform to a logarithmic curve to more directly reflect light onto the tissue and reduce the amount of light that is reflected back toward the photocosmetic device.
- the attachment may be a simple, flat mask that allows light to pass only from a portion of the window 240.
- the opening need not be centered on window 240 but can be off to one side.
- the opening can be varied in size and shape and may also have focusing or other optics across the front of or behind the opening.
- Several attachments may be made available for connection to the photocosmetic device to serve different functions, and each member of a family might have their own attachment in the same manner that each family member has their own toothbrush head for connection to a common electric toothbrush base.
- an attachment could be provided to deliver the light onto a larger treatment area.
- the aperture of the device also can have different shapes, for example, to effectively accommodate various tissue types, tissue contours, and treatments.
- Other embodiments can be used to facilitate the treatment of areas that are difficult to reach with light emitted from a relatively larger surface.
- a window 1100 of a photocosmetic device can be shaped as a teardrop having a broader surface portion 1110 and a narrower surface portion 1120. The user could use the entire surface of window 1100 to treat relatively flat areas of tissue, and, alternatively, could use the narrower surface portion 1120 to treat areas of tissue that are difficult to treat with a larger surface.
- a contact sensor 1130 associated with narrower surface portion 1120 may be in contact with or close proximity with the tissue to be treated using narrower surface portion 1120 while the contact sensors associated with broader surface portion 1110 are not engaged.
- the control system may then use this contact information to illuminate only the LEDs associated with narrower surface portion 1120.
- This configuration may eliminate the need for an add-on component such as attachment 600.
- a photo cosmetic device 1170 can have two (or more) independent apertures: a large window 1180 and small window 1190.
- the windows may be movable relative to one another.
- 1190 may be located at the end of an arm 1200 that swings to and from an extended position as show by arrow 1210. When fully extended, arm 1200 locks in place.
- one or more contact sensors 1220 associated with small window are placed in contact with or in close proximity to the tissue to be treated, while contact sensors 1230 associated with large window 1180 are not engaged.
- the light source e.g., LEDs
- the control system of photocosmetic device 1170 can determine that only a relatively smaller portion of the available window area is being utilized, and can increase the power to the LEDs associated with either small window 1190 or when using the larger window 1180 (or when using both the smaller and larger windows simultaneously). That will result in more light being produced by those LEDs and, thus, may increase the efficacy of certain treatments.
- a tip reflector may be added around the one or more apertures to redirect light scattered out of the skin back into the skin (described above as photon recycling). For wavelengths in the near-IR, between 40% and 80% of light incident on the skin surface is scattered out of the skin; as one of ordinary skill would understand the amount of scattering is partially dependant on skin pigmentation.
- light sources with mechanisms for coupling light into the skin can be mounted in or to any hand piece that can be applied to the skin, for example any type of brush, including a shower brush or a facial cleansing brush, massager, or roller. See, for example, U.S. application entitled, Methods And Apparatus For Delivering Low
- the light sources can be coupled into a shower-head, a massager, a skin cleaning device, etc.
- the light sources can be mounted in an attachment that may be clipped, fastened with Velcro or otherwise affixed/retrofitted to an existing product or the light sources can be integrated into a new product.
- a photocosmetic device can be attached to a person such that the person need not hold the device during operation, e.g., by tape, a strap or a cuff.
- a device could provide light to an area of tissue to, e.g., kill or prevent bacteria from growing in a wound, decrease or eliminate inflammation in the tissue, or provide other therapeutic effects.
- Such a device could take advantage of the heat produced by the light source by, e.g., including a cuff as part of the cooling system and circulating water through the cuff that has been heated by the heat produced by the light source.
- Such a device could provide additional heating of tissue similar to a heating pad.
- a device could be used to apply "cold" to the tissue, by, for example, including a compartment or container for inserting ice or a re-rreezable packet that would assist in cooling the device and/or the tissue to be treated.
- a device could use the ice or other cooling mechanism to both cool the tissue to be treated as well as cool any fluid circulating in the coolant system of the device, thereby providing for a longer treatment time, a relatively smaller device requiring less coolant during operation, or both.
- Such a device could include a container that is removable, reusable and/or refill able. It could also include disposable containers. The containers could be filled with various fluids, mixtures of fluids or mixtures of fluids and solid particles, depending on the application.
- a paraffin wax could be used to provide cooling at a relatively stable temperature of approximately 60° C.
- a substance that undergoes a phase change at a particular temperature is preferred, because, although substances with a high heat capacity will store a relatively large amount of heat, the temperature is always increasing at a certain rate as heat is stored in the substance.
- the temperature of the substance remains stable until the phase change is complete. This phenomenon can be used to better regulate the operation of a photocosmetic device at an optimal temperature. This can be important, for example, in embodiments that use semiconductor devices to generate EMR of certain wavelengths. For example, semiconductor devices that generate blue light are generally less temperature sensitive than semiconductor devices that generate light in the red range.
- the temperature of such devices As the temperature increases, the latter devices tend to lose power and shift the wavelength being generated. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain the temperature of such devices at a stable temperature for as long as possible.
- Using a heat absorbing material that changes phase at approximately the optimal operating temperature (or slightly below the optimal operating temperature) can provide a stable and efficient operation of the device over a relatively longer period of time, for example, for five or ten minutes for a device emitting 4 W of EMR as discussed in conjunction with certain embodiments herein.
- the temperature In the case of semiconductor devices generating blue light, which are relatively less temperature sensitive, the temperature can be maintained at approximately 100-110° C with a maximum temperature of approximately 125° C.
- the optimal operating temperature of many existing semiconductor devices that produce wavelengths in the visible red range e.g., 630 nm, 633 nm and 638 nm
- the optimal operating temperature of many existing semiconductor devices that produce wavelengths in the visible red range is approximately 50° C.
- a paraffin wax can be used to inexpensively provide a phase change material at approximately 60° C, which will allow temperature sensitive components to operate nearly optimally for a longer period while maintaining a more cost-effective device.
- the wax can be doped to reduce the phase change temperature to the ideal operating temperature, or slightly less than the ideal operating temperature, of the components.
- another substance having the desired phase change temperature can be used.
- many substances may be used to store heat, a substance with a high heat capacity is preferred, and a substance with both a high heat capacity and that undergoes a phase change at a temperature around which the electronic or other components of the device optimally operate is even more preferred.
- a closed circulatory system has been described, other configurations are possible, including an open cooling circuit in which a source or fluid supply, such as a refjllable container, is inserted into the device to provide a fluid, such as water, to cool the device.
- a source or fluid supply such as a refjllable container
- An embodiment of the invention may also be in the form of a face-mask or in a shape to conform to other portions of a user's body to be treated, the skin-facing side of such applicator having an aperture or apertures with exterior surfaces that are smooth, contoured or flat or that utilize projections, water jets or bristles to deliver the radiation. While such an apparatus could be moved over the user's skin, to the extent it is stationary, it would not need to provide the abrading or cleaning action of the preferred embodiments.
- the head of an alternative embodiment could also have openings through which a substance such as a lotion, drug or topical substance is dispensed to the skin before, during or after treatment.
- Such lotion, drug, topical substance, composition or the like could, for example, contain light activated compounds to facilitate certain treatments.
- the lotion could also be applied prior to the treatment, either in addition to, or instead of, applying during treatment.
- Such a device could be used in conjunction with an antiperspirant or deodorant lotion to enhance the interaction between the lotion and the sweat glands via photothermal or photochemical mechanisms.
- the lotion, drug or topical substance can contain compounds with different benefits for the skin and human health, such as skin cleaning, moisturizing, collagen production, etc.
- the substance could be applied using a disposable container, attachment or other device. Alternatively, the substance could be provided using a reusable and ⁇ or refillable container or a reservoir or other structure that forms an integral part of the photo cosmetic device.
- a lotion or other substance could provide refractive index matching to improve the efficiency of the photocosmetic device.
- a lotion may include abrasive particles to assist in the treatment of tissue, for example, the abrasion of skin tissue using micro-particles suspended in the lotion.
- the lotion or other substance may be anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, provide protection from ultraviolet light (such as a measure of spf protection from the ultraviolet light of the sun).
- the lotion or other substance could assist in etching the tissue or providing a thermal or photo reaction to the EMR from the photocosmetic device.
- the lotion or other substance may be photoactivated, for example, to improve the efficacy of the treatment or of the substance over non-photoactivated substances.
- the lotion or other substance may provide a marker or a detection mechanism for treatment, for example, by causing bacteria associated with acne to fluoresce, which in turn may be detected by the photocosmetic device to determine the boundaries of the treatment area, whether treatment is required, and/or whether treatment is completed.
- a photocosmetic device 800 includes attachments 810 and/or 820 from which lotion or other substances can be distributed.
- Attachments 810 and 820 may be disposable implements, such as transparent dispenser pads that are saturated with one or more substances such as a lotion, an acne fighting agent or other substance. After one or more uses, the attachments may be discarded or cleaned, resaturated and reused.
- the saturated material may extend across the aperture.
- the saturated material is contained about the periphery of an aperture of photocosmetic device 800.
- attachment 830 is another embodiment of an attachment for a photocosmetic device similar to device 800.
- Attachment 830 is made of a stretchable material such as latex or other suitable plastic material.
- Attachment 830 includes an outer rim 832 surrounding a head portion 834 that extends between the outer rim 832.
- Head 834 is made of a two-ply membrane system 836 and 838 that defines a storage volume 840 between the membranes 836 and 838.
- One of the membranes 836 includes a set of microholes 842 through, which a lotion or other liquid or fluid can be dispensed.
- membrane 836 may be in contact with the skin to dispense the substance contained within storage volume 840.
- microholes 842 transition from a closed position to an open position such that the substance can be applied to the skin.
- pressure between attachment 830 and any skin in contact with membrane 836 may be applied to further facilitate application of the substance in storage volume 840 through microholes 842.
- the substance for example, can be a lotion to assist with treatment, improve optical coupling, assist in cooling or warming the tissue being treated, and/or serve other or additional purposes.
- An attachment may have a connection mechanism to allow a substance to be dispensed through the aperture from a reservoir attached to a photocosmetic device.
- An attachment may have microholes that are fixed in size, and that do not stretch appreciably.
- An attachment may have a porous surface or microholes created in a stiff medium such as sapphire, glass or plastic.
- the microholes may be configured to be placed around the periphery of the aperture.
- an aperture or some other structure of a photocosmetic device could contain microholes configured to dispense a substance such as a lotion, other liquid or fluid.
- wavelengths of light will enhance the effect.
- a wavelength band from 290 nm to 700 nm is generally acceptable with the wavelength band of 400-430 nm being preferred as described above.
- the target area for this treatment is generally the papillary dermis at a depth of approximately 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm into the skin, and since water in tissue is the primary chromophore for this treatment, the wavelength from the radiation source should be in a range highly absorbed by water or lipids or proteins so that few photons pass beyond the papillary dermis.
- Another example is suppression of excessive inflammation that can be used to treat acne as well as various other body (in particular, skin and dental) conditions.
- This treatment can be performed through several mechanisms of action (the following discussion is not exclusive). Some of these mechanisms include light absorption by riboflavins with subsequent transformation of photonic energy into physiological signals reducing inflammation. Referring to Fig. 33, the absorption spectra of several flavins, including riboflavins, is shown. (See J. Koziol, 1965.) Light in the wavelength range between 430 nm and 480 nm (preferably between 440 nm and 460 nm) is well suited for the purpose. Another mechanism involves absorption of light by cellular cytochromes, such as cytochrome c oxidase.
- Absorption spectra of these chromophores span approximately from 570 nm to 930 nm.
- One possible embodiment of a device addressing both described mechanisms can involve combinations of two or more colors of light sources. (See Fig. 31 for an exemplary emission spectrum.)
- the light source may generate outputs at a single wavelength or may generate outputs over a selected range of wavelengths or one or more separate bands of wavelengths.
- Light having wavelengths in other ranges can be employed either alone, or in conjunction with other ranges, such as the 400-430 nm to take advantage of the properties of light in various ranges.
- light having a wavelength in the range of 480-510 nm is known to have anti-bacterial properties, but is also known to be relatively less effective in killing bacteria than light having wavelengths in the range of 400-430 nm.
- light having a wavelength in the range of 480-510 nm also is known to penetrate relatively deeper into the porphyrins of the skin than light in the range of 400-430nm.
- light having a wavelength in the range of 550 - 600 nm is known to have anti-inflammatory effects.
- light at these wavelengths can be used alone in a device designed to reduce and/or relieve inflammation and swelling of tissue (e.g., inflammation associated with acne).
- light at these wavelengths can be used in combination with the light having the wavelengths discussed above in a device designed to take advantage of the characteristics and effects of each range of wavelengths selected.
- multiple light sources could be used in a single device, to provide light at the various desired wavelengths, or one or more broad band sources could be used with appropriate filtering.
- each of several sources may operate at selected different wavelengths or wavelength bands (or may be filtered to provide different bands), where the wavelength(s) and/or wavelength band(s) provided depend on the condition being treated and the treatment protocol being employed.
- one or more broadband sources could be used. For a broadband source, filtering may be required to limit the output to desired wavelength bands.
- Exemplary treatments include radiation-induced hair removal.
- Radiation- induced hair removal is a cosmetic treatment that could be performed by apparatus and methods according to aspects of the present invention.
- the principal target for thermal damage or destruction is the hair bulb, including the matrix and papilla, and the stems cells around the hair bulge.
- melanin located in the hair shaft and bulb is the targeted chromophore. While the bulb contains melanin and can thus be thermally treated, the basement membrane, which provides the hair growth communication pathway between the papilla within the bulb and the matrix within the hair shaft, contains the highest concentration of melanin and may be selectively targeted. Heating the hair shaft in the area of the bulge can cause thermal destruction of the stem cells surrounding the bulge.
- a second exemplary embodiment of a method of hair growth management according to the present invention includes first irradiating the skin, and then physically removing hair.
- first irradiating the skin attachment of the hair shaft to the follicle or the hair follicle to dermis is weakened. Consequently, mechanical or electromechanical depilation may be more easily achieved (e.g., by using a soft waxing or electromechanical epilator) and pain may be reduced.
- unremoved dead cells in the intracellular space may leak lipid over time.
- Connective tissue damage and subsequent nodule formation occurs due to the continuing accumulation of toxins and cellular waste products.
- the following are two exemplary treatments for cellulite, both of which aim to stimulate both blood flow and fibroblast growth.
- localized areas of thermal damage are created using a treatment source emitting in the near-infrared spectral range (e.g., at a wavelength in the range 650 - 1850 nm) in combination with an optical system designed to focus 2 — 10 mm beneath the skin surface.
- Another alternative treatment of acne is thermal destruction of the blood supply to the sebaceous glands (e.g., by heating the blood to a temperature 60 - 95 degrees Celsius).
- the sebaceous gland may be sensitized to near- infrared radiation by using compounds such as indocyanine green (ICG, absorption near 800 nm) or methylene blue (absorption near 630 nm).
- ICG indocyanine green
- non-thermal photodynamic therapy agents such as photofrin may be used to sensitize sebaceous glands.
- biochemical carriers such as monoclonal antibodies (MABs) may be used to selectively deliver these sensitization compounds directly to the sebaceous glands.
- the source wavelength is 790-810 nm
- the follicle opening can be expanded and sebum is allowed to flow out of the hair follicle and remodeling of infrainfundibulum in order to prevent comedo (i.e., blackhead) formation.
- the treated area is typically relatively small and the required coverage rate (cm 2 /sec) is correspondingly low, and a relatively low-power treatment source may be used.
- An optical system providing sub- surface focusing in combination with epidermal cooling may be used to achieve the desired result. Precise control of the upper-dermis temperature is important; if the temperature is too high, the induced thermal damage of the epidermis will be excessive, and if the temperature is too low, the amount of new collagen deposition will be minimal.
- a speed sensor in the case of a manually scanned handpiece
- a mechanical drive may be used to precisely control the upper-dermis temperature.
- Absorption of light by a chromophore within a tissue responsible for an unwanted cosmetic condition or by a chromophore in proximity to the tissue could also be performed using embodiments according to aspects of the present invention.
- Treatment may be achieved by limited heating of the target tissue below temperature of irreversible damage or may be achieved by heating to cause irreversible damage (e.g., denaturation). Treatment may be achieved by direct stimulation of biological response 05576
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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BRPI0708770-5A BRPI0708770A2 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-06 | photocosmic device |
CN2007800165816A CN102348425A (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-06 | Photocosmetic device |
EP20070752290 EP1998697A2 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-06 | Photocosmetic device |
AU2007225308A AU2007225308A1 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-06 | Photocosmetic device |
JP2008558333A JP2009532079A (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-06 | Light beauty device |
CA 2646881 CA2646881A1 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2007-03-06 | Photocosmetic device |
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US78108306P | 2006-03-10 | 2006-03-10 | |
US60/781,083 | 2006-03-10 | ||
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US11/415,359 | 2006-05-01 | ||
US11/415,373 US20070239143A1 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2006-05-01 | Photocosmetic device |
US11/415,360 US20070239142A1 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2006-05-01 | Photocosmetic device |
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US11/415,362 | 2006-05-01 | ||
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US11/415,362 US20070213696A1 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2006-05-01 | Photocosmetic device |
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- 2007-03-06 WO PCT/US2007/005576 patent/WO2007106339A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-03-06 US US11/682,645 patent/US20070198004A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-03-06 CN CN2007800165816A patent/CN102348425A/en active Pending
- 2007-03-06 AU AU2007225308A patent/AU2007225308A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-03-06 CA CA 2646881 patent/CA2646881A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102348425A (en) | 2012-02-08 |
JP2009532079A (en) | 2009-09-10 |
CA2646881A1 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
EP1998697A2 (en) | 2008-12-10 |
US20070239143A1 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
US20070038206A1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
BRPI0708770A2 (en) | 2011-06-14 |
US20070213698A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
AU2007225308A1 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
US20070239142A1 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
US20070213696A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
US20070198004A1 (en) | 2007-08-23 |
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