WO2009018842A1

WO2009018842A1 - Flowing fluid analyser systems

Info

Publication number: WO2009018842A1
Application number: PCT/EP2007/007015
Authority: WO
Inventors: Timothy Nicholas Moor
Original assignee: Elan Vital (Uk) Ltd
Priority date: 2007-08-08
Filing date: 2007-08-08
Publication date: 2009-02-12
Also published as: EP2183575A1

Abstract

A process and apparatus for determining the content of a fluid in which molecules within a stream of the fluid flowing in a housing are activated and the radiation emitted by the activated molecules is determined, wherein the activation is achieved by a beam of energy directed through the stream of the fluid within the housing and the detection is performed as the beam passes through the stream of fluid.

Description

FLOWING FLUID ANALYSER SYSTEMS

The present invention relates to fluid analysers and in particular it relates to improved forms of fluid analysers capable of determining the composition of the fluid, particularly the chemical composition. In particular the invention relates to analysers which are simple to operate and are both qualitative and quantitative in identification of the components within individual and/or a multitude of fluids. The invention enables analysis to a high degree of accuracy without having to change or put additional fluid analyser sensors into the system.

Most analysers rely upon sensors gathering information from within flowing fluids. However, the analyser of the present invention works by a non-invasive methodology and thus avoids contamination of the fluid to be analysed. The invention also relates to a fluid analyser that is portable and may be used to analyse at a remote location and to interact with other fluid analyser systems elsewhere. This permits use of the analyser in a wide variety of environments and settings.

For the purpose of this document, Fluid means:

i) Consisting of any particles that move freely among themselves; ii) "particle" means, a small portion of matter; iii) "matter" means, any of numerous subatomic and/or atomic constituents of the physical world that interact with each other; iv) "constituents" means, anything that occupies a space.

Portable fluid analysers are known and the breathalyser used to detect alcohol in a motorist's breath is an example of a portable fluid analyser. Portable, or mobile, analysers are also used for environmental purposes such as the determination of air purity around petrochemical complexes, gas fires and boilers. Portable or mobile analysers are also used in mining and in other hazardous activities to detect the presence of dangerous fluids.

Existing portable fluid analysers consist of a sampler and an analyser. They do however, suffer from certain disadvantages. Firstly the fluid sampler and the analyser make up a unitary apparatus with operators rnanniπy and being required to understand the complexities of the analyser. Furthermore, the results of the analysis cannot usually be compared on the spot with previous data because the previous data is generally stored in a remote location. An additional disadvantage is that typically analysers can usually detect no more than 4 gases in a fluid sample at any one time and speciality analysers can usually detect no more than 6 at any one time. The traditional analysers are further limited in that when working on gaseous mixtures they cannot detect a concentration above and/or below a saturation limit which depends upon the nature of each gas.

Existing fluid analysers tend to detect fluids in a flow of fluid in a stream as it passes over a detection probe or probes. This technique suffers from the drawback that the probe must be cleaned after each analysis before any subsequent use and it is difficult to get the probe sufficiently clean to prevent contamination for the next test. Also it is sometimes necessary to recalibrate the probes between each analysis. In many existing fluid analysers each fluid is detected by means of an electro chemical sensor and the user needs to replace the sensor according to the fluid to be detected. It is then necessary to recalibrate the sensor to detect another fluid.

Chemiluminescence is sometimes used for gas analysis and involves the capturing and interpretation of emitted light during a chemical reaction. Absorption and desorption rates of molecules on surfaces of fluids and their transfer rates from a surface of a fluid are dependent upon temperature. This action is termed surface diffusion and where there is an equilibrium both absorption and desorption occur creating corresponding fluxes of equal magnitude. This type of analyser suffers from the disadvantage that it relies on thermal or chemical reactions induced or otherwise to analyse the intensity values of fluids and thus determine the amounts of fluids that are present.

Gas Chromatography is also used for fluid analysis. This technique separates a mixture of fluids by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates to enable identification of the different components present in the mixture. The fluid analyser system of the present invention however, has no need to pass the sample through a mixture or suspend it in a liquid in order to asses the identity of the contents or their volume within the sample. It also does not require separation of the components.

It has also been proposed that fluids may ue anaiysed from the reconstructed gas/fluid emissions formed and identified by the addition of chemicals in a calculated manner. The surface relaxation of fluids has the causal effect of emitting a variable light. The variable light from the chemical reaction helps create the environment where electrons invade the x, y and z axis through a process of spilling. Friedel oscillations are created near the surface of fluids which may or may not screen the ions. Where the ions are allowed to withdraw back into the surface of a material the energy received from the material will be reduced or changed. The changes can be used to indicate the nature of the components of the fluid; this process however suffers from the disadvantage that it relies on a chemical reaction. The refractive index is used to differentiate the light reflected back from different substances thereby providing an identity; however, the light cannot be clearly identified much beyond 6 decimal places which have the disadvantage of categorising different substances under the same refractive index number.

Mass Spectrometry can also be used. The objective of the Mass spectrometry is to separate each mass from the next integer mass and this can be achieved in several ways the first of which is via Unit resolution mass 50 distinguishable from mass 51 , for example. The magnetic sector using the Gaussian Triangle peak method of differentiation. The Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR) system utilises twin peaks with a Lorentzian shape and 10% valley resolution. The Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is resolved to a 50% peak-height definition incorporating the Gaussian triangle shape. The two peaks are resolved to a 50% valley.

Mass Spectrometry is concerned with the separation of matter according to atomic and molecular mass. It is most often used in the analysis of organic compounds of molecular mass up to as high as 200,000 Daltons, (Atomic Mass Unit) and until recent years was largely restricted to relatively volatile compounds. Continuous development and improvement of instrumentation and techniques have made mass spectrometry the most versatile, sensitive and widely used analytical method available today.

United States Patent 6271522 suggests that spectrometry may be used for gas detection. Similarly United States Patent 5319199 uses infrared and ultra violet radiation to detect the gases present in vehicle emissions. United States Patent 4746218 is concerned with spectral absorption to detect and analyse gases. None of these devices enable the simultaneous detection and diiaiysis υf a muii.ii.ucie of gases and none of them can detect gases at a low enough concentration to be useful in, for example, comprehensive medical diagnosis. Our published PCT Publication WO 03/044503 relates to a fluid analyser system, in particular a portable fluid analyser system which overcomes the various disadvantages previously described. The analyser of PCT publication WO 03/044503 does not require probes in the fluid to be analysed and operates on a self contained, preferably static fluid sample which thus minimises or avoids contamination of the sample. The analyser of PCT Publication WO 03/044503 has the additional benefit that the sample once taken can remain sealed to prevent contamination and that the sample can be stored.

In PCT Publication WO 03/044503 we describe a process for the detection of the radiation emitted by the various components in a sample of a fluid wherein the radiation emitted by activated molecules within the sample of the fluid is used to determine the nature of and quantities of materials present in the fluid. In that application the fluid sample is typically a static sample generally contained within a hermetically sealed container. This has considerable benefits in certain uses particularly where it is important to avoid contamination of the sample.

We have now found that the techniques described in WO 03/044503 can, under certain circumstances, be applied to flowing fluid samples and that this can be a useful analytical technique.

United States Patent application publication 2003/0133106 A1 discloses a gas sampler in which a gas sample has to be subjected to a reaction in a reaction chamber, the resulting sample flows through a sampler chamber and is excited in a metallic excitation chamber by radio frequency power under very low pressures. The radiation emitted by the excited gas is then detected by a remote optical vacuum blank located away from the excitation chamber.

Accordingly the present invention provides a process for determining the content of a fluid comprising activating the molecules within a stream of the fluid and detecting the radiation emitted by the activated molecules flowing in a housing, wherein the activation is achieved by a beam of energy directed though the stream of the fluid within the housing and the detection is performed as the beam passes through the siream of the fiuid. Unlike the system of US 2003/01331066 the system of the present invention does not require a reaction chamber, a metallic excitation chamber, a vacuum to generate low pressures and a remote optical vacuum blank to perform successfully.

In one embodiment the invention provides a fluid analyser comprising a housing for a stream of flowing fluid, means for generating and activating a discharge across the stream of fluid flowing within the housing and either a radiation detector located within the housing which detects radiation emitted by the molecules in the stream of flowing fluid when they are activated by the discharge.

In a further embodiment the present invention provides a fluid analyser system comprising a housing for a stream of flowing fluid and an analysis apparatus within the housing, means for activating the molecules within the sample and means located within the housing for detecting the radiation emitted by the activated fluid, together with means for magnification of the detected signal.

In addition, knowing the electrical power of the discharge beam, the invention further provides means for translating the magnified signal into the nature and quantity of the individual fluids present in the fluid said means being referenced according to:

a) the rate of flow of the fluid b) the light condition of the fluid sample c) the temperature of the fluid sample d) the duration of the radiation scan and/or e) the distance of the radiation transfer.

Optionally the system may also include a light meter for determining the consistent light condition within the housing.

The housing for the fluid stream is preferably a tube. The tube provides an entrance and exit point providing a contained directional flow, which can be reversed if required. The activation beam is preferably an electronic discharge and the arc of the electronic discharge lies between the entrance and exit to the tube and is preferably perpendicular to the directional flow of the stream of fluid.

The size and shape of the tube will be relative to the i) desired electrical power of the discharge ii) desired volumetric flow of the discharge energy and fluid stream

The flow rate of fluid inside the tube maybe increased or decreased by adding additional connectors/adaptors which provide smaller or larger openings. This is particularly suitable when the analyser is used for constant monitoring and the housing can be connected with adapters to a pipeline and the adapters can be used to determine the feed rate and pressure of flow passing through the housing and back into the pipeline further downstream. Alternatively, the analyser system can be connected to a pipeline and a known percentage of the gas or fluid stream can be siphoned out of the pipe or it is exhausted through the housing of the analyser of the present invention and then released into a collection container or into the atmosphere.

In an another embodiment of the system, a pump can be used to introduce the desired flow of fluid at the entrance point of the housing or a suction device can be used to draw the fluid stream across the activated discharge at the exit point of the housing.

In a further embodiment of the system, mixtures of gases and/or fluids could be combined from two or more different fluid streams and introduced into the housing of the analyser of this invention via connectors/adaptors. Alternatively the present system could have two or more tubes and discharges providing for parallel sampling.

By way of example, ambient air/atmosphere could be introduced through one system and a known constant such as Nitrogen gas could be introduced through another to provide a comparison.

The means for generating a discharge is preferably a means that generates an electric discharge through the stream of fluid within the housing. In the preferred embodiment when the housing is a tube the discharge is created between electrodes mounted in opposing sides of the housing. The electrodes may be mounted on outer or inner surface of the housing or they may be embedded in the walls of the housing. In this preferred embodiment the electrodes should be surrounded by a non conductible material and is therefore preferred that the housing be made of a non conductible material.

It is preferred that the opposing metallic electrodes are exposed on the inside of the walls of the housing with a predefined surface area of metallic exposure. This controls the discharge flow and stability. The distance between the metallic electrodes inside the housing also controls the stability and the detected signal shape generated across the desired wavelength range. Since the housing material properties (such as FEP, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon which may be filled or glass) keeps the discharge energy confined inside achieving greater levels of intensity/signal also ensuring the path of least resistance is achieved between the electrode points and more accurate analysis. It is preferable to use a housing and electrode combination as described although it is possible to just use the metal wires/leads from/to the discharge and tube combination. Whilst it is further possible to flush a gaseous stream across a generated activation beam in an open environment, control, stability, reliability and accuracy will be heavily sacrificed.

Preferred characteristics of the housing are i) Maybe flexible, collapsible, rigid but not elastic. ii) Can have metallic electrodes mounted or embedded on or through the sidewalls. If mounted, the tube sidewalls would be thinner or not present at a certain point underneath the electrode(s). iii) The dielectric strength or electrical properties do not permit the activated discharge arc to be generated beyond the inside walls. iv) The thickness and size allows for a stream of fluid to pass through at the desired volume and flow rate between entrance and exit points but not to permeate, react or escape through sidewalls, joins or connections, v) The shape ensures the path of least resistance for the discharge beam is through the inside of the walls between the opposing discharge electrodes. vi) The housing provides a window which can be of the same material and wall thickness as the tube or different allowing for a high transmission of light to the fibre optics and/or detection device(s). vii) The window is located so the device(s) can see the arc of the excitation beam when activated, preferably perpendicular to the arc. viii) The shape at entry and exit points can provide for connections and/or adaptors, ix) The material's can resist reaction under operable conditions and fluid temperatures. x) A fixed distance prior to sampling is provided for between electrodes, since the distance the discharge arc travels, determines the desired shape of the detected signal across the wavelengths. In a further embodiment of the invention, the tube is shaped in a form similar to a continuous 's' providing options of multiple discharge arc's through one sample flow system by having the electrodes running down the centre. Alternatively, more than one discharge arc could be generated at different positions along the tube which may require multiple leads and electrodes or splitting of leads from/to the discharge(s). This may also require multiple detection devices and/or fibre optic cables.

The device for activation of the molecules may be any suitable activation device. We also prefer that the device provide radio frequency discharge (using for example a Tesla coil). We also prefer the source to be an atmospheric pressure electronic discharge device, preferably operating from between 0 to 24 volt and even more preferably a 12 volt direct current using between 1 to 1.5 Amps. However, the power supply, consumption and generation can be from 0 to 12 volts or indeed from 12 volts to values far greater by many factors of ten or a thousand for example, as can the Amps. We find that 12 volts is appropriate for remote or portable analyser systems since these conditions give rise to excellent optical spectra when the discharge is struck. Higher input powers make the intensity of the measured spectra increase but the spectral distribution are insensitive to changes in the discharge power, implying that high stability in the discharge supply is not important. What is important, is the distance between the electrodes to establish the distance the discharge arc travels which controls the stability of the arc of the discharge. We prefer that the distance is such that the arc of the discharge does not 'zig-zagging' or disperse beyond the viewing area of the aperture of the detector since these deviations can give rise to a strobe effect when detecting the signal which can be detrimental when conducting analysis. A constant beam is preferred which may be achieved by establishing a pre defined distance and meeting the preferred characteristics of the housing as set out previously. We also prefer that the electrodes which cause the discharge are small, preferably of exposed surface area less than 1 mm².

There is a relationship between i) The desired distance the arc travels, which is typically the distance between the electrodes ii) The desired signal shape across the wavelengths that are to be detected iii) The power/energy level of the activated discharge arc This relationship principle can be determined accordingly to any desired distance of travel of the arc, signal shape or discharge power and can be used to determine the shape and size of the housing/tube. The distance between the electrodes that create the arc maybe adjusted manually or by an automated system using motors for example. This is particularly useful if the analyser system is used for both atomic and molecular determination. Alternatively the analyser system can have a pre determined distance of travel of the arc which is fixed for either molecular or atomic analysis.

The distance the discharge travels defines whether the signal shape received from the activated molecules produces atomic or molecular spectral lines of the material within the sample. To see atomic spectral lines such as in Figure 4 a preferred distance is approximately 10 mm between electrodes when operating an electric discharge on 12 volt direct current drawing 1 Amp and employing the preferred characteristics of the housing can be used. Additionally, a distance of just under 7 mm to 10 mm or 10 mm or more can be used if the detected signal shape in Figure 4 is desired when the discharge is struck in ambient air. Alternatively, to determine molecular lines of the sample content (if the desired signal shape is like Figure 5 when the discharge is struck in ambient air), then less than 7 mm is preferred. It is therefore preferred that the housing comprises a tube which may be of circular or oval cross section and that at least one distance across the tube is from 6.0 mm to 15 mm more preferably from 6.5 mm to 10 mm and the arc is created across this distance.

The colour and/or visual characteristics of the beam when activated are partly defined by the activated molecules of the sample being analysed. Varying types of molecules/atoms provide a certain light colour when struck with the energy from the beam. A person's visible wavelength range is approximately between 350 to 700 nm although many fluids/gases are still identifiable within the Ultraviolet and Infrared spectral region and beyond, visually our eyes cannot see these colours. When combinations of fluids/gases/elements make up the sample with their differing light colours, the colours can blend providing a white core to the beam indicating many molecular/atomic species are present. For example, when identifying atomic content, pure Ethane provides a yellow/orange light when struck, Oxygen provides a bluish light, Air provides a blue/white light but when looking for molecular content, Air provides an indigo/violet white light. Alternatively the excitation process may be accomplished using various light sources. If a light source is used we prefer to use a lamp rather than a laser since use of a laser would involve mirrors and complex additional absorption issues. The choice of activation energy depends to some extent on the nature of the housing. For example if UV light is used and the housing is made of FEP (polytetrafluoroethylene) we have found that excitation below 200 nm is ineffective because transmission through FEP is negligible below this level. Examples of suitable activation sources include white light sources, UV, halogen quartz, sodium and mercury lamps. Radio frequency excitation is however preferred. Although the fluid analysis system shows the signatures of the light source excellently we have found that the radio frequency discharge device provides the clearest signature of the molecular content of the fluid sample and provides an accurate quantitative and qualitative analysis of the components of the fluid.

A radio frequency discharge device has the added advantage that it covers all the required wavelengths, whereas a light source covers a narrower but known wavelength range. In either embodiment the excitation device has a known signature, which can be subtracted from the actual sample reading and the actual dark level reading. This therefore enables the detection and determination of the signatures of the molecules inside the fluid-stream

Use of a radio frequency discharge device requires the provision of a metallic object positioned to direct the radio frequency or to define a break or gap in the discharge circuit. This creates a form of consistent 'lightening' between the discharge device circuit wires (gap) and/or the metallic object. By way of example the 'lightening' is similar to that of a handheld gas lighter for domestic gas cookers. The difference is that in the present invention the discharge is consistent for the required duration of the radiation absorption scan over a pre-determined distance.

The radiation that is generated and detected according to the present invention is typically in the range 150 to 1150 nm. The detector(s) used in the present invention can be either the detector itself or a fibre optic device which relays the signal received from the discharge to the detection/analysis device. The detector is located along the length of the housing and can be any optical sensor but is preferably a Radiation Absorbance Devιce(s) (RAD) which receives the radiation levels according to the discharge and the nano metre wave energy received from the activated fluid(s) within the sample of fluid as recorded over a predetermined time span. Furthermore, the radiation may be detected via a divided amalgam-coated glass or other appropriate material surface. The surface records the radiation levels received at the specific nano meter wave divided cells (Charge Coupled Device, CCD). These cells are convenient indicators used for the purpose of identification of the sample fluid and its intensity volume. We prefer that the aperture of the detection device is smaller than the width of the arc of the activating discharge. The detector may also be a window in the housing from where the signal received is transmitted to a remote analytical system for example fibre optics.

The intensities and intensity values of the peaks detected may then be used/calculated and/or correlated with either known/unknown peak intensities and/or peak intensities values (nm wavelength values) to indicate the nature of the fluids present in the sample and to determine the concentrations of the fluids in the sample.

This system may operate via a specially designed, fully co-ordinated, computer driven software system to provide an advisory status report of the content of the fluid and the conditions under which the test was performed.

The analyser system of the present invention preferably also includes a means for the measurement of the humidity and dew point of the sample and also means for determining the atmospheric pressure. These measurements can be stored to enable these factors to be taken into account if and when the profile obtained by the analysis is compared with another sample or for reference purposes. This may be the case when the analyser is used for fluid/emission analysis for health and environmental purposes. In a further preferred embodiment the system is provided with a GPS so that the date, time and location (altitude, longitude and latitude) of the position where the sample was taken can be recorded.

The system preferably also includes a means for the measurement of gravity, sound and vibration, velocity and direction.

The analysers of the present invention can detect the presence of a multitude of fluids in a sample and they can also detect the presence of the amounts of fluids present as low as parts per billion and lower.

The fluid analyser of the present invention has the benefit that it may be used at anytime by trained operators in most environments and conditions. Furthermore, the analyser system is versatile. For example, the analysis may be made at one location and the data recorded may be used in the same or another location. The detection signal, either via a remote control or operator, may be transferred to another location for magnification, analysis and/or storage or kept in the same location for 5 magnification, analysis and/or storage. Data may also be received in the same manner and this data and any other stored data may be used for comparative purposes being checked against any previous or current internal and/or external test results. If the data analysis system is at a different location from the sample taken, it is preferable to install relevant reference data into the fluid analyser system including 0 the time, conditions and location of where the sample was taken. Maintaining the integrity of the reference data.

The techniques of the present invention may be used in an industrial environment for the detection of gases in particular pollutants and toxic gases in for example mines,5 chemical plant, oil rigs, oil wells and the like. The techniques may also be used for determining the contents of air and their concentrations at any location such as the workplace, home or car. It may also be used in the evaluation of engine combustion, the emissions generated and their interaction with the environment. It is particularly useful in the detection of the presence of particulates in fluids taken. This is useful in0 the monitoring of engine performance, which is becoming increasingly important as environmental legislation becomes more severe. This is particularly relevant to diesel engine performance. The techniques may also be used for, but not limited to, environmental studies where atmospheric changes are significant such as in weather forecasting and forecasting, volcanic eruption and earthquakes. Additionally, the5 analysers can be used to detect different gases or combinations of gases that plant life can produce prior to earthquakes.

The techniques of the present invention may also be used in gas(eous) sampling, monitoring, analysis and studies; ambient condition sampling, monitoring, analysis0 and studies; environmental monitoring, analysis and studies such as water sampling or ozone analysis. The techniques are also useful in industrial monitoring, analysis and studies such as monitoring gaseous pipes for quality control or leaks; Manufacturing quality control checks and studies such as monitoring the air levels in nitrogen packed food products or consumables. Police monitoring, analysis andC A particular use of the techniques of the present invention is in the detection of the content of human and animal breath. The techniques therefore may be used in the production of data for the monitoring of human health. In addition, the ability to take and scan samples in one location, such as in the home, in an ambulance or at an accident site and transmit the results to, for example, a doctor's surgery or a hospital for analysis and the production of results can enable more rapid diagnosis and treatment.

In order to get a sharp image of the radiation emitted by the sample the walls of the housing preferably have a high optical clarity at least at the position when the detector (s) is/are located. The materials used at the point of detection in the housing should have minimal absorption and dispersion rates and withstand potentially very high temperatures. This may be simply a detection window or the entire housing may be made of these materials. The walls of the housing at least at the point of detecting are preferably thin to improve the optical clarity and the accuracy of the fluid sample data.

The degree of optical clarity required at the point of detection will depend upon the use to which the analyser is to be put. However, when used for fluid analysis high clarity is required as indicated by the transmission of a high percentage of ultra violet and visible light. A solar transmission, as determined by ASTM E-424, greater than 90% preferably greater than 95% is preferred. For this reason fluorocarbon films such as FEP available from Du Pont is a preferred material for the point of detection especially those to be used in gas analysis. Use of FEP and like materials has the added benefit that it cannot be compressed. The entire housing may be made of this material or, more preferably a detection window is provided within an otherwise of non-transmitting material.

A light consistent environment is preferred, if the housing walls are made partially or entirely of high optical clarity/transmissive material beyond the window then a consistent light environment chamber can be provided.

At the time when the fluid sample is to be analysed, it is a preferable to determine the temperature of the fluid sample.

The excitation and the detection scan may be continuous or intermittent and if intermittent may be of pre-determined duration. The measurement of duration is the receiving device(s)'s allowable exposure time to the radiation emitted by the activated fluid sample. From start to finish the time increment can vary according to the user's requirements typically ranging from but not limited to milliseconds up to 7 seconds and beyond. As previously mentioned it is preferred to use Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detectors to register the radiation emitted by the sample.

Further arrangements may also be made for the determination of the humidity and thereby the dew point. It is however important that the sensors do not penetrate the wall of the housing so that there is no physical interference with the fluid sample.

Methods to magnify the detected signal prior to software computations can include increasing the level of intensity of the signal. This can be achieved by combinations of a CCD array with a greater saturation limit, wider/larger aperture of both fibre optic and radiation detector, an optical lens introduced in front of the fibre optic and/or behind the window of the radiation detector, longer duration scan time and/or closer positioning of the radiation detector's window to the activated electronic discharge arc. Closer positioning can be achieved by creating an indent into the housing wall or changing the shape of the housing to provide a wall containing the window perpendicular to the discharge beam to be closer.

The data that is collected by the analyser which is preferably calibrated which may include amongst other computations the subtraction of a dark level reading. A dark level reading, records measurements of what is present in the consistent light environment chamber or housing, under the same pre-determined time duration as the fluid sample analysis without the excitation device in operation. The Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD) may be used to receive and absorb, radiation from the radiation source and record the values measured.

This calibrated data is preferably magnified using standard curve fitting and signal magnification techniques which can incorporate multiplication and spectral splitting of the pixels. The magnified signal may then be used to identify the fluids present in the sample via the software. This is achieved by comparison against a stored information bank of known wavelengths of fluids. Each molecule of a differing nature will have differing levels of resonance or wavelengths. The system preferably uses souwaie ihai can caicuiate the absorbances at each ot the particular values during or after the radiation measurement, to give the quantity present of each of the fluids which have been identified, within the spectral range (nm) of the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) detectors being used within the RADs. Knowing the flow rate and duration of the scan, the volume can be determined. The accuracy of the measurement may be increased by taking multiple measurements of one or more samples.

All fluids at the time of sampling can be analysed under the same conditions using the same degree of sample activation. Even though each sample's process variables such as temperature or pressure may differ. The intensity values recorded will be in proportion at the time. The individual values of intensity are not as important as the relationship they have as a portion of the whole. Therefore, if temperature changed, the registered intensity values throughout the spectra analysed will change accordingly at the time. Consequently, the volumes identified will be in accordance to the process variables at the time and location of sampling. The temperature variance is important as changes to the registered and non-registered intensity values are not linear when expansion and retraction occur.

Having been able to identify the fluids present with their volumes expressed as a percentage of the sample, many characteristics of the fluids, such as weights and sizes can be determined. This will help construct a far more comprehensive picture and moving model of fluids and their real time activities.

The user/controller has the ability to install data into the fluid analyser system's database by means of downloading information, installing from a disc, and/or a user/controller inputting data. In addition each test result can be stored and may be automatically tagged by the user's title of the test, date, time and GPS location. The test is preferably, but not necessarily, stored chronologically and externally either in a bank of information.

The information obtained can then be stored and tagged for subsequent use for instance in forensic operations. The results can also be compared with existing data.

Alternatively the data can be interpreted to provide warnings of the presence of dangerous fluids, environmental changes leading to storms and earthquakes and other natural phenomena. Alternatively the data can be interpreted for medical purposes for the diagnosis of illnesses and the prescription of medicines as an advisory system. The irifυπiiaiioM can aiso be used to give a particular signature to the source of the sample for example; the accuracy of the techniques of the present invention enables unique individual breath signatures to be obtained somewhat like an individuals DNA profile Having a unique individual signature registered could be most useful in other areas such as security, insurance and personal identity ratification Replicating the individual signature, that is specific fluids in their concentrations, will not be possible The fluid analyser system may be used for the purpose of predictions For example, indications from a trend or signature that a person may have an illness developing which could be prevented if identified at an early stage

Data analysis may be performed using the various techniques described in PCT published application WO 03/044503

The Examples of additional data that may be stored include one or more of external data such as height, weight, age, body mass, body surface area, lung capacity, blood type, blood analysis including blood pressure, hydration levels, blood sugars, blood testosterone, blood oestrogen levels and cholesterol Blood flow, chill factors, reflection, respiration rate, pulse, gender, ethnicity, posture, lifestyle, supplementary lifestyle, location, supplementary location, molecular size, molecular weight, gravity, activities and calorific values

The fluid analyser system of the present invention can be used for clinical studies In a study of Asthma, as one example of many, there would be a qualitative and / or quantitative difference not only between asthmatics and non-asthmatics but also between asthmatics of differing clinical manifestation, or variation within an individual sufferer on occasions of different physiological status In this way the fluid analyser system will not only have the ability to screen for the presence of certain fluids associated with diseases or illnesses, but be able to monitor severity and long term fluctuation In addition to the clear clinical diagnostic potential, the fluid analyser system will also be able to analyse components in the environment which may trigger or increase the risk of certain conditions, such as sensitising agents and allergens important to atopic eczema, and other respiratory illnesses Additionally, it could be used to determine conditions such as diabetes from signatures of the blood sugar levels in the breath with a view to monitoring the person's state of health after diagnosis or to determine various forms of cancers and the like

Tne results generated from the fluid analyser system can be used as markers These markers will be known as signatures and can be used as overlays for comparative analysis by the users for status reports, acting as an advisory system only. Using the advisory data together with other outside information and technologies, the users have the potential to determine problems, diseases and illnesses, diagnosis, individual dosage, standards and prediction, designer medication, warnings and alarms, remedial actions and new fluids.

Another benefit of the fluid analyser system is that it is able to provide the user with instant data. The resulting advisory status report can be understood and appreciated by a wider user group immediately preventing event driven courses of action and decision making creating a more proactive approach.

Examples of the information that may be pre-recorded and put into the fluid analyser system's database for comparative analysis are as follows:

1. Known data taken as a standard of environmental and the individual norm for fluids. From 0 - to 100% of normal volume with proposed splits of measurements to form a template. For example, Nitrogen is from 0 - to 100% of normal volume with increments of at least 0.0000000001%.

2. Known physical environmental data extended up and down the normally accepted scales of measurement with further extensions both up and down the scale as found in artificial environments. From 0 - to 100% of normal volume with proposed splits of measurements to form a template. For example, temperature is -100'C to +100^°C with increments of O.OOOOrC.

3. Known physical data tables of individuals recording all parameters also relating to breath gases extended up and down the normally accepted scales of measurement with further extensions both up and down the scale. From 0

- to 100% of volume with proposed splits of measurements to form a template.

4. Recorded as actual measurements of the environment on the day (including temperature, pressure, humidity) and at the time of the collection of the sample. With the facility to overlay against the pre-recorded known data listed above under 1 to 3, this may include dark level reading.

5. Recorded as actual individual physical tests on the day and at the time of the environmental test. With the facility to overlay against the pre-recorded known physical data listed under 1 to 4. 6. Daiabank of known waveiengths of fluids. Any methodology may be used to add a new fluid to the database. However, we prefer to set the temperature of the fluid system analyser and fix the power generated by the electronic discharge and distance between the electrodes, under normal ambient conditions, record measurements of what is present in the housing surrounded by a consistent light environment chamber if required, for a predetermined time without the excitation device in operation (dark level reading). Using the Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD) receive and absorb, radiation from the radiation source and record the values measured. The radiation source is the atmosphere and its surroundings within the housing. Next the housing is filled with the pure fluid, Nitrogen gas for example-and the temperature set. Under a pre-determined time duration, the fluid analyser system's Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD) receive by absorbance, radiation from the, Nitrogen, which is known wavelengths. Through standard curve fitting techniques the values are magnified enabling a clearer definition as to the identity of the wavelengths and their peak intensity values. Repeating the process any number of times will provide an increased accuracy through averaging. What is considered to be distortion and noise via a process of elimination referencing other known data, such excitation device which has a known signature, other samples taken, the impact of the receptacle itself, the light environment compartment and the actual dark level reading all of which can be subtracted from the retrieval sample reading. The remaining peak intensity wavelength values provide an identity. In this example, Nitrogen.

7. Actual wavelengths act as indicators to mark their peak intensity measurements. Where the intensities peak, the corresponding wavelengths are matched against the databank, established as set out in 6 above, of known wavelengths of fluids. Matching wavelengths within a pre-defined tolerance will determine the presence of an individual fluid. This process is repeated automatically until all fluids stored in the databank have been searched and the fluids in the sample identified. Points 4, 5 and 8 relate to and/or incorporate 7 via their definitions. 8. Actual absorbance data of intensities to determine volumes of identified fluids.

When used for health purposes this can illustrate excesses and depletions of the norm and/or trends.

The content of the sample having been determined the software can be programmed to enable the following comparisons to be made: A. The data recorded under 4 above is compared with the data under number 1. With a list of numerical comparatives and +/- % variances shown. With numerous tests per individual, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/-% variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in the pre-recorded data of 1 above.

B. The data recorded under number 5 above is compared with the data under number 1. With a list of numerical comparatives and +/- % variances shown. With numerous tests per individual, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/-% variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in the pre-recorded data of 1.

C. The data recorded under number 5 above is compared with the data under number 3. With a list of numerical comparatives and +/- % variances shown. With numerous tests per individual, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/-% variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in the pre-recorded data of 3.

D. The data recorded under numbers 4 & 5 above is collectively to be compared with the data under numbers 3 & 2. Together with a list of numerical comparatives and +/-% variances shown. With numerous tests representing the samples, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/-% variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in the prerecorded data of 3. & 2.

E. The data recorded under number 4 above is compared with the data under number 2. Only with a list of numerical comparatives and +/-% variances shown. With numerous tests representing the sample, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/-% variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in the pre-recorded data of 2.

F. The data recorded under numbers 1 & 4 is compared with the data under numbers 1 & 5. Only with a list of numerical comparatives and +/-% variances shown. With numerous tests representing the sample, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/-% variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in the pre-recorded data of 2.

G. The data recorded under any of numbers 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5 may be compared with previous internal and/or external sample readings and/or data.

H. Historical number 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5 readings may be compared with previous internai anα/or external sample readings and/or data.

I. The data recorded under number 5 may be compared with number 4, compared with previous internal and/or external sample readings and/or data. J. Historical Number 5 may be compared with historical number 4 and may be compared with previous internal and/or external sample readings and/or data. K. Including 7 and 8. Comparisons made from A, B, C, D, E₁ F, G, H, I and J or combinations of. L. Use of 7 and 8 individually or in combination, the results which can be stored or extracted on the spot either for comparison to previous data or used for immediate action.

These comparisons are particularly useful if the fluid analyser is to be used for medical purposes monitoring human breath, for example, by comparing the actual results of the analysis of the individual's breath and the environment to the normal signature taken from their breath analysis and what is normally expected to be found in that environment, the fluid analyser system will provide data assisting in an independent diagnosis as to whether an individual's problem was triggered by the environment or not. This is achieved by carrying out comparative studies using the fluid analyser system software.

By using the fluid analyser system the user has the potential to determine through comparative analysis, for example, whether or not an athlete has been involved with performance enhancing drugs.

One of the primary uses is as a means of analysing fluid samples to detect and quantify specific compounds, or combination of compounds. The results generated can become markers. These markers will be known as signatures and can be used as overlays for comparative analysis by the users for status reports, acting as an advisory system only. Using the advisory data together with other outside information and technologies, the users can determine problems, diseases and illnesses, diagnosis, individual dosage, designer medication, warnings and alarms, standards and predictions, remedial actions and identify new fluids. The Fluid analyser system data can be made available to the end user within 1 minute.

Figure 1A and B illustrates the housing in the preferred shape of a tube 5, with electrodes 3 and 4

Figure 2A and B iiiustrates tne configuration of tube 5, discharge wires 1 and 2 connected to electrodes 3 and 4 with positioning of a fibre optic 6 as part of the detection system. The dashed lines show the discharge beam's flow. Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus of the present invention. In this instance showing the Radiation absorbance device 10 not requiring a fibre optic and also showing use of a consistent light environment chamber 11. 5

Figure 4 is a graphical representation of the electronic discharge signal shape across the desired wavelengths of ambient air using Figure 3 apparatus setup under ambient conditions.

10 Figure 5 is a graphical representation of the same setup as in Figure 4 but with the electrodes positioned with a lesser distance between the inside walls of the tube. This illustrates how a fixed distance between electrodes can determine the desired shape of the detected signal across the wavelengths.

15 The analysis process can be activated through the interface controller which simultaneously activates a timer. Once the radiation absorption device(s) and the excitation device are activated, they start recording the radiation from the sample and the timer records the duration of the measurement which stops if a pre-determined duration time is required. The measurement concerning the intensity levels detected

20 by the RAD(s) at known wavelengths is transferred to a computer system where the signal is translated and magnified. The peak intensity wavelengths are then identified and transmitted to be referenced against a database of known data of wavelengths of fluids to determine the identity of fluids present. The computer also provides means for calculating the total and individual volumes of fluids present

25 referenced against the known volume of the receptacle and the process variables. To determine dark level readings through interface controller the excitation device may not be activated and the receptacle may or may not be in the consistent light environment chamber.

30 In addition to the fluid analyser system having the ability to be linked to multiple fluid analyser systems or peripheral devices for the purpose of transferring, comparing, referencing and/ or using data multiple fluid analyser systems may be present in one form

j nj c rufiiieππυre, aπoiπer example oτ me a use oτ tne present invention mayoe to alarm, report or take note that the concentration of a gas or gases in the flowing samples have changed or the gases have altered or that certain gases are no longer present. In applications which only require single fluid/gas detection or analysis of a few gases, economy will be a critical factor. Using the principle of this invention, the electronic discharge, the housing, the electronic discharge and housing arrangement, the resulting gas analyser, including a transducer, can be simplified by using a very simple optical sensor including a simplified radiation absorption device which covers a very select wavelength range under these circumstances it may not be necessary to recalibrate the machine physically via flushing or standard cleaning methods. Furthermore by having a printed circuit board to control and activate the invention with appropriate connector(s), the device could be linked to another software driven computer and power source. Therefore, in this example the invention could be either a basic stand alone device or become a third party device.

Furthermore, in applications which require volume and/or gas/fluid identification, the invention would comprise its fundamental principle as core technology and can be incorporated into other gas analyser or transducer systems to become an integral part of the system.

Claims

1. A process for determining the content of a fluid comprising activating the molecules within a stream of the fluid flowing in a housing and detecting the radiation emitted by the activated molecules, wherein the activation is achieved by a beam of energy directed through the stream of the fluid within the housing and the detection is performed as the beam passes through the stream of fluid.

2. A fluid analyser comprising a housing for a stream of flowing fluid means for generating an activating discharge across the stream of fluid flowing within the housing and a radiation detector located within/by the housing which detects radiation emitted by the molecules in the stream of flowing fluid when they are activated by the discharge.

3. A fluid analyser system comprising a housing for a stream of flowing fluid and an analysis apparatus within the housing, means for activating the molecules within the sample and means located within the housing for detecting the radiation emitted by the activated fluid, together with means for magnification of the detected signal.

4. A fluid analyser system according to claim 3 including means for translating the magnified signal into the nature and quantity of the individual fluids present in the fluid said means being referenced according to: i. the rate of flow of the fluid ii. the light condition of the fluid sample iii. the temperature of the fluid sample iv. the duration of the radiation scan and/or v. the distance of the radiation transfer

5. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing for the fluid stream is preferably a tube.

6. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the activation beam is an electronic discharge.

7. An analyser according to claim 6 in which the arc of the electronic discharge lies between the entrance and exit to the tube.

8. An analyser according to claim 6 or claim 7 in which the arc of the discharge is perpendicular to the directional flow of the stream of fluid.

5 9. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the means for generating an activating discharge comprises electrodes that generate an electric discharge through the stream of fluid within the housing.

10. An analyser according to claim 9 in which the housing is a tube and the 10 electrodes comprise a pair of electrodes diametrically opposed to each other.

11. An analyser according to claim 9 or claim 10 in which the electrodes are surrounded by a non conductible material.

15 12. A analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing be made of a non conductible material.

13. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims the housing is provided with a window which allows for a high transmission of light to the detection

20 device(s).

14. An analyser according to claim 13 in which the window is located so the device(s) can see the arc of the excitation beam when activated.

25 15. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the detector(s) is a Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD).

16. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing is entirely made or partially contains materials such as fluorocarbon,

30 polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon which may be filled or glass.

17. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing/tube maybe flexible or rigid.

T C

18. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing is made from transmissive material beyond that of the window and it is within a consistent light environment chamber.

19. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing is made of material whose dielectric strength or electrical properties do not permit the activated discharge arc to be generated beyond the inside walls.

20. An analyser comprising i) an electronic discharge device, ii) means for controlling and activating an electronic discharge iii) A housing allowing for a directional flow of fluid/gaseous stream iv) means for providing a directional fluid/gaseous stream which can be pulsed

21. An arrangement according to claim 21 wherein the electronic discharge device which is connected to an electrode within the housing can transfer energy to another electrode in the form of an arc generated between two points.

22. An arrangement according to claim 20 or claim 21 wherein the electrical energy generated is earthed either by a lead from the second electrode to the electronic discharge or is earthed in another way.

23. An arrangement according to claim 20 or claim 22 wherein a radiation detector is positioned to receive the signal from the activated molecules through the window of the housing.

24. An analyser comprising any of claims 1 , 2, 3, and 20 to 23 with means to determine the volume and/or the fluid/gas.

25. An arrangement according to any of claims 20 and 21 which can be incorporated into another analyser system or systems.

26. An arrangement according to any of the preceding claims providing for a portable analysis system.

27. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the electronic discharge device is an ambient pressure discharge device.

28. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the distance between the electrodes is from 6 to 15 mm.

29. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the electronic discharge is created by a predefined power output, fixed distance between electrodes to generate arc for atomic and/or molecular analysis.

30. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the shape of the housing ensures the path of least resistance for the discharge beam is through the inside of the walls between the opposing discharge electrodes.

31. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the power supply, consumption and generation of the electronic discharge is between 0 to 12 volts.

32. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the opposing metallic electrodes are exposed on the inside of the walls of the housing with a predefined surface area of metallic exposure of between 0 and 1000 cm.

33. Use of an analyser according to any of the preceding claims to determine the content of gaseous or liquid.

34. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which the housing provides options of multiple discharge arc's through one sample flow system by having the electrodes running down the centre.

35. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims in which more than one discharge arc can be generated at different positions along the housing.

36. An analyser according to any of the preceding claims provided with more than one detector.

37. The use of an analyser according to any of the preceding claims in an industrial environment for the detection of gases.

38. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 for evaluation of the emissions generated by engine combustion.

39. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 in the detection of the presence of particulates in fluids.

40. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 for monitoring of engine performance.

41. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 for environmental monitoring, analysis and studies such as water sampling or ozone analysis.

42. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 for manufacturing quality control checks and studies such as monitoring the air levels in nitrogen packed food products or consumables.

43. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 for pipeline and/or exhaust monitoring, analysis and studies.

44. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 for detection of the content of human and animal breath.

45. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 to provide warnings of the presence of dangerous fluids and/or gases and for environmental changes leading to storms and earthquakes and other natural phenomena.

46. The use of an analyser according to any of claims 1 to 36 to determine problems, diseases and illnesses, diagnosis, individual dosage, standards and prediction, designer medication, warnings and alarms, remedial actions and new fluids.