WO2010047312A1 - 地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法及びオンライン診断システム - Google Patents
地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法及びオンライン診断システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010047312A1 WO2010047312A1 PCT/JP2009/068017 JP2009068017W WO2010047312A1 WO 2010047312 A1 WO2010047312 A1 WO 2010047312A1 JP 2009068017 W JP2009068017 W JP 2009068017W WO 2010047312 A1 WO2010047312 A1 WO 2010047312A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
Definitions
- the present invention uses analysis data from a steam property automatic measuring device that measures the property of steam supplied from a steam separator to a steam turbine and operation data of the geothermal power generation facility in order to support operation of the geothermal power generation facility.
- the present invention relates to an on-line diagnostic method and an on-line diagnostic system for a geothermal power generation facility that are capable of predicting functional degradation and operation trouble of the geothermal power generation facility.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a measure for quantitatively displaying and grasping the state of scale adhesion over time during normal operation, and performing a turbine blade scale removal operation and a turbine blade replacement operation.
- Patent Document 1 the nozzle outlet pressure decreases with time and the turbine output decreases with the increase in the amount of scale and ejected matter adhering to the nozzle plate of the steam turbine to which natural steam spouted from underground is guided. Is monitored during turbine operation to monitor the scale adhesion.
- the design of separators for geothermal power generation facilities is usually designed according to the fume characteristics of production wells in the early stages of development.
- the properties of production wells often change over time, and few production wells maintain the production state at the initial stage of development due to a drop in wellhead pressure or a change in gas-liquid ratio.
- production wells newly joined by excavation to secure the amount of steam often differ greatly from the fumarole characteristics of conventional production wells. Therefore, it is ideal to monitor the status of the production well over time and reflect it in the design of the separator (remodeling or renewal), but in reality, the modification is done because the properties of the production well continue to change. Since it is difficult to set conditions and a large amount of cost is required for remodeling, there are few examples of remodeling or updating separators according to the situation.
- An example of the separator being modified is a case where the turbine scale adheres too quickly and cannot be operated continuously until periodic inspection.
- the economic loss in the case where the continuous operation cannot be continued until the predetermined periodic inspection is very large.
- the power generation is forced to be stopped several times for cleaning the turbine scale before the countermeasure is completed.
- the scale is removed by conducting open inspections at a frequency of at least once a year.
- the geothermal steam collected from the production well is dehydrated with a separator and supplied to the turbine with temperature, pressure and flow rate controlled.
- the quality of steam is mainly determined by the separator conditions based on the amount of water, temperature, pressure, and flow rate, but the results are remarkably reflected in the chemical composition. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the chemical composition, and operation management using this data must be utilized for the optimal management of geothermal power generation facilities. However, the actual situation is that full-scale operation management in consideration of chemical composition data has not been performed in the past.
- the present invention has been made paying attention to the above-mentioned unsolved problems of the conventional example, and online analysis data representing the properties of the steam supplied to the steam turbine and operation data of the geothermal power generation facility are monitored.
- an on-line diagnostic method for a geothermal power generation facility includes a steam property automatic measuring device that measures the property of steam supplied from a steam separator of the geothermal power generation facility to a steam turbine.
- the geothermal power generation facility online diagnosis method for receiving the analysis data and the geothermal power generation facility operation data online and diagnosing the geothermal power generation facility based on the received data.
- this online diagnostic method at least one of silica concentration, chlorine ion concentration and acid conductivity is set as the analysis data, and at least the steam flow rate and hot water flow rate separated by the steam separator are used as the operation data.
- the analysis data and the operation data are collected online, and the geothermal power generation facility is diagnosed based on the collected analysis data and operation data and the management upper limit value or recommended operation value for each data.
- An on-line diagnostic method for a geothermal power generation facility includes analysis data from a steam property automatic measuring device that measures the property of steam supplied to a steam turbine from a steam separator of the geothermal power generation facility, and the geothermal power
- This is an on-line diagnostic method for geothermal power generation equipment that receives operation data of power generation equipment online and diagnoses the geothermal power generation equipment based on these received data.
- this online diagnostic method at least one of silica concentration, chloride ion concentration and acid conductivity, noncondensable gas concentration and pH is set as the analysis data, and the operation data is separated at least by the steam separator.
- the steam flow rate and the hot water flow rate are set, and the analysis data and the operation data are accumulated and stored in the data storage unit in time series. Then, in the state where it is determined that the silica concentration and one of the chloride ion concentration and the acid conductivity accumulated and stored in the data storage unit have not reached the management upper limit value or the recommended operation value, the data storage unit stores the silica concentration. Predictive deviation from the management upper limit value or recommended operation value of the analysis data and the operation data based on the principal component analysis method and the statistic calculation which are multivariate analysis methods from the stored analysis data and the operation data Is detected.
- the on-line diagnostic method for geothermal power generation equipment sets at least silica concentration and chlorine ion concentration as the analysis data, and at least the steam flow rate and hot water separated by the steam separator as the operation data. Set the flow rate. Then, the set silica concentration and chloride ion concentration are monitored, and an alarm corresponding to the level for the management upper limit value or the recommended operation value is output to the geothermal power generation facility.
- the air / water separation calculated based on the chlorine ion concentration, the steam flow rate, and the hot water flow rate When the water removal rate of the vessel is below the reference value, the performance diagnosis result of the steam separator is output.
- the operation data is at least the steam flow rate, the hot water flow rate, and the water level of the steam / water separator, the moisture removal rate is equal to or less than a reference value, and the When the water level of the steam separator does not exceed the water level upper limit value, a spray start instruction is output to a spray device that performs water spray on the steam supplied from the steam / water separator to the steam turbine.
- the on-line diagnostic method for geothermal power generation facilities calculates an integrated amount of silica flowing into the steam turbine from the silica concentration and the steam flow rate, and has a close relationship with the calculated integrated silica amount. By comparing the turbine inlet pressure, the turbine outlet pressure, and the turbine casing pressure, the silica deposition state on the steam turbine is estimated based on the time-series tendency. Furthermore, an on-line diagnostic method for geothermal power generation facilities according to another embodiment calculates the amount of gas to be extracted from the non-condensable gas concentration data from the steam property automatic measuring device and the operation data of the condenser after the steam turbine. From this tendency, the operating status of the gas extractor is diagnosed.
- An on-line diagnostic system for a geothermal power generation facility includes a steam property automatic measuring device that measures the property of steam supplied from a steam separator of a geothermal power generation facility to a steam turbine and outputs analysis data, and the geothermal heat
- a monitoring / control device that controls operation while monitoring the power generation facility; analysis data from the steam property automatic measurement device; and operation data of the geothermal power generation facility from the monitoring / control device.
- An on-line diagnostic system for geothermal power generation facilities is configured such that the diagnostic device performs at least one of display of a diagnostic result of the geothermal power generation facility and transmission of the diagnostic result to the monitoring / control device. ing.
- At least one of silica concentration, chlorine ion concentration and acid conductivity is set as analysis data representing the properties of steam supplied to the steam turbine, and steam flow rate and hot water of the steam separator are set as operation data.
- the flow rate is set, both data are collected online, and the geothermal power generation facility is diagnosed based on the collected analysis data and operation data, and the management upper limit value or recommended operation value for each data. For this reason, geothermal power generation facilities can be diagnosed accurately at all times, and the current geothermal power generation facility diagnosis results are fed back to the geothermal power generation facility to detect or prevent problems from occurring at an early stage. Thus, more stable operation is possible.
- the analysis data and the accumulated data of the operation data are diagnosed by applying the principal component analysis method and the statistic calculation, which are multivariate analysis methods, so that the management upper limit value or the recommended operation value of the analysis data and the operation data. It is possible to detect a sign of deviation from Also, the silica concentration and chlorine ion concentration are monitored, and if at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value or the recommended operation value, it is calculated based on the chlorine ion concentration, the steam flow rate, and the hot water flow rate. When the water removal rate of the steam / water separator is equal to or lower than the reference value, the performance diagnosis result of the steam / water separator can be output to warn of a decrease in the capacity of the steam / water separator.
- the principal component analysis method and the statistic calculation which are multivariate analysis methods
- the water spray that performs water spray on the steam provided between the steam separator and the steam turbine when the water removal rate is equal to or lower than the reference value and the water level of the steam separator is equal to or lower than the water level upper limit value, the water spray that performs water spray on the steam provided between the steam separator and the steam turbine.
- the density (number) of mist (micro water droplets) per unit volume is increased, the chances of mists coming into contact with each other (adhesion) is increased, and mist containing mineral ions floating in the vapor is added.
- the overall particle size can be increased to increase water separation efficiency.
- the amount of silica accumulated in the steam turbine and the time series tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, and turbine casing pressure, which are closely related to each other, are compared with each other, and the silica adhesion state to the steam turbine nozzle is determined. Can be estimated. Furthermore, the amount of gas to be extracted is calculated from the non-condensable gas concentration data from the steam property automatic measuring device and the condenser operation data after the steam turbine, and the operation status of the gas extractor is diagnosed from the tendency. can do.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic system configuration diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention. It is a block diagram which shows geothermal power generation equipment. It is a functional block diagram which shows the specific structure of an online support center. It is a graph which shows the correlation of a hot water flow rate ratio and a silica concentration. Q is a time chart of statistics and T 2 statistics. It is a figure for demonstrating the structural factor of abnormality, Comprising: (a) is a correlation diagram, (b) is a graph which shows a contribution plot. It is a flowchart which shows an example of the diagnostic processing procedure of a diagnostic apparatus. It is a flowchart which shows an example of the deviation prediction diagnostic process sequence shown to S3 of FIG.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic system configuration diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a geothermal power generation facility to which the present invention can be applied
- FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram showing an online diagnostic system.
- reference numeral 10 denotes a geothermal power generation facility.
- the geothermal power generation facility 10 measures a steam property between a steam separator and a steam turbine, which will be described later, and outputs analysis data.
- 11 is installed, and the analysis data measured and output by the steam property automatic measuring device 11 is transmitted to the monitoring / controlling device 12 that monitors and controls the operation state of the geothermal power generation facility 10.
- the vapor property automatic measuring device 11 includes a measuring device 11a and a calculator 11b.
- the operation data obtained by adding the operation data of the steam / water separator controlled by itself to the transmitted analysis data is sent to the network 15 such as the Internet or a local area network every predetermined time.
- the driving support center 20 online.
- the driving support center 20 has an online diagnostic device 21.
- the online diagnostic device 21 receives the operation data transmitted from the monitoring / control device 12 of the geothermal power generation facility 10 by the central processing unit 22, and uses the analysis data and operation data included in the received operation data as a data storage unit. Data is stored and stored in the data logger 23 in time series.
- the central processing unit 22 executes various diagnostic processes described later.
- the details of the geothermal power generation facility 10 are such that geothermal steam ejected from a plurality of production wells PW1 to PWn (n is a natural number) is flow-regulated by the secondary flow rate regulating valves PL1 to PLn and merged. Then, it passes through the water spray device 101 and is supplied to the high-pressure separator 102 as a steam separator.
- the high-pressure separator 102 separates the steam into hot water, and the separated steam is supplied to the scrubber 104 via the water spray device 103 to wash the steam, and then the mist is removed and output from the scrubber 104. Steam is supplied to the high pressure side of the steam turbine 105 to which the generator G is connected.
- the hot water separated by the high-pressure separator 102 is supplied to a low-pressure separator (flasher) 106 to expand the hot water under reduced pressure to generate secondary steam.
- the secondary steam generated by the low-pressure separator 106 is supplied to the demister 108 via the water spray device 107, and the mist is removed by the demister 108 and supplied to the intermediate pressure side of the steam turbine 105.
- the hot water discharged from the low-pressure separator 106 is pressurized by the brine reinjection pump 109, supplied to the reduction well 110, and returned to the ground.
- the steam discharged from the steam turbine 105 is supplied to the condenser 111 to condense and condense the steam, and the condensed water is pressurized by the hot well pump 112, and most of the condensed water is supplied to the cold water tower 113. Supplied and cooled.
- the remaining condensate pressurized by the hot well pump 12 is repressurized by the condensed water reinjection pump 114, supplied to the reduction well 110, and returned to the ground.
- the chilled water cooled by the chilled water tower 113 is returned to the watering header 111 a of the condenser 111 and supplied to the water spray devices 101, 103, and 107 described above via the washing water pump 115. Further, the chilled water cooled by the chilled water tower 113 is pressurized by the chilled water pump 116, a part thereof is recooled by the cooler 117 and returned to the chilled water tower 113, and the rest is supplied to the gas extraction system 120. .
- This gas extraction system has an ejector 121 to which the steam from which the mist has been removed by the aforementioned scrubber 104 is supplied for driving.
- This ejector 121 controls the exhaust pressure discharged from the steam turbine 105 by sucking the exhaust steam in the condenser 111.
- the discharged steam sucked by the ejector 121 is condensed by the barometric condenser 122 to which cold water is supplied from the cooling water pump 116, and is separated into steam and water.
- the separated gas is sucked by the vacuum pump 123 to which the cooling water is supplied for cooling from the cooling water pump 116 and is discharged from the pump seal water separator 124 to the atmosphere.
- the water separated by the barometric condenser 122 is returned to the condenser 111, and the pump seal water separated by the pump seal water separator 124 is also returned to the condenser 111.
- the steam property automatic measuring device 11 constantly measures steam supplied to the steam turbine 105 to measure silica concentration, chloride ion concentration, acid conductivity, electrical conductivity, pH and non-condensable gas concentration, These are supplied to the monitoring / control device 12 as analysis data.
- the monitoring / control device 12 adjusts the amount of steam ejected from the production wells PW1 to PWn based on the analysis data inputted from the automatic vapor property measuring device 11 and the diagnostic result inputted from the online diagnostic device 21 described later. It controls the flow rate of the next flow rate adjusting valves PL1 to PLn, the spray amount in the water spray devices 101, 103 and 107, the exhaust steam suction amount of the ejector 121, and the like.
- the monitoring / control device 12 receives the pressure data of the condenser 111 controlled by itself and the temperature data of the ejector 121, and the high pressure separator.
- Various operational data such as steam flow and hot water flow separated by the pressure separator 102 and the low-pressure separator 106, wellhead pressure, water level of the high-pressure separator 102, inlet pressure and outlet pressure of the steam turbine 105, and operation data of the condenser 111 are added.
- the central processing unit 22 of the online diagnostic device 21 receives the analysis data and the driving data via the network 15, the data included in the analyzing data and the driving data is time-sequentially stored in the data logger 23.
- on-line diagnosis processing of the geothermal power generation facility 10 is executed based on the time-series accumulated data stored in the data logger 23.
- the central processing unit 22 is configured as shown in FIG. 3 in a functional block diagram. That is, the analysis data and the operation data received from the monitoring / control device 12 are accumulated and stored in the data logger 23 for each type of data in time series. Various accumulated data stored in the data logger 23 are selectively used for the steam property evaluation unit 31, the steam separator evaluation unit 32, the water injection evaluation unit 33, the silica adhesion amount evaluation unit 34 for the steam turbine, the production well pulsation / merging. It is supplied to the condition evaluation unit 35 and the gas extraction system evaluation unit 36.
- Display information is supplied to an information display unit 41 such as a liquid crystal display constituting the information output unit 40.
- the information display unit 41 displays various display information supplied. Also output from the steam property evaluation unit 31, the steam separator evaluation unit 32, the water injection evaluation unit 33, the silica adhesion amount evaluation unit 34 to the steam turbine, the production well pulsation / merging condition evaluation unit 35, and the gas extraction system evaluation unit 36.
- the diagnostic information including the diagnosis result and the warning to be supplied is supplied to the information transmission unit 42 constituting the information output unit 40.
- the information transmission unit 42 transmits the input diagnostic information to the monitoring / control device 12 of the geothermal power generation facility 10 via the network 15 described above.
- the vapor property evaluation unit 31 stores the data logger 23 in a state where the silica concentration, the chlorine ion concentration (or acid conductivity), the non-condensable gas concentration, and the pH do not reach the individually set control upper limit values. Based on the stored time-series accumulated data, a sign of deviation from the upper limit of management is detected based on the principal component analysis method which is a multivariate analysis method and the statistic calculation. To detect this sign, first, a principal model is created by applying a principal component analysis method from multivariate data consisting of the analysis data and the operation data immediately after the plant trial operation or immediately after the start of operation.
- the analysis data and the operation data transmitted online from the monitoring / control device 12 are evaluated by the two indexes of the Q statistic and the T 2 statistic to detect abnormal data. Furthermore, by calculating the constituent factors of the abnormality by contribution plot analysis, the monitoring function is strengthened by notifying the operator of the variable that is the cause of the abnormality and its degree of influence by a message.
- the silica concentration and heat are now considered as two variables.
- the normal model representing the correlation between the silica concentration immediately after the start of operation and the hot water flow ratio increases the silica concentration as the hot water flow ratio increases.
- the correlation is positive and falls within a predetermined range centered on the correlation axis.
- the silica concentration with respect to the hot water flow rate ratio increases and the correlation is lost, and the point based on the hot water flow rate ratio and the silica concentration is represented by ⁇ .
- the deviation amount from the correlation axis of the normal model is represented by a Q statistic.
- the hot water flow rate ratio and the silica concentration both increase and become a point represented by ⁇ that exceeds the range of the normal model, the correlation between the hot water flow rate ratio and the silica concentration is not broken. Since the value increases beyond the range of the normal model, the amplitude from the center of the normal model becomes the Hotelling T 2 statistic.
- variable 1 and variable 2 when the Q statistic exceeds the threshold when represented by two variables, variable 1 and variable 2, the abnormal point data represented by ⁇
- the component of the abnormality can be calculated from the breakdown of the difference between the normal line ⁇ present at the intersection of the correlation axis passing through the abnormal point ⁇ and the correlation axis.
- the constituent factors in this case are to calculate the variable 1, the variable 2, the variable 3,... Which are the constituent factors of the abnormality as shown in FIG. Can do.
- a variable having a large influence can be specified as a cause of abnormality.
- the prediction display information indicating the prediction result and the variable having a large influence represented by the contribution plot is output to the information display unit 41.
- the predictive diagnosis information is output to the information transmission unit 42, which is transmitted to the monitoring / control unit 12 via the network 15 to display or correct the variable that causes the specified abnormality.
- the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are supplied to the steam separator evaluation unit 32.
- this steam / water separator evaluation unit 32 first, it is determined whether each of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds a management upper limit value individually set in advance, and both the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are managed. If it is equal to or lower than the upper limit value, it is determined that the high pressure separator 102 is normal, and the moisture removal rate ⁇ W is calculated based on the following equation (1).
- ⁇ W [(Fw ⁇ Cclw) / (Fw ⁇ Cclw + Fs ⁇ Ccls)] ⁇ 100 (1)
- ⁇ W moisture removal rate (%)
- Fs steam flow rate (t / h)
- Fw hot water flow rate (t / h)
- Ccls chlorine ion (ppm) in steam
- Cclw hot water Of chlorine ion (ppm).
- the chlorine ion concentration (Cclw) in the hot water separated by the high-pressure separator 102 varies depending on the properties of each geothermal power plant, but is generally about 300 to 6000 ppm in Japan.
- Such high-concentration chlorine ion analyzers currently have a problem with the reliability of automatic measurement, and are often measured manually.
- the performance degradation display information composed of the display data of the moisture removal rate ⁇ W is output to the information display unit 41 constituting the information output unit 40.
- the water injection evaluation unit 33 is supplied with the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration, and when either the silica concentration or the chlorine ion concentration is below the control upper limit value.
- the high pressure separators 102 and 106 are determined to be normal, and guidance display information “The steam separator is functioning effectively. Water injection unnecessary” is output to the information display unit 41.
- the water spray devices 101, 103, and 107 are set so that the silica concentration or the chlorine ion concentration exceeding the control upper limit value is equal to or lower than the control upper limit value.
- the set water injection amount information is output to the information transmission unit 42 and transmitted to the monitoring / control device 12 via the network 15.
- guidance display information stating that “the steam separator is functioning effectively when water is injected” is displayed. Output to the display unit 41.
- the silica adhesion amount evaluation unit 34 acquires the silica concentration from the steam property automatic measuring device 11 described above at a high frequency, and also acquires the steam flow rate included in the operation data associated therewith at a high frequency.
- the accumulated amount of silica flowing into 105 is calculated with high accuracy.
- the steam turbine 105 is determined based on the time-series tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, turbine casing pressure, and the accumulated amount of silica that has flowed into the steam turbine 105, which are indicators of the adhesion of foreign matters such as silica to the steam turbine 105. Estimate the degree of silica adhesion to the surface.
- the rate of change in the amount of silica adhering to the steam turbine 105 is estimated by judging the increasing tendency of the accumulated silica amount and the increasing tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, the turbine outlet pressure, and the turbine casing pressure.
- guidance display information such as “The accumulated silica amount has increased and the passenger compartment pressure has increased.” Output to the display unit 41.
- the production well pulsation / merging condition evaluation unit 35 displays guidance display information indicating that the production well is functioning effectively on the information display unit 41 when both the silica concentration and the chloride ion concentration are less than the control upper limit value. Output.
- the secondary flow rate adjustment valves PL1 to PL1 are controlled even when the state that is equal to or higher than the control upper limit value continues for a predetermined period and does not continue for a predetermined period.
- guidance display information “There is a merging condition change” is output to the information display unit 41.
- the gas extraction system evaluation unit 36 diagnoses the operation status of the gas extraction system 120.
- the gas extraction system 120 is an important device for keeping the pressure on the turbine outlet side of the steam turbine 105 constant and causing the steam turbine 105 to perform stable work.
- the capacity of the gas extraction system 120 is determined by the amount of gas to be extracted.
- the amount of gas to be extracted is the non-condensable gas originally contained in the production well steam, the water saturated in the operation state of the condenser 111 at the turbine outlet, and the air released from the cooling water of the condenser 111.
- the ones unique to production wells are non-condensable gases that accompany production well steam. However, this gas changes depending on the addition of the production well and partial disconnection. It often changes over time.
- the measurement data of the non-condensable gas amount ratio from the vapor property automatic measuring device 11 is extremely effective for the optimum operation of the gas extraction system 120.
- the amount of non-condensable gas assumed at the initial design stage generally adopts a value with a margin that assumes a safe situation.
- the amount of drive steam that drives the ejector 121 varies depending on the configuration of the gas extraction system 120 and the operating pressure, and cannot be generally stated. In some cases, however, in the case of a geothermal steam power generation facility that contains about 2% non-condensable gas, About 4 to 7% of the steam supplied to the turbine 105 was consumed. If this amount of steam is optimized according to the current situation, an increase in power generation equivalent to the amount of steam saved can be expected.
- the operation data necessary for the operation status diagnosis and alarm of the gas extraction system 120 are the extraction gas ejector inlet temperature and pressure, and the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures of the condenser 111. If the above various data can be measured, it is possible to calculate the amount of gas to be extracted by the ejector 121.
- the amount of steam saturated with non-condensable gas and air is obtained by the following equation.
- Fejt [(Fncg + Fair) ⁇ [Ps / (Pt-Ps)]] ............ (2)
- Fejt amount of steam saturated with non-condensable gas and air (Nm 3 / h)
- Fncg non-condensable gas (Nm 3 / h)
- Ps vapor pressure of water at ejector inlet temperature (kPa)
- Pt ejector inlet pressure (kPa)
- Fair air volume (Nm 3 / h).
- the amount of air (Fair) released from the cold water can also be calculated based on Henry's law. That is, it is the air from which the difference between the air that dissolves in the cold water and the air that dissolves in the warm water after cooling the extraction gas is released.
- the total amount of gas to be finally extracted by the gas extraction system 120 is Fncg (amount of non-condensable gas) + Fejt (amount of steam saturated with non-condensable gas) + Fair (amount of air released from cooling water)
- the steam amount Fejt saturated with the non-condensable gas and the air amount Fair discharged from the cooling water can be calculated.
- A a flow meter (Nm 3 / h) installed at the gas extraction device outlet
- X1 oxygen concentration (vol%) at the gas extraction device outlet
- 0.21 oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is 21%.
- warning guidance display information corresponding to the combination of the non-condensable gas amount, the air amount, and the steam amount exceeding the design value is output to the information display unit 41 and a warning is issued to the operator.
- step S1 it is determined whether or not analysis data and operation data are received from the monitoring / control device 12. When the analysis data and the operation data are not received, the process waits until they are received. When the analysis data and the operation data are received, the process proceeds to step S2.
- step S2 the received analysis data and operation data are stored in time series in the data logger 23 for each type of data, and then the process proceeds to step S3 to execute a deviation prediction diagnosis process for predicting a deviation from the management upper limit value. Then, the process proceeds to step S4, and after performing the performance diagnosis process of the high pressure separator 102, the process proceeds to step S5. In this step S5, the water injection evaluation process before and after the high-pressure separator 102 is executed, and then the process proceeds to step S6, the silica adhesion state estimation evaluation process of the steam turbine 105 is executed, and then the process proceeds to step S7.
- step S7 the pulsation / merging evaluation process for evaluating the pulsation / merging condition change of the production wells PW1 to PWn is executed, and then the process proceeds to step S8 and the operation status diagnosis process of the gas extraction system 120 is executed.
- the process returns to step S1.
- the deviation prediction diagnosis process in step S3 is a process executed by the steam property evaluation unit 31 described above, as shown in FIG.
- step S11 the analysis data such as non-condensable gas concentration and pH stored in the data logger 23 is read, and then the analysis data is transferred to step S12. It is determined whether at least one of the non-condensable gas concentration and the pH is equal to or higher than the individually set management upper limit value, among the silica concentration, chloride ion concentration, and acid conductivity.
- the process proceeds to step S13.
- step S13 the warning guidance display information “corresponding analysis data exceeds the management upper limit value” is output to the information display unit 41, and the management upper limit value excess warning is output to the information transmission unit 42 of the information output unit 40.
- step S14 is at least one of the non-condensable gas concentration and pH of the silica concentration, chloride ion concentration, and acid conductivity included in the analysis data equal to or higher than the recommended operation value set lower than the control upper limit value? Determine whether or not.
- the process proceeds to step S15.
- step S15 warning guidance display information indicating “driving recommended value exceeded” is output to the information display unit 41, and a driving recommended value excess warning is output to the information transmitting unit 42, and then the process proceeds to step S4.
- step S16 it is determined whether or not the operation of the geothermal power generation facility 10 is started. When it is the start of operation, the process proceeds to step S17. In this step S17, it is determined whether or not analysis data and operation data for a certain period have been collected. If collection of analysis data and operation data for a certain period has not been completed, the process returns to step S11 to analyze data for a certain period. When the collection of operation data is completed, the process proceeds to step S18.
- step S18 a normal model is created by the principal component analysis method from the analysis data and operation data for a certain period, and then the process proceeds to step S19 to calculate the Q statistic and the T 2 statistic by comparison with the normal model. .
- step S20 it is determined whether or not at least one of the calculated Q statistic and T 2 statistic is equal to or greater than a management upper limit value individually set based on the data existence range of the normal model.
- step S21 guidance display information indicating that “the geothermal power generation facility is normal” is output to the information display unit 41, and then the process proceeds to step S4.
- step S22 When the determination result is that at least one of the Q statistic and the T 2 statistic is greater than or equal to the management upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S22 to output the predictive warning information to the information transmitting unit 42 and display the abnormality factor guidance display information. After outputting to the information display part 41, it transfers to step S4.
- step S4 the steam / water separator performance diagnosis process in step S4 is as shown in FIG.
- step S31 the silica concentration, the chlorine ion concentration, the steam flow rate and the hot water flow rate are read. Then, the process proceeds to step S32, where the above-described silica concentration, chlorine ion concentration, steam flow rate and hot water flow rate are based on the read values.
- the water removal rate ⁇ W of the high pressure separator 102 is calculated by performing the calculation of the equation (1).
- step S33 it is determined whether or not at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value.
- the process proceeds to step S34, and the guidance display information “Separator is functioning effectively. Moisture removal rate 99.OO%” is displayed as information.
- step S33 If the determination result in step S33 indicates that at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S35, and the moisture removal rate ⁇ W calculated in step S32 is set in advance. It is determined whether or not the calculated reference value ⁇ Ws or less. If the determination result shows that the moisture removal rate ⁇ W exceeds the reference value ⁇ Ws, the process proceeds to step S39, “The separator is functioning effectively, but further improvement of the moisture removal rate is necessary.” After the guidance display information is output to the information display unit 41, the process proceeds to step S4.
- step S35 determines whether or not the moisture removal rate ⁇ W is equal to or less than the reference value ⁇ Ws. If the determination result in step S35 is that the moisture removal rate ⁇ W is equal to or less than the reference value ⁇ Ws, the process proceeds to step S36 to determine whether or not the water spray device 101 exists. When the water spray device 101 is present, the process proceeds to step S37, and “There is a possibility that the separator alone can be improved. After confirming the separator water level, it is recommended to perform water spray. Moisture removal rate: 99.OO%” After the guidance display information is output to the information display unit 41, the process proceeds to step S4.
- step S36 determines whether the water spray device 101 is present. If the result of the determination in step S36 is that the water spray device 101 is not present, the process proceeds to step S38, and “the separator alone cannot be improved, and if it remains unchanged, the process proceeds to turbine evaluation. After the guidance display information of “rate 99.OO%” is output to the information display unit 41, the process proceeds to step S5. Moreover, the steam-water separator water injection evaluation process in step S5 is as shown in FIG. First, in step S41, the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are read, and then the process proceeds to step S42 to determine whether at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the management upper limit value.
- step S43 If the determination result indicates that both the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration do not exceed the control upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S43, and the guidance display information “Separator is functioning effectively. After outputting to the display part 41, it transfers to step S5.
- step S42 when the determination result of step S42 shows that at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S44, and whether or not the separator water level exceeds the water level upper limit value. judge. If the determination result indicates that the separator water level exceeds the water level upper limit value, the water level may rise and the separated hot water may be mixed in the steam.
- the guidance display information “Please lower the water level of the separator.” Is output to the information display unit 41, and the process proceeds to step S5.
- step S44 determines whether the separator water level does not exceed the water level upper limit value.
- step S46 determines whether the command value for the water injection amount for the water spray device 101 is output to the information transmission unit 42.
- step S47 it is determined whether a new silica concentration and chlorine ion concentration have been received. When the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are not received, the process waits until they are received. When the new silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are received, the process proceeds to step S48, and again the new silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are received. It is determined whether at least one of them exceeds the management upper limit value.
- step S5 When at least one of the new silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value, the process returns to step S46, and when both the new silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are lower than the control upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S49. Then, after the guidance display information “Separator is functioning effectively by water injection” is output to the information display unit 41, the process proceeds to step S5.
- step S6 The steam turbine silica adhesion state estimation evaluation process in step S6 is as shown in FIG. First, in step S51, the silica concentration, turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, and turbine casing pressure are read. Then, the process proceeds to step S52, and the amount of silica flowing into the steam turbine 105 is calculated from the silica concentration. Next, the process proceeds to step S53, and a value obtained by adding the calculated silica amount to the previous silica accumulated amount is set as a new silica accumulated amount, and then the process proceeds to step S54.
- the steam turbine is based on the new accumulated amount of silica and the time-series trends of the turbine inlet pressure, the tagin outlet pressure, and the turbine casing pressure, which are indicators of scale adhesion of silica or the like to the steam turbine 105.
- the amount of silica attached to 105 is estimated.
- step S55 it is determined whether or not the estimated silica adhesion amount exceeds a preset management upper limit value. If the estimated silica adhesion amount does not exceed the management upper limit value, “ After the guidance display information “silica adhesion amount is within the allowable range” is output to the information display unit 41, the process proceeds to step S6. Further, when the determination result in step S55 indicates that the estimated silica adhesion amount exceeds the control upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S57, and guidance display information indicating that “the silica adhesion amount to the steam turbine is outside the allowable range” is displayed. After outputting to the information display part 41, it transfers to step S6.
- the silica adhesion degree was estimated based on the accumulated silica amount and the time-series tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, and turbine casing pressure.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the rate of change in the amount of silica deposition exceeds a predetermined value by detecting the accumulated amount of silica and the increasing tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, and turbine casing pressure.
- Guidance display information may be output to the information display unit 41.
- step S61 the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration are read, and then the process proceeds to step S62 to determine whether or not at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value.
- step S62 determines whether or not at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value.
- step S63 the guidance display information “Production well is functioning effectively” is displayed on the information display unit. After the output to 41, the process proceeds to step S7.
- step S62 When the determination result in step S62 indicates that at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine concentration exceeds the management upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S64, and at least the silica concentration and the chlorine concentration exceeding the management upper limit value. It is determined whether one continuously exceeds the management upper limit value. When the determination result continuously exceeds the management upper limit value, the process proceeds to step S65, and guidance display information “there is a change in the merging condition” is output to the information display unit 41, and then to step S7. If the management upper limit value is not continuously exceeded, the process proceeds to step S66.
- step S66 it is determined whether or not there is a change in the opening of each of the secondary flow control valves PL1 to PLn. If there is no change in the opening, the process proceeds to step S65, and if there is a change in the opening. Proceeds to step S67.
- step S67 guidance display information “production well pulsation” is output to the information display unit 41, and then the process proceeds to step S7.
- the gas extraction system operating condition diagnosis process in step S8 is as shown in FIG. First, in step S71, the non-condensable gas amount ratio, the extraction gas ejector inlet temperature and pressure, and the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures of the condenser 111 are read.
- step S72 the process proceeds to step S72, and the amount of steam Fejt saturated with the non-condensable gas is calculated according to the above equation (2), and the amount of air Fair and the amount of non-condensable gas Fncg released from the cooling water are calculated. .
- step S73 the extraction gas total amount Fall is calculated by adding the non-condensable gas amount Fncg, the vapor amount Fejt saturated with the non-condensable gas, and the air amount Fair released from the cooling water.
- step S74 it is determined whether or not the total amount of extracted gas Fall exceeds a preset design value Fallp.
- the process proceeds to step S75, and it is determined whether or not the extraction pressure has reached the set value.
- step S77 guidance display information “The gas extraction system is not functioning normally” is output to the information display section 41.
- step S76 guidance display information “The gas extraction system is functioning normally” is output to the information display unit 41. Then, the process returns to step S1.
- step S74 determines whether or not the non-condensable gas amount Fncg exceeds the preset design value Fncgp. judge.
- the process proceeds to step S79, and it is determined whether or not the air amount Fair exceeds a preset design amount Fairp.
- the process proceeds to step S80, and “the non-condensable gas amount Fncg and the air amount Fair are excessive.
- step S79 determines whether or not the steam amount Fejt exceeds a preset design value Fejtp.
- step S82 “The amount of non-condensable gas and the steam amount is excessive. It is effective to lower the condenser temperature.
- the guidance display information “well gas amount is increasing” is output to the information display unit 41, and the process returns to step S1.
- step S81 when the determination result of step S81 indicates that the steam amount Fejt does not exceed the set value Fejtp, the process proceeds to step S83, and “the amount of non-condensable gas is excessive. Is output to the information display section 41, and the process returns to step S1.
- step S78 determines whether or not the non-condensable gas amount Fncg does not exceed the design value Fncgp.
- step S84 determines whether or not the air amount Fair exceeds the design value Fairp. judge. If the determination result indicates that the air amount Fair exceeds the design value Fairp, the process proceeds to step S85 to determine whether or not the steam amount exceeds the design value. If the amount of steam does not exceed the design value, there is a possibility that air has been sucked in from some gas seal, and the process proceeds to step S86.
- step S86 guidance display information “Air amount is excessive. Check the gas seal part.” Is output to the information display part 41, and then the process returns to step S1.
- step S85 if the steam amount exceeds the design value, the process proceeds to step S87, where “the air amount and the steam amount are excessive. It is effective when the condenser temperature is lowered.
- the guidance display information of “Please” is output to the information display unit 41, and the process returns to Step S1.
- step S84 when the determination result in step S84 indicates that the air amount Fair does not exceed the design value Fairp, the process proceeds to step S88, and the guidance is “The steam amount is excessive. It is effective to lower the condenser temperature.”
- the process of step S3 and the process of FIG. 8 correspond to the steam property evaluating unit 31
- the process of step S4 and the process of FIG. 9 correspond to the steam separator evaluating unit 32
- the processing of step S6 and the processing of FIG. 11 correspond to the silica adhesion amount evaluation unit 34
- the processing of step S7 and the processing of FIG. 12 are the production well pulsation / merging condition evaluation unit 35.
- the process of step S8 and the process of FIG. 13 correspond to the gas extraction system evaluation unit 36.
- the geothermal power generation facility 10 When the geothermal power generation facility 10 is newly installed, or when the steam property automatic measuring device 11 and the diagnostic device 21 are newly installed in the existing geothermal power generation facility 10, the steam property automatic measuring device 11 and the diagnostic device 21 are started to operate. At that point, the central processing unit 22 of the diagnostic apparatus 21 executes the diagnostic process shown in FIG. In this diagnosis process, when the analysis data and the operation data are not received from the steam property automatic measuring apparatus 11, the process waits until they are received. When the analysis data and the operation data are received, the received analysis data and operation data are stored in the data logger. 23 stores the various data in time series (step S2).
- step S17 Since the predictive diagnosis is a system that predicts the future state based on the accumulated data, the predictive diagnosis cannot be performed when the collection for a certain period is not completed. For this reason, in step S12, it is determined whether at least one of the noncondensable gas concentration and the pH is equal to or higher than the control upper limit value, among the silica concentration, the chlorine ion concentration, and the acid conductivity.
- step S14 determines whether or not the operation recommended value is smaller than the management upper limit value.
- the geothermal power generation facility 10 is normal, and guidance display information indicating that is displayed on the information display unit 41. For this reason, an operator can grasp
- a normal model is created based on the principal component analysis method based on these analysis data, and the created normal model is stored in the data logger 23. Thereafter, each time receiving the analytical data, on the basis of the analytical data to calculate the Q statistic and T 2 statistic by comparison with normal model (step S19), both the calculated Q statistic and T 2 statistic When it is less than the management upper limit value, it is determined that the geothermal power generation facility 10 is normal, and guidance display information to that effect is displayed on the information display unit 41.
- the silica concentration with respect to the hot water flow rate deviates from the correlation of the normal model, and the Q statistic is based on the normal model.
- the predictive alarm is transmitted to the monitoring / control device 12 via the information transmitting unit 42, and the abnormality component is calculated based on the contribution plot, and the calculated abnormality component is displayed on the information display unit 41. .
- the occurrence of an abnormality can be prevented in advance by the operator grasping a sign of the occurrence of the abnormality and taking a countermeasure based on the constituent factors of the abnormality before the abnormality occurs.
- the monitoring of the Q statistic and the T 2 statistic is a specific technique for predictive diagnosis. In addition, in proportion to the amount of monitoring data stored, this predictive diagnosis is characterized by being more realistic and reliable.
- the steam / water separator performance diagnosis process shown in FIG. 9 is executed. In this steam-water separator performance diagnosis process, when the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration do not exceed the control upper limit values, it is determined as normal, and “the separator is functioning effectively. The water removal rate is 99.99. % ”Guidance display information is displayed on the information display unit 41.
- the moisture removal rate ⁇ W of the separator is calculated.
- the calculated water removal rate ⁇ W is less than or equal to the reference value ⁇ Ws, if the water spray device 101 is present, “there is a possibility of improvement with the separator alone.
- Guidance display information of “moisture removal rate 99.OO%” is displayed on the information display unit 41. For this reason, the operator can recover the water removal rate ⁇ W at the separator by setting the water injection amount of the water spray device 101 and pouring water.
- the water removal rate ⁇ W of the separator cannot be improved independently.
- the displayed guidance display information is displayed on the information display unit 41. Further, when at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value, and when the water removal rate ⁇ W is equal to or higher than the reference value ⁇ Ws, the separator itself is normal, so the separator functions effectively. Guidance display information to that effect is displayed on the information display unit 41. In this case, it can be determined that the abnormality is caused by other factors such as adhesion of foreign matter to the steam turbine.
- the process proceeds to step S5 after the steam / water separator performance diagnosis process, and the steam / water separator injection evaluation process shown in FIG. 10 is executed, so that at least one of the silica concentration and the chloride ion concentration is the control upper limit value. If it exceeds the state, the water spray devices 101, 103 and 107 are operated to wash the steam with the spray water. At this time, since the water spray device 101 is disposed on the inlet side of the high pressure separator 102, the density of mist (micro water droplets) per unit volume is obtained by washing the steam from the production wells PW1 to PWn with the spray water. Increase the number of particles, increase the chances that mists will come together (adhere), attach more water particles to the mist containing mineral ions floating in the vapor, and increase the particle size to separate the water in the separator Expected to increase efficiency.
- mist micro water droplets
- vc (Dp 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ 2 ) / (18 ⁇ ⁇ ) (4)
- vc centrifugal sedimentation velocity of particles (m / s)
- ⁇ density difference (kg / m 3 ) between particles (water) and continuous layer (water vapor)
- Dp particle diameter (m)
- ⁇ rotation Angular velocity (rad / s)
- ⁇ viscosity (Pa ⁇ s) of continuous layer (steam)
- r radius of separator (m).
- the centrifugal sedimentation rate of the particles increases in proportion to the square of the particle size. If the centrifugal sedimentation rate is increased, the separation efficiency is surely increased if the residence time in the separator is the same.
- the water vapor used for general geothermal power generation is saturated steam, and even if water is sprayed, this added water evaporates and the vapor capacity increases, and as a result, the residence time in the separator can be reduced. Absent. Therefore, the separation efficiency is surely improved.
- the formula for calculating the amount of mineral in the separator separation steam is as follows.
- Fm Fs ⁇ ⁇ fw ⁇ (1 ⁇ sw / 100) ⁇ Cmw (5)
- Fm amount of mineral matter in separator separated steam (g / h)
- Fs steam flow rate (t / h)
- Fw hot water flow rate (t / h)
- Cmw mineral concentration (ppm) in hot water.
- step S6 the steam turbine silica adhesion state estimation evaluation process shown in FIG. 11 is executed.
- steam from the high pressure separator 102 and the low pressure separator 106 supplied to the steam turbine 105 is automatically measured in a short period by the steam property automatic measuring device 11 and monitored as analysis data.
- Sent to the control device 12 Since the monitoring / control device 12 adds various operation data to the analysis data and transmits it online to the diagnostic device 21 via the network 15, the diagnostic device 21 can collect silica concentration data in a short cycle. Based on the silica concentration data, it is possible to calculate the integrated amount of silica attached to the steam turbine 105.
- the silica deposition amount and the time-series tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, and turbine casing pressure which are indicators of scale deposition of silica or the like on the steam turbine, indicate the degree of silica deposition on the steam turbine 105. Can be estimated. At this time, by detecting the increasing tendency of the accumulated silica amount and detecting the increasing tendency of the turbine inlet pressure, the turbine outlet pressure, and the turbine casing pressure, the silica adhering state to the steam turbine nozzle can be further determined based on the rate of change. It can be estimated with high accuracy.
- the production well pulsation / merging condition evaluation process is subsequently executed.
- the cause is based on the pulsation of the production well, or the merging due to the addition or reduction of the production well. It is possible to accurately grasp whether the condition changes.
- step S8 the gas extraction system operation status diagnosis process is executed.
- the non-condensable gas amount Fncg, the vapor amount Fejt saturated with the non-condensable gas, and the air amount Fair discharged from the cooling water are calculated, and the total amount of extracted gas Fall, which is the sum of these, Whether or not exceeds the management upper limit value.
- the management upper limit value it is determined whether or not the gas extraction system 120 is normal depending on whether or not the extraction pressure in the ejector 121 has reached a set value.
- the amount of ejector-driven steam varies depending on the configuration and operating pressure of the gas extraction system, and cannot be generally stated. In some cases, however, the steam supplied to the turbine in the case of a geothermal steam power generator containing about 2% non-condensable gas. About 4 to 7% was consumed. If this amount of steam is optimized according to the current situation, an increase in power generation equivalent to the amount of steam saved can be expected.
- the case where various treatments are performed based on whether or not at least one of the silica concentration and the chlorine ion concentration exceeds the control upper limit value is not limited thereto. Acid conductivity can be applied instead of the chlorine ion concentration.
- the analysis data to be evaluated by the vapor property evaluation unit 31 is not limited to the case of applying all of the non-condensable gas concentration and pH of the above-described silica concentration, chloride ion concentration and acid conductivity. Depending on the ten steam properties, some of the above data or other new analysis data can be added. Since the principal component analysis method is applied in the deviation prediction diagnosis process in the vapor property evaluation unit, the number of analysis data is not limited, and by creating a normal model with a larger number of analysis data, Even if an abnormality occurs, the abnormality can be predicted in advance.
- the first variable x1 is the silica concentration
- the second variable x2 is the pH
- the third variable x3 is the hot water flow rate ratio
- these variables are expressed in three dimensions as shown in FIG.
- a new coordinate z1 and z2 are introduced to extract the principal components, and as shown in FIG.
- the principal component can be expressed in a low dimension
- the distance in the radial direction from the coordinate origin is the T 2 statistic
- the distance in the vertical direction is the Q statistic.
- the presence or absence of an abnormality can be determined from the deviation from the normal model that appears in the circle. Furthermore, in the above-described embodiment, the case has been described where abnormality determination is performed based on whether or not the analysis data exceeds the management upper limit value. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and operation recommendations smaller than the management upper limit value are recommended. An abnormality determination may be made based on whether or not the value is exceeded.
Abstract
Description
このため、通常運転時の経時的なスケール付着状況を定量的に表示・把握し、タービン翼のスケール除去作業やタービン翼の交換作業を行なう対策が特許文献1で提案されている。この特許文献1では、地下から噴出する天然蒸気が導かれる蒸気タービンのノズル板へのスケール・噴出物の付着量の増加に伴ってノズル出口圧力が経時的に低下してタービン出力が低下することをタービン運転中に監視することによりスケール付着状況を監視するようにしている。
そのため、このような事象の原因の特定と不具合発生時期を予測し、そのような事態を未然に防止または発生を遅らせる対策はもっぱら長年の経験と実績に基づく熟練した運転員の判断にゆだねられていた。
このように適宜データが得られない事や熟練運転員の養成と確保には多大な負担がかかっていたという未解決の課題がある。
しかも、地熱発電設備の大きな運転阻害要因として、気水分離器(以下、セパレータと称する)に供給する蒸気の性状変化があげられる。
さらに他の形態に係る地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法は、前記蒸気性状自動測定装置からの非凝縮性ガス濃度のデータと前記蒸気タービン後段の復水器の運転データから抽気すべきガス量を演算し、その傾向からガス抽出機の運転状況を診断する。
他の形態に係る地熱発電設備のオンライン診断システムは、前記診断装置は、前記地熱発電設備の診断結果の表示及び当該診断結果の前記監視・制御装置への送信の少なくとも一方を行なうように構成されている。
また、シリカ濃度、塩素イオン濃度を監視し、シリカ濃度と塩素イオン濃度の少なくとも一方が管理上限値又は運転推奨値を超えている場合、塩素イオン濃度、蒸気流量及び熱水流量に基づいて演算された気水分離器の水分除去率が基準値以下の場合に気水分離器の性能診断結果を出力することにより、気水分離器の能力低下を警告することができる。
さらにまた、蒸気性状自動測定装置からの非凝縮性ガス濃度のデータと前記蒸気タービン後段の復水器の運転データから抽気すべきガス量を演算し、その傾向からガス抽出機の運転状況を診断することができる。
なおさらに、シリカ濃度、塩素イオン濃度及び酸導電率の一方が管理上限値を超える状態を監視することにより、複数の生産井の脈動であるか、合流条件の変化であるかを正確に診断することができる。
図1は本発明の一実施形態を示すシステム概略構成図、図2本発明を適用し得る地熱発電設備の系統図、図3はオンライン診断システムを示す機能ブロック図である。
図1において、10は地熱発電設備であって、この地熱発電設備10では、後述する気水分離器と蒸気タービンとの間の蒸気の性状を測定して分析データを出力する蒸気性状自動測定装置11が設置され、この蒸気性状自動測定装置11で測定され、出力された分析データが、地熱発電設備10の運転状態を監視すると共に制御する監視・制御装置12に伝送される。なお、蒸気性状自動測定装置11は測定装置11aと演算器11bとで構成されている。
この高圧セパレータ102で蒸気と熱水とに分離し、分離された蒸気が水スプレー装置103を介してスクラバー104に供給されて蒸気を洗浄してからミストを除去し、このスクラバー104から出力される蒸気が発電機Gを接続した蒸気タービン105の高圧側に供給される。
一方、低圧セパレータ106から排出される熱水は、ブライン再注入ポンプ109で加圧されて還元井110に供給されて地中に戻される。
冷水塔113で冷却された冷水は、復水器111の散水ヘッダ111aに戻されると共に、洗浄水ポンプ115を介して前述した各水スプレー装置101、103及び107に供給される。さらに、冷水塔113で冷却された冷水は、冷却水ポンプ116で加圧され、その一部が冷却器117で再冷却されて冷水塔113に戻され、残りがガス抽出システム120に供給される。
監視・制御装置12では、蒸気性状自動測定装置11から入力される分析データと後述するオンライン診断装置21から入力される診断結果とに基づいて、生産井PW1~PWnの噴出蒸気量を調整する二次流量調整弁PL1~PLnの流量、水スプレー装置101、103及び107でのスプレー量、エジェクター121の排出蒸気吸引量等を制御する。
すなわち、監視・制御装置12から受信した分析データ及び運転データはデータロガ23に各種データ毎に時系列的に蓄積されて格納されている。このデータロガ23に記憶されている各種蓄積データが選択的に蒸気性状評価部31、気水分離器評価部32、注水評価部33、蒸気タービンへのシリカ付着量評価部34、生産井脈動・合流条件評価部35及びガス抽出システム評価部36に供給される。
また、蒸気性状評価部31、気水分離器評価部32、注水評価部33、蒸気タービンへのシリカ付着量評価部34、生産井脈動・合流条件評価部35及びガス抽出システム評価部36から出力される診断結果や警報を含む診断情報が情報出力部40を構成する情報送信部42に供給される。この情報送信部42では、入力される診断情報を前述したネットワーク15を介して地熱発電設備10の監視・制御装置12に送信する。
この予兆を検知するには、先ず、プラント試運転時または、運転開始直後の前記分析データと前記運転データからなる多変数データより主成分分析法を適用し基準となる正常モデルを作成する。変数データ間の相関に着目し、統計量計算を行って、Q統計量及びホテリングのT2統計量を算出し、(1)正常時の変数間の相関から外れていたら異常と判定する(Q統計量)(2)正常時の変数間の相関に合っていても振幅(平均からの変動)が大きすぎれば異常と判定する(T2統計量)。
このとき、異常となったQ統計量又はT2統計量に対する寄与プロットを行なうことにより、異常の構成要因を解析することができる。すなわち、例えば図6(a)に示すように、変数1及び変数2の2変数で表される場合に、Q統計量が閾値を超えた場合には、▲で表される異常点のデータとこの異常点▲を通る相関軸からの垂線と相関軸との交点に存在する正常時のデータ●との差の内訳から異常の構成要因を算出することができる。この場合の構成要因は、統計学的な処理により図6(b)に示すように異常の構成要因となっている変数1、変数2、変数3・・・と、その影響度を算出することができる。この影響度の大きい変数を異常の要因として特定することができる。
ηW=[ (Fw×Cclw) /(Fw×Cclw+Fs×Ccls) ]×100 …………(1)
また、高圧セパレータ102で分離された熱水中の塩素イオン濃度(Cclw)は、地熱発電所毎の性状により異なるが、国内では一般に300~6000ppm程度である。このような高濃度塩素イオン分析計は現状では自動計測の信頼性に問題があり、手分析による計測を行う場合が多い。
一方、シリカ濃度又は塩素イオン濃度が管理上限値を超えている場合には、高圧セパレータ102の性能低下と判断して、水スプレー装置101、103及び107の注水量を水分除去率ηWが予め設定した管理上限値ηWu以上となるように設定し、「気水分離器単独で改善の可能性がある。気水分離器の水位を確認後、水スプレー実施を推奨」のガイダンス表示情報と現在の水分除去率ηWの表示データとで構成される性能低下表示情報を、情報出力部40を構成する情報表示部41に出力する。
上記の諸データが測定できれば、エジェクター121で抽気すべきガス量を演算することが可能である。
非凝縮性ガスと空気に飽和する蒸気量は、次式で求められる。
Fejt=[(Fncg+Fair)×[Ps/(Pt-Ps)] ] …………(2)
ここで、Fejt:非凝縮性ガスと空気に飽和する蒸気量(Nm3/h)、Fncg:非凝縮性ガス(Nm3/h)、Ps:エジェクター入口温度での水の蒸気圧(kPa)、Pt:エジェクター入口圧力(kPa)、Fair:空気量(Nm3/h)である。
Fncg(非凝縮性ガス量)+Fejt(非凝縮性ガスに飽和する蒸気量)+Fair(冷却水から放出される空気量)
となり、非凝縮性ガスに飽和する蒸気量Fejtと冷却水から放出される空気量Fairは計算可能である。また、空気量Fairはガス抽出装置出口に設置されている流量計の指示から前記の飽和する水分を除いた値と、非凝縮性ガス量の差から計算で求める事も可能であるし、また抽気ガスの酸素濃度を実測する事でも想定可能である。即ち、次式の計算で求められる。
Fair=(A×X1×0.01)/0.21 …………(3)
そして、算出した抽気すべきガス総量が設計値を超えているか否かを判定し、抽気すべきガス総量が設計値以下である場合には、エジェクター入口圧力Ptが設定値に達しているか否かを判定する。設定値に達していない場合には、「ガス抽出システムが正常に機能していません。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力する。設定値に達している場合には、「ガス抽出システムは正常に機能している。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力する。
このオンライン診断処理は、図7に示すように、先ず、ステップS1で、監視・制御装置12から分析データ及び運転データを受信したか否かを判定する。分析データ及び運転データを受信していないときにはこれらを受信するまで待機し、分析データ及び運転データを受信したときにはステップS2に移行する。
このステップS5では、高圧セパレータ102の前後の注水評価処理を実行し、次いでステップS6に移行して、蒸気タービン105のシリカ付着状態推定評価処理を実行してからステップS7に移行する。
ここで、ステップS3の逸脱予知診断処理は、前述した蒸気性状評価部31で実行する処理であって、図8に示すとおりである。
次いで、ステップS20に移行して、算出したQ統計量及びT2統計量の少なくとも一方が正常モデルのデータ存在範囲に基づいて個別に設定された管理上限値以上であるか否かを判定する。この判定結果が、管理上限値未満であるときにはステップS21に移行して、「地熱発電設備は正常である。」旨のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してからステップS4に移行する。また、判定結果がQ統計量及びT2統計量の少なくとも一方が管理上限値以上であるときにはステップS22に移行して、予兆警報情報を情報送信部42に出力すると共に、異常要因ガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してからステップS4に移行する。
また、ステップS5の気水分離器注水評価処理は、図10に示すとおりである。先ず、ステップS41で、シリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度を読込み、次いでステップS42に移行して、シリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度の少なくとも一方が管理上限値を超えているか否かを判定する。この判定結果が、シリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度の双方が管理上限値を超えていない場合にはステップS43に移行して、「セパレータは有効に機能している。注水不要」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してからステップS5に移行する。
このステップS47では、新たなシリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度を受信したか否かを判定する。シリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度を受信していないときには、これらを受信するまで待機し、新たなシリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度を受信したときには、ステップS48に移行して、再度新たなシリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度の少なくとも一方が管理上限値を超えているか否かを判定する。新たなシリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度の少なくとも一方が管理上限値を超えているときには、前記ステップS46に戻り、新たなシリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度の双方が管理上限値以下であるときにはステップS49に移行して、「注水実施でセパレータは有効に機能している。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してから前記ステップS5に移行する。
また、ステップS55の判定結果が、推定したシリカ付着量が管理上限値を超えた場合には、ステップS57に移行して「蒸気タービンへのシリカ付着量は許容範囲外。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してからステップS6に移行する。
なおさらに、ステップS8のガス抽出システム運転状況診断処理は、図13に示すとおりである。先ず、ステップS71で、非凝縮性ガス量比、抽気ガスエジェクター入口温度と圧力、並びに復水器111の冷却水の入口及び出口温度とを読込む。次いでステップS72に移行して、前記(2)式にしたがって、非凝縮性ガスに飽和する蒸気量Fejtを算出すると共に、冷却水から放出される空気量Fair及び非凝縮性ガス量Fncgを算出する。
次いでステップS74に移行して、抽気ガス総量Fallが予め設定した設計値Fallpを超えているか否かを判定する。抽気ガス総量Fallが設計値Fallpを超えてないときにはステップS75に移行して、抽気圧力が設定値に達していないか否かを判定する。この判定結果が、抽気圧力が設定値に達していないときにはステップS77に移行して、「ガス抽出システムが正常に機能していません。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してから前記ステップS1に戻る。また、ステップS75の判定結果が抽気圧力が設定圧力に達しているときにはステップS76に移行して、「ガス抽出システムは正常に機能している。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してから前記ステップS1に戻る。
さらに、ステップS81の判定結果が、蒸気量Fejtが設定値Fejtpを超えていない場合には、ステップS83に移行して、「非凝縮性ガス量が過大です。生産井のガス量が増加している可能性があります。」のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に出力してから前記ステップS1に戻る。
ここで、ステップS3の処理及び図8の処理が蒸気性状評価部31に対応し、ステップS4の処理及び図9の処理が気水分離器評価部32に対応し、ステップS5の処理及び図10の処理が注水評価部33に対応し、ステップS6の処理及び図11の処理がシリカ付着量評価部34に対応し、ステップS7の処理及び図12の処理が生産井脈動・合流条件評価部35に対応し、ステップS8の処理及び図13の処理がガス抽出システム評価部36に対応している。
今、地熱発電設備10を新設した場合や、既存の地熱発電設備10に蒸気性状自動測定装置11及び診断装置21を新設した場合には、蒸気性状自動測定装置11及び診断装置21を稼働開始させた時点で、診断装置21の中央演算装置22で、図7に示す診断処理を実行する。この診断処理では、蒸気性状自動測定装置11から分析データ及び運転データを受信していないときには、これらを受信するまで待機し、分析データ及び運転データを受信すると、受信した分析データ及び運転データをデータロガ23に各種データ毎に時系列的に格納する(ステップS2)。
また、逸脱予知診断処理が終了すると、図9に示す気水分離器性能診断処理が実行される。この気水分離器性能診断処理では、シリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度が管理上限値を超えていない状態では、正常と判断されて、「セパレータは有効に機能している。水分除去率は99.99%」のガイダンス表示情報が情報表示部41に表示される。
さらに、シリカ濃度及び塩素イオン濃度の少なくとも一方が管理上限値を超えたときに、水分除去率ηWが基準値ηWs以上であるときには、セパレータ自体は正常であるので、セパレータは有効に機能している旨のガイダンス表示情報を情報表示部41に表示する。この場合には、蒸気タービンへの異物の付着等の他の要因による異常と判断することができる。
このとき、水スプレー装置101は高圧セパレータ102の入口側に配置されているので、生産井PW1~PWnからの蒸気をスプレー水で洗浄することにより、単位容積当りのミスト(微小水滴)の存在密度(個数)を増加させ、ミスト同士が接触合体(付着)する機会を増やし、蒸気中に浮遊する鉱物イオンを含むミストに更に水の粒を付着させ、粒径を大きくしてセパレータでの水分離効率を高める働きが期待できる。
vc=(Dp2×Δρ×r×ω2)/(18×μ) …………(4)
ここで、vc:粒子の遠心沈降速度(m/s)、Δρ:粒子(水)と連続層(水蒸気)の密度差(kg/m3)、Dp:粒子の直径(m)、ω:回転角速度(rad/s)、μ:連続層(蒸気)の粘度(Pa・s)、r:セパレータの半径(m)である。
Fm=Fs×ηfw×(1―ηsw/100)×Cmw …………(5)
ここで、Fm:セパレータ分離蒸気中の鉱物質の量(g/h)、Fs:蒸気流量(t/h)、Fw:熱水流量(t/h)、ηfw:セパレータ供給2相流の水分含有率(-)=Fw/(Fs+Fw)、ηsw:水分の除去率(%)、Cmw:熱水中の鉱物濃度(ppm)である。
例えば、100t/h,熱水含有率5%で熱水中の鉱物質2000wppm(g/t)の生産井蒸気をセパレータに供給し、そのときの熱水分離効率が99.92%であるとすると、セパレータ分離蒸気中に含まれる鉱物質は、
(100t/h)×(0.05)×(1-0.9992)×(2000g/t)=8g/h …………(6)
である。
[(100t/h)×(0.05+0.02)]×(1-0.9996)×[(2000g/t)×5/(5+2)]=4g/h ………(7)
と半減する。
この様にセパレータ分離蒸気中の飛沫同伴鉱物質が低減できる事は実績に基づく計算からも明らかである。
なお、上記実施形態においては、シリカ濃度と塩素イオン濃度との少なくとも一方が管理上限値を超えているか否かに基づいて各種処理を行なう場合について説明したが、これに限定されるものではなく、塩素イオン濃度に代えて酸導電率を適用することもできる。
さらにまた、上記実施形態では、分析データが管理上限値を超えているか否かで異常判断を行なうようにした場合について説明したが、これに限定されるものではなく、管理上限値より小さい運転推奨値を超えているか否かで異常判断を行なうようにしてもよい。
Claims (8)
- 地熱発電設備の気水分離器から蒸気タービンに供給される蒸気の性状を測定する蒸気性状自動測定装置からの分析データと、前記地熱発電設備の運転データとをオンラインで受信し、これらの受信データに基づいて前記地熱発電設備の診断を行なう地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法であって、
前記分析データとして、少なくともシリカ濃度、塩素イオン濃度及び酸導電率の一方を設定し、前記運転データとして、少なくとも前記気水分離器で分離された蒸気流量及び熱水流量を設定し、前記分析データ及び運転データをオンラインで収集し、収集した前記分析データ及び運転データと各データに対する管理上限値又は運転推奨値とに基づいて前記地熱発電設備の診断を行なうことを特徴とする地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法。 - 地熱発電設備の気水分離器から蒸気タービンに供給される蒸気の性状を測定する蒸気性状自動測定装置からの分析データと、前記地熱発電設備の運転データとをオンラインで受信し、これらの受信データに基づいて前記地熱発電設備の診断を行なう地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法であって、
前記分析データとして、少なくともシリカ濃度、塩素イオン濃度及び酸導電率の一方、非凝縮性ガス濃度、pHを設定し、前記運転データとして、少なくとも前記気水分離器で分離された蒸気流量及び熱水流量を設定し、前記分析データ及び前記運転データをデータ格納部に時系列的に蓄積記憶し、該データ格納部に蓄積記憶された前記シリカ濃度と塩素イオン濃度及び酸導電率の一方とが管理上限値又は運転推奨値に達していないと判断されている状態で、前記データ格納部に蓄積記憶されている前記分析データ及び前記運転データから多変量解析の方法である主成分分析法と統計量計算とに基づき前記分析データ及び前記運転データの管理上限値又は運転推奨値からの逸脱の予兆を検知することを特徴とする地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法。 - 前記分析データとして、少なくともシリカ濃度、塩素イオン濃度を設定し、前記運転データとして、少なくとも前記気水分離器で分離された蒸気流量及び熱水流量を設定し、前記シリカ濃度と塩素イオン濃度を監視して管理上限値又は運転推奨値に対するレベルに応じた警報を前記地熱発電設備に出力し、前記シリカ濃度と塩素イオン濃度の少なくとも一方が前記管理上限値又は運転推奨値を超えている場合、前記塩素イオン濃度、前記蒸気流量及び前記熱水流量に基づいて演算された前記気水分離器の水分除去率が基準値以下の場合に気水分離器の性能診断結果を出力することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法。
- 前記運転データは、少なくとも前記蒸気流量、熱水流量及び前記気水分離器の水位であり、前記水分除去率が基準値以下で、かつ前記気水分離器の水位が水位上限値を超えていない場合、前記気水分離器から前記蒸気タービンに供給される蒸気に対して水スプレーを行なうスプレー装置に対してスプレー開始指示を出力することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法。
- 前記シリカ濃度と前記蒸気流量から、前記蒸気タービンへ流入したシリカ積算量を演算し、演算したシリカ積算量と、これに密接な関係のあるタービン入口圧力、タービン出口圧力、タービン車室圧力を対比させその時系列的な傾向とにより前記蒸気タービンへのシリカ付着状態を推定することを特徴とする請求項1乃至4の何れか1項に記載の地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法。
- 前記蒸気性状自動測定装置からの非凝縮性ガス濃度のデータと前記蒸気タービン後段の復水器の運転データから抽気すべきガス量を演算し、その傾向からガス抽出機の運転状況を診断することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5の何れか1項に記載の地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法。
- 地熱発電設備の気水分離器から蒸気タービンに供給される蒸気の性状を測定して分析データを出力する蒸気性状自動測定装置と、
前記地熱発電設備を監視しながら運転を制御する監視・制御装置と、
前記蒸気性状自動測定装置からの分析データと前記監視・制御装置からの前記地熱発電設備の運転データとに基づいて前記地熱発電設備の蒸気性状評価、気水分離器の評価、生産井の脈動及び合流の評価の少なくとも一つを行い、前記地熱発電設備の運転状態を診断する診断装置と
を有することを特徴とする地熱発電設備のオンライン診断システム。 - 前記診断装置は、前記地熱発電設備の診断結果の表示及び当該診断結果の前記監視・制御装置への送信の少なくとも一方を行なうように構成されていることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の熱発電設備のオンライン診断システム。
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EP09822009A EP2339177A1 (en) | 2008-10-21 | 2009-10-19 | Online diagnostic method and online diagnostic system for geothermal generation facility |
NZ590408A NZ590408A (en) | 2008-10-21 | 2009-10-19 | An online diagnostic method and system for a geothermal generation facility |
US13/054,972 US8407027B2 (en) | 2008-10-21 | 2009-10-19 | Online diagnostic method and online diagnostic system for geothermal generation facility |
JP2010534805A JP5010032B2 (ja) | 2008-10-21 | 2009-10-19 | 地熱発電設備のオンライン診断方法 |
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JP2018091809A (ja) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-14 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | 地熱発電用蒸気性状監視装置、地熱発電システム、地熱発電用蒸気性状監視方法、及び、地熱発電システム制御方法 |
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US20110144947A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
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