WO2016055660A1 - Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations - Google Patents
Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016055660A1 WO2016055660A1 PCT/EP2015/073535 EP2015073535W WO2016055660A1 WO 2016055660 A1 WO2016055660 A1 WO 2016055660A1 EP 2015073535 W EP2015073535 W EP 2015073535W WO 2016055660 A1 WO2016055660 A1 WO 2016055660A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- rfid
- biometric
- biometric identification
- rfid module
- terminals
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0716—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor
- G06K19/0718—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor the sensor being of the biometric kind, e.g. fingerprint sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0723—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
- G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
- G06V40/12—Fingerprints or palmprints
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a contactless biometric identification device, and particularly to a contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations for communication using different RFID protocols.
- Figure 1 shows the architecture of a typical passive RFID device 2.
- a powered RFID reader 4 transmits a signal via an antenna 6.
- the signal is typically at 13.56 MHz for MIFARE® and DESFire® systems, manufactured by NXP
- This signal is received by an antenna 8 of the RFID device 2, comprising a tuned coil 9 and a capacitor 10, and then passed to an RFID chip 1 1 .
- the received signal is rectified by a bridge rectifier 12, and the DC output of the rectifier 12 is provided to control logic 14 that controls the messaging from the chip 1 1.
- Data output from the control logic 14 is connected to a field effect transistor 16 that is connected across the antenna 8.
- a signal can be transmitted by the RFID device 2 and decoded by suitable control circuits 18 in the reader 4.
- This type of signalling is known as backscatter modulation and is characterised by the fact that the reader 4 is used to power the return message to itself.
- biometric sensor such as a fingerprint scanner
- passive or semi-passive RFID device It has been proposed to incorporate a biometric sensor, such a fingerprint scanner, into a passive or semi-passive RFID device. It is desirable to produce biometric RFID devices that are compatible with various RFID protocols. However, there are many different types of RFID protocol, each using, for example, different frequencies, different number of bits, different modulation schemes, different data protection schemes, etc.
- One exemplary RFID protocol is the HID Global Corp. proximity protocol, which uses a 125 kHz excitation field, FSK keying, up to 37 bits of data, no data protection and a frame length denoted by a Manchester code violation.
- Another common protocol is defined in international standard ISO/IEC 14443A, which uses a 13.56 MHz excitation field, but devices complying with this protocol may exist in several types with different memory size, data protection etc. These devices are sold under the name MIFARE®.
- the RFID device requires an RFID chip corresponding to that protocol; however, it is not practical to design a single device capable of complying with all the desired RFID protocols at once.
- the RFID chips are not standardised, and therefore a unique RFID device design must be produced for use with each protocol. This increases the cost of manufacture due to changeover costs between different designs. Furthermore, it increases the risk of over- or under-production of RFID devices complying with each of the various protocols, which can lead to delays in supply or to wastage.
- the present invention provides a method of manufacturing biometric RFID devices, the method comprising: producing a plurality of biometric identification devices that are each adapted to receive an RFID module comprising an RFID chip and a tuning capacitor, each biometric
- identification device comprising: a device body housing a biometric authentication engine; an antenna within the device body; and a socket arranged to receive an RFID module; the method further comprising: for each biometric identification device, selecting an RFID protocol from a plurality of different RFID protocols; and installing, in the socket of the biometric identification device, an RFID module corresponding to the selected RFID protocol.
- RFID module is a product manufactured to comply with a particular RFID protocol.
- RFID modules include an RFID chip together with a tuning capacitor, such that they simply need to be connected to an appropriate antenna to operate.
- Many RFID modules are commercially available only from certain manufacturers and are not standardised, so different modules require different connections and different antennae to be used.
- a generic biometric identification device can be mass produced that allows different RFID modules to be installed, after manufacture of the basic device, depending on the intended application of the biometric identification device.
- the step of selecting the RFID protocol may involve selecting different protocols for different devices and hence the method may include installing different modules for different devices in the plurality of devices. This allows for a single device design to be mass produced and used for applications using different RFID protocols, reducing costs during the manufacturing process, as only one design needs to made, and improving the flexibility of the stock, as the same unit can be used for all protocols rather than having the risk to too much of one design and too few of another.
- the step of selecting the RFID protocol may advantageously be performed after the step of producing the corresponding biometric identification device.
- the method comprises selecting a first RFID protocol from the plurality of different RFID protocols for a first biometric
- the basic biometric devices can be manufactured in large quantity and used with multiple different RFID modules. Indeed, preferably all of the biometric identification devices are structurally identical before installation of an RFID module. It will be appreciated that the method does not require the RFID protocol to be changed for each device. Indeed, it may be required to produce a first set of devices with a first protocol, for example to satisfy a first order from a customer, and to then produce a second set of devices using a second protocol, for example to satisfy a second order. What is important for the current method is that there is the capability to switch between protocols whilst not changing the basic design of the biometric identification device.
- each biometric identification device includes multiple sets of terminals in the socket, with each set of terminals being arranged for operation with a different type of RFID module.
- each set of terminals may be arranged for operation with a different type of RFID module.
- the different sets of terminals may be located within the socket so as to receive different types of RFID modules.
- the biometric identification device may be adapted to be operable at multiple frequencies.
- the first RFID protocol may operate at a first frequency and the second RFID protocol operates at a second frequency, the second frequency being different from the first frequency.
- the biometric authentication engine may be configured to activate an RFID module connected to the first set of terminals using a switch coupled in series with the antenna, and to active an RFID module connected to the second set of terminals using a switch coupled in parallel with the antenna.
- the switch may be, for example, a solid state relay.
- a typical solid state relay is not a perfect switch, but in fact has a parasitic parallel capacitance and a parasitic series resistance, which makes the application of the solid state relay as a switch imperfect.
- the parasitic series resistance causes signal degradation.
- the parasitic parallel capacitance causes detuning of the antenna. It has been found that the parallel parasitic capacitance of a typical solid state relay switch will detune a relatively high-frequency antenna (such as a 13.56 MHz antenna) to an unacceptable extent when the switch is open and in parallel with the antenna. However, a relative low-frequency antenna (such as 125 kHz) is less severely affected by the parasitic capacitance of the switch. Accordingly, a parallel arrangement is optimal for use with a low-frequency RFID module in order to minimise signal degradation by the parasitic resistance, whereas the series arrangement is optimal for use with a high-frequency RFID module so as not to detune the antenna.
- the first RFID protocol may operate at 13.56 MHz and the second RFID protocol may operate at 125 kHz.
- the biometric device is passive or semi-passive. That is to say, the biometric identification device does not include a battery configured to power an RFID module installed in the socket.
- the biometric device is a (fully) passive device, i.e. it does not include a battery at all.
- the biometric authentication engine is a fingerprint authentication engine.
- the present invention provides a biometric identification device for receiving an RFID module comprising an RFID chip and a tuning capacitor, the biometric identification device comprising: a device body housing a biometric authentication engine; an antenna within the device body; and a socket arranged to receive an RFID module, the socket including terminals adapted to receive either a first type of RFID module complying with a first RFID protocol or alternatively to receive a second type of RFID module complying with a second RFID protocol, the second RFID protocol being different from the first RFID protocol.
- biometric identification devices can be mass produced to take advantage of the economies of scale.
- an appropriate RFID module can be installed to cause the device to operate in accordance with a required RFID protocol.
- a set of biometric identification devices each device being as described above, whereby individual devices from the set of devices may be fitted with different types of RFID modules.
- a set of biometric identification devices comprising multiple identical biometric identification devices with one group of the devices being fitted with a first type of RFID module and another group of the devices being fitted with a second type of RFID module.
- the biometric identification device may comprise a switch controllable by the biometric authentication engine for activating an RFID module when connected to the terminals.
- the switch may be arranged in series with the antenna, or in parallel with the antenna.
- the terminals may include at least a first set of terminals and a second set of terminals within the socket, the first set of terminal being arranged to receive the first type of RFID module, and the second set of terminal having a different configuration to the first set of terminals and being arranged to receive a second type of RFID module.
- the biometric identification device may then further comprise: a first switch arranged in series with the antenna and controllable by the biometric authentication engine for activating a first type RFID module, when connected to the first set of terminals; and a second switch arranged in parallel with the antenna and controllable by the biometric authentication engine for activating a second type RFID module, when connected to the second set of terminals.
- the biometric authentication engine is preferably configured to verify the identity of a user and responsive to a positive identification, cause an RFID module connected to the terminals to transmit a message using the antenna. This may be done, for example, by opening or closing a switch to activate the RFID module.
- the biometric authentication engine is a fingerprint authentication engine.
- the RFID device(s) may be any one of: an access card, a credit card, a debit card, a pre-pay card, a loyalty card, an identity card, a cryptographic card, or the like.
- Figure 1 illustrates a circuit for a prior art passive RFID device
- Figure 2 illustrates a circuit for a semi-passive RFID biometric identification device incorporating a fingerprint scanner
- Figure 3 illustrates a circuit for a semi-passive biometric identification device having a socket for receiving high-frequency RFID modules of different types
- Figure 4 illustrates a circuit for a semi-passive biometric identification device having a socket for receiving low-frequency RFID modules of different types
- Figure 5 illustrates a circuit for a semi-passive biometric identification device having a socket for receiving both low-frequency and high-frequency RFID modules of different types.
- FIG 2 shows the architecture of an RFID reader 4 and a semi-passive RFID device 102, which is a variation of the prior art passive RFID device 2 shown in Figure 1.
- the RFID device 102 shown in Figure 2 has been adapted to include a fingerprint authentication engine 120.
- the term "passive RFID device” should be understood to mean an RFID device 102 in which the RFID chip 1 10 is powered only by energy harvested from an RF excitation field, for example generated by the RFID reader 1 18. That is to say, a passive RFID device 102 relies on the RFID reader 1 18 to supply its power for broadcasting.
- a passive RFID device 102 would not normally include a battery, although a battery may be included to power auxiliary
- the RFID reader 4 is a conventional RFID reader operating as in Figure 1 .
- the RFID reader 4 is configured to generate an RF excitation field using a reader antenna 6.
- the reader antenna 6 further receives incoming RF signals from the RFID device 102, which are decoded by control circuits 18 within the RFID reader 4.
- the RFID device 102 comprises an antenna 108 for receiving an RF (radio- frequency) signal, a passive RFID chip 1 1 1 powered by the antenna 108, and a powered fingerprint authentication engine 120 powered by a battery 122.
- the antenna 108 comprises a tuned circuit, in this arrangement including an antenna coil 109 and a tuning capacitor 1 10, tuned to receive an RF signal from the RFID reader 104.
- the antenna 108 is tuned to receive a frequency corresponding to an RFID protocol of an RFID chip 1 1 1 of the device 102.
- a voltage is induced across the antenna 108.
- the output lines of the antenna 108 are connected to the RFID chip 1 1 1 via a control switch 132, which is controlled by the fingerprint authentication device 120.
- the fingerprint authentication device 120 includes a processing unit 128 and a fingerprint reader 130.
- the fingerprint authentication device 120 is arranged to scan a finger or thumb presented to the fingerprint reader 130 and to compare the scanned fingerprint of the finger or thumb to pre-stored fingerprint data using the processing unit 128. A determination is then made as to whether the scanned fingerprint matches the pre-stored fingerprint data.
- the RFID chip 1 10 is authorised to transmit a signal to the RFID reader 104. In the Figure 2 arrangement, this is achieved by closing the control switch 132 to connect the RFID chip 1 10 to the antenna 108.
- the RFID chip 1 1 1 is conventional and operates in the same manner as the RFID chip 10 shown in Figure 1 to broadcast a signal via the antenna 108 using backscatter modulation by switch on and off a transistor 1 16.
- the inductance and capacitance of the antenna coil 109 and tuning capacitor 1 10 are selected specifically to operate at the frequency of the protocol defined by the RFID chip 1 1 1 .
- Figure 3 shows the architecture of an RFID reader 4 and a semi-passive biometric RFID device, which is a variation of the semi-passive RFID device 2 shown in Figure 2.
- the biometric RFID device shown in Figure 3 operates similarly to the RFID device 102 shown in Figure 2 and components corresponding to those shown in Figure 2 share the same reference numeral, incremented by 100. To avoid repetition, only the differences between these arrangements will be discussed below. The discussion of the components shown in Figure 2 otherwise applies also to the corresponding components shown in Figure 3.
- the biometric RFID device shown in Figure 3 comprises two parts, a biometric device 202 and an RFID module 240.
- the biometric device 202 is compatible with multiple RFID modules 240, each complying with a different RFID protocol.
- the biometric device 202 and the RFID module 240 may be separately manufactured, for example each RFID modules may be manufactured by a proprietor of the particular RFID protocol.
- a complete biometric RFID device is formed, which operates similarly to the RFID device 102 show in Figure 2, but in accordance with the RFID protocol of the selected RFID module 240.
- An RFID module 240 comprises an RFID chip configured to operate in accordance with a particular RFID protocol and a tuning capacitor 210 sized to tune an antenna coil 209 of the biometric device 202 to receive an RF signal at the operating frequency of the RFID protocol.
- RFID modules 240 are often commercially available and manufactured by a proprietor of the particular RFID protocol. In some cases, RFID modules 240 may be sold together with an antenna, which must be removed before it can be used with the biometric device 202. Alternatively, an RFID module 240 can be created by mounting an RFID chip to a board together with a suitable tuning capacitor 210.
- the RFID chip of the RFID module 240 comprises the components required to transmit a return signal to the RFID reader 204 in accordance with a particular RFID protocol. This typically includes control logic 214 and a switch 216 for connection across the antenna 208 to transmit a signal via backscatter modulation.
- the RFID chip may also comprise a rectifier 212 to rectify a received voltage to power the control logic 214.
- the RFID chip may, in some embodiments, be a self-contained component as in Figure 1 or Figure 2.
- the RFID module 240 includes a pair of terminals 242 (although other terminal configurations are possible) for connection to the biometric device 202. These terminals 242 are arranged so as to be connected across the ends of an antenna coil 209, such that when the antenna coil 209 is connected across the terminals, the RFID chip can transmit a signal via the antenna coil 209, which is tuned by the tuning capacitor 210.
- the biometric device 202 comprises a housing (not shown) within which is provided: an antenna coil 209; a biometric authentication engine 220, such as the fingerprint authentication engine shown; a socket 236 for receiving an RFID module 240; and a control device 232 controllable by the biometric authentication engine 220 for activating the RFID module 240, when installed in the socket 236.
- the socket 236 essentially comprises a space within the housing sufficiently large so as to accommodate the largest expected RFID module 240.
- the socket 236 includes terminals 236 arranged so as to engage with the corresponding terminals 242 of an RFID module 240.
- the socket 236 may include multiple different sets of terminals 236, each being positioned to engage with the terminals 242 of a corresponding RFID module 240 when installed in the socket 236.
- each set of terminals preferably comprises a pair of terminals to connect the RFID module 240 across the antenna coil 240, although one of the pair of terminals may be shared between different sets of terminals.
- the control device 232 in this embodiment comprises a switch 232, such as a solid state relay 232, connected in series with the antenna coil 209.
- the switch 232 is controlled by the biometric authentication engine 220.
- the biometric authentication engine 220 determines an acceptance condition, such as a matched fingerprint
- the switch 232 is controlled to activate the RFID chip of the RFID module 240. In this embodiment, this is achieved by closing the switch 232 to supply the signal from the antenna coil 209 to the terminals 236 of the socket 234.
- Figure 4 shows the architecture of an RFID reader 4 and an alternative semi-passive biometric RFID device, which is a variation of the semi-passive RFID device shown in Figure 3.
- the biometric RFID device shown in Figure 4 is similar to that shown in Figure 3, and components corresponding to those shown in Figure 3 share the same reference numeral, incremented by 100. To avoid repetition, only the differences between these arrangements will be discussed below. The discussion of the components shown in Figure 3 otherwise applies also to the corresponding components shown in Figure 4.
- the main difference between the biometric device 302 shown in Figure 4 and the biometric device 202 shown in Figure 3 is the arrangement of the control device 333.
- the control device 333 in this embodiment comprises a switch 333, such as a solid state relay 333, connected in parallel with the antenna coil 309.
- the switch 333 is controlled by the biometric authentication engine 320.
- the biometric authentication engine 320 determines an acceptance condition, such as a matched fingerprint
- the switch is controlled to activate the RFID chip of the RFID module 340.
- the switch 333 is closed, the antenna coil 309 is short circuited and the RFID module 340 does not receive any power.
- the switch 333 is the opened, responsive to a command from the biometric authentication engine 320, to activate the RFID module 340.
- a typical solid state relay 232, 333 is not a perfect switch, but in fact has a parasitic parallel capacitance and a parasitic series resistance, which make the application of the solid state relay 232, 233 as a switch imperfect. That is to say, a solid state relay 232, 333 acts as a resistor when closed and a capacitor when open.
- this signal degradation is avoided because, when the switch 333 is closed, the RFID module 340 is not activated, and, when the switch 333 is open, the signal is not passed through the switch 333. Thus, the parasitic resistance does not degrade the signal. However, when the switch 333 is open, the parasitic capacitance of the switch 333 is in parallel with the tuning capacitor 310, which can detune the antenna 308.
- the arrangement shown in Figure 4 is optimal for use with a low-frequency RFID module 240 in order to minimise signal degradation by the parasitic resistance, whereas the arrangement shown in Figure 3 is optimal for use with a high-frequency RFID module 340 so as not to detune the antenna 208.
- Figure 5 shows the architecture of an RFID reader 4 and yet another alternative semi-passive biometric RFID device, which is a variation of the semi- passive RFID devices shown in Figures 3 and 4.
- the biometric RFID device shown in Figure 5 combines elements of those shown in Figures 3 and 4, and components corresponding to those shown in Figures 3 or 4 share the same reference numeral, incremented by 200 or 100, respectively. To avoid repetition, only the differences between these arrangements will be discussed below. The discussions of the components shown in Figures 3 and 4 otherwise apply also to the corresponding components shown in Figure 5.
- the socket 434 of the biometric device 402 has two alternative pairs of terminals 434a, 434b.
- the biometric device 402 further comprises first and second switches 432, 433.
- the first switch 432 is connected in series with the antenna coil 409 and the first set of terminals 436a.
- the second switch is connected in parallel with the antenna coil 409 and the second set of terminals 436b.
- the first and second sets of terminals 436a, 436b are arranged differently within the socket for connection, such that an RFID device 440 can be connected to one or other sets of terminals.
- the sets of terminals 436a, 436b are axially offset from one another along the edge of the socket 434, although other arrangements are possible depending upon the configuration of the RFID modules 440.
- the terminals of the RFID module 440a connect with the first set of terminals 436a such that the tuning capacitor 410a of the RFID module 440a is connected with the switch 432 in series with the antenna coil 409.
- This configuration corresponds to the configuration shown in Figure 3.
- the frequency at which the resulting biometric RFID device will operate is defined by the inductance of the antenna coil 409 and the capacitance of the tuning capacitor 410a, 410b, which is selected to cause the antenna 408 to be excited by an RF field at a frequency dictated by the RFID protocol of the RFID chip of the RFID module 440a, 440b installed.
- a single biometric device design can be used with multiple RFID protocols, which also has a switching arrangement providing optimal signal to the RFID chip of the installed RFID module 440.
- a method of manufacturing a biometric RFID device comprises producing a plurality of biometric devices 202, 302, 402 as shown in any of Figures 3, 4 or 5. After the biometric devices 202, 302, 402 have been produced, they can be stored until an order is made for a biometric RFID device complying with a particular protocol. In response to this order, a suitable RFID module 240, 340, 440a, 440b is selected and installed into the socket 234, 334, 344 of the biometric device 202, 302, 402.
- one of the switches may be physically disabled, for example by physical removal or by cutting an unused line in order to sever the connection to the switch.
- a trimming capacitor may additionally be added across the antenna to precisely tune the operating frequency of the antenna 208, 308, 408.
- a trimming capacitor may vary the frequency of the antenna 208, 308, 408 by less than 10%, and preferably less than 5%.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/517,984 US10083392B2 (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations |
SG11201702621VA SG11201702621VA (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations |
JP2017538459A JP2017531893A (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Non-contact biometric identification device that allows multiple configurations |
KR1020177012431A KR20170066597A (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations |
EP15780820.5A EP3204890B1 (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations |
CN201580054554.2A CN107004152A (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Allow the contactless biometric identifying device of various configurations |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201462062267P | 2014-10-10 | 2014-10-10 | |
US62/062,267 | 2014-10-10 | ||
GB1508296.9A GB2535244A (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-05-14 | Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations |
GB1508296.9 | 2015-05-14 |
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WO2016055660A1 true WO2016055660A1 (en) | 2016-04-14 |
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PCT/EP2015/073535 WO2016055660A1 (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2015-10-12 | Contactless biometric identification device allowing multiple configurations |
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Cited By (1)
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CN113705257A (en) * | 2021-08-24 | 2021-11-26 | 电子科技大学 | RFID (radio frequency identification) tag system integrating sensing and identification |
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US20070265964A1 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2007-11-15 | American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. | System and Method for Payment Using Radio Frequency Identification in Contact and Contactless Transactions |
US20060255127A1 (en) * | 2005-05-14 | 2006-11-16 | Woods Michael E | System, method, and computer program product for biometric radiofrequency id |
WO2013160011A1 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2013-10-31 | Zwipe As | Method of manufacturing an electronic card |
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