A chemical (coating and reduction)/mechanical/electrical treatment of ion-exchange materials (preferably ion-exchange membranes) to convert them to artificial muscles. The figure is a perspective view of an actuator of the invention showing the treated membrane actuator (A) with electrodes (25 and 26)...http://www.google.fr/patents/US6109852?utm_source=gb-gplus-shareBrevet US6109852 - Soft actuators and artificial muscles
